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Received by the editors October 6, 1972 and, in revised form, March 26, 1973.
A MS (MOS) subject classifications (1970). Primary 46B99.
1 Theorem I is taken from the author's University of Iowa doctoral dissertation,
written under the supervision of Professor W. A. Kirk.
© American Mathematical Society 1974
483
Proof. Let
m = sup{\\x - yl\\y\\ \\l\\x -y\\:x,y e X, \\x\\ = 1 < ||j>||}.
Clearly, m—^k.To show m=k we show that m is a Lipschitz constant for
T, and to do this we need only verify that ||x/||x||— yj\\y\\ ||_wt||;c— y\\
whenever l = ||x||<||.y||. Now, letting x'=x¡\\x\\ and y'=yl\\x\\, we have
||x'|| = l<||/||, and thus
x J_ y
X —
1*11 ilyII Il/Il
= m ||x' - /|| = m ||x - y\\
whenever 1=í ||a:|| •< ||_y||.
The second statement follows if in*(i) we set x=u and y=Xv, with
||p||«l and X>1.
We remark that if x, y e Xare distinct, y^O, then the function/:/?-»-/?
defined byf(X)= \\x—Xy\\is convex; moreover, there exists a closed interval
[Xx,X2]on which/attains its minimum and such that/is strictly increasing
on [X2ico) and strictly decreasing on (—oo,A,]. We note that XY=X2
if X is strictly convex.
We observe further that if X0minimizes \\x—Xy\\, then (x—X0y)±y.
Theorem 1. k(X)=sup{\\y\U\\y-Xx\\:y*0, x±y, Xe R}.
Proof. From the lemma
It - V
k(X) = sup |«|| < Ml- I,/* >0
\\(u - v) - pv\\
(1) \\y\\
= sup :\\v + y\\ <\\v\\,v^O,p>Ol
\y - pv\\
where u—v=y. Suppose x_¡_y, y^O, and X e R. Then ||(X/fi)x\\ =^
\\(Xlfi)x—y\\,so that letting v=(X/fi)x—y we obtain
||(y - pv) -(p + \)y\\ = p\\v +y\\ = p\\v\\ = \\(y - (iv) - y\\,
k(X) ^ sup
\y"
:x ±y,y ^ 0, XeR).
Ily - Ax||
Corollary (deFigueiredo and Karlovitz [1]). In a real normed
space X, k(X)= 1 if and only if orthogonality is symmetric in X.
References
1. D. G. deFigueiredo and L. A. Karlovitz, On the radial projection in normed spaces,
Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. 73 (1967), 364-368. MR 35 #2130.
2. C. F. Dunkl and K. S. Williams, A simple norm inequality, Amer. Math. Monthly
71 (1964), 53-54.
3. K. Goebel, Convexity of balls and fixed-point theorems for mappings with non-
expansive square, Compositio Math. 22 (1970), 269-274. MR 42 #8355.
4. R. C. James, Orthogonality and linear functionals in normed linear spaces, Trans.
Amer. Math. Soc. 61 (1947), 265-292. MR 9, 42.
5. -, Uniformly non-square Banach spaces, Ann. of Math. (2) 80 (1964), 542-
550. MR 30 #4139.
6. W. A. Kirk and M. F. Smiley, Another characterization of inner product, Amer.
Math. Monthly 71 (1964), 890-891.