A PROJECT REPORT

ON

“FREQUENCY LOCKED LOOP D.C. MOTOR SPEED CONTROL”

SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT

FOR

AWARD OF THE DEGREE

OF

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY

IN

ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

OF

DR.APJ ABDUL KALAM TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY, LUCKNOW

Under the guidance of : Submitted by:

Mr. S.P.Verma Rakesh Kumar Bind (1403521010)

Asst.Prof.Dept. of EEE Syed Mohtashim Muneer (1503521903)

Vivek Kumar (1503521904)

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING.

BABU BANARASI DAS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, GHAZIABAD

MAY, 2018
 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Rakesh Kumar Bind, Syed Mohtashim Muneer and Vivek kumar has
carried out the project work presented in this report entitled “FREQUENCY LOCKED LOOP
D.C. MOTOR SPEED CONTROL” in partial fulfillment for the award of Degree of Bachelor of
Technology in Electrical & Electronics Engineering from Dr.APJ Abdul kalam Technical
University ,Lucknow under our supervision .The report embodies the result of original work and
studies carried out by the students themselves and the contents of the report do not form the
basis for the award of any other degree to the candidates or anybody else.

Mr.K.L PURSNANI

(Project Supervisior )

(H.O.D.,Deptt.of EEE)

Mr S.P.Verma

(Project Supervisior )

(Assistant .Prof.,Deptt. Of EEE)

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The satisfaction and euphoria that accompany the successful completion of any task

Would be incomplete without the mentioning of the people whose constant guidance and
encouragement made it possible .we take pleasure in presenting before you our project which is
result of studied blend of both research and knowledge .

We express our earnest gratitude to our internal guide ,Assistant Professor Mr.S.P.Verma
Department of EEE,our project guide ,for her constant support ,Encouragement and guidance .We
are grateful for her cooperation and her valuable suggestions .

Finally we express our gratitude to all other members who are involved either directly or
indirectly for the completion of this project.
S.NO. CONTENTS. PAGE NO.
PROJECT REPORT

CERTIFICATE

ACKNOWLEGEMENT

1 ABSTRACT
2 INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED SYSTEM
2.1 WHAT IS EMBEDDED SYSTEM
2.2 SYSTEM DESIGN CALLS
2.3 EMBEDDED SYSTEMS DESIGN CYCLE
2.4 CHARACTRISTICS OF EMBEDDED SYSTEM
2.5 APPLICATION
2.6 CLASSIFICATION
3 BLOCK DIAGRAM
4 HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS
4.1 TRANSFORMERS
4.2 VOLTAGE REGULATOR(LM 7805)
4.3 RECTIFIER
4.4 FILTER
4.5 MICROCONTROLLER ATMEGA 328P-PU
4.6 LEDS
4.7 1N4007
4.8 RESISTORS
4.9 CAPACITORS
4.10 CRYSTAL OSCILATOR
4.11 ENERGY METER
5 SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS
5.1 CONNECTING THE AURDINO
5.2 PREPARING THE BOARD
5.3 LOADING CODE
6 SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM
6.1 SCHEMATIC EXPLANATION
7 PCB MANUFACTURING PROCESS
8 CODING
9 HARDWARE TESTING
9.1 CONTINUITY TEST
9.2 POWER TESTING
10 OPERATIONAL MANUAL
11 RESULT
12 CONCLUSION
13 BIBLIOGRAPHY
S.NO.LIST OF FIGURES PAGE NO.
2.2.1. SYSTEM DESIGN CALLS

2.2.2.. EMBEDDED SYSTEM DESIGN CYCLE

4.1.1. A TRANSFORMER

4.1.2. THE IDEAL TRANSFORMER AS ACIRCUIT ELEMENT

4.2.1. VOLTAGE REGULATOR LM7805

4.2.2 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF VOLTAGE REGULATOR

4.3.1 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF RECTIFIRE

4.4.1 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF FILTER

4.5.1 MICROCONTROLLER ATMEGA328P-PU

4..5.2 PIN DIAGRAM OF ATMEGA328P-PU

4.5.3 ARCHITECTURE OF ATMEGA 328P-PU

4.6.1 A TYPICAL LED

4.6.2 CIRCUIT SYMBOL OF LED

4.7.1 1N4007

4.8.1 RESISTORS

4.9.1 CAPACITOR

4.11.1. CONSTRUCTION OF ENERGY METER

ROTATION OF A1 DISK

SINGLE PHASE AC 2WIRE METER

SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM

DESIGNED PCB CIRCUIT

RESULT
 1. ABSTRACT
The main objective of the project is to develop power meter treader plus load control using GSM
the reading displayed for unit consumed and its related cost are transmitted on mobile.

For this innovative work we had taken an analog energy meter whose blinking LEDSignal is
interfaced to a microcontroller of Atmega 328p through an optcopler.The blinking LED flashes
3200 times for 1 unit . The optcoupler current sensor gives an interrupt each time the meter LED
flashes to the programmed microcontroller . the microcontroller takes this reading and interfaces
with the GSM module.the reading of the energy meter is sent to mobile .
INTRODUCTION OF EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
In our present work we have used a combination of hardware and software which forms as
embedded system.

What is Embedded system?

An embedded system is one kind of a computer system mainly designed to perform several tasks
like to access, process, store and also control the data in various electronics-based
systems. Embedded systems are a combination of hardware and software where software
is usually known as firmware that is embedded into the hardware. One of its most important
characteristics of these systems is, it gives the o/p within the time limits. Embedded systems
support to make the work more perfect and convenient. So, we frequently use embedded systems
in simple and complex devices too. The applications of embedded systems mainly involve in our
real life for several devices like microwave, calculators, TV remote control, home security and
neighborhood traffic control systems, etc.
EMBEDDED SYSTEM DESIGN CYCLE
CHARACTERISTICS OF EMBEDDED SYSTEM
Embedded systems come in a variety of shapes and sizes, from the largest multiple-rack data
storage or networking power houses to tiny modules such as your personal MP3 player or
cellular handset. Following are some of the usual characteristics of an embedded system:

 Contains a processing engine, such as a general-purpose microprocessor

 Typically designed for a specific application or purpose
 Includes a simple (or no) user interface, such as an automotive engine ignition
controller
 Often is resource-limited. For example, it might have a small memory foot-print and
no hard drive
 Might have power limitations, such as a requirement to operate from batteries
 Not typically used as a general-purpose computing platform
 Generally has application software built in, not user-selected
 Ships with all intended application hardware and software pre-integrated
 Often is intended for applications without human intervention
Most commonly, embedded systems are resource-constrained compared to the typical desktop
PC. Embedded systems often have limited memory, small or no hard-drives, and sometimes no
external network connectivity. Frequently, the only user interface is a serial port and some LEDs.
These and other issues can present challenges to the embedded system developer. With
advancements in IOT, embedded systems are getting much more complex.
APPLICATIONS
Some application of embedded system are as follows:

 Military and aerospace.

 Communication systems.
 Industrial automation and process control software.
 Product designing.
 Real time processing of ever increasing amount of data.
 Intelligent autonomous sensors.
CLASSIFICATION
Embedded systems are classified as:

Based on execution behavior

RTS CLASSIFICATION

 Hard Real Time system

 Soft Real Time System

HARD REAL TIME SYSTEM

“Hard “ real time systems have very narrows response time. Example : Nuclear power system,
Cardiac pacemaker.

SOFT REAL TIME SYSTEM

“Soft” real time systems have reduced constraints on “lateness” but still must operate very
quickly and repeatable. Example railway reservation system takes a few extra seconds the data
remain valid.
BLOCK DIAGRAM
 HARDWARE ARE REQUIRMENTS

We fabricated GSM based energy meter with the help of various components and equipments
.e.g. Transformer,voltage regulator ,rectifier ,filter ,LED, resistance ,capacitor diodes, GSM,
energy meter,load
 4.1 TRANSFORMER
An electrical transformer works on the principle of Mutual Induction, which states that a uniform
change in current in a coil will induce an E.M.F in the other coil which is inductively coupled to
the first coil.

In its basic form, a transformer consists of two coils with high mutual inductance that are
electrically separated but have common magnetic circuit. The following image shows the basic
construction of a Transformer.
How Transformer Works?

The first set of the coil, which is called as the Primary Coil or Primary Winding, is connected to
an alternating voltage source called Primary Voltage.

The other coil, which is called as Secondary Coil or Secondary Winding, is connected to the load
and the load draws the resulting alternating voltage (stepped up or stepped down voltage).

The alternating voltage at the input excites the Primary Winding, an alternating current circulates
the winding. The alternating current will result in an alternating magnetic flux, which passes
through the iron magnetic core and completes its path.

Since the secondary winding is also linked to the alternating magnetic flux, according to
Faraday’s Law, an E.M.F is induced in the secondary winding. The strength of the voltage at the
secondary winding is dependent on the number of windings through which the flux gets passed
through.

Thus, without making an electrical contact, the alternating voltage in the primary winding is
transferred to the secondary winding.

NOTE: Depending on the construction of the transformer, the voltage at the secondary of the
transformer may be equal, higher or lower than that at the primary of the transformer but the time
period of the voltage i.e. its frequency will not change.
Relation Between Voltage and Turns

Let NP be the number of turns of the coil in the Primary Winding and NS be the number of turns
of the coil in the Secondary Winding.

If the alternating voltage at the primary side of the transformer is VP and the alternating voltage
at the secondary side of the transformer is VS, then the relation between the voltages at primary
and secondary and number of turns of the coil in primary and secondary is given as follows.

VP/VS = NP/NS

IDEAL POWER EQUATION

(The ideal transformer as a circuit element)

If the secondary coil is attached to a load that allows current to flow, electrical power is transmitted
from the primary circuit to the secondary circuit. Ideally, the transformer is perfectly efficient. All
the incoming energy is transformed from the primary circuit to the magnetic field and into the
secondary circuit. If this condition is met, (i.e, ideal in transformer) the input electric power must
equal the output power:

giving the ideal transformer equation:

Transformers normally have high efficiency, so this formula is a reasonable approximation.
If the voltage is increased, then the current is decreased by the same factor. The impedance in one
circuit is transformed by the square of the turns ratio. For example, if an impedance Zs is attached
across the terminals of the secondary coil, it appears to the primary circuit to have an impedance
of (Np/Ns)2Zs. This relationship is reciprocal, so that the impedance Zp of the primary circuit
appears to the secondary to be (Ns/Np)2Zp.
 4.2 VOLTAGE REGULATOR 7805

Voltage sources in a circuit may have fluctuations resulting in not providing fixed voltage
outputs. A voltage regulator IC maintains the output voltage at a constant value. 7805 IC, a
member of 78xx series of fixed linear voltage regulators used to maintain such fluctuations, is a
popular voltage regulator integrated circuit (IC). The xx in 78xx indicates the output voltage it
provides. 7805 IC provides +5 volts regulated power supply with provisions to add a heat sink.
 Fig:-4.2.1 LM 7805

INTERNAL BLOCK DIAGRAM

Fig .4.2.2 block diagram of voltage regulator

4.3 RECTIFIRE