HSC 2015 Extension 2 Solutions

2015 HSC Examination

Mathematics Extension 2
SOLUTIONS
Written by Carrotsticks.
2015 Mathematics Extension 2 HSC Solutions 21st October 2015
Multiple Choice
1. D 6. C
2. A 7. A
3. A 8. B
4. C 9. D
5. B 10. C
Brief Explanations
Question 1 Standard eccentricity problem.
Question 2 Standard square root problem.
Question 3 There must be an odd and even powered root at x  3 and x  1 respectively.
Question 4 Use the Multiple Root Theorem.
Question 5 Use De Moivre’s Theorem.
Question 6 Use integration by parts.
Question 7 The number ‘1’ is either to the left or to the right of the number ‘2’, so the
probability is just half.
Question 8 The part where f  x   0 was not mapped to anything, so it is either (C) or
(B). However only (B) is symmetric in the x axis.
Question 9 Draw the circle and the furthest distance is just the distance from i to the
centre of the circle, plus the radius.
Question 10 Expand only to acquire the x n term and we get the pattern
 n  1  n   n  1  ...  1 . Setting n  100 and realising it’s an arithmetic series, we get (C).
–1– Solutions by Carrotsticks

Written Response
Question 11 (a)
4  3i  4  3i  2  i  5  10i
   1  2i
2i 5 5
Question 11 (b) (i)
z  3 1  2
Question 11 (b) (ii)
 1  5
First note that z lies in the second quadrant. So arg z    tan 1    .
 3 6
Question 11 (b) (iii)
z 5  29
arg    arg  z   arg  w   
 w 6 7 42
Question 11 (c)
By multiplying both sides by x  x 2  2  we have
A  x 2  2   x  Bx  C   1
1
Substitute x  0 : A
2
Equating x : C 0
1
Equating x 2 : A B  0  B  
2

Question 11 (d)
Using b2  a 2 1  e2  , we have ae  3 , so the foci are at   3, 0 
x
3 5
Question 11 (e)
Differentiating both sides with respect to x we have
1  2 xy 3  3 x 2 y 2 y  0
1  2 xy 3
y  
3x 2 y 2
1 4 1
Substitute in  2, 1 to get y    .
12 4

Question 11 (f) (i)
Starting from the left hand side, we have
cos  1
LHS  
sin  sin 
1  cos 

sin 
   
1   2 cos 2    1 
 2 

   
2 sin   cos  
2 2
 
2 cos 2  
 2
   
2 sin   cos  
2 2
 
cos  
 2
 
sin  
2
 
 cot  
2
 RHS
Question 11 (f) (ii)
   
 cot   csc  d   cot   d ...  from part (i) 
  2
  
 cos  2 
 d
  
 sin  
 2
   
 2 ln sin     C
  2 

Question 12 (a) (i) (ii) (iii)
 
In polar form, z  2cis   .
4
 
In polar form, z 2  4cis    4i .
2
For part (iii) we will not compute z 2  z explicitly, but rather find the vector that connects
z 2 to z and then draw the complex number corresponding to it.
y
x
x
O

Question 12 (b) (i)
Since all the coefficients are real, we can apply the conjugate root theorem to obtain two
more roots a  ib and a  2ib .
Sum of Roots   a  ib    a  ib    a  2ib    a  2ib 

 4a
4 ...  by observing the coefficients 
a 1
Product of Roots   a  ib  a  ib  a  2ib  a  2ib 

  a 2  b 2  a 2  4b 2 
 10 ...  by observing the coefficients 
So we then have 1  b2 1  4b2   10 and clearly b  1 is a solution. Note that b  1 can be
disregarded as the roots occur in conjugate pairs anyway.
This is sufficient to conclude that all the roots are 1  i, 1  2i .
Since 1  i are roots of the polynomial, we have  x  1  i    x  1  i   being a factor. Recall
the formula  x    x     x 2  2 x Re    for non-real  .

2
Using this, we obtain the real quadratic factor x 2  2 x  2 .

Question 12 (c) (i)
Re-expressing the numerator yields
 x  2  x  5   x 2  7 x  10
x 1 x 1
x 2  x 6 x  10
 
x 1 x 1
6x  6 4
 x 
x 1 x 1
4
  x  6 
x 1
Hence, the oblique asymptote is y  x  6 , as the fractional term vanishes for large x.

Question 12 (c) (ii)
By observing the equation of the graph, we can deduce the following features.
 x intercepts at x  2,5 .
 y intercepts at y  10 .
 Vertical asymptote at x  1 .
We also have the oblique asymptote y  x  6 from part (i)
2 5
x x
1

Question 12 (d)
The height and radius of an arbitrary shell drawn from P  x, y  will be y and 3  x
respectively. So if  V is the volume of an arbitrary shell, then  V  2  3  x  y  x .
Integrate this over the domain 0  x  3 to find the volume of the solid.
3

V   2  3  x  y dx
0
3

  2  3  x  x  1 dx
0
3

 2   3  x  x  1 dx
0
4

 2   4  u  u du ...  from the substitution u  x  1
1
4

1 3
 2  4u 2  u 2 du
1
4
8 2 
 2  u u  u 2 u 
3 5 1
128 34 
 2  
 15 15 
188
 
15

Question 13 (a) (i)
Substitute the coordinates of Q into H 2 .
a 2 tan 2  b 2 sec 2 
LHS  
a2 b2
 tan 2   sec 2 
 1
 RHS
Question 13 (a) (ii)
First calculate the gradient of PQ.
b tan   b sec 
mPQ 
a sec   a tan 
b  tan   sec  

a  sec   tan  
b

a
Using the point-gradient formula with point P, we have
b
y  b tan     x  a sec  
a
ay  ab tan   bx  ab sec 
ay  bx  ab  tan   sec  
– 10 – Solutions by Carrotsticks
Question 13 (a) (iii)
1
For the area of the triangle, we will use Area   Base  Height . The base will correspond
2
to the length of PQ and the height will be the perpendicular distance from the origin to the
line PQ, found in part (ii).
ab
Base  tan   sec 
b  a2
2
d PQ   a sec   a tan     b tan   b sec 

2 2
 a 2  sec   tan    b 2  sec   tan  

2 2
 sec   tan  a 2  b2
So combining these, we have
1 ab
Area   sec   tan  a 2  b2  tan   sec 
2 b2  a 2
ab
  sec 2   tan 2 
2
ab

2
which is independent of  .
Question 13 (b) (i)
The diagram below shows the frontal cross section of one of the quarter cyclinders, and the
projection of AD , which we’ll call AD , onto this cross section.
h
a
y
x
O a
y
By Pythagoras’ Theorem,
A D  a 2  h 2
Since AB  A D , as ABCD is a square
and AD  AD , we have the result.
If is the volume of an arbitrary slice, then  V   AB   h   a 2  h 2   h .

2
So the volume is then given by

a

V    a 2  h 2  dh
0
a
1
 a 2 h  h3
3 0
2 3
 a
3
Question 13 (c) (i)
Using the chain rule, we have
dr dr dS
 
dt dS dt
1
dS  4  3 dr 1 1
Note that we are given that   , and we can find that   .
dr  3  dS dS dr 8 r
So we then have
dr dr dS
 
dt dS dt
1
 4  3
1
  
8 r  3 
First use the chain rule to acquire
dV dV dr
 
dt dr dt
1
1  4  3
 4 r    ...  from part (i) 
2
8 r  3 
1
r  4  3
  
2  3 
1
1  4 3  3
  r 
2  3 
1 1
 V3
2
Question 13 (c) (iii)
Let t  T be the time when the baloon bursts.
dV 1 13
We have from part (ii) that  V , which is a separable differential equation that we can
dt 2
solve explicitly for T.
64000
 1 dt  
T 1

  V 3 dV
0 2 8000
64000
T 3 23
 V
2 2 8000
 1800
T  3600
Hence the balloon will burst exactly 1 hour after it is released.
Question 14 (a) (i)
Using the product rule, we have
d
d
 sin n 1  cos     n  1 sin n  2  cos 2   sin n 
 sin n  2   n  1 cos 2   sin 2  
 sin n  2   n  1 1  sin 2    sin 2  
 sin n  2   n  1  n sin 2  
  n  1 sin n  2   n sin n 
Re-arranging the result in (i) we have
 n  1  n2
sin n   
 n 
1 d
 sin   
n d
 sin n 1  cos  

Integrate both sides over the domain 0    .
2
 
2 n  2  n  1  n2
 sin  d   
0 
1 d
 sin   
 
 sin n 1  cos   d
0 n n d
 
 n  1   2 n2 1 n 1 2
   sin  d  sin  cos 
 n  0 n 0

 n  1   2 n2
   sin  d
 n  0
Use the recurrence in (ii) to reduce the integral twice.

 
2 4 32 2
 sin  d   sin  d
0 4 0

3 12
   d
4 2 0
3 1 
  
4 2 2
3

16
Question 14 (b) (i)
Consider the identity        2         2   2   2 , where it is provided by

2
the question that  2   2   2  16 .
By observing the coefficients we have       0 and        p .
So we have
 3   3   3  p        3q  0
Observe that since  ,  and  are roots of the polynomial, we have
 3  p  q  0
 3  p  q  0
 3  p  q  0
Summing these results, we have  3   3   3  p        3q  0 and so
3q  p         3   3   3 
9 ...  given 
q3
By multiplying both sides of the three equations
 3  p  q  0
 3  p  q  0
 3  p  q  0
by  ,  and  respectively, we have
 4  p 2  q  0
 4  p 2  q  0
 4  p 2  q  0
and similarly to (ii), adding them yields  4   4   4  p  2   2   2   3q        0 .
So therefore
 4   4   4  p  2   2   2   3q      
 16 p
 128
Question 14 (c) (i)
By resolving forces horizontally and vertically, we respectively acquire
mv 2
N sin    N cos  
r
N cos    N sin   mg
Dividing the two results, we have
v 2 sin    cos 

rg cos    sin 
tan   
 ...  dividing top and bottom by cos  
1   tan 
 tan    
v 2  rg  
 1   tan  
We are given that when v  V , where V 2  rg , the car tends to slide up the track. This means
that the frictional force  N must be directed downwards, as given in the diagram. Hence we
can use the formula from part (i), which was derived under those conditions.
Let v  V .
 tan    
rg    rg
 1   tan  
tan   
1
1   tan 
tan     1   tan 
1  tan 

1  tan 
 
1 ...  as 0    
 2
Question 15 (a) (i)
The force equation of particle A is a  kv 2 .
Solving this separable differential equation, we have
dv
  kv 2
dt
t
 dv    k dt
v
 2 
u v 0
v
1
   kt
vu
1 1
   kt
u v
1 1
 kt 
v u
The force equation of particle B is a    g  w2  .
Solving this separable differential equation, we have
   g  kw2 
dw
dt
t w
  dw
  dt  
0 u g  kw
2
w
1 dw
t  
k u g k  w2
w
1 k  k
  tan 1  w 
k  g 
g  u
1  1  k 1
 k 
t   tan  w   tan  u  
gk   g   g 
1  1  k  1
 k 
t  tan  u 
  tan 
 w 
gk   g  g  
1  k
Particle B is at rest when w  0 , so t0  tan 1  u  .
gk  g 
Substitute t  t0 , v  V into the equation from part (i).
1 1  k 1
k tan 1  u  
V gk  g u
1 1 k  k
  tan 1  u 
V u g  g
Question 15 (a) (iv)
 k  1
As u   , we have tan 1  u and  0 , and so
 g   2 u
 
1  k

V 2 g
2 g
V
 k
Question 15 (b) (i)
Since x  0 we have
 x2  0
1  x2  1
1  x 1  x   1
1
1 x  ...  since x  0, this is allowed 
1 x
1
Also since x  0 , we have 1  x  1 and so  1.
1 x
1
Integrate both sides of the inequality in part (i) over the domain 0  x  .
n
1 1 1
n  n dx   n dx
 1  x  dx   
0  0 1  x 0
1
1
1 n 1
x  x 2  ln 1  x  0n 
2 0 n
1 1  n 1  1
 2  ln  
n 2n  n  n
1  n 1
1  n ln   1
2n  n 
By raising e to the power of the terms in part (ii), we have
1  1
1 n ln  1 
e 2n
e  n
e
n
 1
1
1
e 2n
 1    e
 n
Taking the limit as n   , the left expression converges to e. Since the right expression is e
n
 1
itself, we then deduce that 1    e .
 n
Question 15 (c) (i)
From the given result, replace x with x 2 and y with y 2 . This is allowed since x and y are
defined to be positive.
x2  y2
xy 
2
As both sides are positive, we can take the square root of both sides to acquire the result.
From the result in part (i), replace x with ab and y with cd to acquire
ab  cd
ab cd 
2
ab  cd
4
abcd 
2
So all that remains to prove is that
ab  cd a 2  b 2  c 2  d 2

2 4
or equivalently
a 2  b2  c2  d 2
ab  cd  ... *
2
a 2  b2
From the given inequality, we have ab  by replacing x with a 2 and y with b 2 .
2
c2  d 2
Similarly, we have cd  .
2
Adding these two inequalities proves our required result  * , and we are done.
Question 16 (a) (i)
We first find the number of ways of there being exactly one black counter in each column.
There is only one way of assigning a black counter to a column. However, each black counter
has 3 possible rows it can be in, so the number of ways is 35  243 .
Observe that there is a one-to-one correspondence between the distributions of 15 counters in

a straight, line to the 15 counters arranged in the table provided. So by counting the number
of arrangements of these 15 counters in a line, we automatically count the total sample space
for this scenario.
 15  15!
The total number of distributions of counters in a line is     3003 .
 5  10!5!
243 81
So the required probability is  .
3003 1001
Working similarly to above, the required result will be
Number of ways where each

column has exactly one black counter
Pn 
Total number of ways of arranging nq counters in a straight line
nq

 nq 
 
q
noting that for each column, there are n possible rows to choose from.
First note that if we have two polynomials A  x  and B  x  divided by each other to form
A x A x an
, where deg  A   deg  B  , then lim  , where an and bn are the leading
B  x x  B  x bn
coefficients of A  x  and B  x  respectively.
Now observe that the expression in part (ii) is a polynomial in n, where A  n   n q and
 nq 
B n   
q

 nq !
 nq  q !q !
 nq  nq  1 ...  nq   q  1 

q!
qq
 Polynomial in n of degree q, with leading coefficient
q!
And so we have
nq
lim Pn 
n  qq
Polynomial in n of degree q, with leading coefficient
q!
1
 q
q q!
q!

qq
This result could also have been acquired by realising that as n   , the scenario is
equivalent to having a bag of q numbers labelled 1 to q (corresponds to the columns), making
q draws with replacement (selecting columns) and then finding the probability of selecting
every number exactly once (every column has exactly one black counter).
q q 1 q  2 1 q!
And this can be calculated as    ...   q .
q q q q q
Question 16 (b) (i)
Expanding  cos   i sin  

2n
using binomial expansions, we have
2n
 2n 
 cos   i sin     i 2 n  k   cos k   sin 2 n  k  
2n
k 0 k 
But  cos   i sin    cos  2n   i sin  2n  , by De Moivre’s Theorem. So by equating the
2n
real parts of both expressions, we have
2n
 2n 
cos  2n   i k
  cos
2nk
  sin k  
k 0  
k
k even
n
 2n 
   1 2n2m
   si n 2 m   
m
  cos
m0  2m 
as required.
Letting   cos 1  x  , and noting that 1  x  1 , we can deduce that x  cos  .
Substituting this in, we have
T2 n  cos  2n 
n
 2n 
   1 2n2m
  sin 2 m  
m
  cos
m 0  2m 
 2n  2 n  2 m
 sin 2  
n
  1
2m

m
 x
m 0  2m 
 2n  2 n  2 m
1  cos 2  
n
  1
2m

m
 x
m 0  2m 
 2n  2 n  2 m
1  x2 
n
  1
2m

m
 x
m 0  2m 
k
Solving T2 n  0 yields cos  2n cos 1 x   0 . And so 2n cos 1 x  , where k  1, 3, 5, 4n  1 .
2
We stop at k  4n  1 because T2n  x  is a polynomial of degree 2n , and so by the corollary

of the Fundamental Theorem of Algbera it should have 2n roots.
k
2n cos 1 x  , where k  1, 3, 5,..., 4n  1
2
k
cos 1 x 
4n
 k 
x  cos   , where k  1, 3, 5,..., 4n  1
 4n 
By observing the coefficients, the product of roots should be equal to the constant term
divided by the leading coefficient, multiplied. As the polynomial is even, we do not need to
add a factor of 1 .
By observing the polynomial, the constant term is  1 .

n
 2n   2n   2n   2n 
The leading coefficient is 1           ...   .
 2  4  6  2n 
But
 2n   2n   2n   2n 
1           ...    22 n 1
 2  4  6  2n 
and so
  4n  1    1
n
   3 
cos   cos   ...cos    n1 .
 4n   4n   4n  2
Question 16 (b) (iv)
1 1
From the result in part (ii), substitute in x  or x 2  .
2 2
2n2m
 2n    12 
2m
 1  n
 1
      2 
 1  
m
T2 n  1
 2 m0  2m     2
n
 2n  m  n  m
   1 2 2
m

m0  2m 
n
 2n   n
   1
m
 2
m0  2m 
m  2n 
n
 2  n   1  
m0  2m 
 1 
But by manually computing T2 n   , we have
 2
 1   1  1  
T2 n    cos  2n cos  
 2   2 
 
 cos  2n  
 4
 n 
 cos  
 2 
And so
n
m  2n   n 
2 n   1    cos  
m0  2m   2 
n
 2n   n 
  1   2 cos 
m n
 
m0  2m   2 
as required.

HSC 2015 Extension 2 Solutions

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2015 HSC Examination

Question 2 Standard square root problem.

Question 4 Use the Multiple Root Theorem.

Question 5 Use De Moivre’s Theorem.

Question 6 Use integration by parts.

–1– Solutions by Carrotsticks

Question 11 (b) (i)

Question 11 (b) (ii)

Question 11 (b) (iii)

By multiplying both sides by x  x 2  2  we have

–2– Solutions by Carrotsticks

Using b2  a 2 1  e2  , we have ae  3 , so the foci are at   3, 0 

Differentiating both sides with respect to x we have

–3– Solutions by Carrotsticks

Question 11 (f) (i)

Starting from the left hand side, we have

Question 11 (f) (ii)

–4– Solutions by Carrotsticks

Question 12 (a) (i) (ii) (iii)

–5– Solutions by Carrotsticks

Question 12 (b) (i)

Sum of Roots   a  ib    a  ib    a  2ib    a  2ib 

Product of Roots   a  ib  a  ib  a  2ib  a  2ib 

This is sufficient to conclude that all the roots are 1  i, 1  2i .

Question 12 (b) (ii)

Since 1  i are roots of the polynomial, we have  x  1  i    x  1  i   being a factor. Recall

the formula  x    x     x 2  2 x Re    for non-real  .

Using this, we obtain the real quadratic factor x 2  2 x  2 .

–6– Solutions by Carrotsticks

Question 12 (c) (i)

Re-expressing the numerator yields

–7– Solutions by Carrotsticks

Question 12 (c) (ii)

We also have the oblique asymptote y  x  6 from part (i)

–8– Solutions by Carrotsticks

–9– Solutions by Carrotsticks

Question 13 (a) (i)

Substitute the coordinates of Q into H 2 .

Question 13 (a) (ii)

First calculate the gradient of PQ.

Using the point-gradient formula with point P, we have

ay  ab tan   bx  ab sec 

Question 13 (a) (iii)

d PQ   a sec   a tan     b tan   b sec 

 a 2  sec   tan    b 2  sec   tan  

So combining these, we have

Question 13 (b) (i)

Since AB  A D , as ABCD is a square

and AD  AD , we have the result.

Question 13 (b) (ii)

If is the volume of an arbitrary slice, then  V   AB   h   a 2  h 2   h .

So the volume is then given by

Question 13 (c) (i)

Using the chain rule, we have

Question 13 (c) (ii)

First use the chain rule to acquire

Question 13 (c) (iii)

Let t  T be the time when the baloon bursts.

Hence the balloon will burst exactly 1 hour after it is released.

Question 14 (a) (i)

Using the product rule, we have

 sin n  2   n  1 cos 2   sin 2  

 sin n  2   n  1 1  sin 2    sin 2  

 sin n  2   n  1  n sin 2  