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February 1999
PIP VECV1001
Vessel/S&T Heat Exchanger Design Criteria
ASME Code Section VIII, Divisions 1 and 2
PURPOSE AND USE OF PROCESS INDUSTRY PRACTICES
In an effort to minimize the cost of process industry facilities, this Practice has
been prepared from the technical requirements in the existing standards of major
industrial users, contractors, or standards organizations. By harmonizing these technical
requirements into a single set of Practices, administrative, application, and engineering
costs to both the purchaser and the manufacturer should be reduced. While this Practice
is expected to incorporate the majority of requirements of most users, individual
applications may involve requirements that will be appended to and take precedence over
this Practice. Determinations concerning fitness for purpose and particular matters or
application of the Practice to particular project or engineering situations should not be
made solely on information contained in these materials. The use of trade names from
time to time should not be viewed as an expression of preference but rather recognized as
normal usage in the trade. Other brands having the same specifications are equally
correct and may be substituted for those named. All practices or guidelines are intended
to be consistent with applicable laws and regulations including OSHA requirements. To
the extent these practices or guidelines should conflict with OSHA or other applicable
laws or regulations, such laws or regulations must be followed. Consult an appropriate
professional before applying or acting on any material contained in or suggested by the
Practice.
9/97 Issued
2/99 Complete Revision
Not printed with State funds.
REVISION
February 1999
PIP VECV1001
Vessel/S&T Heat Exchanger Design Criteria
ASME Code Section VIII, Divisions 1 and 2
Table of Contents
5.10 Design Loads and Load 5.19.11 Instrument, Vent and Drain
Combinations ................................. 19 Connections............................43
5.10.1 Dead Load ..............................19 5.19.12 Nameplates and Stampings ....43
5.10.2 Operating Live Load................19 5.19.13 Shell and Bonnet Design .........43
5.10.3 Pressure Load.........................19 5.20 Heat Exchanger Thermal ................43
5.10.4 Thermal Load .........................19 5.20.1 Fouling Factors Selection........44
5.10.5 Test Load................................19 5.20.2 Fluid Side Selection ................44
5.10.6 Wind Load ..............................19 5.20.3 Exchanger Configuration.........45
5.10.7 Seismic Load ..........................19 5.20.4 Flow Arrangement...................47
5.10.8 Piping and Superimposed 5.20.5 Tube Selection........................47
Equipment Loads ....................20 5.20.6 Bundle Design and Tube
5.10.9 Load Combinations .................20 Layout ....................................48
5.11 Wind-Induced Vibration of Vertical 5.20.7 Thermal Performance .............49
Vessels .......................................... 21 5.20.8 Hydraulic Performance............51
5.11.1 Vortex Shredding Ranges........21 5.20.9 Vibration .................................52
5.11.2 Corrective Action.....................21
5.12 Formed Heads ............................... 22 6. Materials......................................52
5.13 Flanges .......................................... 22 6.1 Material Specifications....................52
5.13.1 ASME B16.47, Series A ..........23 6.1.1 External Attachments .................52
5.13.2 ASME B16.47, Series B ..........23 6.1.2 Internal Attachments ..................52
5.13.3 Custom-Designed Flanges per 6.2 Source of Materials.........................53
Code.......................................23 6.3 Corrosion/Erosion Allowance ..........53
5.13.4 Custom-Designed Lap Joint 6.3.1 Basis..........................................53
Flanges...................................24 6.3.2 Corrosion Loss...........................53
5.13.5 Lap Joint Flanges NPS 24 and 6.3.3 Erosion Loss ..............................53
Smaller ...................................26 6.4 Gaskets ..........................................54
5.13.6 Slip-on Flanges.......................26
5.13.7 Threaded and Socket Weld
Flanges...................................27
7. Testing ........................................54
5.13.8 Flange Facing and Surface 7.1 Hydrostatic Test..............................54
Finish......................................27 7.1.1 UG-99 Standard Hydrostatic
5.13.9 Piping Connections .................28 Test ...........................................54
5.13.10 Quick Opening Closures .........28 7.1.2 Horizontal Vessels......................54
5.13.11 Flanges - Pass Partition Areas 28 7.1.3 Vertical Vessels..........................54
5.13.12 Flanged Joints ........................28 7.1.4 Test Temperature.......................55
5.14 Nozzles .......................................... 28 7.2 Pneumatic Test...............................55
5.15 Manways........................................ 30 7.3 Proof Test.......................................55
5.16 Anchor Bolts................................... 31
5.17 Internals ......................................... 32 8. Vessel Rigging Analysis/Lifting
5.18 Vessel Supports ............................. 33 Requirements .............................55
5.18.1 General...................................33 8.1 Impact Factor .................................55
5.18.2 Vertical Vessels ......................33 8.2 Vertical Vessels ..............................55
5.18.3 Horizontal Vessels ..................35 8.3 Local Stresses ................................56
5.18.4 Stacked Exchangers ...............37
8.4 Welds .............................................56
5.19 Heat Exchanger Component
Design............................................ 37 Appendices
5.19.1 Tubes .....................................37 A - General Considerations for Pressure Relief
5.19.2 Tubesheets .............................37 Valve Application
5.19.3 Tube-to-Tubesheet Joints........38
5.19.4 Tube Bundles..........................39
B[V] - Welded Pressure Joint Requirements Form
5.19.5 Expansion Joints.....................40 B[E] - Welded Pressure Joint Requirements Form
5.19.6 Vapor Belts .............................41 C - Equivalent Pressure Formulas for Bending
5.19.7 Exchanger Covers...................41 Moment and Axial Tensile Load
5.19.8 Pass Partition Plates...............42 D - Minimum Clearance for Nozzle Adjacent
5.19.9 Floating Heads........................42 to Integral Tubesheet
5.19.10 Kettle Type Exchangers...........42
1. Introduction
Note to Readers: This Practice contains design criteria for pressure vessels and shell-and-tube
heat exchangers. Corresponding subject matter for pressure vessels and shell-and-tube heat
exchangers is covered by paragraphs identically numbered. Paragraphs pertaining to pressure
vessels are preceded by [V]. Paragraphs pertaining to shell-and-tube heat exchangers are
preceded by [E]. Paragraphs pertaining to both are preceded by [V/E]. In addition, ASME
Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code Section VIII, Division 2 requirements are shown in braces
{ }.
This Practice should be used for pressure vessels built to Division 1 or Division 2 of the
ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, henceforth referred to as the Code. Shell-and-tube
heat exchangers are limited to Division 1 in this Practice.
1.1 Purpose
[V] The primary focus of this Practice is to communicate vessel design criteria and
methodology from the User to a Designer. This Practice is also intended as guidance
for the development of purchase specifications covering the construction of new
pressure vessels which meet the philosophy and requirements of Section VIII, Division
1 {or 2} of the Code.
[E] The primary focus of this Practice is to communicate vessel design criteria and
methodology from the User to a Designer. This Practice is also intended as guidance
for the development of purchase specifications covering the construction of new shell-
and-tube heat exchangers which meet the philosophy and requirements of Section VIII,
Division 1 of the Code and TEMA Standards of the Tubular Exchangers
Manufacturers Association.
1.2 Scope
1.2.1 [V/E] This Practice must be used in conjunction with PIP VEDST003,
PIP VEDV1003, PIP VEFV1100, and PIP VESV1002 in order to comprise a
complete vessel purchase specification.
1.2.2 [V/E] Many recognized and generally accepted good engineering construction
practices are included herein. However, in light of the many diverse service
applications of Code vessels, these practices must be employed with
engineering judgment and supplemented as appropriate with requirements
related to specific materials of construction, service fluids, operating
environments, and vessel geometries. Accordingly, provisions of this Practice
may be overridden or supplemented by an Overlay Specification.
1.2.3 [V/E] Standardized pre-designed (off-the-shelf) vessels and heat exchangers
are not within the scope of this Practice, but are covered in PIP VESSM001.
2. References
The following documents are only those specifically referenced in this Practice. In applications
where laws or regulations issued by municipal, state, provincial, or federal authorities cover
pressure vessels, those laws or regulations should be reviewed prior to the initiation of design
work since the requirements may be different or more restrictive than those covered in this
Practice. Short titles will be used herein when appropriate.
3. Definitions
Code: ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code Section VIII, Division 1{or 2}. References to
Division 2 are identified in braces { }.
Designer: The party responsible for defining and specifying the mechanical design
requirements (e.g., Vessel Drawing/Data Sheet {User’s Design Specification}) consistent with
User criteria for use by the Manufacturer. The Designer is frequently an engineering
contractor, but could be the User, third party consultant, or the Manufacturer. The Designer is
also considered the thermal Designer with respect to heat exchanger design.
Manufacturer: The party entering into a contract with the Purchaser to construct a vessel in
accordance with the purchase order
National Board: The National Board of Boiler and Pressure Vessel Inspectors, an
organization comprised of chief inspectors of various governmental jurisdictions in the United
States and Canada. Vessels meeting requirements of the Code, except those stamped with the
Code “UM” symbol, may be registered with the National Board.
User: The party responsible for establishing construction criteria consistent with the Code
philosophy and service hazards. “User” refers to the owner and/or operator of the equipment.
Vessel: This term may be used as a non-specific reference to a pressure vessel or a shell-and-
tube heat exchanger
4. General
4.6 Language
[V/E] The language of all documents shall either be English or include the English
translation.
5. Design
• Normal shutdown
• Startup following a turnaround or an emergency shutdown
• Cleaning, steam out, and decontamination
• Upset conditions
• Environmental restraints on relief venting
• [E] Tube failure [Code Paragraph UG-133(d)]
[V/E] The margin above the maximum anticipated operating pressure selected to
establish the design pressure and coincident maximum metal temperature must be
carefully considered for each vessel component as a function of the overall objective
with respect to pressure relief, coupled with the uncertainties in determining what
actual pressures will be developed. For example, where minimization of severely
flammable or acutely toxic environmental hazards is a controlling design requirement,
the establishment of a design pressure and associated Maximum Allowable Working
Pressure (MAWP) {MAWP replaced by Design Pressure in Division 2, AD-121.1}
that will provide containment without actuation of the pressure relief device may be a
consideration.
[V/E] As will be noted with reference to Appendix A, this margin is also dependent
upon the operational characteristics of the pressure relief device. For example, when
the maximum anticipated operating pressure of a gas/vapor service can be identified
with confidence and metal-seated, direct spring-operated valves will be used, the
design pressure is frequently established by dividing the maximum anticipated
operating pressure by 0.90. However, when a pilot-operated pressure relief device is
used, the design pressure is sometimes established by dividing the maximum
anticipated operating pressure by a factor as high as 0.98.
[V/E] Refer to the Overlay Specification for any margins to be applied to the
maximum operating pressure(s) and coincident temperature(s).
[V/E] Also use of Code Case 2211, entitled “Pressure Vessels with Overpressure
Protection by System Design, Section VIII, Divisions 1 and 2,” may be an appropriate
option. Note that prior jurisdictional acceptance may be required and that this Code
Case Number shall be shown on the Manufacturer’s Data Report. Likewise, with
permission from the authority having legal jurisdiction over the installation of pressure
vessels (should one exist), the advantages of using the provisions of Code Case 2203
entitled “Omission of Lifting Device Requirements for Pressure Relief Valves on Air,
Water over 140° F, or Steam Service, Section VIII, Divisions 1 and 2,” should be
considered.
[E] The shell side and tube side design pressures and temperatures shall be reviewed to
determine extreme conditions that may be encountered. During transients (startup,
pressure relief, or shutdown, etc.), the shell side or tube side fluid may be absent, not
flowing, or auto-refrigerating with design pressure in the other chamber. For
components subjected to both shell side and tube side conditions, the more severe
condition shall control. The following additional conditions shall be considered:
5.1.1 [E] The exchanger shall be designed for full pressure on either side with
atmospheric (or full vacuum if specified) on the other side. If an exchanger is
designed for differential pressure, the Data Sheet and nameplate shall so
indicate.
5.1.2 [E] Fixed tubesheet exchangers cannot generally be operated at the coincident
nameplate temperature-pressure conditions. The basis for differential thermal
expansion used in the design shall be defined and shall become a fabrication
drawing requirement. (See PIP VEDST003.)
frequently fall into this category. The following guidelines {AD-160} are
recommended as a starting point when determining if cyclic analysis will be required.
The need for a fatigue analysis by the Manufacturer shall be stated on the Data Sheet
by the Designer.
5.5.1 Number of Cycles {See AD-160.2}
[V/E] Code vessels should be considered to be in cyclic service when the total
number of cycles in the following three items (1.+2.+3.) will exceed 1000
cycles in the desired design life of the vessel:
1. The expected number of full range (design) pressure cycles, including
startups and shutdowns
2. The expected number of operating pressure cycles in which the range of
pressure variation exceeds 20% of the design pressure
3. The expected number of thermal cycles where the metal temperature
differential between any two adjacent points exceeds 50º F (For a
definition of adjacent points, see Code Section VIII, Division 2,
Paragraph AD-160.2, footnote 3.)
5.5.2 Fatigue Analysis
[V/E] In cases where the preliminary guidelines in Section 5.5.1 indicate that
a fatigue analysis may be required, the rules in Code Section VIII, Division 2,
Paragraph AD-160, “Fatigue Evaluation,” are recommended for use with
sound engineering judgment as a guideline for establishing further action. A
fatigue analysis shall always be performed for agitator mounting nozzles and
their attachment to the vessel. (See Sections 5.12.2 and 5.14.1.)
5.5.3 Fatigue Loading Data
[V/E] The applicable fatigue loading conditions shall be stated on
PIP VEDV1003 and PIP VEDST003.
Vessel Description Cf
A. For all horizontal vessels and for vertical 0.5
vessels having an h/D ratio not greater
than one
B. For vertical vessels having an h/D ratio See Table 6-7 for
greater than one (applies to that portion moderately smooth
of vessel without spoilers) surfaces
C. For that portion of vertical vessels See Table 6-7 for
provided with spoilers as recommended very rough surfaces
in Section 5.11.2.1 or 5.11.2.2 of this
Practice
ac = 1.0, except for flexible equipment such as tall slender vessels, vessels on
tall legs, springs or other resilient supports. This factor is then given as
follows: for Tc/T < 0.6 or Tc/T > 1.4, ac = 1.0; for Tc/T ≥ 0.6 or Tc/T ≤ 1.4,
ac = 5.0. Tc is the first natural period of the equipment and T is the first
natural period of the structure.
Wc is the operating weight of the equipment.
Fp is the horizontal seismic force applied at the center of gravity of the
equipment and in the direction causing the highest stresses.
(See Section 5.10.7.)
custom-designed per the Code. For nozzles larger than NPS 24 and for body flanges of
any size, the options available (as follows in Sections 5.13.1 through 5.13.4) to the
User must be carefully selected as a function of the need.
5.13.1 ASME B16.47, Series A (NPS 26 through NPS 60)
[V/E] These are standard carbon, low-alloy and austenitic stainless steel
flanges of the integral hub, welding neck style that are dimensionally the same
as MSS SP-44 flanges. The materials covered are identical with those in
Materials Groups 1 and 2 of ASME B16.5. Line valves and machinery nozzles
may be provided with flanges of MSS SP-44 dimensions. Therefore, vessel
nozzle flanges that meet the dimensions of Series A flanges may either be
necessary or desirable. Series A and Series B flanges are not dimensionally
compatible in all sizes.
5.13.2 ASME B16.47, Series B (NPS 26 through NPS 60)
[V/E] These are standard carbon, low-alloy and austenitic stainless steel
flanges of the integral hub, welding neck flange style that are dimensionally
the same as flanges covered under the now obsolete API 605. The materials
covered are identical with those in Materials Groups 1 and 2 of ASME B16.5.
Machinery nozzles may be provided with flanges of Series B dimensions.
Therefore, vessel nozzle flanges that meet the dimensions of Series B flanges
may either be necessary or desirable. Series A and Series B flanges are not
dimensionally compatible in all sizes.
5.13.3 Custom-Designed Flanges per Code
5.13.3.1 [V/E] Custom-designed flanges may be required when:
a. Materials of construction covered in ASME B16.5 or ASME
B16.47 are not appropriate for the service conditions.
b. For NPS 26 through NPS 60, the desired flange style is other
than the welding neck type (e.g., lap joint, slip-on) covered in
ASME B16.47.
c. Design conditions for the intended service application exceed
the pressure-temperature ratings of ASME B16.5 or ASME
B16.47 flanges.
d. Service requirements result in significant mechanical loadings
other than pressure. The pressure-temperature ratings of both
ASME B16.5 and ASME B16.47 are based primarily on
pressure loadings and accordingly, the flanges may not be
suitably designed for externally-applied moment or axial
thrust loadings (e.g., as imposed by mating piping, weight,
wind, or seismic loadings), resulting in leak-tightness
problems. See Appendix C for the method usually employed
for considering such mechanical loadings.
5.13.3.3 [V/E] Design flanges not only for the design pressure, but also for
other loadings that will be applied to the joints during the project
life (e.g., externally-applied bending moment and axial thrust
loadings.) [See Section 5.13.3.1(d).]
5.13.3.4 [V/E] Select flange thickness so that, considering all loadings that
will be applied [see Section 5.13.3.1(d)], the Rigidity Index as
defined in Appendix S-2 {Appendix M} of the Code is ≤ 1.0, based
on the recommended value of KL of 0.2 or K1 of 0.3, as applicable.
5.13.3.5 [V/E] Flange bolts shall not be less than 3/4 inch nominal diameter.
Flange bolt holes shall be 1/8 inch larger than the diameter of the
bolts.
5.13.3.6 [V/E] Nubbins are permitted only by agreement with the User.
5.13.4 Custom-Designed Lap Joint Flanges
[V/E] Practices relative to lap joint flanges that experience has shown will
result in a level of damage tolerance, leak-tightness integrity, and gasket
replacement capability equivalent to the welding neck style are as follows:
flange bevel where the lap ring contacts the surface of the flange and
the nominal diameter at the toe of the lap ring attachment weld at the
back of the lap ring shall be 1/8 inch (+1/16 inch, -0).
5.13.5 Lap Joint Flanges NPS 24 and Smaller
[V/E] When ASME B16.5 lapped flanges are specified, the User is cautioned
to make the checks/inspections necessary to ensure that the flanges actually
are ASME B16.5 lapped flanges.
[V/E] For certain of the smaller sizes in each pressure class, the length-
through-hub (dimension Y) of the slip-on flange and the lapped flange are the
same. (This is true through NPS 12 for Class 150, through NPS 8 for Class
300, etc.) Accordingly, since the slip-on flange is more commonly used, flange
manufacturers typically modify the small slip-on flanges to make the lapped
style. This modification consists of machining the corner radius of the bore as
specified in ASME B16.5 (dimension r) and removing the raised face. The
latter change is permitted in Interpretation 3-5 of
ASME B16.5, provided the resulting flange meets the requirements for a
lapped flange, including flange thickness, or a length-through-hub dimension.
[V/E] The caution is focused on larger sizes where the length-through-hub
(dimension Y) for lapped flanges is greater than that of the slip-on style. Some
flange manufacturers have furnished the modified versions of these slip-on
flanges as lapped flanges, calling them short-hubbed lapped flanges. These
flanges do not comply with ASME B16.5 and, as a result, do not comply with
either the Code or OSHA when Code construction is mandated. The strength
of the short-hubbed flanges cannot generally be justified by Code calculations.
5.13.6 Slip-on Flanges
[V/E] Slip-on flanges are limited to use under the following conditions:
1. [V/E] ASME B16.5 standard forged flanges for design pressures
and coincident temperatures not exceeding the pressure-temperature
ratings for Class 150 flanges as specified in ASME B16.5, except
that the maximum design temperature shall not exceed 650° F
2. [V/E] {Not Division 2 Applicable} Custom-designed flanges per
Code Figure 2-4(8), (8a), (9), (9a), (10) or (10a) for design
temperatures not exceeding 650º F; and for flange thickness not
exceeding 3 inches
3. [V/E] Corrosion allowance does not exceed 1/16 inch (1.6 mm)
4. [V/E] Carbon or low-alloy steel flanges attached to solid high-alloy
necks are limited to design temperatures no higher than
450º F, unless a higher temperature is justified by a complete stress
analysis and approved by the User
5. [V/E] MDMT is not colder than minus 20º F for carbon and low-
alloy steels
5.14 Nozzles
5.14.1 [V/E] Nozzles supporting agitators, pumps, or other mechanical equipment
shall be suitably reinforced to withstand the mechanical loadings specified by
the device manufacturer. Likewise, nozzles for pressure relief devices shall be
designed and reinforced for thrust reaction. Use of heavier nozzle necks,
conventional reinforcing pads with properly contoured fillet welds, and formed
heads of appropriate stiffness are the elements that result in a design suitable
for an infinite number of cycles. Gussets shall not be used to strengthen,
stiffen, or reinforce nozzles, unless demonstrated by calculations to be suitable
for the specified cyclic life or thermal condition.
For such nozzles, consideration shall be given to the dimensional requirements
of the device as supplied by the device manufacturer (e.g., tolerances).
5.14.2 [V/E] Surface-attached nozzles as shown in Code Figures UW-16.1(a), (a-1),
(a-2), (a-3) and (b) {Figures 610.1(a) and (b)}, and those with internal
reinforcing pads, are not permitted.
5.14.3 [V/E] Nozzle locations (including manways) and their reinforcing pads, if
necessary, shall preferably not interfere with or cover pressure vessel weld
seams [see PIP VESV1002, Section 5.2.2(c)]. When located in heads other
than hemispherical heads, all of the nozzle reinforcing shall preferably be
within the spherical portion of the head.
5.14.4 [V/E] Vessels shall be provided with sufficient connections to permit purging,
pumpout, venting, decontamination, pressure relieving and draining. Vortex
breakers shall be provided on pump suction nozzles. (See PIP VEFV1124.)
5.14.5 [V/E] For vessels supported by a skirt, the flange of any nozzle in the bottom
head shall be located outside the skirt.
5.14.6 [V/E] In establishing nozzle and manway projections, clearance should be
provided for removing flange stud bolts from between the flange and vessel
and for accessing flange stud nuts. Clearance for flange studs and nuts should
be considered when nozzles penetrate insulation or platforms.
Minimum projection from the outside of the vessel wall to the nozzle face shall
be:
• 8 inches for nozzles up to and including NPS 8
• 10 inches for nozzles larger than NPS 8
Round up the dimension from the face of the nozzle to the vessel centerline or
reference line to the next larger 1/2-inch increment.
5.14.7 [V/E] Minimum nozzle neck nominal thickness for carbon steel nozzles shall
be per Code Paragraph UG-45, except in no case shall the nominal thickness
selected for NPS 3 and smaller be thinner than Sch 80.
5.14.8 [V/E] Minimum nozzle neck nominal thickness for high-alloy and non-ferrous
alloy nozzles shall be per Code Paragraph UG-45, except in no case shall the
nominal thickness selected for NPS 3 and smaller be thinner than Sch 40S.
5.14.9 [V/E] {Not Division 2 Applicable} When there is concern that an overstress
condition may exist, the local membrane and surface stresses due to local
loads (e.g., piping loads, platform loads, etc.) shall be determined using the
WRC Bulletin 107 procedure, or other local stress analysis procedures. For
local loads and pressure, the allowable stresses are 1.5S for local primary
membrane stress and 3S for primary membrane plus secondary bending stress
at nozzles, platform lugs, etc. S shall be the Code-allowable stress at the
design temperature.
5.14.10 [E] Nozzles shall not be located closer to an integrally attached tubesheet,
either shell side or tube side, than shown in Appendix D.
5.14.11 [V/E] Openings exceeding the size limits stated in Code Paragraph
UG-36(b)(1) shall meet the supplemental rules of Code Appendix 1-7(a) and
(b). (Code Case 2236 covering alternative design rules for large openings
shall only be used with User’s agreement.)
5.14.12 [V/E] A minimum of three safety retainer clips shall be welded to the nozzle
neck at the back of NPS 4 and larger lap joint flanges that face upward.
(Facing upward is defined as inclination of the nozzle from the horizontal at
an angle of 30 degrees or greater.) These clips shall be located so that a
spacing of one Length-through-hub dimension (dimension Y in ASME B16.5)
will exist between the back of the lap and the face of the flange. This will
allow for future painting of the nozzle neck in this region.
5.15 Manways
[V/E] The location, quantity, and size of manways and internal ladder rungs shall be
specified to ensure that all interior areas are accessible as required. Minimum
requirements regarding manway and inspection openings are covered in Code
Paragraph UG-46 {Article D-10}, “Inspection Openings.”
5.15.1 [V/E] Service conditions, size, and configuration of the vessel may justify
manways other than (or in addition to) those mandated by the Code.
5.15.1.1 [V] Vessels with mixers/agitators shall be provided with at least one
manway that does not require removal of the mixer/agitator.
5.15.1.2 [V] Unless other provisions (e.g., body flanges) are made for tray
removal, trayed towers shall have at least two manways: one at the
top and one at the bottom. Additional manways shall be as specified
by the User.
5.15.2 [V/E] Manways shall be usable from a ladder, platform, or grade.
5.15.3 [V] Vessels smaller than 3 feet ID that are subject to internal corrosion,
erosion or mechanical abrasion shall be equipped with inspection openings as
described in Code Paragraph UG-46 {Article D-10}. Vessels in this size
category may justify the use of body flanges.
5.15.4 [V] Vessels 3 feet ID and larger that are subject to internal corrosion, erosion,
or mechanical abrasion shall be equipped with one or more flanged and
blinded manways.
5.15.5 [V/E] The nominal recommended manway size is NPS 24 with a finished ID
not less than 23 inches. Manways shall not be smaller than NPS 18 or have a
finished ID of less than 17 inches. Larger diameter manways should be used to
satisfy additional needs such as, but not limited to, installation of
internals/catalyst, packing, maintenance requirements, long projection due to
thick insulation, etc.
5.15.6 [V/E] To provide utility for entry and exit, vessel geometry and location of
access platforms shall be considered when locating manways. Internal ladders
or grab rungs may be needed at manway locations for entry and exit.
5.15.7 [V/E] Provisions shall be made for lifting devices (fixed or portable) at
manways for personnel rescue as described in OSHA 29 CFR 1910.146.
5.15.8 [V/E] Manways shall be equipped with either a davit or hinge to facilitate
handling of the blind flange. Manways oriented with the nozzle neck axis in a
horizontal plane shall be equipped with a hinge in accordance with
PIP VEFV1116 or a davit in accordance with PIP VEFV1117. Attach the
davit-socket bracket to the nozzle neck when lap joint flanges are employed.
Manways on the top of vessels oriented with a vertical nozzle neck axis shall
be equipped with a davit in accordance with PIP VEFV1118.
5.15.9 [V/E] Consideration may be given for use of suitable process connections as
manways and handholes. (Consider both size and location.)
5.15.10 [V/E] When approved by the User, flanges and their pressure-retaining covers
for manways may be custom-designed, with due consideration being given to
providing a Rigidity Index in accordance with the recommendations in Code
Appendix S-2 {Appendix M}. A detail sketch describing the flange, cover,
bolting, and gasket, as well as Code calculations supporting the design, shall
be provided.
5.16.4 [V/E] For vessels on concrete foundations, the allowable concrete bearing
stress used in design shall be 1800 psi.
Note: This value is based on the use of concrete with an ultimate strength,
f'c, of 3000 psi for which the minimum allowable bearing is (0.7)(0.85)f'c
(approximately 1800 psi for 3000 psi concrete).
Higher values may be used consistent with the ulitmate strength chosen (if
known) and other provisions of state-of-the-art concrete foundation design.
The design loadings for anchor bolts embedded in concrete may be determined
by either the simplified method (neutral axis of bolt pattern at centerline of
vessel) or the shifted neutral axis method (See Section 2.3, Brownell &
Young). However, the use of the latter method is recommended for large
vertical vessels because of the economic benefit.
Note: The neutral axis shift method does not apply for vessels supported
by steel structures.
5.16.5 [V/E] Anchor bolts embedded in concrete foundations shall be zinc-coated
(hot dip galvanized or mechanically zinc-coated) so that the addition of a
corrosion allowance is not required.
5.17 Internals
[V/E] Functional design of trays and other removable internals are outside the scope
of this Practice.
5.17.1 [V/E] Removable internals shall be sized to pass through designated vessel
openings. On vessels with internals where a vessel manway is not located in
the top head, internal rigging clips shall be provided to facilitate handling of
the internals.
5.17.2 [V/E] Vessel internals such as distributors, dip tubes, baffles, and
thermowells should not be located near manways in a manner that would
interfere with personnel access or rescue. Special consideration should be
given to the area directly below manways and to head knockers above
manways. In some circumstances, the addition of grab rungs may be
necessary.
5.17.3 [V/E] In services the User has defined as corrosive, welding of vessel internals
attached to a pressure boundary component shall be continuous on all surfaces
in order to eliminate corrosion pockets. All seams and corner joints shall be
sealed.
5.17.4 [V/E] Internal piping and baffles shall be mounted in a manner that will not
unduly restrict thermal expansion. Consideration shall be given to vibration
and the possibilities of fatigue failure. Where vibration and fatigue are
governing design requirements, internal non-pressure parts (e.g., baffles that
may be subject to vibration or cyclic loading) shall be continuously welded.
5.17.5 [V/E] Internal bolting in vessels, especially where vibration is expected (e.g.,
where agitators are installed), shall either be double nutted, tack-welded to the
clip (or baffle) or have a lock wire placed in the nut/bolt or other supports.
5.17.6 [V/E] The nominal chemical composition of internal non-pressure piping shall
be compatible with that of the inside surface of the vessel and the process.
Flanges for internal non-pressure piping may be fabricated from plate but
must conform to ASME B16.5 Class 150 bolting dimensions.
5.17.7 [V/E] Vessel internals and all portions of each vessel shall be self-draining to
ensure complete elimination of liquid from the vessel when drained.
5.17.8 [V/E] For integrally clad and/or weld overlayed vessels, lightly loaded (as
defined in Code Section VIII, Division 2, Paragraph AD-912, footnote 4)
supports, such as those for trays, baffles, etc., may be welded directly to the
alloy clad or weld overlay. Where supports are carrying an appreciable load
(> 25% of the allowable stress for fillet welds), such as packing bed support
rings, the Designer shall determine and specify if the support is to be welded
directly to the base metal.
5.18.3.2 [V/E] Saddle wear plates, when required, shall have the following
proportions:
• Thickness: Established by design, but not less than the
smaller of shell thickness or 3/8 inch
• Width: Width of saddle plus 5t each side of the saddle,
where t = cylindrical shell thickness in the corroded
condition
• Extension Beyond Horn of Saddle: r/10, where r = radius
of cylindrical shell in corroded condition
The wear plates shall have a minimum radius of 2 inches on the
corners, shall be continuously welded to the shell, shall be provided
with one 1/4 inch drilled telltale hole (or equivalent venting) per
segment, and shall be vented to the atmosphere. Vent holes shall be
located at the low point of the wear plate and shall not be plugged
during hydrostatic testing.
5.18.3.3 [V/E] One of the saddles shall be designated as the fixed saddle in
which holes shall be provided to receive the anchor bolts. The other
saddle shall be designated as the sliding saddle in which slotted
holes shall be provided. The diameter of the bolt holes and width of
the slot shall be 1/4 inch larger than the bolt diameter. The length of
the slot shall be: 2αDL∆T
Where:
α = Coefficient of thermal expansion of shell material, in/in °F
DL = Length between saddle supports, measured to
centerline of anchor bolts, inches
∆T = Greatest absolute value of: ambient temperature at
installation (but not warmer than 70° F) minus the
maximum or minimum shell temperature to be
stamped on the Code nameplate, °F
The anchor bolts are to be located at the center of the bolt holes
(fixed saddle) or the midpoint of the slot (sliding saddle). All sliding
saddles shall be provided with slide plates. Slide plates are to be
furnished by others. Examples of standard details that may be used
(non-mandatory) are shown on PIP VEFV1105 and
PIP VEFV1106.
5.18.3.4 [V/E] The bottom of the saddle supports shall extend at least one
inch below nozzles or other projecting vessel components; or
alternatively, a temporary member shall be attached at each support
to provide necessary extension until the vessel is placed in
permanent position.
• Seal strip thickness shall not be less than the greater of 75%
of baffle thickness or 1/4 inch.
• For vertical cut baffles (baffle cut parallel to shell side nozzle
centerline), seal strips shall not extend into the inlet or outlet
baffle spaces. For horizontal cut baffles (baffle cut
perpendicular to shell side nozzle centerline), seal strips shall
extend from the front or stationary tubesheet to the last baffle
or support plate.
• One pair of seal strips or one dummy tube shall be provided
for each 5 tube rows between baffle cuts. Minor adjustments
may be made to suit actual tube layout.
5.19.4.7 [E] Exchangers with removable tube bundles weighing 20,000
pounds or more shall have bundle skid bars.
5.19.4.7.2 The skid bars shall extend from the stationary tubesheet
to floating head support plate (TEMA Types S and T)
or end baffle (TEMA Types P, U and W).
5.19.4.7.3 When skid bars interfere with nozzle openings, the skid
bars shall be terminated at the baffle or support plate
adjacent to the nozzle. A tie rod/spacer of adequate
strength to carry the bundle pulling load shall be
located close to the tube field and within 3 inches of the
skid bar and shall extend from the tubesheet or
baffle/support plate on one side of the nozzle to the
baffle/support plate on the other side of the nozzle.
5.19.4.8 [E] Perforated or slotted impingement plates shall not be used.
5.19.4.9 [E] Multiple exchangers of the same TEMA size and material, either
stacked or parallel, shall have interchangeable components to the
maximum extent possible.
5.19.5 Expansion Joints
5.19.5.1 [E] Shell expansion joints shall be of the “thick wall” flanged and
flued type or flanged only type. “Thin wall” bellows type shall only
be used by User agreement, shall conform to Code Appendix 26,
and shall have the welding stubs of the same material as the shell.
5.19.5.2 [E] The design of expansion joints shall be performed by any
method of stress analysis (e.g., finite element analysis), including
TEMA Paragraph RCB-8, which can be shown to be applicable to
expansion joints. The allowable stresses and cycle life for design
shall conform to Code Appendix CC. The need for and design of
expansion joints shall satisfy the following condition:
• Differential thermal expansion encountered in the most
adverse combination of temperature combinations
anticipated and specified by the User -- for all normal
operating (including shutdown and startup) and upset
conditions or operation based on metal temperatures rather
than fluid temperatures and MAWP rather than operating
pressures
5.19.5.3 [E] Shell expansion joints shall be ventable and drainable in the
operating position.
5.19.5.4 [E] Expansion joints for single pass floating head units may be of
the “thin wall” bellows type. The expansion joint manufacturer
shall provide the bellows with welding stubs of the same material as
the tail pipe material. The design of the expansion joint shall
conform to Code Appendix 26.
5.19.5.5 [E] The expansion joint-to-shell weld shall not be located less than
2 ( Rt ) from the back of the tubesheet, where R is the outside
radius of the shell, in inches, and t is the actual thickness of the
shell less corrosion allowance, in inches.
5.19.6 Vapor Belts
5.19.6.1 [E] The design of vapor belts shall include:
• Effect of pressure loads
• Longitudinal stresses produced by operating and test
pressures (in other than fixed tubesheet designs)
• Consideration of flexibility produced when designing the
exchanger shell, tubes, and tubesheet. When a sleeve type
vapor belt is used, the design shall be considered flexible and
designed per Section 5.19.5.1.
5.19.6.2 [E] Vapor belts may be used as expansion joints provided all
requirements of Section 5.19.5 are met. Whether or not vapor belts
are used as expansion joints, vapor belt flexibility shall be
considered in the design of exchanger shell, tubes, and tubesheets.
5.19.7 Exchanger Covers
5.19.7.1 [E] TEMA Type T exchangers (except kettle type reboilers) shall
have removable shell covers.
5.19.7.2 [E] When full diameter tubesheets are specified on exchangers with
removable tube bundles, the following shall apply:
5.19.10.4 [E] All kettle type exchangers shall either have a 3-inch minimum
length cylindrical section (includes flanged hub, if any) between
the shell flanges and conical transitions or be provided with other
alternatives for cone-to-flange fit-up and bolting clearance. For
kettle type exchangers with tubesheets integral with the shell, the
minimum length of cylindrical section between the tubesheet and
the conical transition shall be the greater of 3 inches or ( Rt ) ,
where R is the mean radius of the cylindrical section and t is the
thickness of the section.
5.19.11 Instrument, Vent and Drain Connections
5.19.11.1 [E] Additional connections (such as specified by TEMA) shall not
be provided in the nozzle necks.
5.19.11.2 [E] Consideration should be made to placing vents in the
tubesheet to meet specific process needs. When vents/drains are
specified to be in the tubesheet, installation shall be per standard
details. (See PIP VEFV1127.)
5.19.12 Nameplates and Stampings
5.19.12.1 [E] Required nameplate markings shall not be stamped directly on
the exchanger.
5.19.12.2 [E] In addition to required Code information, the following
information shall be stamped on the nameplate:
• User’s equipment item number
• Initial test pressures
• Purchase order number
5.19.12.3 [E] Exchanger nameplates shall be located on the shell in an
accessible location. Manufacturer shall show the nameplate
location on the dimensioned outline drawing.
5.19.13 Shell and Bonnet Design
[E] The use of commercially produced NPS pipe for shell and bonnet
sections NPS 24 and smaller is recommended. When specifying NPS pipe as
an acceptable option for rolled plate, consider Manufacturer’s tolerance
when specifying inside diameters if internals such as minimum tube counts
are critical.
• High-pressure service
• Higher fouling service
• Service requiring more expensive materials
5.20.3 Exchanger Configuration
[E] The various configurations have certain advantages and disadvantages
with regard to maintenance, operation, and cost. Selection of the proper
configuration is of prime importance and affects the thermal design
characteristics significantly. The various configurations are defined in TEMA.
5.20.3.1 Fixed Tubesheet Units
[E] Advantages:
• Typically lowest cost design
• No gasketed joint between tube side and shell side fluids
• Shell side has no gasketed girth joints
• Can handle temperature crosses with counterflow designs
• Low circumferential bypass area around the bundle
• Straight tubes allow mechanical tube side cleaning
[E] Disadvantages:
• Shell side cannot be mechanically cleaned
• Limited access for internal shell inspection
• Limited differential thermal expansion allowed without the
use of an expansion joint
5.20.3.2 U-Tubes
[E] Advantages:
• Typically lowest cost removable bundle design
• No thermal expansion problems between shell and tubes
• Removable bundle for shell side mechanical cleaning
• Allows for internal shell inspection
• Low circumferential bypass area
5.20.6.1.2 [E] Triangular pattern can be used for clean shell side
services, independent of whether the bundle is
removable or not. An expanded pitch triangular design
can be used in dirty services only when sufficient
cleaning lanes are provided by the tube layout and
when approved by User.
5.20.6.2 Baffles
5.20.6.2.3 [E] Special baffle designs (e.g., rod, disk and donut,
longitudinal, spiral baffles, etc.) require User’s
approval.
5.20.6.2.5 [E] Tie rods and spacers: Peripheral tie rods and
spacers for positioning baffles shall be located so that
the outside of the spacers coincides with the outer
periphery of the baffles. The ID of the spacer shall not
be greater than the OD of the tie rod plus 1/8 inch.
5.20.7 Thermal Performance
5.20.7.1 [E] Condensing Heat Transfer
For accurate condenser design, the temperature difference should be
calculated incrementally. The temperature and heat transfer of the
condensing vapor mixtures will vary with the fraction condensed.
Even with pure components, the condensing temperature will not be
constant if there is significant pressure drop. The effect of delta P on
delta T should be checked, especially if the overall delta T is small.
For rough calculations, a straight line temperature may be used for
the condensing zone. For final design, the results should always be
checked using stepwise increments. When the vapor entering a
condenser is superheated (temperature above the dew point) or when
5.20.9 Vibration
[E] The Designer shall include a check for flow-induced tube vibration. The
method of vibration analysis shall be acceptable to the User. The vibration
analysis shall consider, as a minimum, vortex shedding, fluid elastic
instability, turbulence excitation (buffeting), and acoustic resonance.
Generally, the natural frequency (or harmonics) of the tubes should not be
within 20% of the predicted flow vibration frequency produced by any
excitation mode, unless the vibration amplitude is within accepted practices.
6. Materials
• Weld overlay of the area with the intent that the overlay is sacrificial
• Addition of a welded wear plate with the intent that the plate is
sacrificial
Note: Use caution when using this method in hydrogen service.
• Internal refractory linings, if appropriate
• Increase of inlet nozzle size
6.4 Gaskets
[V/E] In no case shall the nominal thickness of sheet or laminate service gasketing be
greater than 1/16 inch.
7. Testing
[V/E] All new pressure vessels shall be pressure tested prior to being placed in service. The
following paragraphs provide guidance and references to design and execution considerations
relative to hydrostatic and pneumatic pressure testing.
8.4 Welds
[V/E] Shear stresses for fillet welds on the lifting attachments to the vessel shell/head
shall not exceed 0.55 times the Code-allowable stress {design stress intensity} at 100º
F for the material selected.
General Considerations
for
Pressure Relief Valve Application
PIP VECV1001 REVISION
Vessel/S&T Heat Exchanger Design Criteria February 1999
ASME Code Section VIII, Divisions 1 and 2
A general comparison of operational characteristics is given for the different types of pressure relief
valves in common industrial use. The influence on operating margin, from set pressure, is
considered.
The point where leakage begins to be a concern when using direct spring-operated valves
depends on the disk seat design. Metal-to-metal contact seats will begin to leak at about 90% of
set pressure. O-ring soft seat disk type direct spring-operated valves will not leak below 95% of
set pressure. Pilot-operated valves will not leak below 98% of set pressure. The recommended
maximum equipment operating pressure is slightly below, but many times considered to be equal
to, the start-to-leak limit for the valve.
Welded Pressure
Joint Requirements Form
PIP VECV1001 REVISION
Vessel/S&T Heat Exchanger Design Criteria February 1999
ASME Code Section VIII, Divisions 1 and 2
DESIGN BASIS
SHELL AND CONE THICKNESS BASED ON: DISHED HEAD THICKNESS BASED ON:
JOINT EFFICIENCY E = _________ JOINT EFFICIENCY E = _________
HEAD -TO-SHELL
CATEGORY B TYPE NO. (1) OF TABLE UW-12
OTHER
BODY FLANGES
CATEGORY C
NOZZLE FLANGES FIGURE 2-4
GENERAL NOTES:
1) Unless otherwise indicated, all references on this form are to ASME Code paragraphs, tables, and figures. All nondestructive examination
shall be performed per Code methods.
2) Joints supplied shall be either detailed or identified by use of standard AWS welding symbols on the vessel Manufacturer's drawings.
3) Permanent weld joint backing strips are not permitted.
4) Separate internal nozzle reinforcing plates are not permitted.
5) The flat plate from which formed heads are to be made shall be either seamless or made equivalent to seamless in which all Category A
welds are Type (1) and fully radiographed per UW−51 before forming. After forming, the spin hole, if it remains in the final construction, shall
be closed with a metal plug which is butt-welded in place with the weld meeting the Category A weld joint requirements shown in the table.
6) Category D welds shall be per Figure UW-16.1 using full penetration welds through vessel wall and through inside edge of external
reinforcing plates, when used. Nozzle necks designated to extend beyond the inside surface of the vessel wall shall have a fillet weld at the
inside corner.
WELDED PRESSURE
JOINT REQUIREMENTS
ITEM NUMBER: ____________________________________ PRESSURE VESSELS
EXCLUDING HEAT EXCHANGERS
PAGE 1 OF 2
A. Full radiography shall be per Paragraph UW-51. For welded pipe components, this applies
only to Categories B and C butt joints. For exclusions, see Paragraph UW-11(a)(4).
B. Spot radiography shall be per Paragraph UW-52. For welded pipe components, this applies
only to Categories B and C butt joints. For exclusions, see Paragraph UW-11(b).
C. Spot radiography shall be per Paragraph UW-52. Rules of UW-11(a)(5)(b) must be satisfied.
The Manufacturer is cautioned to select the appropriate increments of weld for establishing
the spot radiography requirements for the vessel. [See UW-52(b)(4).]
General Note: Notes D through H are examples of user options that are sometimes
selected for critical services. Other options may be provided as appropriate.
D. When joint thickness exceeds 2 inches, examine (using MT or PT) the root pass after back-
chipping to sound metal and all accessible surfaces of completed welds of Categories A, B,
C and D butt type joints.
E. When design is based on a joint efficiency of 1.00, examine (using MT or PT) Categories C
and D non-butt type joints after back-chipping or gouging root pass to sound metal and
accessible surfaces of completed weld.
F. When nozzles are attached with a full penetration weld through the nozzle wall, the cut edge
of the opening in vessel walls thicker than 1/2 inch shall be examined using MT or PT. The
examination shall be made before nozzle attachment and a re-examination shall be made
after attachment, when accessible.
G. Examination (using MT or PT) of completed welds shall be made after PWHT for the
following:
1. Vessels or vessel parts for which impact testing is required
2. Welds joining non-impact tested low-alloy steels thicker than 1-1/4 inches
3. Welds joining carbon steels thicker than 2 inches
4. When required by Code
H. Butt welds exempt from radiography by Paragraph UW-11(a)(4) shall have accessible
surfaces of completed welds MT or PT examined. (Only applies to designs employing
impact-tested steels when Category A joints are based on a joint efficiency of 1.00.)
Item Number:
PAGE 2 OF 2
EXAMPLE
DESIGN BASIS
SHELL AND CONE THICKNESS BASED ON: DISHED HEAD THICKNESS BASED ON:
JOINT EFFICIENCY. E = __0.85_______ JOINT EFFICIENCY. E = __0.85_______
HEAD -TO-SHELL
CATEGORY B TYPE NO. (1) OF TABLE UW-12 B
OTHER
B
BODY FLANGES
CATEGORY C --
GENERAL NOTES:
1) UNLESS OTHERWISE INDICATED. ALL REFERENCES ON THIS FORM ARE TO ASME CODE PARAGRAPHS.
TABLES AND FIGURES. ALL NONDESTRUCTIVE EXAMINATION SHALL BE PERFORMED PER CODE METHODS.
2) JOINTS SUPPLIED SHALL BE EITHER DETAILED OR IDENTIFIED BY USE OF STANDARD AWS WELDING
SYMBOLS ON THE VESSEL MANUFACTURER'S DRAWINGS.
3) PERMANENT WELD JOINT BACKING STRIPS ARE NOT PERMITTED.
4) SEPARATE INTERNAL NOZZLE REINFORCING PLATES ARE NOT PERMITTED.
5) THE FLAT PLATE FROM WHICH FORMED HEADS ARE TO BE MADE SHALL BE EITHER SEAMLESS OR MADE
EQUIVALENT TO SEAMLESS IN WHICH ALL CATEGORY A WELDS ARE TYPE (1) AND FULLY RADIOGRAPHED
PER UW−51 BEFORE FORMING. AFTER FORMING, THE SPIN HOLE, IF IT REMAINS IN THE FINAL
CONSTRUCTION, SHALL BE REPAIRED WITH A METAL PLUG THAT IS BUTT-WELDED IN PLACE WITH THE
WELD MEETING THE CATEGORY. A WELD JOINT REQUIREMENTS SHOWN IN THE TABLE.
6) CATEGORY D WELDS SHALL BE PER FIG. UW-16.1 USING FULL PENETRATION WELDS THROUGH VESSEL
WALL AND THROUGH INSIDE EDGE OF EXTERNAL REINFORCING PLATES WHEN USED. NOZZLE NECKS
DESIGNATED TO EXTEND BEYOND THE INSIDE SURFACE OF THE VESSEL WALL SHALL HAVE A FILLET WELD
AT THE INSIDE CORNER.
WELDED PRESSURE
JOINT REQUIREMENTS
ITEM NUMBER: ________PIP 123456___________________ PRESSURE VESSELS
EXCLUDING HEAT EXCHANGERS
VESSEL ASSEMBLY DWG.: ___PIP 123456______________ DRAWN BY CHECKED BY DATE DRAWING NUMBER
PAGE 1 OF 2
Welded Pressure
Joint Requirements Form
PIP VECV1001 REVISION
Vessel/S&T Heat Exchanger Design Criteria February 1999
ASME Code Section VIII, Divisions 1 and 2
DESIGN BASIS
SHELL THICKNESS BASED ON: DISHED HEAD THICKNESS BASED ON:
JOINT EFFICIENCY E = _________(SHELL) JOINT EFFICIENCY E = _________(SHELL)
JOINT EFFICIENCY E = _________(CHANNEL) JOINT EFFICIENCY E = _________(CHANNEL)
SHELL HEAD-TO-SHELL
CATEGORY B TYPE NO. (1) OF TABLE UW-12
SIDE OTHER
TUBE HEAD-TO-CHANNEL
CATEGORY B TYPE NO. (1) OF TABLE UW-12
SIDE OTHER
CATEGORY C
GENERAL NOTES:
1) Unless otherwise indicated, all references on this form are to ASME Code paragraphs, tables and figures. All nondestructive examination
shall
be performed per Code methods.
2) Joints supplied shall be either detailed or identified by use of standard AWS welding symbols on the vessel Manufacturer's drawings.
3) Permanent weld joint backing strips are not permitted.
4) Separate internal nozzle reinforcing plates are not permitted.
5) The flat plate from which formed heads are to be made shall be either seamless or made equivalent to seamless in which all Category A
welds
are Type (1) and fully radiographed per UW−51 before forming. After forming, the spin hole, if it remains in the final construction, shall be
closed with a metal plug which is butt-welded in place with the weld meeting the Category A weld joint requirements shown in the table.
6) Category D welds shall be per Figure UW-16.1 using full penetration welds through vessel wall and through inside edge of external
reinforcing
plates, when used. Nozzle necks designated to extend beyond the inside surface of the vessel wall shall have a fillet weld at the inside corner.
WELDED PRESSURE
JOINT REQUIREMENTS
ITEM NUMBER: ____________________________________ SHELL AND TUBE HEAT EXCHANGERS
PAGE 1 OF 2
B. Spot radiography shall be per Paragraph UW-52. For welded pipe components, this applies
only to Categories B and C butt joints. For exclusions, see Paragraph UW-11(b).
C. Spot radiography shall be per Paragraph UW-52. Rules of UW-11(a)(5)(b) must be satisfied.
The Manufacturer is cautioned to select the appropriate increments of weld for establishing
the spot radiography requirements for the vessel. [See UW-52(b)(4).]
General Note: Notes D through L are examples of user options that are sometimes
selected for critical services. Other options may be provided as appropriate.
D. When joint thickness exceeds 2 inches, examine (using MT or PT) the root pass after back-
chipping to sound metal and all accessible surfaces of completed welds of Categories A, B,
C and D butt type joints.
E. When design is based on a joint efficiency of 1.00, examine (using MT or PT) Categories C
and D non-butt type joints after back-chipping or gouging root pass to sound metal and
accessible surfaces of completed weld.
F. When nozzles are attached with a full penetration weld through the nozzle wall, the cut edge
of the opening in vessel walls thicker than 1/2-inch shall be examined (using MT or PT). The
examination shall be made before nozzle attachment and a re-examination shall be made
after attachment, when accessible.
G. Examination (using MT or PT) of completed welds shall be made after PWHT for the
following:
1. Vessels or vessel parts for which impact testing is required
2. Welds joining non-impact tested low-alloy steels thicker than 1-1/4 inches
3. Welds joining carbon steels thicker than 2 inches
4. When required by Code
H. Butt welds exempt from radiography by Paragraph UW-11(a)(4) shall have accessible
surfaces of completed welds MT or PT examined. (Only applies to designs employing
impact-tested steels when Category A joints are based on a joint efficiency of 1.00.)
L. Clad tubesheet material shall be ultrasonically examined after cutting to final size per
ASME SA-578 Acceptance Level 1, Supplementary Requirement S7 (applies to clad
material of any thickness).
Item Number:
PAGE 2 OF 2
Equivalent Pressure Formulas for Bending Moment and Axial Tensile Load
When sustained bending moments or axial thrust loadings are applied to the flanged joint during
operation in sufficient magnitude to warrant consideration in the flange design, the design
pressure, P, used in the calculation of total hydrostatic end load, H, in the flange design
calculations should be replaced by the following design pressure:
PFLG = P + PEQ
16M 4F
PEQ = +
πG 3
πG 2
Where:
M = Sustained bending moment applied across full section at flange during the design
condition, in-lb
F = Sustained axial tensile force applied at flange, lb
G = Diameter at location of gasket load reaction, in (See Appendix 2 {Appendix 3} of the
Code for full definition.)
Note: Experience has shown that axial tensile forces resulting from a properly
designed piping system have no significant effect on the flange design and hence are
typically not included in the PEQ determination.
Therefore, the hydrostatic end load, H, used in the flange calculations is determined as follows:
H = 0.785 G2 PFLG
8M
PEQ =
πG 3
Where:
M = Bending moment, as defined above, but including dynamic bending moment (e.g.,
seismic moment) applied across full section at flange during the design condition, in-lb