EXPERIMENT 1 Demography – Human Population Ecology

INTRODUCTION
A cemetery is an excellent place to study human demography. Demography is defined as “the
study of the characteristic of human populations, such as size, growth and vital statistics”.
Gravestones record the dates of births and death, which can be used o calculate death rates
and draw survivorship curves. A survivorship curve is simply a graphical representation of the
chance that an individual will survive from birth to particular age. By comparing survivorship
curves for different periods of time, we may look for historical trends in demography over the
decades.

Over the last few centuries, advances in health care and large-scale global political conflict
have left opposing marks on the demographics of our population. Two major time intervals
stand out: before 1950 and after 1950, Malaysia getting it stability through it independent
day, and with the exception of a ratial riot on May 13, 1969. What do you predict about how
the demographics of the human population have changed during these two time periods?

Demographics from local cemeteries can be used, but in order to get a broader scope of life in
we can used the population in US since the world wide web can used to gather data about
birth and death rates all over the country. Many cemeteries now have databases that list all
individuals buried there. This is a much faster way than visiting all cemeteries in an area and
making assumptions about overall World population.

1. Some of the basic concept of population demography

OBJECTIVES 2. How such factors such as advantages in medicine and environmental protection may
have affected human demography over the past 150 years.
3. How human demography might change in the future, based on the current socio
political reality and the presence of incurable diseases (such as AIDS)

HYPHOTHESIS 1. In general, what are your prediction about death rates prediction of people before
and after 1950?
In my expectation, the death rates of prediction of people before 1950 are greater compared
to after 1950. Maybe this is because there is better technology developing after or through
the year of 1950, causing decreasing number of death. Most of modern technology as years
past by is much better to prevent sickness or disease.

2. For infants of both sexes, would you expect infant mortality to be higher or lower
before or after 1950? Why?
I think the infant mortality would be higher before 1950. This is because before 1950, there
are no medical treatment advancement or knowledge’s like we have today. This indicate to
infant of both sexes. Sex is not a big factor to this problem.
 3. How might the survivorship of females differ from that of males in the 20-30 age
groups? Why?

In my point of view , the survivorship of females differ from that of males in the 20-30 age
because of the female commonly will give birth in their life time. Females are facing a big risk
on their life or might die during their pregnancy of labor. Females also have a big risk of dying
because we know that the fact is female is more susceptible to certain type of disease’s. This
is why the survivorship of males is higher than the females.

1. The data from Appendix A was used or extracted the data from cemetery database
PROCEDURE found at www.interment.net .
2. The data was recorded in table 1 and it was used to calculate and all questions
provided in this lab was answered.

3. For data table 2, the total number of death was placed in first row (0-9) of column B.
It was the total number of people in our group upon which death took its toll as they
grew older.
4. The number of who died was subtracted in each age interval (column A) from the
number who were “alive” in our sample from the beginning of that age interval. The
number was written in the next row in column B. To fill out the column, it was
repeated.
5. The survivorship was calculated- for each row in column c, the number was divided in
column B by the TOTAL we found at the bottom of column A. This gave us the fraction
of people that survived to each age interval. By definition, the survivorship of the first
age interval equals 1.0 ( all living newborns have survived that point)

DATA Data Table 1:

FEMALE WHO DIED BEFORE 1950
NO NAME DEATH YEARS BIRTH AGE OF DEATH
1. Batik Binti Che 1946 1933 13
2. Esah Binti Ali 1945 1943 2
3. Kalsom Binti Yop 1946 1940 6
4. Melati Binti Awang 1945 1944 1
5. Minah Binti Jantan 1908 1840 68
6. Piah Binti Hasan 1945 1923 22
7. Rokiah Binti Awang 1946 1931 15
8. Salmah Binti Kasim 1957 1957 0
9. Senah Binti Karim 1947 1921 26
10. Senah Binti Rom 1935 1888 47
11. Siah Binti Jelon 1941 1940 1
FEMALE WHO DIED AFTER 1950
No NAME DEATH YEARS BIRTH AGE OF DEATH
1. Basah Binti Mat 1953 1941 12
2 Ah Binti Rashid 1975 1921 54
3. Bedah binti Kosi 1965 1925 40
4. Biah Binti Li 1990 1931 59
5. Cekor Binti Mat 1973 1931 42
6. Che Ah Binti Aki 2007 1933 74
7. Ecah Binti Awang 1962 1962 0
8. Esah Binti Tok 2000 1934 66
9. Jenab Binti Mat 2012 1935 77
Long
10. Jenab binti Ngah 1977 1934 43
Pi
11. Kalsom Binti 1954 1954 0
Jantan
12. Kalsom Binti Mat 2000 1955 45
13. Kasih Binti Atan 1970 1930 40
14. Kecom Binti Teh 1971 1970 1
15. Kembang binti 1954 1891 63
Long
16. Kesah Binti Kari 2012 1951 61
17. Koriah Binti Karim 1980 1902 78
18. Mawar Binti Long 1999 1939 60
19. Melur Binti Mat 1989 1915 74
20. Minah Binti Kasim 1967 1937 30
21. Rabiah Binti Deris 1976 1936 40
22. Rokiah Binti Jan 1980 1925 55
23. Raden Binti Lang 2012 1951 61
24. Rodiah Binti Zam 1999 1932 67
25. Rokiah Binti Ripin 2012 1950 62
26. Ros Binti Man 1970 1930 40
27. Salmiah Binti 1957 1957 0
Kasim
28. Senah Binti 1980 1927 53
Rahman
29. Som Binti Akop 1999 1925 74
30. Zenab Binti Talik 1990 1929 61
MALE WHO DIED BEFORE 1950
No NAME DEATH YEARS BIRTH AGE OF DEATH
1. Ali Bin Ahmad Jul 01, 1848 1800 48
2. Api Bin Rotan 1923 1888 35
3. Atan Bin Kosim 1902 1891 11
4. Awang Bin Anjang 1940 1933 7
5. Burhan Bin Mat 1948 1944 4
6. Jendol Bin Seman 1946 1935 11
7. Kasih Bin Saleh 1945 1933 12
8. Kumir Bin Tam 1928 1895 33
9. Misan Bin Uda 1946 1923 23
10. Mus Bin Mustam 1943 1918 25
11. Pian Bin Jabir 1947 1935 12
12. Redah Bin Mat 1947 1924 23
13. Rom Bin Radin 1923 1890 33
14. Sabar Bin Hitam 1937 1921 16
15. Salim Bin Ban 1946 1911 35
16. Samir Bin Rodin 1947 1927 20
17. Sedi Bin Galak 1945 1924 21
18. Som Bin Mat 1945 1943 2
19. Yop Bin Man 1946 1911 35
20. Zam Bin Putih 1945 1929 16
MALE WHO DIED AFTER 1950
No NAME DEATH YEARS BIRTH AGE OF DEATH
1. Abu Bin Ketuk 2010 1951 59
2. Aki Bin Akop 1972 1944 28
3. Ali Bin Ahmad 1981 1911 70
4. Apo Bin Selar 1972 1911 61
5. Biah Binti Mat 1983 1916 67
6. Buntang Bin Tang 1968 1925 43
7. Che Bin Teh 1966 1904 62
8. Din Bin Dam 1972 1941 31
9. Din Bin Pin 1980 1911 69
10. Gambir Bin Mat 1963 1926 37
11. Jam Bin Mi 1967 1950 17
12. Jantan Bin Mat 1959 1940 19
13. Karim Bin Ratip 1970 1956 14
14. Katam Bin Somad 1988 1930 58
15. Kiah Bin Dam 1980 1939 41
16. Koi Bin Dan 1962 1930 32
17. Lang Bin Mat 1966 1903 63
18. Leman Bin Chiah 2000 1957 43
19. Merah Bin Jantan 1976 1925 51
20. Nam Bin Mad 1981 1922 58
21. Rambai Bin Tikai 1970 1938 32
22. Rasid Bin Soh 1964 1964 0
23. Rosid Bin Lazim 2012 1952 60
24. Rostam Bin Ali 1988 1953 35
25. Rotam Bin Ran 1970 1911 59
26. Rotan Bin Takim 2012 1951 61
27. Saleh Bin Saleh 1980 1926 54
28. Salem Bin Man 2006 1934 72
29. Salim Bin Jebat 1964 1918 46
30. Samad Binti 1969 1914 55
Jantan
31. Som Bin Samad 1958 1958 0
32. Soman Bin Sagat 1980 1929 51
33. Supi Bin Mok 1989 1922 67
34. Syukur Bin Mat 1970 1911 59
35. Tukan Bin Jan 1998 1931 67
36. Wahid Bin Resam 1970 1970 0
37. Walid Bin Tam 1966 1951 15
38. Yakob Bin Mat 1965 1912 53
39. Yakop Bin Yop 1980 1921 59
Data Table 2:
FEMALE WHO DIED BEFORE 1950
Age Group COLUMN A COLUMN B COLUMN C
Mortality (M)= “alive” at the
#of death per age beginning of the Survivorship(S)
interval age interval
0-9 5 11 1.0 (11/11)
10-19 2 6 (11-5) 0.55 (6/11)
20-29 2 4 (6-2) 0.36
30-39 0 - -
40-49 1 2 0.18
50-59 0 - -
60-69 1 1 0.09
70-79 0 - -

Total Number of Death for data set: 11

FEMALE WHO DIED AFTER 1950

Age Group COLUMN A COLUMN B COLUMN C
Mortality (M)= “alive” at the
#of death per age beginning of the Survivorship(S)
interval age interval
0-9 4 30 1.0(by definition)
10-19 1 26(30-4) 0.87
20-29 0 - -
30-39 1 25 0.83
40-49 7 24 0.8
50-59 4 17 0.57
60-69 8 13 0.43
70-79 5 5 0.17
80-89 0 - -
Total Number of Death for data set: 30
 MALE WHO DIED BEFORE 1950
Age Group COLUMN A COLUMN B COLUMN C
Mortality (M)= “alive” at the
#of death per age beginning of the Survivorship(S)
interval age interval
0-9 3 20 1.0(by definition)
10-19 6 17(20-3) 0.85
20-29 5 11 0.55
30-39 5 6 0.3
40-49 1 1 0.05
50-59 0 - -
60-69 0 - -
70-79 0 - -
80-89 0 - -
Total Number of Death for data set: 20

MALE WHO DIED AFTER 1950

Age Group COLUMN A COLUMN B COLUMN C
Mortality (M)= “alive” at the
#of death per age beginning of the Survivorship(S)
interval age interval
0-9 3 39 1.0(by definition)
10-19 4 36 0.92
20-29 1 32 0.82
30-39 5 31 0.79
40-49 4 26 0.66
50-59 11 22 0.56
60-69 9 11 0.28
70-79 2 2 0.05
80-89 0 - -
Total Number of Death for data set: 39

DATA ANALYSIS 1. What is your interpretation of the juvenile (age 0-19) mortality pre and post 1950 for
males and for females. List all factors that might account for any differences you see.

- Juvenile mortality pre 1950 was higher than post 1950. This could be due to less
advanced cares. Lack of vaccines and antibiotics.
2. What is your interpretation of mortality for reproductive age adults (20-40) for pre
and post 1950 for males and for females? List all factors that might account for any
differences you see.

- Reproductive age mortality for pre 1950 was higher compared to post 1950.
This could be due to :
1. Less improved medical care.
2. Less maternal care during parturition.
3. Many females could be giving birth in the homes rather than hospitals.

3. Refer graph answer sheet.

4. What shift in survivorship and mortality curves would you expect if significant cuts
were made in social services such as prenatal and infant care?

- The curves would shift to the left rather than to the right. It is because there
would be more mortality for infant.

5. Compares the two curves below: which country is probably the better place to live?
Defend your answer.

- In our opinion, Malaysia is the better place to live rather than Africa. In Malaysia,
people live in a healthy lifestyle after 1950. The curves from the graph show that
Malaysia have highest of survivorship in the 20-40 age group. However, in Africa
mostly deaths occur at that age. Most of it is had AIDS disease. Malaysia has less
number in that such of disease.