CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 General

Constrution is a very challenging process where each and every activity plays a

crucial part leading to successful termination of project, since the project undergoes

various process and addition to volatile risks maximum projects are either delayed or cost

overrun due to improper management of project. The project from its starting stage to the

termination state i.e the final stage is to be managed in a well organized manner, with the

various mechanization and technological developments the best options are to be made

for the project for optimal usage of resources and to complete the work as per the baseline

provided. Highway projects are very crucial construction process where the frequent

challenges are faced during the construction of a project from technical to non technical

issues, such as change in profile of road to the legal issues such as partial land clearance

hence it is very important to manage the completion and delivery of project in time, hence

project management palys a very important and crucial part in construction process.

Various project management softwares such as Primavera and Microsoft project are

developed to manage the project in a organized manner, which allows tracking of project

and to manage schedule and resources of a project.

1.2 Project

Project is a temporary endeavor performedd in an organized way which results,in

the production of unique product. A project has a definite, start and end date. Two

projects,are not same in nature. Every project has specificcfeatures. The choice of

fastidious type of project, depends on scope of the project.

1.2.1 Features of the Project.

The key features of the projectsare listed as follows:--

• Every projectshas definite start and end date.

• The resultsof each project is specific in nature,and may be tangible or intangible

• Projects are elaborated progressively

1.3 Project Management

Project managing, is art of achieving the, objectives of the project through

a set of activities arranged in a hierarchical order with specific start date and end date.

Project management involves planning, scheduling, monitor and controlling of various

activities of project. Projects management helps to arrange and link tasks, materials and

resources available in the project so as to meet goals and objectives of the project within

specified time constraints.

Fig.1.1 Project management knowledge areas

The factors that leads to success of project are

Clear objectives and goals,

The process of project management should be well defined,

A good set of tools in project management.

1.4. Project Management Process

The process of project management is fretful with organizing moreover describing

work of the project. The project is performed by the group of peoples. A number of

interlinking processes are involved in project management process.

The five steps involved in project management, process are:

Table 1.0 showing project management process

 Fig 1.2 Project Management Process

1.5 Project Constraints

No matter the size of the, project is small or big, it should be completed under 3

constraints. The project constraint in every project gives competition with another project.

The main aim or goal of the project is to deliver a quality project within the constraints.

The project manager should take care of the constraints in a project.

a) Scope: - It involves work to be done, the uniqueness of results or, the product

delivered to satisfy the clients.

b) Time: - It is nothing but the duration required to complete the project or deliver

the service or product to the client or customer.

c) Cost: - It involves the overall cost or budget of the project required to finish the

objectives of the project.

d) Quality: - The excellence of the service or product required to satisfy the need of

the customer or client will be taken care.

e) Risk: - It involves the uncertainty situation that takes place during the project

execution and the methods to be undertaken to overcome those situations or

problems (Seetharaman, 2003).

Fig 1.3 Project Constraints

1.6 Schedule of a Project

The scheduling of construction project is a complete and powerful management

tools. This process determines the work activity timings which identified in the process of

planning and finally it shows in the schedule of project. “Scheduling is a sequencing and

arrangement of each activities with the graphical representation required to complete the

work”.

Steps initiated in schedule development of the project are as follows

• Estimate the time required for each activity.

• Time required for completion of project is estimated.

• Defining interval of time in each activity i.e., when to start and finish

Fig 1.4 Showing project scheduling

1.6.1 Activity

Activity is nothing but tasks or work involved and performed from beginning till

the end of the project. The completion of the project within the planned duration and

budget depends on the sequential arrangement of activities.

The activity is represented by an arrow, in which type of work or task is written

on top of the arrow and the duration required for the completion of that task or work

below the arrow (Seetharaman, 2003).

1.6.2 Duration

Duration is the time required to achieve the goals or objectives of the project. It is

the numeral of days or months required to complete project right from start of project to

termination of the project.

Critical-path method is used for repetitive works. Sequencing combined activities

which require longest time to complete the project. It is a network based method for

planning, scheduling and monitoring of work.

1.6.3 Event

Event is nothing the starting or beginning of project. It indicates the start of, a

project and also some of the major tasks involved in the intact project. Each major event

will be considered a milestone and represented so as to maintain track on the execution of

the project at various stages (Seetharaman, 2003).

1.6.4 Milestone

It is a chart which is alternative to the bar chart. The activity contains some key

events for completion of activities such key events are called milestones. It is represented

by circle or square for easy identification of the activity.

1.6.5 Work Breakdown Structure ( WBS )

WBS is the, hierarchical depiction of the work divided accordingly to achieve

objectives or goals of the project. WBS splits the work implicated in the project so as to

execute the work or task added efficiently and professionally. WBS helps to keep a track

on each activities and identify to overcome the uncertainties that takes during various

stages of the execution. WBS divides the major activities involved in project into sub-

activities so that the project is completed within the anticipated cost and time

(Seetharaman, 2003).

1.6.6 Resource

Resources are labours, equipment’s and materials which are required to complete

the activities of the project. Many activities require one or more resources to complete.

Success of the project depends on the efficient resources utilization.

1.6.7 Network Logic

Network represents the link -between the activities and their mutual dependency.

The successful completion of the project depends on the co-ordination of mutual

dependent activities. The network logic reflects the timely completion of the project

within the estimated cost.

Fig 1.4 Representation of Logical Network

1.6.8 Successor Event

 Any event which is started later than the completion of a particular event is known as

successor event to that event. In figure 1.4 shows the successor events for 2 are 3, 4 and 5.

Fig 1.5 Representation of successor and predecessor event

1.6.9 Predecessor Event

Any event which is completed or which occurs sooner than a particular event is

known as a predecessor event to that particular event. In figure 1.4 shows the predecessor

event for 3, 4 and 5 is 2.

1.6.10 Critical-Path

The highest path in a network map is known as critical path of a project. Critical

path joins the activities of,a project which consume longest duration. The critical path is

also defined as the path which joins activities with longest duration. It represents and

joins the activities or events that are critical so that those events and activities can be

taken care. In PERT, the critical path is the one which joins events with zero slack
whereas in CPM, the critical path is the one which joins the events or activities with zero

float (Seetharaman, 2003).

1.6.11 Tracking

The development of recording and entering performance of the on-going

activities and comparing it with the planned schedule is known as tracking. It is one of the

major tasks that will be performed to know the progress of the work, whether the tasks

are completed as per the scheduled time or is it delayed due to unavoidable

circumstances. Tracking also helps to know the delay of time and duration of project and

guides the managing team to take necessary actions to complete the project within the

scheduled time and cost. Planning is done before the execution of the project whereas

tracking is done while the project is in progress.

1.7 Labour Management

It is an interacting relationship between labour and management. In construction

sector, the project mainly focuses on optimum resources usage and speedy completion of
the project. It is one of ther most important concept in construction project administration.

If labour management is effective, the project will be complete in time with the quality.

Labour productivity is one of they major problem in construction industry. About 30 to

50% of cost depends on labour management.

1.7.1 Factors affecting Labour Productivity

The following are the factors affecting the labour productivity

• Size of the project

• Labour availability

• Climatic conditions

• Accessibility of site

• Equipment’s utilization in site

• Cultural activities in local areas

1.8 Primavera P6 software

Primavera is a project management tool founded by Dick Faris, Joel Kopplem and

Les Seskin. It was launched in 1983, the software is handed to the oracle in 2008.

Primavera is a management software tool which helps in a project for planning,

executing, controlling and monitoring in a good way. For enterprise project management,

it is a multiuser tool. It provides information of all the task in the enterprise. Primavera is

a enterprise server/client, web enabled and desktop software which gives satisfaction to

the requirements and needs. It has each feature a management needs to have control of in

a project from begin to finishing of project. The software can analyze what attributes

project needs ,to complete the project in time and saving both time and cost.
 Fig 1.6 Primavera P6

1.9 Objective of Project work

The following are objectives of this present study

i. To develop the schedule of Twin Tunnel project by using Primavera as

management software

ii. To identify the activity definition, sequencing of activity and estimating the

duration for specific activities on the basis of quantitative method, to estimate the

total duration of the project

 iii. Analyzing risk occurs at the time of implementation in Twin Tunnel project and

determining plan with risk assessment and then apply the control measures for the

particular risks

iv. To study the planned schedule with the current status of project and to track the

real time schedule so as to complete the project within specified period

v. Importance of monitoring on regular basis to progress of villa and distinguish on

actual and planned schedule.

vi. To apply the project management skills with the use of Primavera software and to

compare the yield of project

1.10 Scope of Work

Project management concept is very important to lead the project very efficiently

and effectively. Scheduling, tracking and risk management are very complicated in any

kind of a project. By using Primavera P6 which is a management software, project can be

executed effectively towards achieving the primary goals. Primavera software is used to

prepare the project schedule which can give the project completion date and information

about the activities and assign the resources required for every activities. Project

schedule can be prepared effectively as this software can provide what are the risks and

problems that occur during each and every activities of the project.
CHAPTER 2

SALIENT FEATURES OF PROJECT

2.1 Site Details

“ Four Laning of Goa/Karnataka Border to Kundapur section NH-17

from Chainage 93.700 to Chainage 283.3 in the state of karnataka under

NHDP Phase IV on Design Build Operate Transfer (DFBOT) Toll Basis”

Fig 2.0 Site Location of Project

2.2 Details of Project

Table 1.0 below provides the detail of project undertaken and details of Tunnel project

SR.NO PARTICULARS DERSCRIPTION

Four laning of Goa/Karnataka Border to
Kundapur Section of NH-17 From Km.

1 Name of Project 93.700 to Km. 283.300 in State of Karnataka

Under NHDP Phase IV On Design, Build,
Operate, Transfer (DBFOT) Toll Basis

2 Total Length of Project. 187.240kms. (Design Length)

National Highways Authority of India.
3 Client / Authority
(Ministry of Road Transport & Highways).
M/s IRB WestCoastTollway Pvt. Ltd.,
4 Concessionaire
Mumbai – 400072
M/s. AECOM Asia Company Ltd., in
5 Independent Engineer
Association with
M/s. IRB Infrastructure Developers Ltd.,
6 Principal EPC contractor
Mumbai

7 Associate EPC Contractor M/s Modern Road Makers Pvt. Ltd., Mumbai

8 Total Project Cost 2300cr

Date of signing of Concession 25th March, 2013.

9
Agreement
rd
10 Appointed date 3 zMarch, 2014.

Construction Compleition 910 days from Appointed date

11
Period
28/08/2017 ( Extension of 2 Years from this
12 Construction Completion date
date)
28, Years commencing from Apointed date
13 Concession Period
(including construction period of 910days)
2 twin tunnels
Length
14 Tunnel
RHS-258m (From km 106.990 to km 107.248 )
LHS-238 m (From km 107.000 to km 107.238)
Table 1.0 Details of project
2.3 Organization Structure

Fig 2.1 Section division under project

The Project is divided into four Section/package to break down work

Section-1 Karwar (starting point),

Section-2 Kumta (Head office),

Section-3 Murudeshwar (Mid section),

Section-4 Kundapur (End point)

where the section - 1 is located at Karwar where our project wok location of Twin Tunnel

is situated, the twin tunnel was proposed as the existing road contains steep mountain and

dangerous curves, since the mountains are of hard granite and igneous rock since the new

route saves the time and cost of construction with avoiding dangerous curves. The new

route was proposed actually by cutting method, since the mountain top consisted a ancient

DC bungalow which is a heritage building alternate method for road was proposed, that is

by constructing twin tunnel across the mountain.

2.3.1 Organization structure

The Organization is divided into various function and responsibilities, CGM is the Chief

General Manager of the organization who controls the overall project, under CGM

various level of managers are assigned so as to divide the work load and responsibilities
M1 denotes the manager at a perticular package i.e section 1 ,and M2 denotes the section

2 manager and M3 & M4 are section-3 & section-4 managers respectively, where each

manager is having control on the Design ,the accounts,HR and stores of their respective

section.

Below flow chart shows the organization structure of the project by IRB Infrastructure
Ltd.

Fig 2.2 showin organization structure of project by IRB infrastructure Ltd

2.3.2 Organization structure for each section in IRB Infrastructure Ltd

The construction requires organized planning and execution, the organization at field

level plays a very important role, the organization structure at site level consist of the

Project manager and various level of engineers from senior level to the junior level and

supervisor to guide the work to labours to execute the work and keep going progress.

Fig 2.3 showing organization structure of each section

Fig 2.4 showing creation of OBS in Primavera of my Project

Fig 2.5 showing Responsible work of assigned OBS provided

CHAPTER 3

LITERATURE REVIEW

Mrs. Sangeetha H M, Mr. Rajeeva S J, Dr. G.narayana (2017)

In Project Management, proper agreement and setting up is very essential element.

Planning is a base for each and every work in management field. It serve as base for

executing, monitoring controlling and closing. When quality time is spent on planning, it

will fundamentally minimize the time spent on execution. Planning manages figuring out

a future strategy and choosing ahead of time, the most suitable course of activities for

accomplishment of predefined objectives. Planning ensures a head of time-what to do,

when to do and how to do. It gives an idea about where we are and where we need to be.

It is a bridge between present and future course of action. Thus planning is nothing but

think before it is executed. Planning is a systematic/orderly thinking about way and needs

to reach the determined goal/ destination. Planning is an activity in critical thinking. It

helps in avoiding instabilities, confusion, delay of work, unexpected risk, wastages etc.

T.Siva Nagaraju, Sri Lakshmana Kumar (2016)

Appropriate Planning and scheduling is very important in Metro Rail construction

projects for reducing and controlling delays of project. extensive amount of time, money,

resources are wasted each year in a construction industry due to inappropriate planning

and scheduling. With globalization, the construction project have become gigantic, and

complex. preparation of such require huge amount of paper exertion, which can be

reduced with the aid of project planning software. Providing high-quality planning,

adequate of flow of resources to a project can be automatically achieved preferred result.

This paper deals with some high probable parameters in Primavera software.
Results of this study show drawbacks of present project management system in station

work project and the efficient planning, as well as the necessitate and usefulness of a

project management software like Primavera P6 in a construction project.

MR. Akash Rajkumar Wadhwa , MR. Dattatray Santram Shinde (2016)

An analysis of the results of survey and comparison of conventional method and using

Primavera, a management tool was undertaken. Primavera software has been selected

because of its comparable and optimum project plans to stimulate the adjustments. The

wide acceptance of this software, especially in industries of developing cities has made

the project managers to easily handle the large projects effectively and also resulted in

low cost as when compared to conventional methods of management of project. The

results indicate that this management tool has many features and benefits to lead to a

successful project completion. It has been studied that professional project schedulers use

Primavera to plan and analyse multiple projects to ensure the timely completions and

within budget. It must be noted that this study is based on, comparison of relatively small

projects and that results on larger, more intricate projects might be diverse.

P. Esakki Thangam, R. Magdalene Benila (2016)

Efficient time planning is very vital in determining a success of any project. Thus,

without proper time controlling will cause project delay and consequently budgeted cost

overrun. In this project, VOC port trust of Tuticorin is considered. It had only four lanes

which were not sufficient to bear the traffic. For this purpose an alternate arrangement of

a six lanes is constructed. The work carried out was not done by proper planning,

scheduling and resource allocation. So, that the resources were wasted and the time was

extended. For reducing this wastage in time. It can be done by using the primavera p6

software. In this project, the planning, scheduling, resource allocation, cost and time
management were of done by using primavera P6 software. This software improves the

quality of construction with as per stipulated cost and time. Finally implementation of

sequence can be done by using minimum time, cost and resources

Paper concludes that time management structure is considered to perform a keys role in

organization, which is responsible to complete the project in a accurate time, budget cost

within a certain period of time. Poor- time and cost performance are major problemsa

faced by today’s construction industry. The main idea of this project is to prepare the

proper planning and scheduling for the 6 lanes road work construction at VOC PORT

TRUST, Tuticorin. Time management and time control are done by primavera P6

software. The main advantage of project was timely execution and completion of the

project using primavera P6 software. The road construction project has completed prior to

the contract duration

Mohd Ilyas Ahmed, Brijbhushan S, Maneeth P.D

Planning, scheduling and required quantity of resources with regular tracking is very

important any construction projects to reduce delays of the project. Due to improper

scheduling, irregular monitoring and controlling of ongoing activities substantial amount

of time and resources is wasted with this desired goal is not achieved. In the present work,

study is carried out on residential (G+2) villa. This study covers the process of planning,

scheduling, tracking and controlling of activities. The software used for this study is

primavera p6, this tool is utilized throughout from planning phase to tracking and

controlling of a project, it reduced huge amount of paperwork. Only development of

schedule doesn’t make a successful project in construction, it further need to be tracked

regularly, for this, baseline have been managed for similarity between the planned

progress and actual progress by primavera software for proper recognition of problem

which cause deviation. Many uncertainties occur in practical work leads to delay. By
using software techniques, applying resource dependency, rescheduling of the project by

crashing and fast tracking of critical activities overcome the delay duration.

Results showed that Regular monitoring of the work under execution must be done at

least within week in order to take adequate actions against uncertainty, In this project by

applying crashing and fast tracking method duration of selected events is reduced to

reschedule within the baseline. Using primavera technique of resource dependency,

compression of various activities is done by increasing working hours. Primavera (P6)

proved to be a better tool for scheduling, monitoring and controlling and shows its

efficiency in providing best results with less effort of user by preventing enormous

volume paperwork
CHAPTER 4

METHODOLOGY

4.1 Research Methodology

Research analysis are categorised into three stages. it is theoretical descriptions.

Pre data collection, or pre information collection

Data collection, or information collection

Post data collection, or post information collection

4.1.1 Pre data collection

As the name indicates, pre data collection means it’s a collection of a data or

information before the commencement of work. It is a small glimpse of the project.

Collecting the data from the various studies, previous project after collecting the

data it is maintained in the form of statement and set objectives required for project

in the form of literature review and set objectives required for the project inform of

problem statement. It also deals with what works has to be done with what data collected.

In this stage data of site, estimation of materials required, manpower, equipments’ are

collected.

4.1.2 Data collection

In this stage data are collected by visiting the site regularly and by identifying

construction sequence. In this stage the data are collected in the form of:

DPR daily progress report

Work output of labour

Making comparisons
Daily progress report - The DPR ensures daily progress report that is detailed

description of work done and number of labour and quantity of resource required for the

work .DPR are maintained regularly.

Work output for labour - This gives a detail of the amount of work done by one labour

(person) in one day. Thus useful in calculation number of days or hours required to

complete the activities and also to ensure how much manpower required on site.

Comparing - the actual duration with planned duration-The data collected from daily

progress report and work output for labour will give an idea of actual duration and it can

be analysed in primavera software

4.1.3 Post Data Collection

This stage is a software part. In this stage the data which are collected from pre

data collection and data collection are analyzed in primavera software. Tracking of

project and even result and report can be generated in software.

4.2.0 Gantt Chart

Renowned methods of project planning Gantt chart: - The techniques was

developed by Henry Gantt & Fredric Tailor and can be acknowledged as systematic

technique of project planning. The technique uses, horizontal lines representing time

length of a task achievement for planning and task names are written vertically in break

up columns. each rod is place in front of every task and chart shows starting date,

accomplishment time length and finishing date of tasks (Berch & Grad nitzki,1992)

Benefit of Gantt Chart: Gantt charts have gained wide recognition and attractiveness

mainly because of their simplicitys of and ease of preparation and understanding. No

theorys or complex calculations are involved. any person can understand them. Gantt

charts particularly demand to persons who do not have a technological background.

For illustration, some clients and upper-level managers may be better understand the plan

for carrying out a construction project by looking a bar chart than by looking at a

schematic of logic network. The initiation of the critical path method ( CPM ) and the

evolution of commanding computers, Gantt chart did not exceed away or lose importance.

Instead, they evolved to a different supporting role that made them more valuable and

important.

Fig 4.0 Showing Example of Gantt Chart

4.2.1 Network scheduling methodz

Solitary of major, network scheduling methods which have been used in construction

industry is CPM ( critical path method ). This method involves the use of a geo metric

depiction of flow chart, which depicts the precedence between activities. The critical path

method ( CPM ) is a duration - driven technique in which the fundamental inputs are

project activities, their durations, and dependence relationships. The CPM formulation

assumes that resources are not constrained in any sense . Use of network techniques and

CPM by construction companies has reached a steady level after the zealous boom of

early 1960‘s. Computer programmers eliminate the need to arrange network, but the

network notation provides an simple understood output format for management

personnel.

Advantages of network scheduling Method :

When comparing bar charts with networks, Three advantages over bar charts:

Network show logic, the interaction among the activities. Bar charts do not

Networks can better signify large and complicated projects.

Networks can estimate, or predict, the completion date of the project, or other

dates, on the basis of mathematical calculations of the CPM.

4.3 SCHEDULING

In a project administration, a schedule is a citation of project milestones, activities

and deliverables, usually with anticipated start and finish dates. A schedule is regularly

used in the project planning and project portfolio management, partss of project

management. Fundamentals of schedule closely relates to work breakdown structure

(WBS), activities, calendar, duration

CHAPTER 5

ANALYSIS

5.1 Analysis done in software primavera P6

Analysis involves the schedule of project prepared by using the Primavera P6 and

it will give the vision for a project and complete in a planned duration within economy

during preparation of schedule it involves definition of activity, estimation, activity

duration, estimating the resource required and schedule development for an activity

5.2 Steps involved in Scheduling and Resources allocation to Tunnel

5.2.1. Creating Ideal schedule

To generate an model schedule for any project, first footstep is to accumulate data

available for project. consequently the following steps can be followed in Primavera.

5.2.2. Enterprise Project Structure (EPS)

Create a composition of a company with its branches which is executing the project. This

is acknowledged as Enterprise Project Structure

5.2.3. Organizational breakdown structure (OBS)

Subsequent to the EPS, OBS is created, which is hierarchy, that reflects the persons

responsible for a project in enterprise.

5.2.4. Calendar:

The job is conceded out in 6 days per week. So as standard 6 day workweek calendar is

made with necessary holidays in it. A break of one hour is given in the afternoon.
5.2.5. Create new project:

A project is a set of action and linked in sequence that constitutes a plan for creating a

product or service. The project is produced under respective division in the EPS and

assigned in the person charged form OBS to it. The project can be given intended start

and must finish dates. The project is assigned a calendar which can be global, resource or

project calendar.

5.2.6 Work-breakdown-structure ( WBS )

WBS is a chain of command of work that must be proficient to complete the project. Each

project has its own hierarchy, with apex level WBS element begin alike to that EPS

nodes. WBS element may enclose more detailed WBS levels, activities, or both.

5.2.7 Define activities'

Activities are essential work elements of a project and form and from lowest level of a

WBS and, are insignificant subdivision of a project. An activity has following

distinctiveness like ,Activity ID, nname, start and finish dates, activity calendar, activity

type, activity codes, constrains, expense, successor and predecessor relationships,

resources, roles etc.

5.2.8 Relationship between activities;

To form a network, activities must be associated to each other, which is prepared by

assigning preceding and succeeding activities with significant relation to the activities.

Finish-to-start, ( FS ) relationship.

Finish-to-finish, ( FF ) relationship.

Start-to-start, ( SS ) relationship.

Start-to-finish, ( SF ) relationship.
 Fig 5.0 showing Relationship between activities

5.2.9 Determining activity duration;

When grounding the work, the period is entered in original duration field. The actual

interval can only be entered for the activties, which are completed.

5.2.10 Activity dates;

The subsequent are the types of activity dates available in the primavera. actual start,

actual finish, planned start, planned finish.

5.2.11 Activity cost;

The activity cost is the addition of all the expenditure incurred to complete activity.

5.2.12 Creating baselines

A simple baseline plan is a complete copy of the original schedule which provides a

target adjacent to which a project’s performance is tracked.

5.2.13 Updating- schedule

If project is continuing exactly as planned, then only needed to estimate progress.

If the project is not progressing as planned many activities are starting out of

sequence, actual resource use is greater than planned use. and then update should be

done for activities and resources independently.

Most projects contain some activities that progress as planned and some which do

not. In this case, the best means is to merge the two updating methods.

5.2.14 Tracking

Tracking'sTaking window is used for monitoring a project’s progress using different

types of layouts such as labour costs, project cost, resource forecasting, resource

allocation unit wise and cost wise.

5.2.15 Earned-value;

Earned value is a technique for measuring project performance according to both project

cost and schedule. The technique compares budgeted cost of the work to the actual cost.

5.2.16 Claim diggers

The claim digger is a schedule scrutiny tool that enables a company to produce a report

that compares chosen data fields in a revised project and a equivalent baseline.

5.2.17 Project thresholds..

Project threshold consist of parameters assigned to WBS elements, they are used to

supervise projects and generate issues

5.2.18 Project issues

Project issues are the problems within schedule that have to be addressed before project

can be completed. They can either be produced by thresholds or manually.

5.3 EPS (ENTERPRISE PROJECT STRUCTURE)

The Figure below provides the Enterprise Structure of my Twin Tunnel Project , Where

the enterprise is established before an execution of a project ,where the project is

organised in a channel of a systematic Hierarchy of professionals with their role and

responsibilities

Fig 5.1 Enterprise Project Structure of my Twin Tunnel Highway Project

Fig 5.2 Enterprise Project Structure in Primavera P6 software
5.3 Activity sequencing

Activity sequencing means arrangement of activities in main concern order which is

carried out one by one. It gives the practical and desirable schedule, and it is very

important to sequence the activities.

5.3.1 Tools and techniques for activity sequencing

In order to develop the tools and techniques which are used to activity sequencing

following of Twin Tunnel Highway project

1 . Precedence Diagramming Method (PDM)

It is a technique used for making of a schedule model using logical relationship, activities

are denoted by nodes and arrow or lines are graphically linked activities with logical

relationship. According to the logical relationship or linkage sequence, activities can be

performed. Hence this method is also known as Activity on Node (AON). This technique

is used by most project management software.

Fig 5.3 Network Diagram using PDM

The following are four different type of logical relationship used in PDM:
1. Finish-to-Start (FS) : When current activity of, successor cannot start until

predecessor has complete the work.

2. Finish-to-Finish (FF) : In this relationship successor activity and predecessor activity.

Both work complete at the same time.

3. Start-to-Start (SS) : In this relationship predecessor and successor activity. Both start

at same time.

4. Start-to-Finish (SF) : In this relationship, when current successor activity can,not

finish until predecessor activity get start

5.3.2 Dependency Determination

During preparation of the network diagram using precedence diagram method, an activity

relationship can be applied in three different ways as follows.

1. Mandatory dependencies: It is also called as hard logic or technique and it will be

forced by the construction method. During the process of activity sequencing project

team can compulsory to reach the dependencies.

2. Discretionary dependencies: It is also called as soft logic. These dependencies can

preferred result from this method. These dependencies are defined on the basis of past

experience working in familiar area.

3. External dependencies: In this type dependencies, the project team have not

controlling, when the non-project activities are forced to starting the project activities.

4. Leads and lags: This method is used to apply the relationship between the activities

applied activities which gives activity sequence

Output

From the above processes the results are obtained and implemented in Primavera

software.

The fig 5.4 shows activity sequence and 5.5 order of sequence in Twin Tunnel project

Fig 5.4 showing Dependencies in Relationship of activities

 Fig 5.5 showing order of sequence of activities in twin tunnel project

5.3.3 Activity Resource Estimation

The resources required for a particular activity needs to be estimated and assigned

properly so that the project is completed successfully.resource required for each activity

should be estimated and arranged before the execution of the activity.

a. Tools and Techniques, to Estimate the Activity Resource

The following tools and technique which are used to estimate the resource required to

perform the activities involved in Twin Tunnel Highway project.

i. Aternetive analysis

This involves to find out the best method among the alternative available to perform a

particular task. It is very important to analysis all the alternative methods available to

perform a task so as to choose best one. It also helps to study the nature of the activity

ii. Project management software

A project management software helps to schedule various activites involved in the

project. Primavera P6 is a project management software which gives information

regarding various activities involved in the project and resources required for the

execution of those activites

Fig 5.6 showing project management Primavera P6 software

5.3.4 Activity Duration Estimation

This process is to collect the information on project scope and resources availability for

developing the duration of schedule. It is required to complete an activity involved in the

project.

5.3.4.1 Tools and Techniques for activity duration estimating

The following tools and techniques which are used to estimate the duration of project

and also estimate activities start date and end date in Twin Tunnel Highway project.

i. Parametric estimating

In this technique it easier, accurate and estimate the duration of activities based on the

past work of the project historical data. In this process quantity of work and productivity

rate on resource performance estimate the duration of activity.

5.3.5 Development of Schedule

The following above details obtained using to develop schedule for Twin Tunnel

Highway project by using Primavera P6 and critical path method to develop schedule of

project.

5.3.5.1 Tools and technique for development of schedule

To development of schedule in Twin Tunnel Higway project following tools and

techniques are used.

i. Critical path method

In critical-paths method using activities, duration and dependencies, it will analyze the

greatest path in planned activities to end of project. It is also used to calculate the float of

each activities. Float point means without charging in completion date of project activity

can be allowed delay or lagging in duration. The Fig 5.7 shows the network diagram of

critical path method in which indication of series red arrows the critical path method.
 Fig
Fig. 5.7 Network Diagram using CPM

ii. Primavera P6 software

In Twin Tunnel Highway project ma

management
nagement tool to develop the schedule, tracking the
project resources allocation of activities by using inputs or information like activity
definition, sequencing, duration and requirement of resources to make an effective
schedule. The fig 5.8 shows devel
development
opment of schedule in Twin Tunnel using Primavera
software.

Fig 4.8: Developm

Development
ent of schedule using Primavera P6 software
CHAPTER 6

RESULT

Fig 6.0 Construction of RHS tunnel at Kundapur-Karwar project

The Project was aimed to study the behavior of construction at site and comparing its

actual schedule with the planned schedule, where the construction of tunnel is very

challenging since the risk involved in construction is volatile and hence a very careful

construction is needed, so the schedule planned is including the risk involved in

construction of project, the profile of rocks found in tunnel is confirmed by Geologist and

rockbolting of tunnel surface is decided, and there has been no collapsing of rock inside

the tunnel due to robust rockbolting mechanism and removal of excess stones or cracked

stones from tunnel surface which is then backuped by shotcreting 2 layers.

 Fig 6.1 construction of LHS tunnel at Kundapur-Karwar project

The Tunnel construction was started by opening face of the tunnel by excavation and

blasting process, started in 2014 november, RHS Tunnel was started on november 2015

and the LHS tunnel was started on march 2016. The length of RHS tube is 287m and the

length of LHS tube is 267m. The progress of tunnel construction is considered by running

meter length, hence as per study LHS Tunnel is lagging behind the schedule from over

30% due to local issue and lack of resources i.e blasting material supply, which will be

sorted out soon, as the tunnel construction is done parallel, blasting requires staggered

sequence, as the RHS tunnel was first opened ,after 50m of completion of RHS tunnel

LHS tunnel was started. Due to blasting material supply shortage there was few days lag

in schedule,as the risk was calculated one the schedule can be recovered with excess

working hour and excess blasting, as the local community resides nearby the project

location the blasting sound and certain muck flowed along the path towards the houses

nearby even after strict safety precaution there is panic in surrounding location since this
is an uncalculated risk the work keeps getting paused and which lead to lag in schedule of

project by 30% so the planning of construction replanned by increasing the working

hours and working in non working days of the company, a good strategy to complete the

project on time

6.1 Analysis done in software primavera P6

6.1.1 Creation of EPS in Primavera P6 software

Figure 6.2 showing the creation of EPS using Primavera P6 software

Fig 6.2 showing creation of EPS for project

6.1.2 creation of calender

Figure 6.3 and 6.4 showing creation of calender for twin tunnel project at KKBOT

Fig 6.3 showing the creation of calender in a project

Fig 6.4 showing the creation of calender in a project

6.1.3 Creation of OBS
Figure 6.5 showing creation of OBS in my Twin Tunnel project at KKBOT

Fig 6.5 creation of OBS for assigning responsiblity

6.1.4 creation of WBS

Figure 6.6 showing creation of WBS in my Twin Tunnel project at KKBOT

Fig 6.6 creation of WBS in Primavera P6 software

6.1.5 Activity and Relationship
Figure 6.7 showing activity definition according to sequence

Fig 6.7 Defining activities and sequence

Figure 6.8 showing assigning prodecessor to activities

Fig 6.8 Assigning Predecessors to activities

Figure 6.9 showing assigning successor to activities

Fig 6.9 Assigning successor to activities

6.1.6 Scheduling and Tracking of activities

Fig 6.10 Sceduling and Tracking of activities by assigning progress

CHAPTER 7

CONCLUSION
The main purpose of this study was to comprehend the part of scheduling and appropriate

handling resources to timely completion of a construction project. This purpose was

achieved through methodologies involved in scheduling and resources distribution. Case

study proved to be a guideline in understanding progress of Twin Tunnel construction

work and also to identify precise problems arising during the process. Results of this

study show the drawbacks of present project management system in project and

importance efficient planning, as well as need and effectiveness of a project management

software like Primavera P6 in a construction project.

The conclusion made from the result of this study are as follows

1. Project management software like Primavera helps to plan, schedule, monitor and

control the activities involved in the construction project more effectively and

efficiently.

2. The project management software helped in effective planning and assigning of

resources to the various tasks involved in the project.

3. Primavera P6 provided a logically relationship among the planned activities which

enables optimized utilization of resources during execution

4. Helps Track the project and keeping update on project which helps in maximum

utilization of project time and scope

5. Project Management software help in replanning and mitigate the uncertain events

in projects and help to achieve project on time

6. Project Management software helps to understand the behaviour of Tunnel

project and helps in managing risk of project

fig 6.3 Visit to tunnel with Site Engineer for project work
CHAPTER 8

FUTURE SCOPE OF WORK

Earned value analysis and cost management can be done for the present work.

Material management can be done to reduce the wastage of materials.

Risk management can be done to identify the risk involved in this project.
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