best practice guide for open space

best practice guide for open space

Prepared For: Tauranga City Council

Prepared By: Boffa MIskell Lt.d

All graphic design and illustration by Boffa Miskell Ltd.

All plans and aerial photographs sourced from Tauranga

City Council and Google Earth .
contents
1.0 guide purpose 2
1.1 The value of open space 2
1.2 Guide Objectives 2
1.3 How to use this guide 3
2.0 background 4
2.1 What is open space? 4
2.2 The Open Space Network. 4
2.3 Context 5
3.0 success factors for open space 6
3.1 Purpose 7
3.2 Location 8
3.3 Landform & Orientation 10
3.4 Proportion 12
3.5 Access & Connectivity 14
3.6 Visibility 16
3.7 Identity 19
3.8 Well-being 22
3.9 Public Use & Participation 24
3.10 Ecology 26
3.11 Vegetation 28
3.12 Adaptability & Choice 29
3.13 Maintenance 31
3.14 Holistic Review 32
4.0 open space types 33
4.1 Premier Reserves 33
4.2 City Parks 33
4.3 Active Reserves 34
4.4 Neighbourhood Reserves 34
4.5 Coastal Reserves; 35
4.6 Harbour Reserves 35
4.7 Access Reserves 36
4.8 Historic Reserves 36
4.9 Road Reserves 37
5.0 open space appraisal 37
6.0 glossary of terms 43
7.0 bibliography 44

1.0 guide purpose
1.1 The value of open space
Open space is an essential element in the composition of our city. The parks,
green corridors and reserves dotted throughout Tauranga contribute greatly to
the quality of life enjoyed by a growing population. The abundant opportunities
for outdoor living and recreation are one of the reasons why visitors decide
to move here and existing residents decide to stay. In the face of growth and
development pressures, maintaining and enhancing open space will be central
in achieving the quality of life expected by current and future generations.
The Open Space Strategy (OSS) sets the broader vision for the future of open
space in Tauranga and has the aim of:
‘ Protecting, enhancing and developing a network of
open spaces for people to appreciate and enjoy..’

1.2 Guide objectives
The Best Practice Guidelines for Open Space follows on from the OSS and
aims to provide consistent guidance in making the vision of a thriving and
successful open space network a reality. The purpose of this guide is to assist
in the practical realisation of the themes of the Open Space Strategy through
recognising best practice principles for open space. The OSS recognises that
greater consistency in the delivery, management and maintenance of open
space is required. This guide aims to establish more consistent standards by:
• Outlining best practice approaches and success factors for the
planning, development and management of open space within
Tauranga city.
• Providing guidance to Council, land owners and the development
industry in relation to the future provision, acquisition and design of
open space.
• Identifying clear criteria for conducting analysis and appraisal of
existing and potential open spaces.
• Providing examples of existing open space areas in Tauranga for
future reference and comparison.
 sec
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1.3 How to use this guide

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Start here: when
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This guide has been put together with various users in mind; from Council staff planning or evaluating
a new open space area
through to members of the general public and the development industry. The pp 7-15;
aim is to provide assistance in making the necessary decisions about open
sec
bes
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space planning, design and management. This structure to reflects the stages Refer here: when e gu
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designing or evaluating
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of open space development so that wherever you are in the process, you’ll be an open space in a
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able to open to the relevant sections and find some direction. chosen location.
pp 16-30; n3
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In addition to the information contained in this guide, it is also recommended Refer here: when
acti
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that other Council documents are consulted. Refer to section 6 at the back of
tio
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reviewing open space o pen
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the guide for a list of relevant Council documents and other recommended management. ce

readings.
pp 31-32;
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2.0 background
2.1 What is open space?
The open space strategy defines open space as ‘areas of land or water that the
public has a level of free physical or visual access to’. This definition considers
not only green spaces but also urban spaces, transport corridors, water bodies,
pedestrian ways and easements.

2.2 The Open Space Network

The open space network can be conceived as an interconnected web of individual
open spaces that link physically and visually to form a cohesive whole. When
planning and managing open space, the relationship to the broader network is
critical.

The individual open spaces that make up Tauranga’s open space network are
diverse in form and function. They range from the two metre wide beach access
strips found in Papamoa through to dedicated active recreation reserves (Blake
Park) and regional scale arboretums (McLaren Falls).

Building a successful open space network requires awareness and understanding

of the external relationships between individual open spaces and their
surrounding as well as internal functions. Indicative open space network - central Tauranga and Mount Maunganui
Open Space

Green corridors

Physical links

Visual links


2.3 Context SMART GROWTH,
Sub-regional
Growth Strategy
Open space provision is a recurring theme in a range of broader regional and city
TAURANGA
strategies. SmartGrowth emphasises the importance of the continued provision TOMORROW CITY LEAD
of high quality open space. Tauranga Tomorrow identifies the importance of an Community STRATEGIES
Outcomes
interconnected open space network to the continued growth of the city. The
broader objectives contained in the City Lead Strategies have also informed and
influenced this guide. In particular, The Urban Design Strategy principles and
the Open Space Strategy themes have provided the foundation for the success
factors discussed and it is recommended that these strategies are referred to
for further background and context. In addition, the Vegetation Management OPEN SPACE
Strategy recognises qualities that relate directly to planted areas. STRATEGY

This guide will also be incorporated into the Code of Practice for Development
and Reserve Management Plans.

BEST PRACTICE
GUIDE FOR
OPEN SPACE
CODE OF
RESERVE
PRACTICE
MANAGEMENT
FOR
PLANS
DEVELOPMENT


3.0 success factors
for open space
The best practice approach to open space is a holistic one that considers the
full life-cycle of open space. While each individual open space evolves through
time due to its unique context and attributes, the life cycle always involves the
three phases of (1) site location & planning, (2) design & development and (3)
ongoing management. These phases may often seem separate but in practice,
there is a great deal of overlap between the three. All three phases are essential
in achieving successful outcomes for open space. The phases can be described
as follows:
Within each of the life cycle phases, key success factors have been identified
both to guide the development and management of open space and to
appraise existing open space areas. The fourteen global success factors listed
in the diagram below are discussed in the following pages. For each success
factor, specific guidelines have been provided.
N T
EME
AG
AN

Full Cycle
M

e
pos
Ma
1) Site Planning is the process by which the best possible site is selected

Pur
int
for a given open space area and the opportunities and constraints are

T
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Review
EN
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recognised. This is often initiated at a broader level such as structure ca
Lo

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planning or master planning and analyses relationships with surrounding ap
ta
land uses and movement corridors. bi

DESIGN & DEVEL

lit
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tation
Veget Ch Orien
2) The Design & Development phase incorporates the conceptual design, ation oic orm &
e Landf
detailed design and construction of an open space and builds upon the
outcomes of the site planning phase. The key objective of this phase is to Ac
Propo
rtion
n

SITE P
meet the recreational needs of target users and protect and enhance the gy tio ce
ss
Ecolo i pa &
inherent values of the chosen site. r tic Co

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3) The Management phase responds to the ongoing changes in community icu ty
bl

G
needs and perceptions as well as dealing with the unavoidable ageing Pu

ng

Vis
bei
process that affects open spaces and their facilities. Recognising the

ib
Identity
ll-

ilit
continual process of change in open spaces and having the management

We

y
flexibility to respond to those changes is crucial in maintaining successful
open spaces.


 success factor one
Guidelines:
3.1 Purpose a. Identify primary open space type (refer section 4);
b. Identify supporting functions and values (refer diagram below);
The principle form follows function is fundamental in open space planning. The
c. Identify target user groups based on the identified open space types
first step, therefore, is to identify the functional requirements and underlying
and values; (refer section 4 for more on open space types).
values of open space.

For the purposes of Council reserve classification, open spaces are grouped into
9 broad types. These types are identified primarily in terms of their surrounding
context (ie residential neighbourhood or harbour margin) and secondarily in Premier Reserve
terms of dedicated functions (ie. heritage values or active recreation). Refer to s
es
section 4 of this report for a description of each of the open space types as listed ser v Ne
Re ig
h
in the diagram to the right. d Social &

bo
Ro
Community

ur
ho
Once the primary open space type has been identified, underlying values Ecological
Recreation

od
& Lesiure
and functions should be recognised. Open Space generally consists of an

s
ark

R eser
overlapping series of functions and values as represented in the adjoining

City P
diagram. These multiple characteristics of open space are discussed further in

ves
the guide. The open space types, values and target user groups provide the OPEN SPACE
Cultural & PURPOSE Access &
starting point for all open space planning and should be referred back to in & Connectivity

Active Res
rves
Historical
considering all subsequent success factors. TARGET USERS

c R ese
It is vital that target users and the needs and interests of these groups are clearly

erve
tori
understood before proceeding with other aspects of planning and design. Amenity
Stormwater &
Utiliities

s
H i

Co
Identity

es

as
rv

ta
e lR
R es es
erv
e ss s e
Acc Harbo
ur Reserves


 success factor two.
Guidelines:
3.2 Location a. Locate open space in a central, prominent location that relates
An open space should never be considered in isolation. With few exceptions, strongly to surrounding catchment, land uses and activities;
open space areas need to be sited so that they relate strongly to their surrounding b. Maximise street and public frontage to the reserve;
environment. c. Avoid service encumberances and incompatible land uses;
d. Connect site to the existing open space network and the surrounding
Successful open space is typically a focal point of a community. Strong ties residential catchment (max. 400 metres walk from any residential
and co-location with public transport routes, schools, retail areas and existing property).
open space networks can be a catalyst for increased patronage and ease of use.
Social, cultural, environmental and economic benefits can all result from well
located open space.

Site selection and location should allow for the even distribution of open space High visibility
so that the maximum number of people live and work within walking distance corner
of open space. As a general rule of thumb, open space should be sited at 800m
intervals in urban and residential areas to maintain the adopted standard of a
Residential
maximum 400m (5 minute) walk to open space from all dwellings. (refer diagram overlooking
overpage)

The streets, footpaths, buildings and services that surround an open space all
impact on its functionality and level of use. Where possible, open spaces should
be surrounded by street frontages and public edges rather than rear property
boundaries as this increases natural surveillance and enhances access. Land
that is encumbered by above or underground services or infrastructure that will
restrict present or future amenity should be avoided. Incompatible relationships
with agricultural, industrial or other land uses should also be avoided.

Above: This reserve is located in a prominent corner location at the intersection of roads and has a strong relationship to the
surrounding residential area


 success factor two.
Bus Route

Playground
400

*
m
(5
mi
n. w
alk

Community
)

facilities

400m (5 min
Retail Area

. walk )

Above: The above aerial photo

shows a good example of open space
distribution in Welcome Bay. The
dotted lines are offset ~400m from
open space boundaries with all areas
shaded yellow being 400m or less
Right: This open space (located at
above. left) is well connected to the
*
(5 minutes walk ) from open space. broader open space network and located
The majority of residents in this area adjacent to complementary land uses..
live only a short walk from a range of
different open space types.


 success factor three

3.3 Landform & Orientation
Analysis of the specific site characteristics should be undertaken to assess
appropriateness for the intended use. Existing landform, site features, prevailing
winds, aspect and orientation are all key considerations at this stage.
The orientation in relation to the prevailing wind can also affect the useability
and pleasantness of open space. Consideration should be given to the selection
of sheltered land for open space or shelter plantings provided to enhance
visibility and provide shelter from prevailing winds.

While different reserve types have varying requirements, the usability of open Below: The steep topography in the pictured reserve reduces the functionality of the space and makes access difficult
space is greatly enhanced by the selection of relatively flat, geotechnically stable
sites. Flat or gently undulating land is desirable for at least a good proportion of
open space.

Sloping topography can also reduce visibility due to areas being ‘down’ out
of the public view or elevated above the general line of sight. Topography
of this nature should be avoided and visibility into and out of the reserve
maximised. Areas of sloping land may be appropriate within reserves where
they provide added benefits such as viewing points, natural amphitheatres or
wildlife corridors. Low-lying land subject to regular flooding should generally
be avoided unless required for stormwater purposes. The underlying principle
is that site topography must be suited to reserve type and function.

Site orientation and aspect are often directly influenced by topography. Sunny,
open reserves are more attractive than reserves that receive little sunlight or that
are dark and/or damp. Land which receives plenty of sun should be selected for
open space to ensure that they become attractive areas for community use. The
combination of good winter sun and summer shade are desirable conditions for
enhancing reserve use.

10
 success factor three
Guidelines:
a. Ensure site topography is compatible with the intended purpose of
the open space;
_Avoid areas of difficult or predominantly sloping topography;
_Incorporate areas of flat land to maximise usability of site;
b. Promote clear visibility in the reserve through good topographic
relationship between the reserve and the street network/ neighbouring
properties;
c. Locate the site to ensure good solar access. Good northern aspect is
desirable;
d. Avoid overly exposed, windy sites and ensure the creation of sheltered
areas.

Above: Pohutukawas line the edge of the harbour and provide shelter for exposed, windy sites (Refer Guideline d)

Below: The limitations of different gradients are summarised as a general guide.

Absolute maximum slope for Reccommended slopes for
mown areas and garden areas. mown banks. (1:5 preferred)

Erosion becomes a major issue.

Maximum slope for pedestrian Minimum slope for grassed areas, Recommended minimum slope for Appears flat
1:2 with pram Recommended crossfall for playing areas; grassed areas,
1:3.3 Maximum crossfall on paved & concrete areas
1:4
1:5
1:10
1:50
1:70 <1:100

11
 success factor four

3.4 Proportion Guidelines:

Open space needs to be of sufficient size to meet the recreational needs of a. Ensure allocated space meets minimum space requirements as
target users and accommodate the intended functions of the site. The physical dictated by target users and function;
proportions of a site must be considered carefully in relation to user needs and
b. Include buffer zones to allow sufficient separation distances from
functional requirements as well as adjoining land uses. An active open space
other reserve activities and adjoining land uses;
incorporating rugby fields, tennis courts and lawn bowl greens for example, has
c. Avoid overly elongated, narrow and irregular shapes.
different spatial requirements to a linear coastal reserve. In this respect, the size
and shape for each open space must be assessed on a case by case basis.

As a basic principle, the area of an open space should include the area required
to fulfil the desired function plus a sufficient buffer or transition zone to reduce
conflict with adjoining uses or between internal uses. A children’s playground for
example would need to be set back sufficiently from adjoining roads, boundary
Below: This linear reserve provides a buffer between the coastal edge to the left and private residential properties to the right.
fences and existing trees. The hatched space provides a transition between public and private land and protects the values of each.

In addition to site area, the shape of a reserve will influence its layout, it’s usability
and safety. Generally speaking, reserves that are close to being of equal length
and width (square or circular) will have maximised opportunity for development
and use. Shapes that are overly elongated (ie without sufficient width) will be
restricted in their development for informal play and recreational uses.

12
 success factor four

Above & Below: The proportions of this neighbourhood reserve maximise the Above & Below: The irregular shape of this reserve limits the potential uses of the Above & Below: The inadequate size of the pictured reserve and inadequate
usable area of the site and create a versatile space for a range of activities. space and creates awkward, unsafe entries. buffer to surrounding residential area mean that it provides limited opportunities for
use and low open space amenity.

13
 success factor five

3.5 Access and Connectivity; Universal access within open space should be optimised. This means ensuring
that all people, regardless of age or ability are able to safely access and utilise
open space to the greatest possible extent.
If well planned, reserves will contribute in a co-ordinated way toward the creation
of an open space network within and beyond the local community. Connectivity
with the broader open space network and surrounding built environment is a While pedestrians, cyclists and public transport should be given priority in
primary consideration in site planning. Safe streets and access ways with good planning open space, the provision of adequate parking and vehicular access
pedestrian amenity can link together open spaces to improve pedestrian and is a reality that needs to be addressed. Where required, parking and vehicular
cycle connections and amenity for the community. A neighbourhood reserve access should be carefully managed to ensure that it is not detracting from
that is well connected to a walkway around an estuary for example can be the functionality of the open space. In some situations, excluding vehicles
of higher value to the community than an isolated pocket park. The linkage alltogether may be desirable. Service and emergency vehicle access should
potential of reserves should be considered in selecting the location, layout and always be provided for.
walkway alignments within open space.
Below: Although the lack of public frontage is a concern, the high degree of pedestrian permeability achieved in the pictured
open space creates an extensive network for surrounding residents.
It should be noted that good access is not as simple as providing a pathway from
point A to point B. Access should not only be physically possible but actively
encouraged through a focus on safety and amenity. Open space surrounded by
busy streets for example will need safe pedestrian crossings to ensure ease of
pedestrian movement accross streets. Ideally, reserves and their surrounding
streets should have a pedestrian priority. Activity at the edges of reserves is just
as important as the activity within it.

Pedestrian access is greatly enhanced if interconnected with other forms of

transit. The most successful open spaces are situated at the intersection of
movement corridors including bus routes, cycleways and pedestrian networks
as well as roads. Access points to a reserve should be in prominent and highly
visible locations and assist in safe movement from a reserve into the external
street or pedestrian network. Connections between internal site uses and
features also need to be considered to ensure that people can move safely and
easily from one area of a reserve to another.

14
 success factor five
Guidelines: Pedestrian
connection
Residential/ to retail area.
a. Connect pedestrians through to surrounding destinations; Apartments
b. Locate open space at the intersection of movement corridors and
where a high level of use is anticipated, locate nearby public transport
routes ;
c. Use reserve as one component of a wider open space and walkway
h
network; o beac
n l in kage t
d. The site, layout and detailed design encourage universal access to tria
Pedes top &
the greatest extent possible (with a minimum of 2.5m wide shared Bus S ation
walkways/cycleways); Inform Retail Area
Centre
e. Seek to provide distinct and safe pedestrian entries, linkages and
shortcuts through reserves that respond to existing desire lines;
f. Provide vehicular access & parking as needed but always give
pedestrians, cyclists and public transport priority;
g. Provide access for emergency & service vehicles.
Below: The photo on the left shows a dark and overgrown pedestrian link connecting a harbour reserve to a local street. The
boardwalk on the right is highly visible and provides a safe and clearly-defined public access to the beach. Bowls Club

Above: As this reserve is located at the intersection

of major streets, bus routes and pedestrian
corridors, it is highly accessible and compliments
the surrounding land use activities.

15
 success factor six

3.6 Visibility 3) Visually prominent open space that is a focal point of the neighbourhood
will increase awareness and appreciation of the space. Open space areas
that are hidden away behind rear fences with inconspicuous access points
When located in prominent locations, well-designed and well-appointed
tend to be underused and underappreciated. To an extent, the amenity
reserves can become a focal point for a community. Open space areas that are
benefit of open spaces comes from their ‘existence value’. Open space that
highly visible and easily recognisable will attract more use, and contribute more
is seen by passers by and surrounding houses provides significant value
to the character, quality and amenity of surrounding communities. Visibility is
to to a neighbourhood. Open space that is highly visible will form an
important as a success factor for several reasons;
important part of an individual’s mental map of their neighbourhood and
contribute to the existence value of the reserve. Awareness of open space
1) Passive surveillance of open space can be greatly enhanced through
can be increased by creating obvious entry points and distinct edges. As
the creation of clear sightlines from external areas. Passive surveillance
a general rule of thumb, open space should have public frontages on a
increases personal safety both through decreasing the actual incidence
minimum of two sides. This not only increases visibility but reduces conflict
of crime and antisocial behaviour as well as increasing the park users’
perception of safety and well-being. In particular, surveillance from between a public space and adjoining private land uses.
the street network and/or houses that clearly overlook the reserve is
important in relation to safety and supporting desirable behaviour.
Elements which restrict visibility such as solid, high fences and ‘shrub’ or
hedge plantings should be avoided. In addition, open space edges should
be open to the public with wide street frontages and clear sightlines.

2) Legibility refers to how easily a space can be ‘read’ or understood by

users. At it’s most basic level, legibility is making sure that people who
are unfamiliar with an area can understand and safely navigate through an
open space. This can be achieved by clearly communicating site functions
and designated pedestrian routes through clear entry points, signage,
lighting, landscape and spatial layout. A legible open space instils a sense
of confidence in users, assists wayfinding, increases safety and minimises
conflict between different user groups.
Above: Two photos taken on either side of a boundary to an active reserve in central Tauranga. The hedging reaches a height
of over 2 metres and prevents any views into or out of the reserve which presents a crime risk and safety concern. An alternative
design treatment would be to manage vegetation height and density to allow views through from the adjacent footpath..

16
 success factor six
Guidelines:
a. Ensure reserves are highly visible from, and have a good proportion of
direct frontage to, the local street network and other public edges;
b. Secure ‘prime’ sites for open space to add value to the surrounding
environment and to maximise benefit from the reserve;
c. Avoid solid fences or planting which limits visibility in to the reserve
and/or passive surveillance;
d. In areas requiring high visual access, avoid planting dense shrubs
and small trees between the heights of 0.7m to 2.0m that will block
visibility and create dark, concealed areas;
e. Ensure reserve entries and access points are clearly visible;
f. Signage is strategically located and site/ navigation maps included
where necessary;
g. Appropriate lighting has been used to designate safe pedestrian
routes.

Right: This plan and accompanying elevation

demonstrate the clear advantages of providing
public frontages to reserves in terms of visibility.
This arrangement enhances the opportunity for
passive surveillance and increases safety while well
placed vegetation maintains a sense of privacy.

17
 success factor six
Below & Left: The cross section demonstrates
how exisiting topography and the use of dense
groundcovers and shrubbery around a shelter
700-2000mm conceal it from passers-by.

Above: Prominent, well located signage in keeping with the character of the reserve .
Below: The location of this sign and backdrop of dense vegetation make the reserve entry difficult to see
Below & Right: The alternative solution for the
siting of the shelter places it in a raised, prominent
position and surrounds it with low groundcovers
that do not restrict views.

Groundcovers to a max.
height of 700mm

18
 success factor seven

3.7 Identity The identity of an open space and particularly urban spaces can also be closely
related to the surrounding architecture. Where distinctive buildings are located
near an open space, the visual relationship should be strengthened to provide
A successful open space cannot be measured according to functional aspects
a strong visual connection between the two.
alone. All landscapes contain underlying values and meanings related to sense
of place. These associations help to form the identity of an open space and
Many open spaces in Tauranga contain traces of the past. Layers of history and
are based on a wide range of factors ranging from existing site features and
culture contribute greatly to the identity of open space and where appropriate
historical events through to spiritual beliefs and expectations for the future. If
should be highlighted through site design. In the case of Historic reserves,
these layers of meaning are considered in site planning and design, open spaces
these historic and cultural layers are of central importance.
with a more recognisable and distinctive character will result. A stronger sense
of identity will foster a higher sense of community ownership and attachment Retaining and enhancing areas of ecological and cultural significance for the use
which is a desirable factor in the long-term success of open space. and enjoyment of future generations is essential. Determining and responding
to historical, cultural, landscape and ecological values typically involves carrying
Creating open spaces with a distinctive sense of place involves identifying out background research, consulting with people who have a knowledge of
existing features and values and protecting or enhancing them through the site and engaging specialists to inform the design process.
responsive design. Reserves that are sited and designed to incorporate and
make use of existing site features such as mature trees, heritage sites and
rocky outcrops will have a more identifiable character and greater immediate Below: The ‘borrowed landscape’......at times the view can be the most important aspect of an open space.
amenity than reserves without such features. Open spaces can be located
with the intention of preserving features such as mature trees or archaeological
sites that may not be retained or be able to be experienced in other areas of
a development. Interpretation of site values and features through the use
of signage and sculptural elements can also add a great deal to open space
identity.

The concept of the borrowed landscape can also enhance a site’s character.
Identifying key viewshafts to external features will add to the attractiveness of
a reserve and improve visual connectivity with the surrounding area. Views can
include harbour or water views, views to landform features such as Mauao, the
Kaimai Ranges or the Tauranga Harbour.

19
 success factor seven
Guidelines:
a. Carry out sufficient research and consultation to identify historical,
cultural, landscape and ecological values;
b. Locate reserves to protect existing mature trees and native vegetation
within residential areas;
c. Locate open space to protect heritage sites;
d. Locate open space to protect significant views for public enjoyment;
e. Utilise materials and planting schemes that reflect and enhance the
site identity; Photographed
f. Incorporate interpretive features such as signage and sculpture to view (see left)
inform and inspire site visitors.

Below & left: The retention of mature

specimen trees ensure that this reserve
and surrounding neighbourhood
retains a sense of place and identity.

20
 success factor seven
a b d

Open Space & Identity; These photos have been included to

c illustrate a range of design responses that have protected and enhanced
the landscape character and values of their respective sites;

(a) Restored wetlands, Matua

(b) Carved Pou, The Strand;
(c) Views to Mauao, Mount Mauganui;
(d Remnant of european history ; Central Tauranga;
(e) Remnants of maori history, Central Tauranga

21
 success factor eight

3.8 Well being
When it comes to enhancing the well-being of the community, public space
needs to address the related aspects of comfort , safety and health. Open
spaces need to provide comfortable and attractive spaces for passive and active
recreation whilst at the same time protecting people from both actual and
perceived risks to their personal safety.
First and foremost, parks are for people. Making people feel comfortable and
welcome is a crucial aspect of open space success. The bottom line is that public
reserves need to be safe places for people to use, visit and live beside. A reserve
may provide abundant shade, comfortable seating and a range of facilities to
enjoy, but if people feel unsafe and at risk of crime the space will be avoided.
On the other side of the coin, an over-emphasis on safety concerns can result
in bland and unimaginative open spaces that fail to attract the very people for
whom they have been created. A balance between the two factors of comfort
and safety should therefore guide the design of all open space areas.
Other health issues that require consideration in the design of reserves
include provision of shade, accessibility to water and tree selection (avoiding
toxic leaves or fruit & limb-dropping species). There are also standards and
performance codes that govern the physical construction of structures for the
safety of reserve and play equipment users.
Practices such as CPTED (Crime Prevention through Environmental Design)
have had a significant influence on open space design. CPTED principles
address various methods of ‘designing out crime’ . Many of these methods
are centred around the ability of open space users to observe and understand
their surroundings and opportunities for passive surveillance. (Refer Visibility
3.6) A pragmatic approach to CPTED recognises that no matter how well it is
designed, no space can ever be completely free of the risk of crime. A focussed
risk assessment should be undertaken to identify existing and likely forms of
crime as well as public perceptions of these. The causes for these issues can
then be identified and design responses can be made accordingly.

Safety is also an issue for neighbours that share a boundary with reserve areas.
Where these boundaries are hidden away there can be concerns about antisocial
behaviour and the potential for burglaries to be perpetrated using the reserve
for access. Potential issues with neighbouring properties can be largely avoided
through careful site planning and design.

The role that open space plays in the physical health of a community is also
considerable. As Tauranga’s Sport and Active Living Strategy explains, the vast
majority of active recreation takes place within public open space networks.
This is not restricted to designated active open spaces. All open space types
have the potential to provide for a range of active recreational activities from
walking, jogging and cycling through to informal sports.
Above: Shaded areas within open space improve comfort and provide protection from sun exposure.

22
 success factor eight
Guidelines:
a. Provide shade by way of clear stemmed specimen trees, particularly
over seating areas for playgrounds, picnic areas and the like;
b. Locate facilities that are a potential crime risk such as toilets and
playgrounds in prominent, visible locations (Refer visibility); Dense Entry
d. Ensure all structures and play equipment are designed, constructed Vegetation Point
and maintained to meet the relevant New Zealand standards and
safety codes;
e. Provide for formal and informal active recreational activities where
opportunities exist;
f. Avoid use of vegetation that presents health issues.

Below & left: This neighbourhood reserve is located behind the rear fences of surrounding residential properties which restrict

Rear Residential fences

views into the site. The low visibility is reinforced by the scale of the vegetation which further conceal the children’s playground.
The single entry point into the site and dead end make the reserve a potential entrapment area.
Dense
Vegetation

Children’s
playground.

Dense
Vegetation

23
 success factor nine

3.9 Public Use & Participation The design and arrangement of different elements within a space can then
encourage people to congregate. One example would be the siting of park
furniture. If several park benches, a BBQ area and a water feature are each located
“It’s hard to design a space that will not attract people. What is remarkable is how separately with no real connection between them, each may receive a certain
often this has been accomplished.” William (Holly) Whyte amount of use. If they are located together to form an obvious nodal point at
the intersection of two pathways however, more organised and spontaneous
social activity will occur. Creating activity nodes that provide multiple uses at
Social interaction is one of the most important aspects of open space design.
key locations within an open space is an effective means of providing linkages
Open spaces have a key role in building communities and provide opportunities
between people. The act of people-watching draws many people to public
for people from all walks of life to come together. A great open space is one
open space and spaces that allow for this are often popular.
where people regularly choose to gather with families, play with their kids, meet
their friends and occasionally even interact with strangers. There is no single
fail-safe method of attracting desirable social activity into a space. Rather, a As a guiding principle, the siting, planning and design of open space should
combination of all the success factors listed in this guide will help to create an encourage maximum public use across the entire spectrum of the community.
environment that draws people in. Reserves that cater only for the needs of a specific group are not fulfilling their
purpose as public open space. Functions or user groups that privatise open
If the intended purpose of an open space is compatible with the needs of space should be avoided.
intended user groups, the likelihood of that open space attracting a sufficient
level of patronage is vastly increased. Lack of use and inappropriate use are
symptoms of open spaces that have not been designed with target users in
mind. The most effective method of determining the needs of target user groups
is through consultation with the community, stakeholders and / or groups for
whom the space is ultimately intended. The community will invariably know
a great deal about a given site and understand their own needs for that site
better than anyone and as such should always be treated as a valuable source
of knowledge about open space use.

24
 success factor nine
Guidelines:
a. Identify all existing and potential user groups and their open space
needs;
b. Ensure that proposed activities and facilities reflect the needs of the
target user groups in a balanced and realistic manner;
c. Create activity nodes in key locations to encourage desirable social
interaction. Include appropriate street furniture such as park benches
and picnic tables within these nodes;
d. Always give priority to the public interest over private concerns.
e. Encourage a sense of ownership of the open space by involving the
surrounding community in decision making and management. Skate
park

Below & left: Memorial Park is a good example of an open space which facilitates a range of activities and attracts multiple user
groups. Central gathering points such as the fountain, the destination playground and the public pool bring people together to Public
enjoy the reserve. pool
Fountain

Destination
playground

Multiple uses
& attractions
combine to create
an activity node.

25
 success factor ten

3.10 Ecology Community awareness of ecological systems can be increased through

involvement in design workshops and planting days. Meaningful involvement
with the protection of areas of ecological value will foster a sense of stewardship.
A further function of open space is to protect and enhance environmental
Interpretive signage can also be used to draw attention to these aspects of the
values. The cooling and cleansing of air, the management of stormwater and
reserve.
the provision of habitat for birds and other wildlife are just a few of the positive
environmental outcomes that open space areas can deliver on. Careful design
Proportion is also a key factor in the success of ecological areas and although
of open spaces can enhance these opportunities considerably.
larger areas (>0.5 Ha) are more effective in sustaining ecosystem health, smaller
Interconnected stormwater systems and wildlife corridors can be created
open spaces and linear corridors are useful as part of a larger network. It is
through careful site planning.
important to provide sufficent buffers around ecological features to allow for
protection and transition to surrounding urban areas.
The benefits of creating open spaces with high ecological values go beyond
environmental quality. One of the key expectations of open space is to provide Below: The grassed area of this riparian corridor provides a neat and orderly edge to the native revegetation plantings.
an opportunity for people to come into contact with nature. The physical
and psychological benefits of human contact with ‘nature’ and the ‘restorative
experience’ are widely documented (Kaplan). In many cases, community
ownership and attachment to open space is increased when natural systems
and wildlife habitats are protected and enhanced. Coupled with these benefits is
the reality that the public can respond negatively to ‘messy ecosystems’(Nasseur
1992). Negative impressions of ecosystems can be overcome through the use
of deliberate design cues to make it clear that these areas are intended and
therefore valuable.

The first step towards improving site ecology is to recognise and understand
existing elements including stormwater, remnant vegetation and wildlife.
Where remnant native vegetation is present, the use of similar, native species
is recommended. Species selection should also take into consideration habitat
creation for existing and potential wildlife. In many cases, the control of invasive
exotic species within and around the reserve may be necessary.

26
 success factor ten
Guidelines:
a. Locate reserves to protect areas of ecological value where possible;
b. Assess existing ecological values before proceeding with site design;
c. Select indigenous plant species where possible to provide habitat and
encourage bird and wildlife within the reserve;
d. Explore possibilities for community participation and education;
e. Allow adequate buffers and transition zones around ecological
features; Eroded dune area resulting
from unmanaged access.
f. Ensure the layout of the site limits impacts on ecological values.

Right: Fragile natural environments

such as the Papamoa dune system need
to be carefully managed to balance aim of
long-term protection with the pressures of
recreational use . The aerial and photo clearly Residential
show the effects of unmanaged access. Sections

Below The construction of boardwalks and paths through sensitive ecosystems

can reduce the impacts of pedestrian activity. Managed access responds to
desire lines and directs pedestrian traffic to designated paths.

27
 success factor eleven

3.11 Vegetation Guidelines

Open spaces are often known as green spaces as they are commonly associated
with the trees, shrubbery and expanses of grassed areas that they contain.
Vegetation has ecological values (as discussed in 3.10) but also has aesthetic
and amenity value.
Council’s Vegetation Management Strategy outlines the benefits of vegetation
and this includes air and water quality, increased land values, amenity, shelter,
screening and habitat.
a. Select trees and other vegetation types that are tolerant of
urban and site conditions;
b. Select vegetation suited to intended reserve purpose;
c. Provide a good growing environment for all introduced
vegetation to ensure long-term health and survival;
d. Consider planting a range of tree species .

The first consideration when selecting vegetation types for open space is Below: Vegetation types should be selected for compatibility with open space purpose.
suitability to site conditions. Urban environments often create harsh conditions
for vegetation with poor soils, drainage and air quality impacting upon plant
establishment and long term survival. Exposed coastal areas present further
contraints on plant selection such as wind and salt. Choosing the right species
for the site from the outset can save a great deal of time and money.

Vegetation must also compliment the intended functions of an open space. For
example, sites with an ecological focus would require a different design response
to sites which have a more structured, urban orientation. (refer diagram)

Diversity of vegetation is another aspect to be addressed as this not only improves

habitat quality and susceptibility to disease but can also enhance public interest Low growing shrubs and Layered native vegetation- Clear stemmed canopy trees with TYPE
groundcovers. groundcovers to canopy trees. minimal understory
and aesthetic appeal. Natives, exotics, evergreens and deciduous trees all have
their place in open space. Ideal in smaller Suitable when set back from urban Suitable adjacent to urban and PURPOSE.
neighbourhood and city and suburban edge. suburban edges.
parks. High habitat value High shade and amenity values
Refer to the Vegetation Management Strategy for further information. Limited habitat value Potential safety issues. Limited habitat value.

28
 success factor twelve

3.12 Adaptability & Choice Choice

Open spaces are sometimes designed with a specific and singular purpose in
Open space needs are constantly changing and succesful design and
mind. Every open space provides a different set of opportunities but few open
management allows a space to meet the needs of different people at different
spaces will flourish if a single-use strategy is set in place. The bottom line is
times. The life cycle approach to open space recognises the need to adapt to
that optimal use of an open space will be achieved only when multiple use
change through time.
strategies are adopted.
Adaptability.
Many open spaces, such as active reserves and small pocket parks may seem
quite limited in their ability to accomodate multiple users but several approaches
Time is a third dimension in the design and management of all open spaces.
can be taken.
From day to day, season to season and from one generation to the next, open
spaces must be able to adapt to meet the changing needs and expectations of
One approach to creating flexible spaces is to avoid overdesign. If a space
the community.
is relatively open, uncluttered and free of barriers and impediments to access,
it has the potential to accommodate a variety of activities from markets and
An adaptable open space may provide for use throughout the day and into the
public gatherings through to informal sporting events and ceremonies.
evening. It may change with the seasons and provide different functions and
attractions in the winter months as well as summer. Adaptability is achieved
Another approach is to target multiple user groups and provide specifically for
through design and management that responds to changing needs and
them so that the open space provides choice to a mixed demographic. For
conditions and accepts that successful open space is always a work in progress.
example, Tauranga’s Memorial Park provides a range of targeted activities for
Open space design is an ongoing process that responds to the changing context,
children and clubs but also provides open grassed areas where festivals and
expectations and needs of a given site.
events can be held.
Another aspect of adaptable open space relates to the choice of materials. Public
open space should always be designed using durable materials that are suited
to the particular conditions of the given site. Plants should also be selected for
their ability to thrive and adapt to the site conditions. Planting schemes that
require extensive irrigation in areas with low rainfall for example would bring
about considerable replacement and maintenance costs.

29
 success factor twelve
Guidelines
a. Consider ways that the open space might adapt to users at different
times of the day or year;
b. Select materials that are suited to the site conditions and will survive
and adapt over time;
c Identify multiple users and design according to their needs;
d. Where space permits, provide flat , open areas that do not overly
restrict use;
e. Avoid unnecessary barriers, structures and level changes that might
impede use.

Top Right:
Over-cluttering an open
space can needlessly
restrict use.

Left & Right:

Providing open flat areas
with good access allows for
a wide range of activities
to take place including
gatherings and events.

30
 success factor thirteen
Guidelines
a. Maintenance regimes provide a regular and consistent level of service
3.13 Maintenance that is matched to open space type and level of service;
b. Open space is designed in such a way as to match required
Reserves need adequate maintenance to attract use and generate community maintenance with appropriate level of service;
pride. The image of open space is influenced greatly by the degree of care taken c. Maintenance staff have a meaningful and ongoing input into open
in looking after it. When open space areas are well maintained, people tend to space management.
perceive a higher level of amenity and safety.

The ability to easily provide regular and consistent maintenance is therefore an

important factor in open space design and management. Maintenance should
be considered during the design phase because long-term costs can be reduced
considerably through careful design. Selecting plant species suitable to the site
microclimate will increase the success rate and reduce replacement costs. Low-
maintenance designs are recommended for most reserve types. Exceptions
would be premier and city parks that warrant a higher level of service.

The role of maintenance staff is also critical in the ongoing management of

open space. As they are working in and observing reserves on a regular basis,
they will also be tuned in to the issues that arise. They will know first hand
which species are not coping, how park facilities are being used or misused
and will have an insight into how the general public feel about that site. It is
thus essential that grounds and maintenance staff have input into ongoing
development management of open space.
Right, Top:
Attention to detail. Open space that is well cared
will be better appreciated by the public.

Bottom: On the other hand, messy edges, weeds

and overgrown garden beds make people feel
unsafe and unwelcome. Selective clearing along
this reserve edge would improve visibility into the
reserve and improve surveillance.

31
 success factor fourteen

3.14 Holistic Review Guidelines

The final global success factor for open space relates to the cyclic nature of a. Reserve Management Plans are centred around a holistic review
reserve management. Reserve Management Plans must follow the cycle back to
of all success factors within these guidelines;
the beginning in order to respond meaningfully to the demands of the site and
the community. Management is not simply about preserving a reserve in it’s
b. Reserve performance to be regularly measured in balancing the
pre-determined condition but about recognising opportunities and constraints community need with effective use of maintenance funds.
as they arise.

Under the Reserves Act 1977, Reserve Management Plans are reviewed every
ten years at a minimum. In this timeframe, the contextual framework for a
given open space may have changed dramatically. Community expectations,
demographics and surrounding land use may all have changed alongside the
site specific features. For this reason, the review of all open space must start
afresh at the beginning of the cycle.

32
4.0 open space types
4.1 Premier Reserves:
Purpose:
Premier reserves can also be described as destination parks. They provide
a unique experience or set of experiences that cannot be found in other
reserves. The distinctive qualities of these reserves and higher level of
service attract people from well beyond the local area and are the setting
for large events and gatherings
Typical features:
Premier parks contain unique features that attract visitors from a larger
catchment than most other open space types. These may include water
features, club rooms, amphitheatres, destination playgrounds, swimming
pools, sculpture, boardwalks and interpretive signage.
Typical User Groups:
The full spectrum of user groups can be expected at Premier Reserves.
Best Practice Examples:
Currently, Memorial Park is the only park in Tauranga that is identified as a premier
reserve although there are numerous other open spaces that are destinations
in their own right.
4.2 City Parks:
Purpose:
City parks represent a range of reserve types that have been grouped
together based on their urban location. These parks are usually passive in
nature and generally have a higher level of use and service than those in
suburban and outlying areas.
Typical features:
Due to their central urban location and high patronage, city parks tend to
have a higher proportion of paving, street furniture, lighting and structures
than other reserves. Water features and sculpture are also common. They
are also likely to include public transport stops and community facilities.
Typical User Groups:
In addition to general passive use from the surrounding residential areas,
city parks attract patronage from workers and shoppers.
Notes:
The single most important factor in developing successful city parks is
relating to and responding to the urban context. Planner Frederick Law
Olmstead’s concept of the ‘inner park’ and the ‘outer park’ is particularly
important to urban open spaces. As urban areas generate high levels of
activity, the streets, footpaths and buildings that interface with city parks
greatly influence their identity and use. These edges or ‘outer park’ need
to draw on the energy of the surrounding streets while the ‘inner park’
provides a sense of escape from the busy city streets.
Best Practice Examples:
Coronation Park, Mount Maunganui
33
4.3 Active Reserves:
Purpose:
Active reserves are the city’s primary destination for organized sports and
events
Typical features:
They are generally large spaces that have been set aside to meet the
recreational needs of the city and are located on flat, unobstructed sites in
relatively central areas to provide for a range of sporting activities. Due to
their scale, they are also utilised for large events and formal gatherings and
need to include areas for spectators and parking.
Typical User Groups:
Formal sporting groups for a wide range of outdoor sports including
rugby, cricket, tennis, lawn bowls, athletics and many others. Informal and
passive recreational users, festivals and events should also be considered.
Notes:
The standard dimensions of individual sporting areas such as rugby
fields, cricket pitches and tennis courts are fundamental to the planning
and design of Active Reserves. Accepted standards should be applied to
ensure that the sporting facilities meet the necessary requirements.
Best Practice Examples:
Waipuna Park (Welcome Bay),
Ferguson Park (Otumoetai / Matua)
34
4.4 Neighbourhood Reserves:
Purpose:
Neighbourhood reserves are “local” reserves that are provided and
developed primarily to serve a localized area and surrounding residential
community. They are predominantly used for passive forms of recreation
such as play, walking, socialisation and informal sports. Neighbourhood
reserves also provide open space amenity in urban built environments.
Typical features:
Typically, neighbourhood reserves incorporate play equipment, pathways,
seating areas and specimen trees and are sometimes large enough for
informal sporting activities.
Typical User Groups:
Neighbourhood reserves typically have a limited user catchment made up
predominantly of surrounding residents. User groups thus vary according
to the demographic make-up of each neighbourhood but typically include
family groups, young children and other passive users.
Notes:
The Tauranga Facilities Survey undertaken in 1995 indicated that residents
are generally satisfied with 2000m2 as a minimum size for reserves.
Best Practice Examples:
Pelorous Reserve (Welcome Bay),
Waterford Downs Reserve (Papamoa West).
4.5 Coastal Reserves:
Purpose:
The definitive aspect of coastal reserves is the relationship between land
and the water. The degree to which coastal reserves enhance public access
and the experience of the coastal edge is important. Coastal reserves are
appreciated for their ecological and landscape character values as well as
their recreational values.
Typical features:
These reserves generally provide for passive uses, providing scenic
walkways and cycleways, picnic spots, viewing areas and access to the
beach.
Typical User Groups:
Coastal Reserves can be very popular and often need to accommodate a
wide range of uses; from locals of all ages through to tourists. Passive uses
such as walking and bbqs need to be balanced with active uses such as
cycling and watersports.
Notes:
Maintaining the integrity of the coastal edge and dune systems is an
aspect of the site planning process that must not be overlooked. Coastcare
should be involved early on in the site planning process to help determine
opportunities and constraints and be included throughout design and
management phases to ensure best practice outcomes are achieved.
Best Practice Examples:
Mount main beach through to the cenotaph / Mt. Drury.
4.6 Harbour Reserves:
Purpose:
Harbour reserves range from narrow, linear esplanades through to large
estuarine conservation areas. As with coastal reserves, the relationship
between the land and water is a primary consideration and the protection
of natural and landscape values is often integral to their success. Harbour
Reserves are diverse in function and there is a considerable overlap with
other reserve categories. Conservation and passive recreation are the
primary functions.
Typical features:
Many harbour reserves contain large estuarine and wetland areas that
have high ecological and landscape values. Given the relationship of
these natural habitats to adjoining human habitats, the awareness
and understanding of these natural systems is a key to their continued
protection Walkways, boardwalks and picnic areas common features.
Typical User Groups:
Use of Harbour Reserves is generally limited to passive recreational use
and watersports.
Notes:
In order for the sensitive harbour-edge ecosystems to survive and thrive,
it is essential that surrounding communities are encouraged to develop a
sense of custodianship.
Best Practice Examples:
Matua Saltmarsh.
35
4.7 Access Reserves:
Purpose:
The loosely defined category of access reserves refers primarily to linear
spaces that are dedicated to pedestrian and cycle access. These linkages
are a vital part of the open space network.
Typical features:
Access reserves are typically very simple due to their singular use and
include pathways, limited planting and signage. Sometimes seating,
shelters and viewing points are incorporated.
Typical User Groups:
Pedestrians and occasionally cyclists
Notes:
Providing for appropriate dimensions is clear factor in determining walkway
usability. Firstly, footpaths need to be wide enough to accommodate for
their level of use. Typically, a shared footpath (bicycle and pedestrian) will
need to be between 2.5 and 3.5m in width. Secondly, a clearance or buffer
on either side of footpaths is needed to separate from adjoining fences
and structures.
Best Practice Examples:
Kaka Street Reserve, Tauranga South
36
4.8 Historic Reserves:
Purpose:
The purpose of historic reserves is to retain sites of significance and provide
visitors with an experience and understanding of the past.
Typical features:
Archaeological, historic and cultural sites related to both European and
Maori heritage. Often supported by low-impact facilities to support
passive recreation such as pathways, seating and interpretive signage.
Typical User Groups:
Passive Recreational users and various cultural and interest groups.
Notes:
Consultation with the communities, representatives and experts who
share a connection with the site and its history needs to be undertaken
hand in hand with an analysis of recreational opportunities. In short, the
needs of target users must be balanced with the sensitivities of cultural
and historical values.
Examples:
Otumoetai Pa Historic Reserve, Otumoetai
4.9 Road Reserves:
Purpose:
While not technically classified as reserves, the ‘leftover’ green spaces
within road corridors play an important role in the open space network.
Their primary purposes are the provision of access and amenity.
Typical features:
These spaces are diverse in form and can range from a pocket park at the
end of a cul-de-sac through to median strips and pocket parks. Features
typically include footpaths, specimen trees, amenity planting and
occasionally seating.
Typical User Groups:
Generally these areas cater for passive use and pedestrians passing
through.
5.0 open space appraisal
The intention of the following appraisal form is to provide a quick reference
and summary of the success factors and guidelines outlined in this document.
The appraisal form steps through the process and is set out in the order of the
success factors listed in the guide. It is noted that the appraisal tool is a general
guide only and a commonsense approach is required to assessing open space
as all types differ. The strengths and weaknesses of an existing or proposed
open space area can than be evaluated utilising each of the guidelines.
The site appraisal tool will be used to assess the development of open space
against the best practice guide. Implementation of the outcomes of this
(including cost considerations) will flow through into reserve management
plans (for existing open space) and development budgets for newly acquired
open space. It is important to note that following best practice does not
necessarily correspond to an increase in costs of development, rather it allows
us to consider how we can do things better to achieve better outcomes for the
quality of open space that we provide.
While the appraisal form may be used for a range of purposes, the role of the
guide in the subdivision consent process is outlined below. An example of a
partial assessment undertaken for Coronation Park is provided on the following
page. This indicates how the checklist can be used to identify strengths and
weaknesses in open space planning, design and management.
37
 Preliminary discussions between Council & applicant including broader open - Surrounding environment
space needs. Council staff and applicant to refer to site planning success factors has changed since park was
to determine open space purpose and location requirements. first designed.
- see 1 overpage
Preliminary
Meeting
Applicant completes
concept development
plan including open Pre-application meeting and site visit with applicant and Council
space allocation. staff to assess proposed open space against site planning and
design & development success factors. Council staff & applicant
Pre- discuss merits of proposed open space in relation to success
application factors Council makes recommendations to applicant.
Meeting
-Existing layout
Applicant completes conceptual
divides park into
design for proposed open space. small areas
- see 12 overpage
Best Practice Guide assists Council staff in
assessing open space aspects of subdivision
Application application
Lodgement
Applicant revises concept plan for proposed
open space as necessary in keeping with
Council recommendations.

Ongoing, management of
Reserve open space undertaken by
vested with Council in keeping with life
TCC cycle approach.

Thick vegetation creates

visibilty issues at entry - see 6

Above: Coronation Park. Refer Sample appraisal overpage

38
 open space appraisal
Open Space Appraisal Tool
Site/Case Study: Coronation Park, Mount Maunganui Date: 22/03/2007
Purpose of Appraisal: Reserve Management Plan Name: Mr. O.S. Planner

Success Factor
1. PURPOSE
SITE PLANNING

Primary Open Space type (tick box). Neighbourhood Active Coastal Harbour
Access Historic City Premier
Supporting Open Space functions & values (tick Passive Recreation Active Recreation Social & Community
all boxes that apply). Ecological Cultural & Historical Amenity
Stormwater & Utilities Access & Connectivity
AntIcipated User Groups (tick all anticipated user groups and specify where Young children Adolescents Families Elderly
prompted). Local use Tourists Informal Groups Animals
Half ironman prizegiving
Organised events
Art in the Park
Specific User Groups / Facilities
Open Space Appraisal
Other (specify) Toolshoppers from nearby retail strip, pedestrians
Weddings,
Success Factor Comments 9/8
Success Factor
6. VISIBILITY
Comments 9/8
DEVELOPMENT

2. LOCATION
PLANNING

a. Site and entries are clearly visible from the adjacent streets. - No, southern edge (Nikau Crescent) and dense vegetation conceals entry
a. Site is centrally located with compatible surrounding uses.
b. Site is a focal point for the surrounding neighbourhood.
Open Space Appraisal Tool
b. Street and public frontage to the site is maximised. - Yes, great location, central to shops, beach, public transport etc.
Success
c. Signage Factor
is strategically located with navigation maps included where Comments 9/8
c.
11.Site is located in a prominent position.
VEGETATION
necessary.
d.
a. Site is connected
Vegetation to the
that presents broader
health
andor open space
safety atnetwork.
issuesanisappropriate
avoided. height, scale - Nikau crescent edge planting needs to be thinned and cleared to allow views
d. Proposed perimeter fencing planting is in.
e.
to Site is
maintaincentral
views to a
into walkable
the user
reserve. catchment (400m).
b.Selected vegetation is tolerant of urban and site conditions. - View to Mauao could be strengthened
e.
3. An appropriate
LANDFORM
c.Selected levelisofsuited
lighting
/ ORIENTATION
vegetation to is provided
intended to designate
reserve purpose. safe pedestrian
routes and use of space.
DESIGN &SITE

a.
d. Site topography
A good is compatiblehas
growing environment withbeen
intended openfor
provided space purpose.
all introduced
7. IDENTITY
vegetation.
b. Site provides adequate shelter from prevailing winds.
a.
c. Existing
12.Site historical,
ADAPTABILITY
provides good& cultural
CHOICE
solar and landscape values have been acknowledged
access.
through
a.Changing
4. site needs
PROPORTION design.and conditions have been considered in site design. - Site context has changed since last RMP- increasing residential densities & retail
b.
b. Site
a. Site is located
area
Proposed meets tominimum
materialsprotect existing mature
target and
are durable user trees,native
space
suited toneeds. vegetation and
site conditions. growth. Need to reflect urban context
heritage
c. The sites.of multiple users have been identified and provided for.
needs
b. Adequate buffers and separations have been included. - Needs to include more open,flexible spaces. Current design breaks up space and limits
c. The design protects and maintains key viewshafts.
c.
d. Site
Flat,isopen
appropriately shaped for
and unobstructed target
areas haveuse.
been included to provide for opportunities for local users.
d. Chosenofmaterials
flexibility and planting schemes reflect and enhance site identity.
5. ACCESSuse. AND CONNECTIVITY
a. Site is well connected to nearby destinations / land uses.
8. WELLBEING
13.Site
b. MAINTENANCE
is located at the intersection of movement corridors.
MANAGEMENT

a. Shade and shelter has been provided in suitable locations.

a. Access
c. Open space is designed
is available to all to match required
regardless maintenance
of age or ability. with level of
b. Conflicts with adjacent land owners are avoided or mitigated.
service.
d. Pedestrian desire lines have been identified and addressed.
c.
b. All
e. Thestructures
Accessmaintenance and play
is provided for equipment
regime andmeet
provides
service a the relevant
regular
emergency and NZ standards
consistent
vehicles. level ofand
service
safety
and staffcodes.
have input into open space management.

39
f. Vehicular access / parking is adequate for open space purpose.
d.
14.Facilities
HOLISTIC thatREVIEW
present potential safety risks (ie toilets and playgrounds) are
in prominent, highly
a. Management strategies visible centre
locations.
around a holistic review of all success
e. Provide for informal
factors within guidelines. active recreational activities.
9. PUBLIC USE T06120_001_Design_Appraisal_Tool_FINAL_20070322.xls Page 1
a. Proposed activities and facilities reflect the needs of target user groups.
 40 open space appraisal
Open Space Appraisal Tool
Site/Case Study: Date:
Purpose of Appraisal: Name:

Success Factor
1. PURPOSE
SITE PLANNING

Primary Open Space type (tick box). Neighbourhood Active Coastal Harbour
Access Historic City Premier
Supporting Open Space functions & values (tick Passive Recreation Active Recreation Social & Community
all boxes that apply). Ecological Cultural & Historical Amenity
Stormwater & Utilities Access & Connectivity
AntIcipated User Groups (tick all anticipated user groups and specify where Young children Adolescents Families Elderly
prompted). Local use Tourists Informal Groups Animals
Organised events
Specific User Groups / Facilities
Other (specify)

Success Factor Comments 9/8

2. LOCATION
SITE PLANNING

a. Site is centrally located with compatible surrounding uses.

b. Street and public frontage to the site is maximised.
c. Site is located in a prominent position.
d. Site is connected to the broader open space network.
e. Site is central to a walkable user catchment (400m).
3. LANDFORM / ORIENTATION
a. Site topography is compatible with intended open space purpose.
b. Site provides adequate shelter from prevailing winds.
c. Site provides good solar access.
4. PROPORTION
a. Site area meets minimum target user space needs.
b. Adequate buffers and separations have been included.
c. Site is appropriately shaped for target use.
5. ACCESS AND CONNECTIVITY
a. Site is well connected to nearby destinations / land uses.
b. Site is located at the intersection of movement corridors.
c. Access is available to all regardless of age or ability.
d. Pedestrian desire lines have been identified and addressed.
e. Access is provided for service and emergency vehicles.
f. Vehicular access / parking is adequate for open space purpose.
 Open Space Appraisal Tool
open space appraisal 41
Success Factor Comments 9/8
6. VISIBILITY
DESIGN & DEVELOPMENT

a. Site and entries are clearly visible from the adjacent streets.
b. Site is a focal point for the surrounding neighbourhood.
c. Signage is strategically located with navigation maps included where
necessary.
d. Proposed perimeter fencing and planting is at an appropriate height, scale
to maintain views into the reserve.
e. An appropriate level of lighting is provided to designate safe pedestrian
routes and use of space.
7. IDENTITY
a. Existing historical, cultural and landscape values have been acknowledged
through site design.
b. Site is located to protect existing mature trees,native vegetation and
heritage sites.
c. The design protects and maintains key viewshafts.
d. Chosen materials and planting schemes reflect and enhance site identity.

8. WELLBEING
a. Shade and shelter has been provided in suitable locations.
b. Conflicts with adjacent land owners are avoided or mitigated.
c. All structures and play equipment meet the relevant NZ standards and
safety codes.
d. Facilities that present potential safety risks (ie toilets and playgrounds) are
in prominent, highly visible locations.
e. Provide for informal active recreational activities.
9. PUBLIC USE
a. Proposed activities and facilities reflect the needs of target user groups.

b. Activity nodes are located in central locations and encourage social

interaction.
c. Proposed facilities and services are at a balanced and realistic level of
service to be sustained into the future.
d. The public interest is given priority over private concerns.
10. ECOLOGY
a. Ecological values are protected and enhanced.
b. Proposed plant species are compatible with existing ecosystems.
c. Opportunities for community participation and education regarding
ecological values have been recognised.
d. Adequate buffers and transition zones around ecological features have
been allowed for.

T06120_001_Design_Appraisal_Tool_FINAL_20070322.xls Page 2
42 guidelines checklist
Open Space Appraisal Tool
Success Factor Comments 9/8
11. VEGETATION
a. Vegetation that presents health or safety issues is avoided.
b.Selected vegetation is tolerant of urban and site conditions.
c.Selected vegetation is suited to intended reserve purpose.
d. A good growing environment has been provided for all introduced
vegetation.
12. ADAPTABILITY & CHOICE
a.Changing needs and conditions have been considered in site design.
b. Proposed materials are durable and suited to site conditions.
c. The needs of multiple users have been identified and provided for.
d. Flat, open and unobstructed areas have been included to provide for
flexibility of use.

13. MAINTENANCE
MANAGEMENT

a. Open space is designed to match required maintenance with level of

service.
b. The maintenance regime provides a regular and consistent level of service
and staff have input into open space management.
14. HOLISTIC REVIEW
a. Management strategies centre around a holistic review of all success
factors within guidelines.

CONCLUSIONS /RECOMMENDATIONS
6.0 glossary of terms
buffer: legibility
A strip of land that separates potentially conflicting land uses such as a The ability of people who are unfamiliar with an area to find their way.
transition zone between an area of ecological significance and a residential Legibility instils a sense of confidence in users of public space and can
boundary. The buffer or seperation acts to protect and define the open be achieved through identifying designated pedestrian routes, clear
space area from adjoining land uses and activities. sightlines and using signage, lighting and suitable landscaping. (Ministry
of Justice)
catchment area:
The catchment area for an open space is the surrounding area and Master Plan
population which the open space provides for. A document that describes an overall development concept of an open
space network, subdivision, city or region through maps, reports and
CPTED: other documentation.
Crime Prevention through Environmental Design is a crime prevention
philosophy based on proper design and effective use of the built passive surveillance
environment. The use of CPTED is intended to reduce crime and fear of Often explained by the phrase ‘eyes on the street’. For the purposes of this
crime by reducing criminal opportunity and fostering positive social guide, the ability for an open space and people within an open space to
interaction among legitimate users of space. be observed from surrounding areas.

focal point Reserve Management Plan (RMP):

A central point of interest or activity that is a focus of the surrounding RMPs are required under the Act in order that the management body can
neighbourhood or community. outline its intentions for the use, enjoyment, maintenance, protection and
preservation of its reserves.
public frontage
the orientation of housing , streets and public edges to face towards and solar access
thereby maximise public views towards open space. The degree to which sunlight is able to to reach an open space unimpeded
by trees, fences, buildings, or other obstructions.
interface
An edge forming a common boundary and relationship between adjacent visual access / visibility
regions, spaces or land uses. The ability of users of a place to see and be seen. Visibility ensures that
public spaces are subject to informal surveillance by the maximum
number of people.

43
7.0 bibliography Jacobs, J. 1961. Death and life of great American cities. New York: Random
House.

Tauranga City Council Documents: Jeffrey, C.R. 1971. Crime prevention through environmental design. Beverly
Hills, CA: Sage.
Open Space Strategy
Kaplan, R., and S. Kaplan. 1989. The Experience of nature: A psychological
Urban Design Strategy perspective. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Integrated Transport Strategy Ministry of Justice - National Guidelines for Crime Prevention through
Environmental Design in New Zealand
Vegetation Management Strategy
Nassauer, J.I. 1995. Messy ecosystems, orderly frames. Landscape Journal 14:
Code of Practice for Development 161-170

General Open Space References: Nassauer, J.I. 1997. Cultural sustainability: Aligning aesthetics and ecology. In
Placing Nature, ed. J.I. Nassauer, 65-83. Washington, Dc: Island Press.
Compton, J.L. 2001. The impact of parks on property values: A review of the
empirical evidence. Journal of Leisure Project for Public Spaces. 2000. How to turn a place around: A handbook for
Research 33: 1-31 creating successful public spaces. New York: Project for Public Spaces

Cooper Marcus, C., and C. Francis. 1998. People places: Design guidelines for
urban open space. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co.
Cranz, G. 1982. The Politics of park design. Cambrige, MA: The MIT Press
Cranz, G., and M. Boland. 2004. Defining the sustainable park: A fifth model
for urban parks. Landscape Journal 23 (2): 102-120.
Harris, C.W. and N.T. Dines, eds. 1998. Time-saver standards for landscape
architecture: Design and construction. New York: McGraw-Hill, Inc.
Sarkissian, W., A. Cook and K. Walsh. 1997. Community participation in
practice: A practical guide. Murdoch, Western Australia: Institute for Science
and Tecnology Policy, Murdoch University.
Ann Forsyth, Laura R. Musacchio 2005. Social and ecological guidelines for
designing and maintaining small parks: Designing Small Parks, A Manual
for Addressing Social and Ecological Concerns. John Wiley and Sons, Inc.,
Hoboken, New Jersey.

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