Design A Cellular System With Different Cluster Size

Design a Cellular System with Different Cluster Size
and Investigate the Co Channel Interference

Assuming a Limited Geographical Area with Fixed
Channel Assignment Strategy
Prepared by
Md.Taz Uddin
Ahmed al Marzean
Md Rafiqul Islam
Supervised by
Shahjahan Ahmed
Senior Lecturer
Department of ECE
Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering Sylhet International University, Bangladesh
Published by: ISIJ- International Journal of Science and Engineering Invention www.isij.in
International Journal of Science and Engineering Invention (IJSEI)
Volume 03 Issue 02 March 2017, ICV Value - 53.58
Available Online at - www.isij.in
Acknowledgement
At the beginning we would like to state our heartiest appreciation to the almighty Allah for giving us an
opportunity to work in a thesis paper like this.
We are extremely grateful to Shahjahan Ahmed, Senior Lecturer of Electronics & communication
Engineering Department, Sylhet International University for his liberality, collaboration and reliance.
Without his support we would never been able to carry out his explore with such autonomy and sovereignty.
His positive analysis and right direction helped us to complete this thesis work.
We would also like to thank to all of the teachers’ of Electronics & Communication Engineering Department
specially Mahmudul Alam mia Sir & Ekramul Faruk Sir for their support and cooperation. We also want to
thank the students of Sylhet International University.
And last of all we would like to thank to our Vice Chancellor, Prof. Dr. Sushanto Kumar das
For his inspiration and support
Md Taz Uddin
Ahmed Al Marzean
Md Rafiqul Islam
DOI: 10.23958/ijsei/vol03-2017/1604 Page 2

Abstract
Abstract:
There are different communication standards in present mobile communication industry. Each of this
standards has its own feature, architecture, and channel assignment strategies. Each mobile operator uses
one of any standard and their aim is to support as much user as possible to communicate with tolerable
interference. For that reason they use different cluster size and frequency planning to cover entire
geographical area. To reuse the given bandwidth within the entire geographical area some cells uses same
sets of frequency and interference arise when the distance between these cells is small. Also when distance is
large then capacity is going low. In this thesis our work is to investigation the co channel interference
among different cluster size assuming a limited sub urban geographical area in a cellular GSM network.
Also we calculate the number of users using each of this cluster size and finally design a cellular system in
this geographical area using best results (minimum interference and maximum capacity).

Contents
1 INTRODUCTION
Introduction .................................................................................................................................................... 07
2 THE CELLULAR CONCEPT AND SYSTEM DESIGN
2.1 Cellular Telephone System ...................................................................................................................... 08
2.2 Cell ........................................................................................................................................................... 09
2.3 Hexagonal Cell......................................................................................................................................... 09
2.4 Cluster ...................................................................................................................................................... 10
2.5 Frequency Reuse ...................................................................................................................................... 10
2.6 Basic Principal of TDMA ........................................................................................................................ 10
2.7 Channel Assignment Strategy .................................................................................................................. 11
2.8 Channel Planning for Cellular System ..................................................................................................... 12
2.9 Radio Wave Propagation ......................................................................................................................... 12
2.10 Mobile Radio Propagation effect ........................................................................................................... 13
2.11 Basic Methods of Propagation ............................................................................................................... 13
2.11.1 Reflection ............................................................................................................................................ 13
2.11.2 Diffraction ........................................................................................................................................... 13
2.11.3 Scattering ............................................................................................................................................ 14
2.12 Radio Signal in Path Loss ...................................................................................................................... 14
2.13 Path Loss Exponent for Different Environments ................................................................................... 15
3 INTERFERANCE IN CELLULAR SYSTEM
3.1 Interference .............................................................................................................................................. 16
3.2 Sources of Interference ............................................................................................................................ 16
3.3 Types of Interferences.............................................................................................................................. 16
3.3.1 Co – Channel Interference ........................................................................................................ 16
3.3.2 Co-channel Reuse Ratio for Some Values of N........................................................................ 17
3.3.3 Signal to Interference Ratio ...................................................................................................... 17
3.3.4 Adjacent-Channel Interference ................................................................................................. 18

4 PROPOSED CELLULAR SYSTEM
4.1 Proposed Cellular System ........................................................................................................................ 20

4.1.1 Distance from center to any parenthesis ............................................................................................... 22
4.1.2 Distance from center to center any two cells ........................................................................................ 23
4.2 When Cluster Sizes N = 3, i = 1, j = 1 ..................................................................................................... 24

4.3 When Cluster Size, N = 4, i = 2, j = 0 ...................................................................................................... 26
4.4 When Cluster Size, N = 7, i = 2, j =1 ....................................................................................................... 28
4.5 When Cluster Size, N = 12, i = 2, j = 2 ................................................................................................... 29
4.6 When Cluster Size, N = 21, i = 4, j = 1 .................................................................................................... 31
4.7 When Cluster Size, N = 28, i = 4, j = 2 .................................................................................................... 33
5 RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Result and Discussion .................................................................................................................................... 35
Conclusion ..................................................................................................................................................... 37
References ...................................................................................................................................................... 37

List of Figures
2.1 A Cellular System the Tower Represents Base Stations which Provide Radio ....................................... 08
Access Between Mobile User and the Mobile Switching Center
2.2 A hexagonal cell ...................................................................................................................................... 09
2.3 Hexagonal Cell Layout ............................................................................................................................ 09
2.4 Cluster Size is Expressed as N, in this cluster N = 7 15 .......................................................................... 10
2.5 Frequency Reuse ...................................................................................................................................... 10
2.6 Time Division Multiple Access ............................................................................................................... 11
2.7 Fixed Channel Assignment Strategy. A-G Denote Different Sorts of Channels ..................................... 12
Permanently Assigned to Cells
2.8 Reflected Signal ....................................................................................................................................... 13
2.9 Diffracted Signal ...................................................................................................................................... 14
2.10 Scattered Signal ..................................................................................................................................... 14
3.1 Co channel interfering cell ....................................................................................................................... 17
4.1 Proposed Geographical Area ................................................................................................................... 20
4.2 Cell Center to any Parenthesis ................................................................................................................. 22
4.3 Cell Center to Center Distance ................................................................................................................ 23
4.4 Method of measuring co-cell distance ..................................................................................................... 23
4.5 Proposed Geographical Area when N = 3 ............................................................................................... 24
4.8 Proposed Geographical Area when N = 12 39 ........................................................................................ 29
4.9 Proposed Geographical Area when N = 21 ............................................................................................. 31
4.10 Proposed Geographical Area when N = 28............................................................................................ 33
5.1 Cluster size versus SNR curve for different path loss component........................................................... 35
5.2 Cluster size versus SNR chart for different path loss component ........................................................... 36
5.3 Cluster size versus Number of user curve................................................................................................ 37

Chapter One
INTRODUCTION
Cellular communication is a technology which mainly makes the mobile phones to communicate with each
other. A cellular network is made up of numbers of cells (or radio cells). Each cell is allocated a band of
frequencies and served by base station consisting of transmitter, receiver and control unit. Adjacent cells are
assigned different frequencies to avoid interference or cross talk. As more customers use the cellular
network with single base station traffic may be build up so there are not enough frequency bands assigned to
a cell to handle its calls. An approach can be used to cope with this situation to use the same radio frequency
can be reused in different area for a completely different transmission. The degree of reuse determined by
how apart cells must be reuse the same frequency is depending upon the actual implementation of the radio
link. The reuse of frequencies increases interference when the distance between co-cell is smaller. Also there
is a relation among cluster size, interference and capacity.
The main goal of this research is to design a cellular network using fixed channel assignment strategy where
interference level is minimum and capacity is higher. To do this we investigation the co channel interference
among different cluster size within this limited sub urban geographical area. Also we calculate the number
of users using each of this cluster size. Using Matlab we have made the simulation program, which clearly
shows which sort of combination is better for designing this area.

Chapter Two
THE CELLULAR CONCEPT AND SYSTEM DESIGN
2.1 Cellular Telephone Systems
A cellular telephone system provides a wireless connection to the PSTN for any user location within the
radio range of the system. Cellular systems accommodate a large number of users over a large geographic
area, within a limited frequency spectrum. Cellular radio systems provide high quality service that is often
comparable to that of the landline telephone systems. High capacity is achieved by limiting the coverage of
each base station transmitter to a small geographic area called a cell so that the same radio channels may be
reused by another base station located some distance away. A sophisticated switching technique called a
hand-off enables a call to proceed uninterrupted when the user moves from one cell to another. Figure shows
a basic cellular system which consists of mobile stations, base stations and a mobile switching center
(MSC). The mobile switching center is sometimes called a mobile telephone switching office (MTSO), since
it is responsible for connecting all mobiles to the PSTN in a cellular system.
Figure 2.1: A cellular system the tower represents base stations which provide radio access between
mobile user and the mobile switching center (MSC)
Each mobile communicates via radio with one of the base stations and may be handed-off to any number of
base stations throughout the duration of a call. The mobile station contains a transceiver, an antenna, and
control circuitry, and may be mounted in a vehicle or used as a portable hand-held unit. The base stations
consist of several transmitters and receivers which simultaneously handle full duplex communications and
generally have towers which support several transmitting and receiving antennas. The base station serves as
a bridge between all mobile users in the cell and connects the simultaneous mobile calls via telephone lines
or microwave links to the MSC. The MSC coordinates the activities of all of the base stations and connects
the entire cellular system to the PSTN. A typical MSC handles 100,000 cellular subscribers and 5,000
simultaneous conversations at a time, and accommodates all billing and system maintenance functions, as
well. In large cities, several MSCs are used by a single carrier.
Communication between the base station and the mobiles is defined by a standard common air interface
(CAI) that specifies four different channels. The channels used for voice transmission from the base station
to mobiles are called forward voice channels (FVC), and the channels used for voice transmission from
mobiles to the base station are called reverse voice channels (RVC). The two channels responsible for
initiating mobile calls are the forward control channels (FCC) and reverse control channels (RCC). Control
channels are often called setup channels because they are only involved in setting up a call and moving it to
an unused voice channel. Control channels transmit and receive data messages that carry call initiation and
service requests, and are monitored by mobiles when they do not have a call in progress. Forward control
channels also serve as beacons which continually broadcast all of the traffic requests for all mobiles in the
system. Supervisory and data messages are sent in a number of ways to facilitate automatic channel changes
and handoff instructions for the mobiles before and during a call.
Cellular systems rely on the frequency reuse concept, which requires that the forward control channels
(FCCs) in neighboring cells be different. By defining a relatively small number of FCCs as part of the
common air interface, cellular phones can be manufactured by many companies which can rapidly scan all
of the possible FCCs to determine the strongest channel at any time. Once finding the strongest signal, the
cellular phone receiver stays “camped” to the particular FCC. By broadcasting the same setup data on all
FCCs at the same time, the MSC is able to signal all subscribers within the cellular system and can be
certain that any mobile will be signaled when it receives a call via the PSTN.
2.2 Cell
A cell is the basic geographic unit of a cellular system. The term cellular comes from the honeycomb shape
of the areas into which a coverage region is divided. Cells are base stations transmitting over small
geographic areas that are represented as hexagons. Each cell size varies depending on the landscape.
Because of constraints imposed by natural terrain and man-made structures, the true shape of cells is not a
perfect hexagon.
Figure 2.2: A hexagonal cell
2.3 Hexagonal cell
A hexagon is a tessellating cell shape in that cells can be laid next to each other with no overlap; therefore,
they can cover the entire geographical region without any gaps. This approximation is frequently employed
in planning and analysis of cellular networks. In practice, hexagons are commonly used to approximate cell
shapes in macro cellular systems with base stations placed at the top of buildings. Figure shows a typical
hexagonal cell layout with frequency reuse factor seven. Cells are numbered according to the frequency
band they use.
Figure 2.3: Hexagonal cell layout.

2.4 Cluster
A cluster is a group of cells. No channels are reused within a cluster. Cells the geometry of hexagons is such
that the number of cells per cluster, N cells which collectively use the complete set of available frequencies
is called a cluster N can only have values which satisfy Equation 2.1.
N = i2 + ij + j2………………… (2.1)
Where i and j are non-negative integers. To find the nearest co-channel neighbors of a particular cell, one
must do the following: (1) move i cells along any chain of hexagons and then (2) turn 60 degrees counter-
clockwise and move j cells. Figure
Figure 2.4: Cluster size is expressed as N, in this cluster N = 7
2.5 Frequency Reuse
The ability to use the same frequencies repeatedly across a cellular system, made possible by the basic
design approach for cellular. Since each cell is designed to use radio frequencies only within its boundaries,
the same frequencies can be reused in other cells not far away with little potential for interference. The reuse
of frequencies is what enables a cellular system to handle a huge number of calls with a limited number of
channels.
Figure 2.5: Frequency Reuse concept
2.6 Basic Principle of TDMA
Time division multiple access (TDMA) is digital transmission technology that allows a number of users to
access a single radio frequency (RF) channel without interference by allocating unique time slots each user

within each channel. The TDMA digital transmission scheme multiplexes three signals over a single
channel. The current TDMA standard for cellular device a single channel into eight time slots. Each caller
assigns a specific time slots for transmission. Figure below Illustrates the concept of TDMA.
Figure 2.6: Time division multiple access
Terminal A transmits in time slot 1 using frequency f1. Terminal B also transmits using frequency f1 but in
a different time slot. The assignment of time slots to user is decided by the base station of this cell. In
TDMA systems, the time slots can be fixed or dynamic.
In fixed TDMA, each station is given a fixed time slot (say, time slot 1 for station A, time slot 2 for station
B, and so on). This results in a simple system design. In dynamic TDMA, a station is assigned a time slot
only when it makes a request for it. This leads to a more complex system, but the channel is used effectively.
2.7 Channel Assignment strategy
Channel assignment refers to the allocation of specific channels to cell sites and mobile units. Ideally
channel assignment should be based on causing the least interference in the system. For efficient utilization
of the radio spectrum, a frequency reuse scheme is consistent with the objectives of increasing capacity and
minimizing interference. A variety of channel assignment strategies has been developed: fixed channel or
dynamic channel. The choice impacts the performance of the system, particularly as to how calls are
managed when a mobile is handed off from one cell to another.
In a fixed channel assignment strategy, each cell is allocated a predetermined set of voice channels. Any call
attempt within the cell can only be served by the unused channels in that particular cell. If all the channels in
that cell are occupied, the call is blocked and the subscriber does not receive service. Several variations of
the fixed assignment strategy exist.
In one approach, called the borrowing strategy, a cell is allowed to borrow channels from a neighboring cell
if all of its own channels are already occupied. The mobile switching center (MSC) supervises such
borrowing procedures and ensures that the borrowing of a channel does not disrupt or interfere with any of
the calls in progress in the donor cell.

Figure 2.7: Fixed channel assignment strategy. A-G denote different sorts of channels permanently
assigned to cells.
In a dynamic channel assignment strategy, voice channels are not allocated to different cells permanently.
Instead, each time a call request is made, the serving base station requests a channel from the MSC. The
switch then allocates a channel to the requested cell following an algorithm that takes into account the
likelihood of future blocking within the cell, the frequency of use of the candidate channel, the reuse
distance of the channel, and other cost functions. Accordingly, the MSC only allocates a given frequency if
that frequency is not presently in use in the cell or any other cell which falls within the minimum restricted
distance of frequency reuse to avoid co-channel interference. Dynamic channel assignment reduces the
likelihood of blocking, which increases the trunking capacity of the system, since all the available channels
in a market are accessible to all of the cells.
Dynamic channel assignment strategies require the MSC to collect real-time data on channel occupancy,
traffic distribution, and radio signal strength indications (RSSI) of all channels on a continuous basis. This
increases the storage and computational load on the system but provides the advantage of increased channel
utilization and decreased probability of a blocked call.
2.8 Channel Planning for Cellular system
Generally, the available mobile radio spectrum is divided into channels, which are part of an air interface
standard that is used throughout a country or continent. These channels generally are made up of control
channels (vital for initiating, requesting, or paging a call), and voice channels (Dedicated to carrying
revenue-generating traffic). Typically, about 5% of the entire mobile spectrums devoted to control channels,
which carry data messages that are very brief and bursty in nature, while the remaining 95% of the spectrum
is dedicated to voice channels.
Channels may be assigned by the wireless carrier in any manner it chooses, since each market may have its
own particular propagation conditions or particular services it wishes to offer and may wish to adopt its own
particular frequency reuse scheme that fits its geographic conditions or air interface technology choice.
However, in practical systems, the air interface standard ensures a distinction between voice and control
channels, and thus control channels are generally not allowed to be used as voice channels, and vice versa.
Furthermore, since control channels are vital in the successful launch of any call, the frequency reuse
strategy applied to control channels is different and generally more conservative (e.g., is afforded greater S/I
protection) than for the voice channels.
2.9 Radio Wave Propagation
The mechanism behind electromagnetic wave propagation is diverse, but can generally be Attributed to
reflection, diffraction and scattering. most cellular radio system operate in urban areas where there is no

direct line of sight path between the transmitter and the receiver and where the presence of high rise
buildings causes severe diffraction loss .Due to multiple reflections from various objects, the
electromagnetic waves travel along different paths of varying lengths. The interaction between these waves
causes multipath fading at a specific location, and the strengths of the waves decrease as the distance
between the transmitter and receiver increases.
 Radio Propagation models are derived using a combination of empirical and analytical methods.
 These methods implicitly take into account all the propagation factors both known and unknown
through the actual measurements.
2.10 Mobile Radio propagation effect
 Signal strength must be strong enough between base station and mobile unit to maintain signal
quality at the receiver.
 Signal strength must not be so strong as to create too much co-channel interference with channels in
another cell using the same frequency band.
 Fading signal propagation effects may disrupt the signal and cause errors
2.11 Basic Methods of Propagation
Reflection, diffraction and scattering are the three fundamental phenomena that Cause signal propagation in
a mobile communication system, apart from Los communication.
2.11.1 Reflection
Reflection: Reflection occurred when a propagating electromagnetic wave impinges upon an object those
have very large dimensions when compared to the wavelength of the propagating wave. It occurs from
buildings, walls and other obstacles. This reflection can cause multipath.
Multipath can degrade or cancel the main signal.
Figure 2.8: Reflected Signal
2.11.2 Diffraction
Diffraction is the bending of wave fronts around obstacles. Diffraction occurs with all propagating waves
including sound waves, waves on water waves in materials and electromagnetic waves.

Figure 2.9: Diffracted Signal
Diffraction always occurs; its effects are generally only noticeable for waves where the wavelength similar
to the size of the diffracting objects.
2.11.3 Scattering
Scattering occurred when the medium through which the wave travels consists of objects with dimensions
that are small compared to the wavelength of the signal and the number of obstacles per unit volume is large.
Small objects such as street lights, signs, & leaves cause scattering.
Figure 2.10: Scattered Signal
2.12 Radio signal in Path loss
Radio signal path loss is a particularly important element in the design of any radio communications system
or wireless system. The radio signal path loss will determine many elements of the radio communications
system in particular the transmitter power, and the antennas, especially their gain, height and general
location. The radio path loss will also affect other elements such as the required receiver sensitivity, the
form of transmission used and several other factors. The signal path loss is essentially the reduction in power
density of an electromagnetic wave or signal as it propagates through the environment in which it is
travelling. There are many reasons for the radio path loss that may occur
Free space loss
The free space loss occurs as the signal travels through space without any other effects attenuating the signal
it will still diminish as it spreads out. This can be thought of as the radio communications signal spreading
out as an ever increasing sphere. As the signal has to cover a wider area, conservation of energy tells us that
the energy in any given area will reduce as the area covered becomes larger.
Absorption losses
Absorption losses occur if the radio signal passes into a medium which is not totally transparent to radio
signals. This can be likened to a light signal passing through transparent glass.

Diffraction
Diffraction losses occur when an object appears in the path. The signal can diffract around the object, but
losses occur. The loss is higher the more rounded the object. Radio signals tend to diffract better around
sharp edges.
Multipath
In a real terrestrial environment, signals will be reflected and they will reach the receiver via a number of
different paths. These signals may add or subtract from each other depending upon the relative phases of the
signals. If the receiver is moved the scenario will change and the overall received signal will be found vary
with position. Mobile receivers (e.g. cellular telecommunications phones) will be subject to this effect which
is known as Rayleigh fading.
Buildings and vegetation
For mobile applications, buildings and other obstructions including vegetation have a marked effect. Not
only will buildings reflect radio signals, they will also absorb them. Cellular communications are often
significantly impaired within buildings. Trees and foliage can attenuate radio signals, particularly when wet.
2.13 Path loss exponent for different environments
Environment Path loss component, n

Free space 2
Urban area cellular radio 2.7 to 3.5
Suburban cellular radio 3 to 5
In building cellular line -of -sight 1.6 to 1.8
Obstructed in building 4 to 6
Obstructed in factories 2 to 3

Chapter Three
INTERFERANCE IN CELLULAR SYSTEM
3.1 Interference
In communications and electronics, especially in telecommunications, interference is anything which alters,

modifies, or disrupts a signal as it travels along a channel between a source and a receiver. The term
typically refers to the addition of unwanted signals to a useful signal.
 Interference is major limiting factor in the performance of cellular radio. It limits capacity and
increases the number of dropped called.
 Sources of interference include
 Another mobile in the same cell.
 A call is progress in a neighboring cell and
 Other base station operating in the same frequency band.
 Interference is more severe in the urban areas due to greater RF noise and more number of MS and
BS.
3.2 Sources of Interference
 Another mobile in the same cell.

 A call in progress in the neighboring cell.
 Other base stations operating on the same frequency.
 Any non-cellular system which leaks energy into the cellular frequency band.
3.3 Types of Interferences
There are two types of interferences. They are.
1. Co Channel Interference
2. Adjacent Channel Interference
3.3.1 Co – Channel Interference
Co-channel interference or CCI is crosstalk from two different radio transmitters using the same frequency.
There can be several causes of co-channel radio interference;
To reduce co-channel interference, co-channel cell must be separated by a minimum distance.
Frequency reuse implies that in a given coverage area there is several cells that use the same set of
frequencies. These cells are called co-channel cells, and the interference between signals from these cells is
called co-channel interference. Unlike thermal noise which can be overcome by increasing the signal-to-
noise ratio (SNR), co-channel interference cannot be combated by simply increasing the carrier power of a
transmitter. This is because an increase in carrier transmit power increases the interference to neighboring
co-channel cells. To reduce co-channel interference, co-channel cells must be physically separated by a
minimum distance to provide sufficient isolation due to propagation.
When the size of each cell is approximately the same and the base stations transmit the same power, the co-
channel interference ratio is independent of the transmitted power and becomes a function of the radius of
the cell (R) and the distance between centers of the nearest cochannel cells (D). By increasing the ratio of
D/R, the spatial separation between co-channel cells relative to the coverage distance of a cell is increased.
Thus, interference is reduced from improved isolation of RF energy from the co-channel cell. The parameter
Q, called the co-channel reuse ratio, is related to the cluster size (see Table below and Equation (3.1)). For a
hexagonal geometry
√ …………(3.1)
A small value of Q provides larger capacity since the cluster size N is small, whereas a large value of Q
improves the transmission quality, due to a smaller level of co-channel interference. A trade-off must be
made between these two objectives in actual cellular design.
Figure 3.1: Co channel interfering cell
3.3.2 Co-channel Reuse Ratio for Some Values of N
No negative integer Cluster Size (N) Co-channel Reuse Ratio (Q)

i = 1, j = 1 3 3
i = 2, j = 0 4 3.664
i = 2, j = 1 7 4.582
i = 2, j = 2 12 6
i = 4, j = 1 21 7.937
i = 4, j = 2 28 9.165
3.3.3 Signal-to-interference ratio
Where S is the desired signal power and ik is the power received from kth interfering cell. i0 is the number of
co channel interfering cells and the value of it is 6 in the first tier.
Then we can express the SIR in terms of distance

Where the denominator represents the users in neighboring clusters using the same channel
When, Dk = D, then
( )
(√ )
3.3.4 Adjacent-channel interference
Adjacent-channel interference or ACI is interference caused by extraneous power from a signal in an

adjacent channel. ACI may be caused by inadequate filtering, such as incomplete filtering of unwanted
modulation products in frequency modulation (FM) systems, improper tuning, or poor frequency control, in
either the reference channel or the interfering channel, or both.ACI is distinguished from crosstalk.
Interference resulting from signals which are adjacent in frequency to the desired signal is called adjacent
channel interference.
Adjacent channel interference results from imperfect receiver filters which allow nearby frequencies to leak
into the pass band. The problem can be particularly serious if an adjacent channel user is transmitting in very
close range to a subscriber’s receiver, while the receiver attempts to receive a base station on the desired
channel. This is referred to as the near–far effect, where a nearby transmitter (which may or may not be of
the same type as that used by the cellular system) captures the receiver of the subscriber. Alternatively, the
near–far effect occurs when a mobile close to a base station transmits on a channel close to one being used
by a weak mobile. The base station may have difficulty in discriminating the desired mobile user from the
“bleed over” caused by the close adjacent channel mobile.
Adjacent channel interference can be minimized through careful filtering and channel assignments. Since
each cell is given only a fraction of the available channels, a cell need not be assigned channels which are all
adjacent in frequency. By keeping the frequency separation between each channel in a given cell as large as
possible, the adjacent channel interference may be reduced considerably. Thus instead of assigning channels
which form a contiguous band of frequencies within a particular cell, channels are allocated such that the
frequency separation between channels in a given cell is maximized. By sequentially assigning successive
channels in the frequency band to different cells, many channel allocation schemes are able to separate
adjacent channels in a cell by as many as N channel bandwidths, where N is the cluster size. Some channel
allocation schemes also prevent a secondary source of adjacent channel interference by avoiding the use of
adjacent channels in neighboring cell sites.
If the frequency reuse factor is large (e.g., small N), the separation between adjacent channels at the base
station may not be sufficient to keep the adjacent channel interference level within tolerable limits. For
example, if a close-in mobile is 20 times as close to the base station as another mobile and has energy spill
out of its pass band, the signal-to-interference ratio at the base station for the weak mobile (before receiver
filtering) is approximately
………(3.4)

For a path loss exponent n = 4, this is equal to -52 dB. If the intermediate frequency (IF) filter of the base
station receiver has a slope of 20dB octave, and then an adjacent channel interferer must be displaced by at
least six times the pass band bandwidth from the center of the receiver frequency pass band to achieve 52dB
attenuation. Here, a separation of approximately six channel bandwidths is required for typical filters in
order to provide 0 dB SIR from a close-in adjacent channel user. This implies more than six channel
separations are needed to bring the adjacent channel interference to an acceptable level. Tight base station
filters are needed when close-in and distant users share the same cell. In practice, base station receivers are
preceded by a high Q cavity filter in order to reject adjacent channel interference

Chapter: Four
PROPOSED CELLULAR SYSTEM
4.1 Proposed Cellular System
In our proposed cellular system we have chosen 500 square kilometer suburban cellular geographical area.
In suburban areas the cell size is moderate because the user density is not high enough and thus the transmit
power needed for an antenna are also moderate. Each cell covers a fixed geographical area within this 500
square kilometer area.
We assumed 84 hexagonal cells needed to cover the entire 500 square kilometer area.
Assume the size of each cell is same so the radius of each cell is also same. We can easily calculate the area
of each cell by using the following equation.
Figure 4.1: Proposed Geographical Area
The area of each hexagonal cell = Total Coverage area / Total Cell
Area = 5.952Km2
The Radius of each hexagonal cell can be obtained from the equation, Area = 2.598 R2

√ √ √
Area =
= √ =√
= =√
= = 1.513 Km
To cover this geographical area we need an amount of bandwidth. Assume we have given a 20 MHz duplex
bandwidth in GSM 1800 MHz spectrum. Using this frequency we have to support to communicate the
people of this area. We know the channel spacing of GSM carrier is 200 KHz and each channel is time
shared by 8 users at a time.
In our proposed architecture we used fixed channel assignment strategy and 5% of our total channels is used
as control channels and the rest of the channels are used as traffic channels within a cluster.
Total Number of channels = Total Assigned Bandwidth / BW need for per user
= 100 channels
So the traffic channel is 95 and control channel is 5.
We know that the total bandwidth can be utilized within a cluster, and neighboring clusters can use the same
sets of frequency. So there are several cells in this geographical area which uses same sets of frequency and
interference arises when the distance between co-cells is small. We have used different cluster size typically
,4,7,12,21,28 to measure the signal to interference ratio between co-cells and find the best SIR of this
geographical area. An SIR of 18 dB are the measured value for the accepted voice quality from the present
day cellular mobile receivers and we used this value in our proposed cellular system as the minimum value
of SIR.
The signal to interference ratio among neighboring co-cells can be calculated by using the equation 3.3.
( )
( )
=( ) { } …………..(4.1)
Also we measure the total number of users using different cluster size. In this case we assume the traffic
carried by each user is same. Suppose the average holding time of a user is 120 seconds and the request rate
of individual user is 2 per hour. Suppose the system uses 2% blocking probability.
We know, traffic carried by each user Au = H Erlang
Where, λ = Request rate

H = Average holding time
Also, when the number of traffic channel is 95, from the Earlang B chart we find the total traffic intensity.
A = 82 Earlang
Also, the equation of traffic intensity is, A =
Now, the number of user per cluster, U = ……………….(4.2)
U = 1242Users Per Cluster
In case of simplicity we assume that the shape of each cell is hexagonal. The geometry of hexagon is such
that the number of cells per cluster N can only have values which satisfy this equation given below.
N = i2 + ij + j2
Where i, and j are non-negative integers. Where i cell move any chain of hexagons and then j cell move 60
degrees counter-clockwise direction.
4.1.1 Distance from center to any parenthesis
Figure 4.2: cell center to any parenthesis
Where, R = Hypotenuse
R/2= Base
x =Normal
Using Pythagoras theorem,

..................(4.3)
4.1.2 Distance from center to center any two cells
Figure 4.3: Center to center cell distance
Where, d = center to center distance of co cells
Figure 4.4: Method of measuring co-cell distance

For co-channel interference if we consider two A cells, one’s coordinate is (0, 0) and another one is (i, j).
Distance between co-cells √ √
√ √
√ √ …………(4.4)
4.2 When Cluster Size N=3, i=1, j=1
Figure 4.5: Proposed Geographical Area when N = 3
Using equation (4.4) Distance between co-cells √ √
√ √
( )
When n =3,

Using equation (4.2) we get the number of user per cluster U = 1242 Users Total Number of User in this
geographical area = Number of user per cluster × Number of cluster × number of time slot per cluster
= 1242×28×8
= 278208Users

4.3 When Cluster Size, N =4, i = 2, j = 0:
Using equation (4.4), Distance between co cells √ √
( )

Using equation (4.2) number of user per cluster U = 1242 Users
Total Number of User in this geographical area = Number of user per cluster × Number of cluster × number
of time slot per cluster
=1242 × 21 × 8
= 208656 Users

4.4 When Cluster Size, N = 7, i = 2, j = 1:

= 1242 × 12 × 8
= 119232Users


= 1242 × 7 × 8
= 69552Users
4.6 When Cluster Size, N = 21, i = 4, j = 1

= 1242 × 4 × 8
= 39744 Users


= 1242 × 3 × 8
= 29808Users

Chapter Five
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Result and Discussion
Figure (5.1) shows that the variation of signal to noise ratio along with different cluster size.
Because of suburban geographical area we have taken path loss value from 3 to 5. Figure shows that when
cluster size is lower the SNR value is also lower and below the usable limit 18 dB when N = 3. When the
cluster size increases the SNR value is also increases and the co-channel interference decreases. Also form
figure (5.1) we see that the value of SNR is greater when path loss is higher.
Figure 5.1: Cluster size versus SNR curve for different path loss component
Figure (5.2) also shows the same result in a clearly manner. From this figure we see that when we used
cluster size N = 21, 28, the SNR value is not below than the acceptable level among different path loss value
and there is no co channel interference. But due to larger cluster size the capacity is too much lower.

Figure 5.2: Cluster size versus SNR chart for different path loss component
Figure (5.3) shows that the variation of total number of users in this geographical area along with different
cluster size. When the value of cluster size is smaller the number of user is quite high and close to 278208
users. As the cluster size increases the number of user also gradually decreases to a value of 29,898 users
when the cluster size is 28.
In suburban areas the user density is not quite high. So we have given less priority that how much user
support by our system. Our attention is to keep the co-channel interference as much as low as possible. The
value of cluster size 3 & 4 will not take because the SNR value is below the usable limits of 18 dB both path
loss value 3 and 4. Also the cluster size 12 will not take because the user supports by this cluster size is
69552 which is lower than cluster size 7. Also when the cluster size is 21 and 28, the number of user
supports by this system is quite low though interference is lower. By comparing among this three figures we
can say that the cluster size N = 7is adequate by designing this cellular system where interference is
minimum and the number of user supports by this system is also 119232 users.

Figure 5.3: Cluster size versus Number of user curve
Conclusion
This thesis gives us more inspiration of designing a cellular environment by considering different aspects.
Because the mobile user are increasing day by day and the demand for unused channel is also increases. To
compensate this demand the size of a cell is going lower and which brings the co-cell much closer. This
thesis gives a clear idea to design a cellular system by considering less interference and more users. Though
we have not used any guard channel concept or umbrella cell approach to mitigate handover in our
architecture for simplicity, we will design our cellular system using umbrella cell approach in our future
works.
Reference
[1] P. Gupta and P. Kumar, “The capacity of wireless networks,”IEEE Transactions on Information
Theory, vol. 2, pp.338–404, March 2000.
[2] Rappaport, T., Wireless Communications, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ, 1996
[3] Rappaport, T.S., and Milstein, L.S., "Effects of Radio Propagation Path Loss On DSCDMA Cellular
Frequency Reuse Efficiency for the Reverse Channel," IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology,
Vol.41, No.3, August 1992. www.slideshare.net/pratheeshnair85/cellular-mobile-communication
[4] www.slideshare.net/pratheeshnair85/cellular-mobile-communication (20/05/2014) Accessed
(20/05/2014)
[5] en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_network
[6] en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Communication_Systems/Cellular_Systems
[7] Batra and J. R. Barry, Blind cancellation of co-channel interference, Proc. IEEE Global Telecom.
Conf., 157-162, 1995.(29/05/2014) Accessed (29/05/2014)
[8] https://www.eff.org/files/filenode/Cellular%20Technology.pdf
[9] Anderson,J.B.,Rappaport,T.S.,andYohhida,S.,”propagation Measurements Models for Wireless
Communication Chanel,”IEEE Communication Magazine,November 1994.
[10] en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Co-channel_interference

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Design A Cellular System With Different Cluster Size

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Design a Cellular System with Different Cluster Size

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2 THE CELLULAR CONCEPT AND SYSTEM DESIGN

2.1 Cellular Telephone System ...................................................................................................................... 08

2.2 Cell ........................................................................................................................................................... 09

2.3 Hexagonal Cell......................................................................................................................................... 09

2.4 Cluster ...................................................................................................................................................... 10

2.5 Frequency Reuse ...................................................................................................................................... 10

2.6 Basic Principal of TDMA ........................................................................................................................ 10

2.7 Channel Assignment Strategy .................................................................................................................. 11

2.8 Channel Planning for Cellular System ..................................................................................................... 12

2.9 Radio Wave Propagation ......................................................................................................................... 12

2.10 Mobile Radio Propagation effect ........................................................................................................... 13

2.11 Basic Methods of Propagation ............................................................................................................... 13

2.11.1 Reflection ............................................................................................................................................ 13

2.11.2 Diffraction ........................................................................................................................................... 13

2.11.3 Scattering ............................................................................................................................................ 14

2.12 Radio Signal in Path Loss ...................................................................................................................... 14

2.13 Path Loss Exponent for Different Environments ................................................................................... 15

3 INTERFERANCE IN CELLULAR SYSTEM

3.1 Interference .............................................................................................................................................. 16

3.2 Sources of Interference ............................................................................................................................ 16

3.3 Types of Interferences.............................................................................................................................. 16

3.3.1 Co – Channel Interference ........................................................................................................ 16

3.3.2 Co-channel Reuse Ratio for Some Values of N........................................................................ 17

3.3.3 Signal to Interference Ratio ...................................................................................................... 17

3.3.4 Adjacent-Channel Interference ................................................................................................. 18

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4 PROPOSED CELLULAR SYSTEM

4.1 Proposed Cellular System ........................................................................................................................ 20

4.2 When Cluster Sizes N = 3, i = 1, j = 1 ..................................................................................................... 24

5 RESULT AND DISCUSSION

Result and Discussion .................................................................................................................................... 35

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Access Between Mobile User and the Mobile Switching Center

2.2 A hexagonal cell ...................................................................................................................................... 09

2.3 Hexagonal Cell Layout ............................................................................................................................ 09

2.4 Cluster Size is Expressed as N, in this cluster N = 7 15 .......................................................................... 10

2.5 Frequency Reuse ...................................................................................................................................... 10

2.6 Time Division Multiple Access ............................................................................................................... 11

Permanently Assigned to Cells

2.8 Reflected Signal ....................................................................................................................................... 13

2.9 Diffracted Signal ...................................................................................................................................... 14

2.10 Scattered Signal ..................................................................................................................................... 14

3.1 Co channel interfering cell ....................................................................................................................... 17

4.1 Proposed Geographical Area ................................................................................................................... 20

4.2 Cell Center to any Parenthesis ................................................................................................................. 22

4.3 Cell Center to Center Distance ................................................................................................................ 23

4.4 Method of measuring co-cell distance ..................................................................................................... 23

4.5 Proposed Geographical Area when N = 3 ............................................................................................... 24

4.6 Proposed Geographical Area when N = 4 ............................................................................................... 26

4.7 Proposed Geographical Area when N = 7 ............................................................................................... 28

4.8 Proposed Geographical Area when N = 12 39 ........................................................................................ 29

4.9 Proposed Geographical Area when N = 21 ............................................................................................. 31

4.10 Proposed Geographical Area when N = 28............................................................................................ 33

5.3 Cluster size versus Number of user curve................................................................................................ 37

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2.1 Cellular Telephone Systems

Figure 2.2: A hexagonal cell