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Adler-32
AES
base64
SHA (Secure Hash Algorithm ) is a cryptographic hash function
encode
Algorithm designed by the United States National Security Agency
decoder
BLAKE2 it is recommended to use SHA-2 or SHA-3 now for better security
Blowfish SHA-1 Algorithm output a 160-bit hash value .A typical SHA-1
CityHash message digest is rendered as a 20-byte or 40 digits long
crc(including hexadecimal number.
crc32)
copy or type the Input string in the textbox below
Damm
algorithm
FNV
hash(Fowler– SHA1

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Noll–Vo calculate
hash)
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Grøstl
hex
encoder
SHA-1,SHA-2,SHA-3
decoder
html
encoder
SHA-1
decoder SHA-1 (Secure Hash Algorithm 1) is a cryptographic hash function
Algorithm designed by the United States National Security Agency
Luhn
algorithm it is recommended to use SHA-2 or SHA-3 now for better security
MD5
SHA-1 Algorithm output a 160-bit hash value .A typical SHA-1
MurmurHash3 message digest is rendered as a 20-byte or 40 digits long
Pearson hexadecimal number.
hashing
There are four SHA algorithms in the Secure Hash Algorithm family
Poly1305-
AES They are SHA-0, SHA-1, SHA-2, and SHA-3
RC2 SHA-0 is published in 1993
RC4
RIPEMD- SHA-1 is Published in 1995

160 SHA-2 is published in 2001

SHA-3 is published in 2012

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SHA- Each SHA algorithms made some improvements over its

1,SHA- predecessor ,Mozilla, Google and Microsoft have all announced that
their browsers will stop accepting SHA-1 SSL certificates by 2017
2,SHA-3
SipHash
sha1 hash generator
Skein
SpookyHash what is a sha hash?
Streebog The whole name of sha is Secure Hash algorithms . the Secure Hash
url encoder Algorithms are a serials of cryptographic hash functions which is
decoder invented by National Institute of Standards and Technology.

Verhoeff The National Institute of Standards and Technology is a

algorithm measurement standards lab , which is also a non-regulatory agency
xxHash under the United States Department of Commerce. The National
Institute of Standards and Technology in the history offered many
product to promote innovation and industrial competitiveness of
US.

As the time of writing , there are 4 generations in the sha hash

family , they are the sha-0 (sha0) hash, sha-1(sha1 hash) hash, sha-
2(sha2 hash include sha256 hash and sha512 hash)hash ,and sha-
3(sha3 hash) hash. we will talk about each of the hash algorithm In
detail.

The sha-0 hash (sha0 hash) and sha-

1 hash (sha1 hash)
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The sha1 hash is a cryptographic hash function algorithm that is

invented by NSA of US(national security Agency of united states)
and published to the public by the US National Institute of
Standards and Technology as a Federal Information Processing
Standard.

A forward warning :As the time of writing the sha1 hash is no

longer consider secure ,and it is recommended to use sha2
hash(include sha256 hash and sha512 hash) or sha3 as sha1 hash’s
replacement.

The original sha1 hash is designed as a part of Capstone project ,

which is a US government long term to develop cryptography
standards for public and government use.

The sha1 hash algorithm is designed to produce a message digest

by using the similar principles as the MD4 and MD5 message digest
algorithms.in fact both sha and md5 are came from MD4. But the
sha hash algorithms design is more conservative.

The original form of sha hash algorithm was published in 1993 by

the title Secure Hash Standard, by National Institute of Standards
and Technology. But as the time of publication they found a flaw in
the sha algorithm, so they withdraw the original edition , the short
lived original edition of sha has algorithm is called the sha-0 ,or
sha0 hash algorithm.

The revised edition of algorithm is published in 1995 , and it well

known as the sha1 hash algorithm.
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The difference between the sha-0 and sha1 hash is only a single
bitwise rotation in the message schedule of its compression
function. NSA said this correction can increase the cryptographic
security of the original sha-0 hash algorithm.

So the first applicable is sha1 hash algorithm rather than sha-0.

The real world applications of sha1

hash
The sha1 hash is used in many modern security protocols and
applications, such as TLS,SSH, IPsec ,PGP and etc, beside security
applications and protocols sha1 hash is also used to generate
unique identifier in many user applications to identify revisions, or
used as a checksum for data integrity.

The famous linux creater . Linus Torvalds once said about git , a
Revision control systems for controlling program versions :

If you have disk corruption, if you have DRAM corruption, if you

have any kind of problems at all, Git will notice them. It's not a
question of if, it's a guarantee. You can have people who try to be
malicious. They won't succeed. [...] Nobody has been able to break
SHA1 hash, but the point is the SHA1 hash, as far as Git is
concerned, isn't even a security feature. It's purely a consistency
check. The security parts are elsewhere, so a lot of people assume
that since Git uses SHA1 hash and SHA1 hash is used for

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cryptographically secure stuff, they think that, Okay, it's a huge

security feature. It has nothing at all to do with security, it's just the
best hash you can get.

Japanese game console manufacture Nintendo also use sha-1 hash

for booting signature verification, although the verification is
bypassed by hacker later .

In united states ,it is required by law that certain US government

applications must use the sha hash algorithm inside them, such as
cryptographic protocols and algorithms to prevent information
leaks. many enterprises also use the sha1 hash algorithm in their
application, products or daily work.

The sha1 hash algorithm is being retired in US governments uses,

just as a quote form National Institute of Standards and
Technology : "Federal agencies should stop using SHA1 hash
algorithm for...applications that require collision resistance as soon
as practical, and must use the SHA-2(sha256 hash and sha512 hash)
family of hash functions for these applications after 2010".

The attacks against sha1 hash

algorithm
Why the sha1 hash algorithm is being retired ? thats because
people find ways to successfully attacked the algorithm.

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let us say that, L is the number of bits in the message digest of sha1
hash ,to find a message that corresponds to a given message
digest, one can use a brute force search in approximately 2L
evaluations. This kind of brute search is called a preimage attack
and may or may not be practical depending on L and the actual
computing environment.

There is another kind of attack that is called a collision attack,

The collision attack consisting of finding two different stream of

data that produce the same message digest ,the collision acctack
requires on average only about 1.2 2L/2evaluations using a birthday
attack.

So the strength of a particular hash function is usually compared to

a symmetric cipher of half the message digest length.

In the SHA1 hash algorithm, with a 160-bit message digest, was

originally thought to have 80-bit strength.

But in reality Cryptographers have produced collision pairs for SHA-

0 and have found algorithms that should produce SHA-1 collisions
in far fewer than the originally expected 280 evaluations.

For example. In early 2005, Rijmen and Oswald published a paper ,

in the paper , they find a kind of attack on a reduced version of
SHA-1 with 53 out of 80 rounds of computation , which is much
fewer than the original 280 operations.

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In February 2005, an attack was published by Xiaoyun Wang, Yiqun

Lisa Yin, and Hongbo Yu , which only need fewer than 269
operations for a successful attack on the full version of SHA1 hash
algorithm. There are several similar attacks on sha-1 during the
following years. Made the sha-1 much venerable than ever. And the
original sha-0 hash is a even weaker target, in 2008 people can use
an attack called the boomerang attack brought the complexity of
finding collisions down to 233.6, which is estimated to take 1 hour
on an average PC in 2008.

So the sha1 hash algorithm is being placed under the bed now, let
us what its successor look like .

The SHA-2 hash(include sha256

hash and hash 512 hash)
The sha-2 hash algorithm(include sha256 hash and hash 512 hash)
is designed by NSA in 2001. The sha-2 algorithm works the same as
sha-1 which use a serials of digital bits and produce a fixed length
of hashed value. People can use the sha-2 algorithm as a checksum
for digitial data.

There a 6 hash functions in the sha-2 hash family, they are sha224
hash, sha 256 hash ,sha384 hash , sha512 hash, sha512/224 and
sha-512/256. These hash algorithm can produce 224,256,384 and
512 bits length of sha-2 hash.

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The sha256 hash algorithm and SHA512 hash algorithm are novel
hash functions computed with 32-bit and 64-bit words,
respectively. The SHA224 hash algorithm and SHA384 hash
algorithm are simply truncated versions of sha256 hash and sha512
hash , just computed with different initial values. The SHA-512/224
and SHA-512/256 algorithm are also truncated versions of SHA512
hash, but the initial values are generated using the method
described in Federal Information Processing Standards (FIPS) PUB
180-4.

The application of sha-2 hash

algorithm(sha256 hash ,sha512
hash)
Just like sha-1 ,sha-2 hash function is also heavily used in security
applications and protocols ,such as SSL,TLS, PGP , IPsec, SSH and
S/MIME.

Beside security applications and protocol ,sha2 hash is also used in

many user applications, such as :

Debian, a popular linux distribution use sha256 hash to authenticate

debian software packages,The DomainKeys Identified Mail (dkim), a
very popular email massage signing method also use sha256 hash .

DNSSEC and password hashing function of linux are also going to

use sha-2 to replace sha1 hash algorithm.

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Us government also demand to replace sha1 hash with sha-2 in any

government agency applications.

The attacks on sha2 hash(sha256

hash and sha512 hash)
Although SHA2 hash(sha256 hash and sha512 hash) has some
similarity to the SHA1 hash algorithm, there is not a partially useful
attacks on sha-2.

As the time of writing, the best public attacks break preimage

resistance for 52 rounds on SHA256 hash or 57 rounds on SHA512
hash, and collision resistance for 46 rounds of SHA256 hash,

Only the collision attacks are of practical complexity; none of the

attacks extend to the full round hash function.

People now find that SHA256 hash and SHA512 hash algorithm ,
and to a lesser degree, the SHA-224 and SHA-384 are prone to
length extension attacks, make it insecure for ceratin applications.

It is now recommended to switch to SHA-3 for 512 bit hashes and

to use SHA-512/224 and SHA-512/256 instead of SHA-224 and
SHA256 hash algorithm. This also happens to be faster than SHA-
224 and SHA256 hash algorithm on x86-64, since SHA512 hash
algorithm works on 64 bit instead of 32 bit words

Only the collision attacks are of practical complexity; none of the

attacks extend to the full round hash function.

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The SHA-3 hash

The sha-3 hash algorithm is the newest member in the sha family.

The sha-3 is publish in 2015.8 by NIST.The internal structure is quite

different from the SHA-1 and SHA2 hash (sha256 hash and sha512
hash)algorithm.

The sha-3 algorithm is designated to be the successor of sha-2

,although NIST do not want to retire SHA2 hash now. The purpose
of SHA-3 is that it can be directly substituted for SHA-2 in current
applications if necessary.

The sha-3 algorithm is the chose winner from the NIST hash
function competition which is held in 2006 by NIST started to
organize the to create a new hash standard.

you can find the Wikipedia page of sha1 hash algorithm at

Wikipedia sha1 hash algorithm page

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