Answer these questions.

Lekcija 11
Into what units is data subdivided by the transport layer? - a) transport layer in a segment , b) network
layer in packets
What is the purpose of a transmission checksum test? - To determine if the data was scrambled during
transmission
How long does the data-link layer keep a copy of each packet? - Until it receives confirmation from the next points
along the route that the packet has arrived undamaged
What processes can be carried out at intermediate nodes? - a)The chechsum is calculated and verified for each packet
b) The message may be rerouted to avoid congestion on the network

Lekcija 12
What purpose does the Internet address have apart from identifying a node? - It provides a path that gateways can
use to route information from one machine to another
What do IP modules need to know about each other to communicate? - They must know each other’s Internet
addresses
How many Internet addresses does a gateway have? - One for each different network it connects
What does UDP software do? - Creates a data address in the TCP/IP message that states exactly what application
the data block is supposed to contact at the address the IP software has described
When does the TCP part of TCP/IP come into operation? - Once the packet is delivered to the correct Internet
address and application port
What processes are performed by TCP software to provide reliable stream service? - Looks for responses and takes
action to replace missing data blocks
What standard protocols are mentioned which are used to deal with the data after TCP brings it into the computer? - FTP
and SMTP

Lekcija 13
Name three different email protocols mentioned in the text. - SMTP,POP3 and IMAP4
Which email protocol is used to transfer messages between server computers? - SMTP
Why is SMTP unsuitable for delivering messages to desktop PCs? - PCs are not guaranteed to be
switched on at all times
Name two host-based mail systems mentioned in the text. - Unix and Web mail
Where are email messages stored in an SMTP system? - On the receiving (local) server
What happens when you use your Web mail account to access a POP3 mailbox? - The mail server opens
a connection to the POP3 server.The messages are then copied into your Web mailbox and read via a
browser
Give an advantage and a disadvantage of having an option to leave POP3 messages on the server. -
Advantage:It allows emails to be picked up from different machines without losing any.
Disadvantage: If too many messages build up,each download will take a long time and fill up your
inbox

Lekcija 14
What languages were derived from SGML? - a) HTML b) XML
What type of language is used to structure and format elements of a document? – A markup language
Name two meta languages - SGML and XML
What elements of data is XML (but not HTML) concerned with? a) indentity b) meaning c) structure
What is meant by the term ‘extensible’? - You can define your own custom markup tags
What makes XML a more intelligent language than HTML? - You can explicitly define the content in a document
What does the HTML markup tag <p> indicate? - The start of a new paragraph
Why are search engines able to do a better job with XML documents? – Because of the intelligent nature of XML
content i.e. The can identify the type of data in a document
What type of website is particularly likely to benefit from XML? – An e-commerce website
Describe good navigation design principles.
If possible your navigation system should be based on text links, rather than image maps or graphical
buttons.If you must use a graphical navigation system, include descriptive ALT text captions.A site map
offers a good overview of your site and will provide additional orientation.Avoid frames wherever
possible.Don’t change the location of your navigation elements, or the color of visited and not-visited links
from page to page.Keep content close at hand.Use search function as much as possible. Provide multiple
paths through your site so visitors aren’t restricted to one style of browsing. Don’t overwhelm visitors by
presenting dozens of places that they can go.

Describe three advantages of a network.

Network connecting a number of PCs equipped with Ethernet adapters to a hub. The simplest
networks allow basic file-sharing and multiplayer gaming as well as sharing of peripherals.
Computer and entertainment networks can be separate but linked by the server to allow control of
the latter from the terminals. Most advanced home networks are likely to have a client/server structure, with
low-cost terminals

Are these statements true or false?

Lekcija 11
Most of the work that an application does to prepare a message for sending … T
ASCII is always used to transmit data F
The encryption layer compresses the message T
The network layer keeps track of how many packets are in each message T
The network layer keeps a copy of each packet until it arrives at the next node F
Analogue signals are used on ordinary telephone lines T
When a message arrives at its destination, it passes through the same seven … T

Lekcija 12
Internet addresses are an integral part of the IP protocol T
Internet addresses can be written as a series of numbers T
UDP software provides the final routing for data within the receiving system T
UDP recovers packets that aren’t successfully delivered F
TCP only works with packet-switched networks F
TCP only works when it is combined with IP F

Lekcija 13
Different mail systems transfer emails in different ways T
IMAP4 requires more bandwidth than the other email protocols F
SMTP is used for sending emails from a PC to a server T
SMTP delivers messages one at a time F
SMTP does not allow a delivered message to be cancelled T
SMTP is only one of many protocols used to send mail between servers F
POP protocol allows the user to download one message at a time. F

Lekcija 14
HTML is no longer useful for creating webpages F
SGML is more complex than XML T
XML files can only be used on Unix systems F
XML files can only be read by browser programs F
HTML is a markup language T
Internet searches will be better with XML files T
Complete these definitions.
A gateway is an interface enabling dissimilar networks to communicate.
A bridge is a hardware and software combination used to connect the same type of networks.
A backbone is a network transmission path handling major data traffic.
A router is a special computer directing messages when several networks are linked.
A network is a number of computers and peripherals linked together.
A LAN is a network connecting computers over a small distance such as within a company.
A server is a powerful computer storing many programs shared by all the clients in the network.
A client is a network computer used for accessing a service on a server.
A thin client is a simple computer comprising a processor and memory, display, keyboard, mouse and hard
drives only.
A hub is an electronic device connecting all the data cabling in a network.

Rewrite these warnings.

Don't give open access to PCs. - Avoid giving open access to PCs because you may get viruses.
You must not use your own programs on these machines. - Never use your own floppies on these machines.
You may introduce viruses.
No coffee in this lab. - You must not drink coffee in this lab.If you spill it,you may damage the keyboard.
Avoid giving financial informationn in a chat room. - Don’t give financial information in a chat room.
Someone may try to cheat you.
Never give out your password - Always keep your password secret.Someone may try to hack into your
system.
Don’t use out-of-date antivirus software. - Use up to date anti-virus software.new viruses appear all the time.
Never use a computer that has benn standing for a long time a cold environment without waiting until it has
reached normal room temperature - Always wait until a computer has reached normal room temperature
before using it or you may damage the hard disk.
Cards must not be removed from their anti-static packing until required - Never remove cards from their
anti-static packing until required.Otherwise you may damage them.
Use an IC extraction tool; don’t use a screwdriver. – Use an IC extraction tool rather than a screwdriver.The
pins are fragile.
Always ensure the power is switched off when working on a computer. – You must not work on a computer
with the power on because you may be electrocuted

Task 3

A bridge is a hardware and software combination used to connect the same type of networks.
A gateway is a device used to connect two different networks, especially a connection to the Internet.
Backbone - It is connecting different LANs together.
A LAN is a network contained within a small area, for example a company department,school,university…
Router is a device which forwards data packets to the appropriate parts of a computer network
A file server - a device which controls access to separately stored files, as part of a multi-user system.
Client is a desktop computer or workstation that is capable of obtaining information and applications from a
server
Server is a computer or computer program which manages access to a centralized resource or service in a
network.
A LAN is a computer network that links devices within a building or group of adjacent buildings, especially
one with a radius of less than 1 km.
Backbone is a high-speed digital connection which forms the axis of a local or wide area network.
Link each pair of actions using a time clause.
When you click the mouse pointer on the file, it is highlighted.
You cannot save a file until you name it.
As the files are transferred,the transfer is graphically displayed.
Remove any floppies before you close down the computer.
Once the OK button is clicked, the copying process begins.
The percentage of file transferred is displayed as your browser downloads from the Internet.
The virus is not activated until you open the infected file.
Before you repair a PC ensure the machine is disconnected.
Don’t open an email attachment until you have virus-checked it.
After you add memory, change the BIOS settings.
When you use a search engine it provides a set of links related to your search.
With POP3, email is stored on the server until you check your email account.
When you have clicked on a hyperlink, you have to wait for the webpage to be copied to your computer.
As you listen to the first part of a streamed audio file the next part is downloading.
The graphics can be displayed as gradually the webpage is downloaded.
After you receive an email message you can forward it to another address.
When you click on a hyperlink the browser checks to see if the linked webpage is stored in the cache.
You can bookmark a webpage to make it easier to find in the future when you find one you like.
After you type in a Web address you should press the Enter key.
When you click on the Home button the browser displays your starting webpage.

Give advice on these aspects of navigation design.

Don't change the location of your navigation elements.

It's a good idea to visit a few larger sites.
If you're committed to using frames on your site, you'd better commit yourself to some extra work too.
Base your navigation system on text link, not graphical buttons.
If you use graphical navigation, include ALT text links.
Be consistent in your navigation links from page to page.
Use well-placed links rather than a search function.
Offer alternative routes through your site so that visitors can browse in different ways.
It’s a good idea to use text links because visitors use them more often than graphical links.
Avoid using only graphical buttons because some visitors browse with the graphics turned off.
You should always include ALT text captions if you use graphical links as some brosers do not support them
I recommend you include a site map because it helps visitors to navigate your site.
You had better not use frames because they can be confusing and some browsers do not support them.
You should keep navigation elements in the same position on each page.
Use logical links because they will help visitors to find what whey want.
Avoid using a serch function as they produce irrelevant answers and visitors may not know how to use them
It’s not a good idea to have too many links on a page as this may overwhelm visitors.

Complete the gaps with will or would.

What will you do when you finish your diploma?
I would like to take a course in multimedia.
How long will that take?
If I choose the certificate, it will take 6 months but if I chose the master’s, it would take a full year.
What would be the advantage of the master’s?
I guess I would have better job prospects.
When will you decide?
It depends on my finals. If I do well, I will go for the master’s.