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10/7/2016

Evolution of Town Planning Tasks Performed by


Practice and Process in India Improvement Trust
• Draft and implement Town Planning
Schemes
1898-1915
• Acquire land under Land Acquisition Act,
- Bombay Improvement Trust created in 1894
1898 under Bombay Improvement Act
• Subdivide, develop and sell plots
of the same year
• Road widening works
- Later such trusts created in other cities,
• Slum clearance
e.g., Agra, Kanpur, Nagpur, Delhi,
Kolkata, and many more • Housing for the low income groups
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Municipalities
Issues
• Created by the British in many towns and
cities during the middle of the nineteenth
century • Creating a special authority like Improvement
• Mainly for maintaining community facilities Trust, separate from municipality, initiated
and services such as water supply, the phenomenon of multiplicity of authorities
sewerage, drainage, primary education, • Overlapping functions, blurring of division of
roads and streets, parks and playgrounds responsibilities and related conflicts
etc., and enforcing building bye-laws
• Planning practice highly physical in
• Limited urban development and regulation
activities such as construction of roads, orientation
division of land into plots, enforcing land use
regulations and construction of buildings
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Evolution of Planning
Legislation Evolution

1915 – 1930 Role of State Government in Town Planning


Town Planning Acts in various states • Essentially, town planning envisaged as a
Bombay Town Planning Act, 1915 municipal function
U. P. Town Improvement Act, 1919 • But State Town Planning Departments (such
as Bombay Town Planning and Valuation
Madras Town Planning Act, 1920
Department established in 1914) could direct
• These acts essentially authorized preparation municipalities to prepare Town Planning
of Town Planning Schemes Schemes under Town Planning Act

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10/7/2016

Role of State Government in Town Patrick Geddes Visits India


Planning (1915 – 1920)
• Diagnosis before treatment
Municipalities not being equipped to
• Comprehensive surveys – surveys of
prepare town planning schemes, State
the geology, the geography, the climate,
Town Planning Department created as the economy, social institutions of the
per the provisions of Town Planning city and its region
Acts, ultimately took over the task of
preparing Town Planning Schemes

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Comprehensive Planning Comprehensive Planning


Geddesian Triangle
• Integrated development of residence,
Folk
work and recreation areas (Organism)
• Planning not merely a physical activity
but of a multidisciplinary nature covering
also economic and social aspects of
cities and regions Place
Work (Environment)
• Integration of old with the new (Function)

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Issue – British Influence on Town


New Planning Orientation Planning in India
• Besides Geddes, planning practice in India
• Planning a social activity, concerned with health and and related legislative activity was very much
well being of people in general and poor in particular influenced by similar activities in Britain in
– slum clearance, rehabilitation housing and creation earlier days.
of sanitary environment • Town planning legislative activity in India
• Planning a physical activity, concerned with physical around 1920s and afterwards was greatly
arrangement of activity areas inspired by the British Town Planning Act of
• Planning a diagnostic activity, concerned with survey 1909
and analysis of physical, social, and economic
• Capital of British India, New Delhi inherited
aspects of villages, towns, cities and regions
many elements of Garden City concept

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Recommendations of Sir
Evolution (1930-1950)
Joseph Bhore Committee
1930 – 1940 • Creation of Ministry of Housing and Town
Planning in every State
• A period of relative lull due to World • Fully equipped directorates of Town Planning in
War II every State
• Appointment of a Town Planning expert in the
1946 Central Ministry of Health for scrutiny of Town
• Health Survey and Development Planning Schemes submitted by States for
financial support
Committee under the chairmanship of
• Creation of improvement trusts in all the large
Sir Joseph Bhore cities

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Institutional Weaknesses of Town


Evolution (1947 - 1950) Planning Profession

1947 • Problems and Limitations of Town


• Partition of the Country Planning were brought into focus
- Extreme shortage of professionals
• Rehabilitation of refugees
- Non-existence of comprehensive town
• Planning and construction of refugee planning legislations in almost all the
towns states
- Badly organized Town Planning
Departments
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Post Independence Issue – Lack of


Comprehensiveness in Planning
• Initiatives to strengthen planning practice and
related enabling measures
• More states enacted planning legislations • Piecemeal nature of planning schemes
• More states established town planning – generally unrelated to each other and
departments often at cross-purpose
• Central government’s involvement in • Need for Master Plan
providing guidelines to State Governments in
Town Planning began to take shape

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New Set of Town Planning


Master Plan Acts
Comprehensive Acts requiring preparation of
Master Plans: a coordinated set of Master Plans
proposals for physical development of • Bombay Town Planning Act, 1954 though
the whole town rather than parts of it, enforced in 1957
and taking into account not only the • Most states followed with new Acts or revised
existing ones
present needs but also the future
• By 1961, most states in India had Town
requirements Planning Acts
• By early 1960s, 14 of the then 15 states had
established town planning departments
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Master Plan Key Features of Planning Practice


• Planning Practice moved out of the phase of
• Town Planning Departments involved in preparation of Town Planning Schemes and entered that of
Master Plans Master Plan
• Plans based on detailed surveys of social, demographic
and physical aspects of the town and environs
• No more a municipal function but a state function
• Plans covered not only existing developed limits but also • Besides master plans, state town planning
rural areas beyond to take care of future requirements departments engaged in advising the
• Projection of population for 20-30 years government on physical planning measures,
• Estimates of land requirement for various activity areas for preparing housing schemes, selecting sites for
the projected population industrial location, design industrial estates,
• Proposed land use, transportation and services networks revision of building bye-laws, drafting town
• Master Plans for about 200 towns and cities prepared by planning legislation or revision of existing once,
1961. Many more were being prepared. etc.

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Administrative Set-up for Town Need for Change in the


Planning Administrative Set-up
• State Town Planning Departments • Need for area wide controlling and coordinating
agencies having jurisdiction over the entire master
prepared master plans plan area
• Improvement Trust or some special • Need to resolve conflicts between Improvement
authority implemented them Trusts and municipalities
• Municipal Corporations in UP formed whereby the
• Municipalities in charge of maintenance functions of the improvement trusts and
of developed areas municipalities were merged together
• Development Authorities instead of improvement
Trusts

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Central Government Initiatives Central Government Initiatives


First Five Year Plan Period (1951- 56)
- Suggested Model Town and Country Act that will provide Second Five Year Plan (1956-61)
for zoning and planned use of land - Reiterated the need for preparing master plans for
- Control of ribbon development all important towns and setting up machinery for
- Slum clearance the purpose in each state and strengthening state
- Diagnostic surveys and preparation of master plans Town Planning Departments
- Town Planning Organization (later renamed as Town and
Country Planning Organization) formed at the Center in - Town and Country Planning legislation in all states
1955 - Need for regional planning to evolve balanced
- Entrusted with the responsibility of Preparing Master Plan rural-urban regions
for Delhi
- ITPI set up in 1951 to promote planning education and - DDA created in 1957 replacing Delhi Improvement
planning profession. Trust
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Central Government Initiatives- Central Government Initiatives- Third


Five Year Plan (1961-66)
Third Five Year Plan (1961-66)
- Provided for preparation of master plans for major • Industrial development away from large cities
cities (above 100,000 population), state capitals, • Need for rationalization in planning with the objective of
port towns, new industrial centers, etc integrated rural urban development
- Metropolitan region plans • Diversification of rural economy
- Regional plans for industrial regions, resource • T&CPO the technical arm of Central Government for
regions and river valley regions Town & Country Planning and monitoring central grants
- Master Plan for Delhi and Basic Development Plan to states for preparation of master plans and centrally
for Calcutta assisted schemes
- Problem of regional disparity and few cities • New Towns / Industrial Townships
becoming too big • Maharashtra Regional and Town Planning Act 1966
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Central Government Initiatives Central Government Initiatives


Fourth Five Year Plan (1966-71) Fourth Five Year Plan (1966-71)
- Reiterated the need to restrict growth of - Bombay Metropolitan Regional Planning Board in
1967
large urban centers - Maharashtra State Pollution Control Act, 1969
- Search for optimum city size where new - Calcutta Metropolitan Development Authority created
industrial activity could be located – SRI in 1970 incorporating about 70 urban and rural local
bodies
Project
- Bombay Metropolitan Region Plan in 1970
- Ford Foundation project on `Growth - Housing and Urban Development Corporation
Centers’ (HUDCO) constituted in 1970 as premier financing
agency, particularly for LIG and EWS
- Task force on small and medium towns
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Central Government Initiatives Central Government Initiatives


Annual Plans (1971 – 74)
Fifth Five Year Plan (1974-79)
• National Committee on Environmental
- Focus on removal of poverty
Planning and Coordination (NCEPC), 1972 to
promote research on environment, resource - National Program of Minimum Needs such as
conservation and pollution control elementary education, minimum public health
facilities, rural water supply, home sites for
• Draft New Bombay Plan 1973 for 2 million
landless labor, rural roads, and rural
inhabitants
electrification
• Bombay Metropolitan Region Development
- Development and Improvement of Slums
Authority 1975

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Central Government Initiatives Central Government Initiatives


Fifth Five Year Plan (1974-79) Fifth Five Year Plan (1974-79)
- Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act of
- Integrated Urban Development Program to fund
India, 1974
cities which had statutory master plans and
instituted development authorities for - Central Pollution Control Board for Prevention and
Control of Water Pollution and Air Pollution, 1974
implementation of master plans
- Report on environmental aspects of Human
- Encouraged dispersal of industries and projects Settlements for the Habitat Conference at Vancouver
developed on self financing principle in 1976
- Emphasis on infrastructure development - Urban Land Ceiling (and Regulation) Act 1976
- Integrated programming and funding with - Sites and Services Schemes 1979
emphasis on project implementation

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Central Government Initiatives Central Government Initiatives


Sixth Five Year Plan (1980-85)
Sixth Five Year Plan (1980-85)
- Concerns about Environment and Ecology, Water
Pollution Control, Air Pollution Control and Air Quality - Central Air (Prevention and Control of
Monitoring Stations Pollution) Act, 1981
- Depletion of non-renewable resources - Policies for energy conservation efforts in
- Infrastructure and other facilities in Small and designing urban areas
Medium Towns as `Service Centers’ for rural
- Use of solar and bio-energy
hinterland

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Central Government Initiatives Central Government Initiatives


Seventh Plan Period (1985-1990)
Sixth Five Year Plan (1980-85) - Policy that development projects should take into account
- Greater thrust on infrastructure supports in small and environmental imperatives
medium towns - A network of Environmental Information System (ENIS) to be
- Scheme for Integrated Development of Small and established
Medium Towns (IDSMT) - Encourage growth of infrastructure in small towns
- Environmental Improvement of Urban Slums through - Improved land assembly, development and management
Basic Services Program - Coordinating policies relating to employment
- Reduce Regional Inequalities and development of promotion,urbanization, urban financing, industrialization and
backward areas transportation at national level
- Decentralization for a better role of grass-roots level
- District and Block level planning
organizations in decision-making
- Development of tribal and hill areas - Multi-Level Planning

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Central Government Initiatives Central Government Initiatives


1990 - 1995
Seventh Plan Period (1985-1990)
- Area Development Programs – backward areas, drought prone • National Settlement Policy
areas, deserts and hill regions • National Urbanization Policy
- A National Commission on Urbanization (1985) to evolve a
holistic policy for urbanization • National Population Policy
- Conservation of water, land and other environmental resources • National Housing Policy - 1994
- Central Ganga Authority and National Wasteland Development
Board • National Housing Bank
- National Environmental Act passed in 1986 • National Housing and Habitat Policy 1998
- Ministry of Environment and Forest created at the Center
- Ministry of Urban Development established in the Central
• 74th Constitutional Amendment, 1992
Government in 1985 • National Policy for Development of Slums
- Statutory backing to the National Capital Region Planning Board

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National Urban Hosing and Habitat Policy -


New Policy Orientations 2005
• Draft Policy introduced on September 6, 2005
1995 - 2000
• Create adequate housing stock both on rental and ownership
• Public Sector as catalyst and enabler rather basis
provider of housing and other services • Facilitating accelerated supply of serviced land with particular
• Liberalization of industrial location policy focus on LIG and EWS
• Alternative to Compulsory Land Acquisition • Facilitate up gradation of infrastructure in towns and cities
• Public-Private Partnerships
• Urban Sector Reforms –Alternative to Master
Plan, changes in the rent act, deregulation,
rationalization of building byelaws and
development controls

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Provision of Urban Amenities in Rural Areas JN National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM)
(PURA)
• Launched on 3rd December, 2005
• Part of the President Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam’s `India 2020 – a
• Focus on providing affordable land, drinking water, sanitation, housing
vision for the new millennium’ and social services to the urban poor
• He expected at least 100 PURA complexes would be launched • All the metropolitan areas, other state capitals, and some important
by the end of 2006 religious, historical and tourists centers were covered under the
• PURA to be a collaborative effort of societal organizations, programme
educational institutions, bankers, industrialists, entrepreneurs, • A total of 63 settlements identified under the mission initially.
and the government • Annual central allocation of Rs. 5,500 crore
• 50-50 sharing of PURA project expenses between center and • Two sub-missions:
state - Urban Infrastructure and Governance to be administered
• PURA conceptualized as a modern rural cluster with a by the Ministry of Urban Development (MoUD)
population between 1and 3 lakhs to be created by integrating - Basic Services to the Urban Poor to be administered by
villages by a ring road the Ministry of Housing & Urban Poverty Alleviation (MoHUPA)

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JLN National Urban Renewal Mission JLN National Urban Renewal Mission
Objectives:
- integrated development of infrastructure services • A financing pattern for sharing of investment between the
state and central governments and loans from financial
- stress on efficient maintenance and self-sustenance
institutions – center taking larger share for comparatively
- ensure adequate investment of funds to eliminate
small cities
deficiencies in infrastructure
• Central assistance linked to mandatory reforms
- planned development of peri-urban areas, out growths,
- local body level reforms in accounting procedures,
urban corridors
- scale up delivery of civic amenities and provision introduction of e-governance, IT applications like GIS and
of utilities with increased access to urban poor MIS, property tax, exclusive budgets for urban poor, user
- urban renewal of inner areas charges for self-sustenance of services, specific focus on
- Provision of basic services, security of tenure at urban poor for provision of infrastructure, housing and
affordable prices, improved housing, and services
environmental and social services
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JLN National Urban Renewal Mission Scope, Institutions and Legislations


- State level reforms to ensure implementation of 74th CAA, SCOPE INSTITUIONS LEGISLATIONS
repeal of ULCAR Act, rationalization of stamp duty (not Beautification and Municipalities Municipal ACT and Building
more than 5%), institutionalize public participation, and Road Widening Bye-Laws
Town Planning Improvement Trusts LA Act
transfer special agencies providing services to ULBs Schemes
- Optional reforms (common to state and ULBs) aiming at Master Plans Town Planning Departments Town Planning Act
revision of bye-laws to streamline approval process for Town and Regional Planning Department
Regional Plans Development Authorities Town and Regional
construction of building, development of sites, etc., Planning Act
Regional Development Authorities
simplification of procedures for conversion of agricultural
National Programs Regional Planning Boards Zoning and Sub-Division
land for non-agricultural uses, introduction of property title and Policies Housing Boards Regulations
certification system in ULBs, earmarking 20-25 percent of Housing Policy Slum Clearance Boards Pollution Control Act
developed land for EWS/LIG with cross subsidization, and National Policy on HUDCO/ HSMI/TCPO/NIUA/DUAC ULCAR
Slums Infrastructure Development Corporation DUAC Act
introduction of computerized process of registration of land
Pollution Control Boards
and property ITPI/ Educational Institutions
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Conclusions
Institute of Town Planners, India
• Planning practice has evolved from piecemeal planning
schemes to comprehensive development plans
• Set-up in 1951 with 19 members, 290 in • Yet to evolve a national urbanization policy and national
settlement policy
1971, more than 600 in 1979, 1100 in 1987
• Regionalisation exercise should be completed at the national
and more than 5,000 today level
• Worked for consolidation and strengthening • Spatial implications of sectoral investments need to be
incorporated in the planning process
of Town Planning Profession
• Non-implementation of master plans a major concern
• Establishment of Planning School • Planners need to adopt flexible planning approaches
• National economic development efforts need • Better plan implementation and urban management systems
• Participatory approaches and improved urban governance
spatial dimension

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