Practical Number: 3

Second Order Under damped System (Manometer)

Aim:
To find out the dynamic response of a second order under damped system to a step
change in the input variable. Also to determine overshoot and decay ratio for the
response and compare it with theoretical values.
Apparatus:
1. A U-tube manometer of sufficient inside diameter filled with mercury.
2. Compress air supply at 1 atm gauge pressure.
3. A pressure-regulating valve to control out put pressure of compressed air.
Procedure:
1. Connect the compressed air supply to the pressure-regulating valve.
2. Apply the regulated compressed air pressure to one side of the manometer by
using manomatric tubing provide for the purpose. Take initial reading of pressure
difference and set the opening of pressure regulating valve.
3. Again apply the compressed air and note down the heights in each limb at each
and every up and down of mercury in manometer.
4. Repeat the procedure 3 – 4 times and note the readings.
Observation:
1. Height of mercury in manometer: c.m.
2. Inside diameter of manometer tube (di) = c.m.
3. Viscosity of mercury at room temperature ( µ ) = cp.
4. Density if mercury at room temperature = gm/cc.
0
5. Room temperature = C.

Observation table:
Sr. Time Height of Height of y(t) y(t)
No. (units) peak though A A
(c.m.) (c.m.) (PEAK) (TROUGH)

1. 1

1
 2. 2
3. 3
4. 4
5. 5
6. 6
. 7

Calculation:
Theoretical Calculation:

1. τ = (L/2g)1/2 =
∴τ = sec.

8µ 2L
2. damping factor ξ =
dδ g

ξ =

3. Overshoot =
4. Decay ratio = (overshoot)2
Decay ratio = _

Experimental Calculation:
From graph A= and B =
1. Overshoot = (A/B) = .
2. Decay ratio = (overshoot)2
Decay ratio =
3. Damping factor ( ξ ):

4. Time Require:

Graph:

2
Plot graph of time vs. the manometer reading.
Results:
Theoretical Experimental
Overshoot
Decay Ratio
Damping Factor ( ξ )

τ
Time Constant ( )

Conclusion:

Assignment Question
Consider simple manometer with pressure on both legs. Length of column is L. At time t=0
pressure difference is imposed across the legs of manometer. Assuming resultant flow in
manometer to be laminar & steady state frictional law to apply at each instant, determine the
transfer function between applied pressure difference P & manometer reading h.

Hint

Momentum balance

Sum of forces causing fluid to move = rate of change of momentum of fluid ---- (1)

Sum of forces = unbalances pressure force – frictional forces opposing motion

Unbalanced pressure force =

Frictional force = shear force @wall – area in contact with wall

Rate of change of momentum = d/dt(mass x velocity x momentum correction factor)

Substitute in 1 & rearrange and find ζ & τ