Emergy & Complex Systems

Day 1, Lecture 2….

Energy….

The ability to cause work…

EN-571: Energy Materials and WORK is defined as any
Energy-Types, Generation, Conservation, Environment useful energy transformation

…in most kinds of work, one type of energy is transformed

into another with some going into a used form that no
longer has potential for further work

Energy vs. Power

“Primary energy”
• Energy: “capacity to do work”
– Work: “quantity of energy transferred by system to
another” • Energy content of original resource
Units:
» Joule (J): energy exerted by a force of 1 N Coal, Natural gas, Petroleum,
whilst moving an object by 1m
1N.m = 1 (kg.m.s-2).m = 1 kg.m2.s-2
Hydro, Wind, Solar
also 1J = 1 V.C Direct use of sunlight for building use
• Power: “rate at which energy is converted or (illumination, passive solar heating) not
included
work is performed”
What forms of energy do you know?

Energy by Source Energy by Technology

What Is Energy?
1. Fuel Cells
1. Chemical, 2. Nuclear fission • Energy does things for us. It moves cars
2. Thermal, 3. Energy Efficient Buildings along the road and boats on the water. It
4. Fossil fuels / CCS bakes a cake in the oven and keeps ice
3. Kinetic, 5. Solar PV frozen in the freezer. It plays our favorite
4. Radiant, 6. Solar Thermal
7. Geothermal
songs and lights our homes at night. Energy
5. Mechanical, 8. Wind helps our bodies grow and our minds think.
9. Electrical storage Energy is a changing, doing, moving,
6. Electrical,
10.Electrical grid / distribution working thing
7. Gravitational 11.Bio Energy

Energy is defined as the ability to Sources of Energy

The ten major energy sources we use today are classified into two broad
produce change or do work, and that work groups—nonrenewable and renewable.
Nonrenewable energy sources include coal, petroleum, natural gas, propane, and
can be divided into several main tasks we uranium. They are used to generate electricity, to heat our homes, to move our cars,
and to manufacture products from candy bars to cell phones.
easily recognize: These energy sources are called nonrenewable because they cannot be replenished
in a short period of time. Petroleum, a fossil fuel, for example, was formed hundreds of
Energy produces light. millions of years ago, before dinosaurs existed. It was formed from the remains of
ancient sea life, so it cannot be made quickly. We could run out of economically
Energy produces heat. recoverable nonrenewable resources some day.

Energy produces motion. Renewable energy sources include biomass, geothermal, hydropower,
solar, and wind. They are called renewable energy sources because their supplies are
Energy produces sound. replenished in a short time. Day after day, the sun shines, the wind blows, and the rivers
flow. We use renewable energy sources mainly to make electricity.
Energy produces growth.
Is electricity a renewable or nonrenewable source of energy? The answer is
Energy powers technology. neither. Electricity is different from the other energy sources because it is a secondary
source of energy. That means we have to use another energy source to make it. In the
United States, coal is the number one fuel for generating electricity.
 Forms of Energy
There are many forms of energy, but they all
fall into two categories –potential or kinetic.
¾ POTENTIAL ENERGY
Potential energy is stored energy and the
energy of position, or gravitational potential
energy. There are several forms of potential
energy, including:
Chemical energy is energy stored in
the bonds of atoms and molecules. It is the
energy that holds these particles together.
Foods we eat, biomass, petroleum, natural
gas, and propane are examples of stored
chemical energy.
…….Forms of Energy-Potential Energy
• Nuclear energy is energy stored in
the nucleus of an atom—the energy that
binds the nucleus together. The energy
can be released when the nuclei are
combined or split apart.
• Nuclear power plants split the nuclei of
uranium atoms in a process called
fission.
• The sun combines the nuclei of
hydrogen atoms into helium atoms in a
process called fusion.
• In both fission and fusion, mass is
converted into energy, according to
Einstein’s Theory, E = mc2.
…….Forms of Energy-Potential Energy
• During photosynthesis, sunlight gives
plants the energy they need to build
complex chemical compounds. When
these compounds are later broken
down, the stored chemical energy is
released as heat, light, motion, and
sound.
• Elastic energy is energy stored in
objects by the application of a force.
Compressed springs and stretched
rubber bands are examples of elastic
energy.
…….Forms of Energy-Potential Energy
• Gravitational potential energy is the
energy of position or place.
• A rock resting at the top of a hill
contains gravitational potential energy
because of its position.
• Hydropower, such as water in a
reservoir behind a dam, is an example of
gravitational potential energy.

…….Forms of Energy-Kinetic Energy
eThermal energy, which is often
described as heat, is the internal
energy in substances—the vibration
and movement of atoms and
molecules within substances.
• The faster molecules and atoms
vibrate and move within a
substance, the more energy they
possess and the hotter they
become. Geothermal energy is
an example of thermal energy.
…….Forms of Energy-Kinetic Energy
Kinetic energy is motion—the motion of waves,
electrons, atoms, molecules, substances, and objects.
eElectrical energy is the movement of
electrons. Everything is made of tiny particles
called atoms. Atoms are made of even smaller
particles called electrons, protons, and
neutrons. Applying a force can make some of
the electrons move. Electrons moving through
a wire are called electricity. Lightning is
another example of electrical energy.
eRadiant energy is electromagnetic
energy that travels in transverse waves.
Radiant energy includes visible light, x-rays,
gamma rays, and radio waves. Solar energy
is an example of radiant energy.
…….Forms of Energy-Kinetic Energy
eMotion energy or mechanical energy
is the movement of objects and
substances from one place to another.
According to Newton’s Laws of Motion,
objects and substances move when an
unbalanced force is applied. Wind is an
example of motion energy.
eSound energy is the movement of
energy through substances in longitudinal
(compression/rarefaction) waves. Sound
is produced when a force causes an
object or substance to vibrate. The
energy is transferred through the
substance in a wave.
 Conservation of Energy ………..Conservation of Energy
The Law of Conservation of Energy says energy is neither
created nor destroyed.
When we use energy, we do not use it completely—we just
change its form. That’s really what we mean when we say we are Energy can change form, but the total
using energy. We change one form of energy into another. quantity of energy in the universe remains the
o A car engine burns gasoline, same.
converting the chemical
energy in the gasoline into
motion energy that makes The only exception to this law is when a
the car move. small amount of matter is converted into
o Old-fashioned windmills energy during nuclear fusion and fission.
changed the kinetic energy of
the wind into motion energy
to grind grain.
o Solar cells change radiant
energy into electrical energy.

Efficiency
Energy efficiency is the amount of useful energy you can get
out of a system. ……….Efficiency
o In theory, a 100 percent energy efficient machine would
change all of the energy put in it into useful work.
A traditional incandescent light bulb isn’t efficient
o Converting one form of energy into another form always
either. This type of light bulb converts only ten
involves a loss of usable energy, usually in the form of
thermal energy. percent of the electrical energy into light and the
rest (90 percent) is converted into thermal energy.
In fact, most energy transformations are not very efficient. That’s why these light bulbs are so hot to the touch.
o The human body is no exception. Their inefficiency is also why these bulbs are no
o Your body is like a machine, and the fuel for your longer sold for use in homes, and why many
“machine” is food. Food gives us the energy to move,
consumers use LEDs and CFLs for lighting.
breathe, and think.
o Your body is very inefficient at converting food into useful
work. Most of the energy in your body is released as
thermal energy.
 Efficiency of a Thermal Power Plant
Most thermal power plants are about 35 percent efficient. Of the 100 units of energy that
Gas Turbine Use in the Energy Industry.
go into a plant, 65 units are lost as one form of energy is converted to other forms. The
remaining 35 units of energy leave the plant to do usable work.
How a Thermal Power Plant Power Station.
Works
-Fuel is fed into a boiler, where
it is burned (except for uranium
which is fissioned, not burned)
to release thermal energy.
-Water is piped into the boiler House and Factory.
and heated, turning it into
steam. Gas.
Pipeline

-The steam travels at high Oil.

pressure through a steam line.
-The high pressure steam turns a
turbine, which spins a shaft. Compressor Transport.
Oil Refinery.
Stations. Energy Materials
Inside the generator, the shaft spins a ring of magnets inside coils of copper wire. This GT

creates an electric field, producing electricity. 9/10 October 2008.

Loughborough University

Electricity is sent to a switchyard, where a transformer increases the voltage,

allowing it to travel through the electric grid.

Ni-base alloy/ MCrAlY / TBC

• 360 single crystal components
• 86 DS components
• over 1000 precision cast parts
Gas Turbine Materials
• Higher temperature blading/combustors
Ferritic Steel – Thermal cycling
Austenitic Steel • Combustor & blading alloys for aggressive
environments
SX Alloy / MCrAlY / TBC DS • Coatings (corrosion, oxidation, TBC, SMART)
Alloy / MCrAlY • Stronger disc alloys
Rotor ferritic steel Ni-base Alloy / Chromizing • Lightweighting (last stage blading)
© Alstom
Energy Materials
GT

9/10 October 2008.

Loughborough University
 Jet engines have become 50% more efficient
Gas Turbine Material
• Compressors.
Key Areas. •Increase in turbine inlet temperature enabled by •Evaporatively
Cooled Materials
•changes in SIZE and CONFIGURATION of nickel
• Fe and Ti based alloys. • Ceramic Matrix
•alloy STRUCTURE and NOT Chemistry
• Combustors. Composites
• Wrought Ni sheet. •3 0 0 0

• Turbines. •2900
•2010

•Turbine Inlet Temp, T41 (deg F)

• Blades. •2800

•150,000
•~10°C/yr
- Cast or wrought Ni- •2700

g’s
alloys. •2600
• Discs.
•2500
- Wrought Ni-alloys.
•2400
• Steel rotors.
•2300
• Sealing. Alstom GT26
© Alstom •2200
• Coatings. •2100
• Repair. •2 0 0 0
Energy Materials
GT •1 9 6 0 1 9 6 5 1 9 7 0 1 9 7 5 1 9 8 0 1 9 8 5 1 9 9 0 1 9 9 5 2 0 0 0 2 0 0 5

•Year of Introduction
9/10 October 2008.
Loughborough University

•Equiaxed Oriented Single Single crystal tailored

•crystals crystals crystal configuration

Steam turbine materials

Operation at higher temperatures Boiler materials
• Improved creep performance
• More aggressive environment
•Ferritic materials with operational temperatures to
• More demanding surface properties 650C either through intrinsic properties or a
(steam oxidation, wear)-coatings combination of this and surface engineering
development

•Austenitic materials capable of temperatures up to

Enable more aerodynamic steam path 700C and then beyond
• Highly stressed low temperature steam
path •Superalloys materials capable of temperatures up
• Stronger rotors and blades coupled to 750C and beyond in aggressive environments
with resistance to SCC
•Materials modelling capabilities to reduce lead
time for new alloys to hit the market place
Incremental developments are vital
9
 Relationships between processing, structure and
properties of high-tensile strength martensitic steels
Processing Structure Properties
Matrix
Lath mantensite
Cleavage resistance
Tempering Co; SRO istovory res[stanoe Strength

Strengthening dispersion
Solution
treatment (Mo,Cr,W,V,Fe)2Cx
(1\lb,V)Cx
Avoid Fs3C, M6C, INAEA
Performance

Ho working
Grain-refining Toughness
dispersion d/i
Solidification Microvoid nucleation resistance

Austenite dispersion
De oxidation Stability (size and composition)
Amount
Dilatation Hydrogen
resistance
Refining Grafn-boundary chemistry
CoheSiOn enhancement
Impurity geltering
 Energy Transfer
Energy Conversion.
Sound
Combined
heat & power
% efficiency
(mechanical)
80 Fuel
uel cells
s

70
Thermal
60 Mechanical
Gas turbine Combined cycle Electrical
50 gas turbine

40

30 Coal fired
power station
Chemical
Industrial
20 diesels
Transport

Light
Energy Materials
GT

9/10 October 2008.

Loughborough University (Electromagnetic)

Efficiency of Some Common Devices

Device Efficiency

Electric Motor 90

Home Oil Furnace 65

Home Coal Furnace 55
Steam Boiler (power 89
Chemical Æ Heat ÆMechanical plant)
Power Plant (thermal) 36
Automobile Engine 25
Light Bulb-Fluorescent 20
Light Bulb -Incandescent 5
 Important Nonrenewable Energy Sources

Energy Supply/Demand

Energy Use
World

Household Energy Consumption Energy Consumption by sector and region

Source: US Energy Information Adminastration

5/3/2018
 Expanding Population So how much energy do we need by 2050?

Currently world uses about 450 “Quads”

For illustration: 1 Quad = 36,000,000 tons of coal

World at US levels: 6000 Quads

World at EU levels: 1800 Quads

5/3/2018

Fossil Fuel Consumption Climbing The Hidden Cost of Fossil Fuels: Pollutants

• Particulates
• Sulfur Dioxide: acid rain damage ecosystems,
historical buildings and materials (corrosion)
• Nitrogen Oxides
• Ozone

Source: solarnavigator.net
121 5/3/2018
 Greenhouse
The Hidden Cost of Fossil Fuels

According to US Energy Information “Oil prices rose in 2010 as a result of

Adminastration(EIA), “Energy growing demand associated with signs
consumption grows by 53 percent of economic recovery and a lack of a
from 2008 to 2035” sufficient supply response.”
123 5/3/2018 Source: US Energy Information Adminastration

More than CO2..

Air pollutant effects
• Particulates
PM10 particles: particles of 10 micrometers or
less, cause heart disease, lung cancer, asthma,
and respiratory infections.
• Sulfur Dioxide
• Nitrogen Oxides
• Ozone
 More than CO2.. Reducing CO2
emissions from
Air pollutant effects fossil fuelled
power plant
• Particulates
PM10 particles: particles of 10 micrometers or • Boilers.
less, cause heart disease, lung cancer, asthma, • Steam Turbines.
and respiratory infections. • Gas Turbines.
• Sulfur Dioxide • Gasifiers.
• Nitrogen Oxides • CO2 capture,
transportation
• Ozone and
storage.

Carbon Capture and Storage

• Pre-combustion
carbon removal –
gasification.
• Post-combustion CCS Amine Carbon Capture Pilot research facility at
the University of Texas at Austin (RWE npower
More energy more pollution!
– Amine scrubbing or
some other process.
is an industrial sponsor)
Think of new materials for clean
• Oxy-fuel firing giving a
100% CO2 exhaust gas sources, efficient use, better and
that can be pumped
away. safe storage of energy and waste
• Need materials
development to be able
products
to scale the processes
up cost effectively, and
help develop new lower
energy alternatives.
Present energy technology
Clean energy by means of advanced materials

Energy sources
100 years Fossil Renewable
Oil, gas Hydropower

Production/conversion
Distribution
Refinary Storage net for
Oil/gas stationary
industry Hydrocarbons users

Transport
20-40 % Conversion
efficiency
Use
CO2 Motors
NOx Heat
Electricity Water + primary energy sources Hydrogen + oxygen --> water

New energy technology Hydrogen as energy carrier

Energy sources Gas; reforming
Material challenges
Gas separation Hydropower Synthesis gas
Catalysts
Membranes Gas Sun, wind, wave Pyrolysis Production
Catalysis Electrolysis
Alloys for reactors
Solar cells
CO2-removal Development hydrogen technology Photolysis
Photolysis
H2-technology 2000 -------------------------------> 2100
Electrolysis
Metal hydrides
Pressurized gas
Storage Carbon
Gas/liquid Sustainable
Liquid Storage Microporous
fuel Hydrogen Solid absorbers
Improved materials
efficiency Efficient
Fuel cells Fuel cells
Reduced SOFC PEM Environmental Combustion
emissions and climate H2 + 1/2O2 Æ H2O
USE Use Fuel cells
CO2 and NOx friendly Membranes
Electromotors Chemical energy
Heat Æ heat Hydrogen society Catalysts
Electricity Æ electrical energy
 Carbon dioxide;
Hydrogen storage materials absorption, separation and sequestration
Oxygen; air
High H-mass density
High H-volume density Fossil source Carbon dioxide formation
Appropriate p,T stability
Reversible absorption/desorption Chemical energy conversion
metal hydrides Low-temperature absorption (post-capture of CO2)
carbon based materials traditional scrubbers
micorporous materials liquid amines (offshore) In the North Sea:
carbon fibers 150 gas turbines
new materials 50 platforms
Metal hydride forming elements CO2 removal before combustion
”Rule of 2 Å” for H-H separation high-temperature membranes
high-temperature absorption

Materials Critical Materials for Clean Energy Technologies

for new energy technology Materials are deemed
important and play a vital
Microporous Semiconductors folr in clean energy
materials Energy sources for solar cells technology due their
and particular proper ties
Hydropower photolysis which make them well
Mixed Gas
conductors Sun, wind, waves suited for applications in
Nano-electro-
Hydrogen technology catalysts which they are used. For
Catalysts photovoltaics, this might
Metal hydrides be the semiconductor
Storage Carbon
Solid ionic Microporous bandgap. For magnetic
conductors Gas/liquid materials materials it might be the
fuel Hydrogen magnetic flux density.
Ion conducting The Table 3 shows some
Electrode- Fuel cells polymers
materialc of the elements currently
SOFC PEM deemed critical for major
Higher Sun + water clean energy applications
Use (El + water; gas)
efficiency and without the we
Reduced Electromotors
cannot imagine of having
Emissions of Heat
any form of renewable
CO2 and NOx Electricity “zero emission”
clean energy.
 Critical
Materials for Nanomaterials and
Clean Energy Nanotechnology for Energy
Technologies Applications

Nanomaterials energy City

Course Teacher:
Ashraf Ali Meo
Nanotechnology for High-
Efficiency Low-Cost Solar Cell Nanomaterials Solar energy Home

Nanomaterials energy City

Polymer Solar Cells for large scale

Lithium-ion batteries for stationary energy applications in buildings for mobile
storage as power units for hybrid/electric cars. electronics.

Nanoporous hydrogen storage Nanostructured thermoelectric materials Source : Hessen Nanotech 2008
materials for fuel cell vehicles for power supply of mobile electronics.
 Nanomaterials Solar energy Home Ultra-Clean Energy Plant

Advanced Systems Integration Instrumentation

Materials System modeling Sensors & Controls
Virtual Simulation

UltraSuperCritical
Materials
Advanced
Gasification
Gasification &
& Alloys
Combustion
Combustion
C oal
P OWER
Fue l C e l l H i gh E f f iciie n c yy T u r b i n e Seals &
O ther
F u els Electrodes for
Fuel Cells
FU EL S
Li q u i d s C o nve r s i o n
Hyd ro g en
Pr o cess
S epar atio n Heat/
G as
O xygen S tr eam Steam
M em b ran e Clean up
G asification

Thermal Barrier
Improved Refractories CO 2 S eq ue st ration Electricity Coating for
for Gasifiers Fu els/Ch emicals Turbines
ODS Coatings Gas Stream Cleanup
Devices

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Fossil Energy Key Material Research Areas Solutions: A Sustainable Energy

Strategy
USC Boilers/Turbines Gasifier

Advanced
Turbines

C
CO2 To
ID Fan
Storage
S ora e
O
B t g
Fuel Cells
a
Backpass HXR

C c
Combustor

p
o k
a
Gas
Gas
s Cooling
m s
H
Cooanding
land
Cleaning
b
to
X
R Cleani ng

u
r C
CO2
s O2 Recycle
Rec
O cle
HTR y

Coal
Coal MBHX

Lime- A U
ASU N2
stone S
Ox ge
Oxygen
Air
Sensors
y n

Ash Blwr.
Fluid. Blwr.

Oxy-Firing

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