Results: (LAB 5)

Balance system (without 4 screw being attached):

ZL = 19.87 mg

Figure 1: Time vs Frequency graph for balance system

Unbalance system (with 4 screw attached):
ZL = 109 mg

Figure 2: Time vs Frequency graph for unbalance system

Discussions:
Rotating machines are extensively used in diverse industries, such as electrical power,
steel production, petroleum and paper. Nowadays, the processes demand machines to operate
for longer periods, with greater loads and at higher speeds. The dynamic modelling of rotors is
essential to the dynamic analysis and control of vibration in systems such as power station,
automobile and aircraft. Unbalance of rotating machinery parts is the most common cause of
large vibrations of machines. There are many standards concerning balancing as, for example:
ISO 2953 - Mechanical Vibration - Balancing machines - Description and evaluation; ISO
1940-1 - "Mechanical Vibration - Balance quality requirements for rotors in a constant (rigid)
state"; ISO 11342 - "Methods and criteria for the mechanical balancing of flexible rotors".

From the result shown above, it can clearly see that the concentration of vibration is
highest at every 100Hz. This frequency is due to the electric signal generated, it contribute to
most of the vibration. Besides, those fan, motor, rotating part, coupling also contribute to the
vibration.

Next, unbalance is the most common rotor system malfunction. Its primary symptom
is 1X vibration, which, when excessive, can lead to fatigue of machine components. In extreme
cases, it can cause wear in bearings or internal rubs that can damage seals and degrade machine
performance. Usually, whenever increased 1X vibration is detected, the immediate suspect is
unbalance. However, because there are many other malfunctions that produce 1X vibration,
many machines have been balanced only to have the real root cause problem reemerge. Thus,
to properly diagnose unbalance and the other malfunctions that produce 1X vibration.

Because the unbalance is part of the rotor, it rotates at the same speed as the rotor. Thus,
the force caused by unbalance is synchronous (1X). A linear system will produce only 1X
vibration for a 1X force. However, rotor systems possess nonlinearities, such as strongly
increasing fluid-film bearing stiffness at high eccentricity rations. Another source of
nonlinearity would be any sudden change in rotor system stiffness, such as due to a rotor-to-
stator rub or looseness in the support system. These nonlinearities can generate harmonics of
1X vibration, which can sometimes be seen on a spectrum cascade plot when the rotor is at a
resonance. During resonance, the higher 1X vibration amplitude can cause the rotor to pass
through a higher eccentricity ratio region in a fluid-film bearing, and the sharp increase in
stiffness can produce harmonics.
 Next, certain types of coupling problems can produce 1X vibration. If the rotor axes of
two rigidly coupled machines are offset from each other(parallel misalignment), then, when
the machines rotate, a cranking effect will produce 1X vibration in one or both machines. An
off-center coupling bore or off-center coupling bolt circle will also produce this kind of 1X
cranking action. While unbalance-induced 1X vibration will continue at slow roll speed.

Moreover, with increase in speed of the shaft, the response amplitude becomes
prominent when the rotor bearing system is subjected to mass unbalanced. It has been noticed
that the effect of mass unbalanced is insubstantial for the rotational speed less than 200 rad/s.

Conclusion:

The primary symptom of unbalance is 1X vibration. Unbalance can produce high rotor and
casing vibration, and it can produce vibration in foundation and piping systems. 1X vibration
can also contribute to stress cycling in rotors, which can lead to eventual fatigue failure.
Unbalance- induced vibration can also cause internal rubs in machinery, especially when
passing through balance resonances. Diagnosis of unbalance can be complicated by the fact
that many different malfunctions can produce 1X vibration. Mechanical and electrical runout,
rotor bow, thermal bow, electrical noise, coupling problems, shaft cracks, loose rotating parts,
trapped debris or fluids, rub, decreasing foundation spring stiffness, and various electric motor
problems can all produce 1X or near 1X vibration. Because so many malfunctions can
masquerade As unbalance, the machinery diagnostician should be careful to establish
unbalance as the root cause before balancing a machine. A loose rotating part can cause an
intermittent or continuous change in 1X vibration.