See

discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/320625404

Theory of Empty Universe ( Gravity )

Article · October 2017

CITATIONS READS

0 4

1 author:

Carlos Mauricio Santacruz

14 PUBLICATIONS 0 CITATIONS

SEE PROFILE

Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects:

Fermat's Last Theorem (Demostration) View project

Theory of Empty Universe View project

All content following this page was uploaded by Carlos Mauricio Santacruz on 26 October 2017.

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

Theory of Empty Universe ( Gravity ) by Carlos Santacruz Page.1

THEORY OF EMPTY UNIVERSE

GRAVITY

INTRODUCTION

Recalling the draft:

“Differences in pressure (deformation) between the outer field and the interior fields of the different atoms
creates the force that unites the bodies in space-time (P outer space <P inner space).

The pressure of outer space-time is uniform throughout the universe, as space-time grows the pressure
decrease is initially generated at the expiration edge, this edge pressure differential and the rest of the
universe are balanced at the speed of the Light in waves towards the center of the universe.”

It means that the deformation within the atoms (inner pressure) and the deformation of the outer space-
time (external pressure) are different, so the differential of deformation of the outer space is what
generates the circular form of the atoms and the force of attraction of objects in space-time (gravity).

Schematic detail

F1
F2

F1 V1 V2
F1 F2 F2

F2
F1
Acceleration:

The closer the objects are, the differential forces will increase by creating an acceleration in displacement.
All the vector forces that are exerted on each object interact for equality (displacement).

Schematic detail
 Theory of Empty Universe ( Gravity ) by Carlos Santacruz Page.2

SOLVING GRAVITY

O1
O2 O1
O2
P0 A2 P1
P2 A1 P0

Picture 1 Picture 2

Explanation.-

If consider that the deformation of the outer space-time (P0) “press” the objects against all its surface of
radial form due to its differential of pressure (P1,P2 >P0). If conserve as the energy of deformation inside the
objects (P1,P2), then we have a pressure on the entire surface of the object that is obtained by dividing the
energy between the area of the surface (spherical theoretically).

𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦
𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 = (1)
𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒

If consider that space-time is infinite, the space between the objects is negligible, so that the area (A1) of
the object (O1) that is affected by the other object (O2) is the "shadow" that produces the vectors of first
object (O1), that area (A1) shown in Picture 1.

How to calculate area (A1) ?

Using the geometry, Pythagoras and the law of sine, we have.

O-1

O-2
r1 r2
ß1 a1
d

Picture 3

Law of sine of angle ß

𝑟2 𝑎1
𝐿𝑎𝑤 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑒 = = (2)
𝑑 𝑟1
Theory of Empty Universe ( Gravity ) by Carlos Santacruz Page.3

O-1 Calculating c…

∗
𝑟 = 𝑎1 + 𝑦 (3) ; 𝑎1 = (4)
r1
ß1 a1 ∗
y c 𝑦= 𝑟1 − ( ) (5) ; 𝑐 = 𝑟1 − 𝑦 (6)
r1=y+c
𝑟1 ∗ 𝑟2
𝑐1 = 𝑟1 − 𝑟1 − ( ) (7)
𝑑

𝑟1
𝑐1 = 𝑟1 ∗ 1− 1– (8)
𝑑

With the value of c1, we can calculate the area of the affected spherical cap.

𝐴1 = 2 ∗ 𝜋 ∗ 𝑟1 ∗ 𝑐1 (9)

𝑟1
𝐴1 = 2 ∗ 𝜋 ∗ 𝑟1 ∗ 1− 1– (10)
𝑑

The pressure in that area is equal to the pressure in the whole sphere

𝐴 𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 = 4 ∗ 𝜋 ∗ 𝑟1 (11)

Equivalence with mass.-

The energy within the objects will refer to the mass (M) defined by the current theories.

Then the pressure on the surface of the sphere is :

M
Pressure sphere surface(P1) = (12)
4 ∗ π ∗ r1

With the pressure on the surface we can obtain the force in the area A1

𝐹1 = 𝑃1 ∗ 𝐴1 (13)

The pressure (P1) multiplied by the area (A1) generates a force of attraction of the object (O2) to the object
(O1), simultaneously the same happens in the other object (O2) that is shown in the Picture 2.

The objects in space are attracted to each other, and then the object's force attraction will be the sum of
same.
𝐹 = 𝐹1 + 𝐹2 (14)
Theory of Empty Universe ( Gravity ) by Carlos Santacruz Page.4

Calculating forces on Earth.-

Will calculate the forces that are generated in the earth using known mass values.

Earth example.-
Will propose as second object a sphere of water at a height of 100 mts above the earth

Data :
M = Earth mass = 5.9736 E +24 kg
r1 = Earth radius = 6,378.10 km
m = object mass = 523.60 kg
r2 = radius object = 1 m = 0.001 km
s = separation of object = 100 m = 0.1 km
d = r1 + s + r2

First calculate the force of the earth on the object.

𝑟1
𝐴1 = 2 ∗ 𝜋 ∗ 𝑟1 ∗ ( 1 − 1– ) = 7.853 E − 07
𝑑

M
Pressure earth surface (P1) = = 1.16854 E + 16
4 ∗ π ∗ r1

𝐹1 = 𝑃1 ∗ 𝐴1 = 9,177,403,384.66 𝑘𝑔𝑓

Then calculate the force of the object on the earth.

𝑟1
𝐴1 = 2 ∗ 𝜋 ∗ 𝑟1 ∗ 1− 1– = 1.5619 E − 06
𝑑

m
Pressure object surface (P1) = = 1.333 E + 09
4 ∗ π ∗ r1

𝐹1 = 𝑃1 ∗ 𝐴1 = 260.33 𝑘𝑔𝑓

The object's force attraction will be the sum of both.

𝐹 = 𝐹1 + 𝐹2 = ( 9.177 𝐸 + 09 𝑘𝑔 ) + 260.33 𝑘𝑔

F = 9,177,403,644.99 kgf
Theory of Empty Universe ( Gravity ) by Carlos Santacruz Page.5

Gravitational Acceleration.-

The gravitational acceleration is the increase of the speed due to the attraction of the objects and their
variable distance of separation.

The acceleration of the objects be affected by the force (gravity) between objects depends on the energy
inside each object, also how previously calculated this force between objects depends on their separation
distance too, as well as for the differential deformation (pressure) in the outer space-time.

Gravitational constant
The gravitational constant that has been found in many experiments is a value that gives proportionality to
the deformation of space with the acceleration of objects. Being able to be a part of the deformation value
of outer space-time.

m
𝐺 = 6.674 E − 11 (15)
kg ∗ s

𝐺 = 6.674 E − 11 ∗ (16) 𝐺 = 6.674 E − 11 ∗ a (17)

If use the value of this constant, we can try to found the acceleration of gravity on earth. First we use the
Newton equation for gravity.

M
𝑔 =G∗ (18)
r

This equation describes the gravity of the object against on a celestial object or massive object. Where “M”
is the massive object mass and “r” is the distance between them.

Premises TEU :

If we remember the constant G (16), the first unit is describes a pressure.*

If we assume that massive object is doesn’t move, the force “F” (14) move the small object against the
other. *

If the massive object is much larger the small object, as the example described (O1>>>O2) (Picture 2), the
maximum area of influence is half the area of the small object. (Area/2) *

If the small object is in contact with the massive object, for the half area of influence only the half of the
radius always separates the objects (r/2).*

If we assume these four premises to be true (*), we have the following equation.

F
𝑔 = G∗ r (19)
( )
2

Where “F” is the force between the objects and “r” is the radius of the object.
View publication stats

Theory of Empty Universe ( Gravity ) by Carlos Santacruz Page.6

Gravity on Earth over the surface.-

Using the last equation obtained (19), we procedure to calc the gravity on Earth surface.

Sun / Mass Radius F1 F2 F Gravity Gravity Variation

Planet (kg) (km) (kgf) (kgf) (kgf) TEU Newton (%)
(m/s2) (m/s2)
Earth 5.9736E+24 12,756.20 9,177,403,384.66 260.33 9,177,403,644.99 9.80 9.8065 0.06629
Note: The values are expressed rounded, but were calculated by software with 50 decimals.
The values of mass, diameter and gravity obtained from wikipedia

If we calc the same object over the Earth in another distance as where the international space station is
located at 412 km, we can find forces and gravity :

Sun / Mass Radius F1 F2 F Gravity Gravity Variation

Planet (kg) (km) (kgf) (kgf) (kgf) TEU Newton (%)
(m/s2) (m/s2)
Earth 5.9736E+24 12,756.20 8,097,738,556.99 171.99 8,097,738,728.99 8.647 8.629 0.2086
Note: The values are expressed rounded, but were calculated by software with 50 decimals.
The values of mass, diameter and gravity obtained from wikipedia

Gravity in the planets and sun of the solar system.-

if we use the information of mass and radius of the planets of the solar system, obtain the following.

Sun / Mass Radius F1 F2 F Gravity Gravity Variation

Planet (kg) (km) (kgf) (kgf) (kgf) TEU Newton (%)
(m/s2) (m/s2)
Sun 1.9891E+30 1,392,000 256,636,267,376 261.64 256,636,267,638 274.04 274 0.01459
Mercury 3.302E+23 4,879.4 3,467,061,988 259.42 3,467,062,247 3.7022 3.7 0.05945
Venus 4.869E+24 12,103.6 8,308,760,366 260.29 8,308,760,626 8.8724 8.87 0.02706
Earth 5.9736E+24 12,756.20 9,177,403,384 260.33 9,177,403,645 9.8000 9.8065 0.06629
Mars 6.4185E+23 6,794.4 3,475,759,324 259.78 3,475,759,584 3.711 3.711 0.0000
Jupiter 1.899E+27 142,984 23,221,425,035 261.36 23,221,425,296 24.79 24.78 0.04035
Saturn 5.688E+26 120,536 9,787,338,243 261.32 9,787,338,504 10.45 10.44 0.10536
Uranus 8.686E+25 51,118 8,310,147,093 261.07 8,310,147,354 8.87 8.69 2.0713
Neptune 1.024E+26 49,572 10,417,501,254 261.05 10,417,501,515 11.1242 11.15 0.2314
Note: The values are expressed rounded, but were calculated by software with 50 decimals.
The values of mass, diameter and gravity obtained from Wikipedia

Incomplete Theory.-

The premises proposed in this document and the results obtained define the initial theory as true, but it is
still necessary the realization and revision of the information presented to find details or impressions to
correct.