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Technical Information W3e
Low demand for process energy (no and Colombia. Some relevant large
energy consuming aerators): thus a sewage treatment plants implementing
considerable reduction of CO2 UASB technology are presently also under
emissions due to low consumption of construction with German cooperation in
fossil energy and simultaneous surplus Venezuela, Ecuador and Egypt.
energy production
Reduction of CH4 emissions from
3.1 Problems encountered
uncontrolled disposal/decomposition of
wastewater due to the collection of the During years of practical experiences with
gas formed during the process the implementation of anaerobic
Low sludge production and high sludge technology, the following problems were
quality (the sludge, if not loaded with encountered:
pathogens or heavy metals, can readily Poorly designed and constructed
be applied to agricultural land) reactors or deficiencies in operation led
to CH4 emissions to the atmosphere
The main disadvantages of these and odour nuisance in plant
treatment systems are: neighbourhood
Lower treatment efficiencies (about 5- Floating sludge in UASB reactors
10% less than in activated sludge caused unwanted sludge wash-out,
processes if no post-treatment is thus reducing effluent quality (a main
installed) reason is the poorly designed three-
H2S content in the gas can lead to phase separator or mistakes with the
problems with bad smell and corrosion actual or planned loading rate)
No nutrients (N, P) are removed without Corrosion of construction material and
post treatment equipment
Compared to pond systems, a rather Insufficient knowledge of the process
poor pathogen removal if no post- by the implementing, supervising and
treatment is installed financing organisations or insufficient
Compared to pond systems, a high task management between these three
demand for operational know-how functions so that responsibilities for
Economically not feasible for sewage weak points cannot be clearly identified
temperatures below 15 °C Insufficient training and know-how of
Anaerobic treatment alone will usually be operators and plant management
insufficient to meet the officially required
effluent discharge standards: If legislation 4 Perspectives
demands compliance with the standards,
the treatment systems need to be With increasing experience in combined
combined with a post-treatment anaerobic sewage treatment for tropical
installation. countries, design, construction and
The great majority of the anaerobic operation of these reactors has been
systems in operation for municipal optimised, resulting in an improved system
wastewater treatment belong to the UASB- reliability.
type (upflow anaerobic sludge blanket; see Due to a lack of investment capital at
chapter 5.1), even though other anaerobic present and in the very near future,
high-performance treatment systems may nutrient removal is and will presumably be
also be applied (i.e. fixed bed systems or no focal point of wastewater treatment in
floating bed systems, where the bacteria most of the developing countries yet: the
are attached to a fixed or floating carrier priority is to remove pathogens and the
material). Most of the world’s anaerobic organic pollutants. For irrigation purposes
sewage treatment plants of this type have in agri- or aquaculture, a conservation of
been built in countries with a large internal nutrient resources (N and P) is even
market like Mexico, Brazil, India, China desired. Future considerations do however
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gate Information Service / gtz, PO Box 5180, 65726 Eschborn, Germany
Phone: +49 (0)6196 / 79-3094, Fax: +49 (0)6196 / 79-7352, Email: gate-id@gtz.de, Internet: http://www.gtz.de/gate/ gateid.afp
Technical Information W3e
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gate Information Service / gtz, PO Box 5180, 65726 Eschborn, Germany
Phone: +49 (0)6196 / 79-3094, Fax: +49 (0)6196 / 79-7352, Email: gate-id@gtz.de, Internet: http://www.gtz.de/gate/ gateid.afp
Technical Information W3e
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gate Information Service / gtz, PO Box 5180, 65726 Eschborn, Germany
Phone: +49 (0)6196 / 79-3094, Fax: +49 (0)6196 / 79-7352, Email: gate-id@gtz.de, Internet: http://www.gtz.de/gate/ gateid.afp
Technical Information W3e
8
gate Information Service / gtz, PO Box 5180, 65726 Eschborn, Germany
Phone: +49 (0)6196 / 79-3094, Fax: +49 (0)6196 / 79-7352, Email: gate-id@gtz.de, Internet: http://www.gtz.de/gate/ gateid.afp
Technical Information W3e
9
gate Information Service / gtz, PO Box 5180, 65726 Eschborn, Germany
Phone: +49 (0)6196 / 79-3094, Fax: +49 (0)6196 / 79-7352, Email: gate-id@gtz.de, Internet: http://www.gtz.de/gate/ gateid.afp