Plagiarism and Harvard

Referencing

Simone Ngozi Okolo

SCITE
s.n.okolo@uel.ac.uk
02082232666
Learning Outcomes
 An awareness of what constitutes
plagiarism and how to avoid it
 An understanding of the Harvard
Referencing system
 in-text citations
 Bibliographies/reference lists
 An awareness of the need to
reference all resources including
electronic
 An understanding of how to evaluate
electronic resources
What is plagiarism?

 “presenting someone else’s

work as your own (by work we
mean any kind of intellectual
output: text, data, sound,
images, computer programs,
music and performance” (Pears
& Shields, p.1)
 Acknowledging the information
sources that you have used
when producing an assignment
is called referencing.
 If you do not acknowledge
these information sources, you
will be guilty of plagiarism.
Why should you cite other people’s
work?

 To establish the credibility and

authority of your knowledge and
ideas
 To show that you have read
widely
 To demonstrate that you have
analysed material and formed
your own opinion
What constitutes plagiarism

 Use of any source of information

(including electronic) w/o
proper acknowledgement
 Quoting, summarising or
paraphrasing, copying and
pasting without citing source
 Citing sources you didn’t use
 Unauthorised collaboration
Why do students plagiarise?

 Poor study skills

 Inability to find information
 Poor citation skills
 Lack of understanding of what
constitutes plagiarism
How to get to Library page
Click on Harvard Referencing
Harvard Referencing
PLATO
Referencing

In-text citations and

bibliography/reference list
In-text citations

 In-text citations appear in the

body of the text of your
assignment and should be
included whenever you quote,
summarise or otherwise refer to
someone else’s ideas.
Bibliography

 The bibliography goes at the

end of your work and is a list of
all the information sources you
have used to produce it. It will
include works that you haven’t
referred to directly in your
assignment, as well as all of
those that you have cited.
Reference List

 The Reference List also comes

at the end of your report but
only includes sources cited in
the text of your assignment as
in-text citations
How the in-text citations link to the
reference list.

 By looking at the author’s name

in the in-text citation, your
lecturer will be able to find the
reference in the alphabetical
Reference List at the end of the
assignment.
The Harvard System

 Both in-text citations and the

bibliography/reference list must
be written in a standardised
format. The system of
referencing most widely used in
academic writing, and the
system you are required to use
in your written work for UEL, is
the called the Harvard System.
Harvard Citations

In-text citations
What is an in-text citation?

 When you quote, summarise or

otherwise refer to someone
else’s work in an assignment,
you must indicate that you have
done this by inserting a
reference into the body of the
text. This is called citing and the
reference is called an in-text
citation.
What do I need to include?

 You must include:

 author
 year the work was published
 page number(s) if applicable
In which ways can I use sources in
my text?

 There are three different ways

of using sources:
 The short direct quotation-
within the text.
 Paraphrasing.
 Longer direct quotation.
The short direct quotation

 Feuerstein(2000, p.11) noted

that “One concern I have about
texts on software engineering is
that reading a book is inherently
a passive acitivity”……
Paraphrasing

 Studying a book can be

regarded as a passive activity
(Feuerstein, 2000, p11).
Longer direct quotation

 If you need to use a longer

quotation:
 Indent it
 Leave a space both above and
below it.
Example of a longer direct quotation

 Feuerstein, explaining the ethos

behind his work, wrote:

One concern I have about texts on

computing is that reading a book is
inherently a passive activity. You
read, and you attempt to absorb
information from another, more
experienced (you hope) developer
…(2000, p.11).
In-text citation for web page
Author known
Brown (2003) provided information
about computer networks.
Only title known
The latest study (Online Information
Forum, 2005) revealed……
Author and title unknown
The latest study
(http://www.onlinesurvey.org,
2005) revealed……
Example
Harvard References

Bibliographic Citations
What should you include in
references?- Authors/editors

 Put the surname first followed by

initial(s) of forename.
 If there are two or more contributing
names, include them all in the order
they appear on the title page.
 If there are more than three authors,
cite the first only followed by et al.
 Some publications are produced by
organisations. You can use an
organisation as a corporate author.
 If the book is compiled by an editor,
signify this by using (ed.) after the
editor’s name.
Authors/editors

 If no author can be identified,

the item should be cited by title.
Year of publication

 The year of publication, or year

when a web site was last
updated, is given in round
brackets.
 Other date information, e.g. day
and month of publication for
journal and newspaper articles.
 If no date can be identified, use
(no date).
Title

 Use the title given on the title

page and subtitle (if any).
 Capitalise the first letter of the
first word and any proper
nouns.
 Use italics for publication title.
Edition

 Only include the edition number

if it is not the first. ‘Edition ‘ is
usually abbreviated to edn.
Place of Publication and Publisher

 You will usually find these two

pieces of information on the
back of the title page.
Page reference (for books and
journals)

 If quoting a specific section

include the pages where that
quotation begins.
 In order to avoid confusion
insert the abbreviation p. before
the page number (or pp. when
more than one page).
Title of journal / newspaper article

 The title given on the journal

front cover should be recorded.
 Do not abbreviate the journal
title unless the journal title
actually is or contains an
abbreviation.
 Put the title of the journal in
italics.
Issue information – for journals

 Volume number.
 Issue, part number, month or
season.
 Year of publication.
URL

 The Uniform Resource Locator

(e.g. the Internet Address-
http://www...).
 If the URL is very long, shorten
it to an appropriate length so
that it breaks at a logical point.
Date accessed

 The date you last used the web

page. This is in round brackets.
Harvard references

Books
Books

 CITATION ORDER:
 Author/editor
 Year of publication (in round
brackets)
 Title (in italics)
 Edition (only include the edition
number if it is not the first
edition)
 Place of publication: Publisher
Book with one author

 Ogata, K. (2002) Software

Engineering. 2nd edn. London:
Prentice Hall.
Book with two authors

 Chapra, S. & Canale, R. (1988)

Methods for software engineers.
London: McGraw-Hill.
Book with more than three authors

 Connolly, M. et al. (2006)

Computing for all. London: Jessica
Kingsley.
Book with an editor rather than an
author

 Davies, M. (ed.) (1997) The

Blackwell companion to computing.
Oxford: Blackwell.
Book with two editors

 Roker, D. & Coleman, J. (eds.)

(2006) Working with software
engineers. London: Jessica
Kingsley.
Book without an individual author

 Institution of Software Engineers.

(2000) Framework for computer
networking. London: Telford Press.
Book which is not the first edition of
a title

 Nicholson, P. (2006) Practice for

software engineers. 3rd edn.
Basingstoke: Macmillan.
Harvard References

Chapter/section of an edited
book
Chapter/section of an edited book

 CITATION ORDER:
 Author of the chapter/section of an edited
book.
 Year of publication (in round brackets).
 Title of the chapter/section (in a single
quotation mark).
 ‘in’ plus author/editor of the book.
 Title of the book (in italics).
 Place of publication: Publisher.
 Page reference.
Chapter within an edited book

 Hooghe, L. (1996) ‘Building a

Europe with the regions: the
changing role of computer
networks’, in Smith, P. (ed.)
Cohesion policy and European
integration: building multi-level
governance. Oxford: Oxford
University Press, pp.40-70.
Harvard References

Printed journals
Printed journals

 CITATION ORDER:
 Author
 Year of publication (in round
brackets)
 Title of the article (in single speech
marks)
 Title of the journal (in italics)
 Issue information (volume, part
number, month or season)
 Page reference
Printed Journal Reference

 Mahoney, G. (2007) ‘Software

engineering practice’, The Engineer,
29 (1), pp.3-5.
Harvard References

Printed newspaper articles

Printed newspaper articles

 CITATION ORDER:
 Author
 Year of publication (in round
brackets)
 Title of article (in single quotation
mark)
 Title of newspaper (in italics)
 Day and month
 Page reference
Printed newspaper articles

 Orr, D. (2006) ‘Highlights in

software engineering’ The
Independent, 10 October, p.30.
Harvard references

Journal article from a database

Electronic journal articles (through a
database) e.g. Ebsco

 CITATION ORDER:
 author
 year of publication (in round brackets)
 title of the article (in single speech
marks)
 title of the journal (in italics)
 Volume, issue and page numbers
 Name of the collection ie the database
which you used (in italics)
 [online]
 Available at: URL of collection
 (Accessed: date).
Journal article from a database

 Mahoney, G. (2007) ‘Great

accomplishments in software
engineering’, The Engineer, 29 (1),
pp.3-5 EBSCO Academic Search
Complete [Online]. Available at:
http://ebscohost.com/ (Accessed:
17 April 2007).
Harvard references

Newspaper article from a database

Newspaper article from a database

 CITATION ORDER:
 Author
 Year of publication [in round brackets]
 Title of article [in a single quotation mark]
 Title of newspaper [in italics]
 Day and month
 Name of collection i.e. the database which
you used (in italics)
 [online]
 (Accessed: date).
Newspaper article from internet
newspaper

 Orr, D. (2006) ‘Highlights of

Software Engineering’, The
Independent. 10 October [Online]
Available at:
http://www.independent.com/
(Accessed: 17 April 2007).
Harvard References

Citing organisation or personal

Internet sites
Citing organisation or personal
Internet sites

 CITATION ORDER:
 Author
 Year that the site was published/
last updated (in round brackets)
Or (no date)
 Title of the Internet site (in italics)
 Available at: URL
 (Accessed: date)
Internet sites (1) Sites which have all
the details required.

 Lewisham Council (2006) Careers in

software engineering. Available at:
http://www.lewisham.gov.uk/SoftwareEngi
neering/CareersInSoftwareEngineering/
(Accessed: 11 April 2007).
Internet Sites (2) Sites where no
author can be identified
- Use title

 Heatherbank Museum of Computing

(2007) Available at:
http://www.gcal.ac.uk/heatherbank
/index.html/. (Accessed: 17 April
2007).
Internet Sites (3): Sites for which no author
or title can be identified –Use URL

 http://www.newmediarepublic.com/dvideo/
compression.html (2005). (Accessed: 27
March 2007).
Harvard references

Arranging your list of references

Arranging your references

 You should arrange your

references in alphabetical order
by author surname.
 Do not divide the list into books,
journals and web sites.
Arranging your references
 Connolly, M. et al. (2006) Computing for
all. London: Jessica Kingsley.
 Gregor, C. (2006) Practical skills for
software engineering. Exeter: Learning
Matters (Transforming computing
practice).
 Heatherbank Museum of Computing
(2007) Available at:
http://www.gcal.ac.uk/heatherbank/index
.html
(Accessed: 17 April 2007).
Arranging your references
 Lewisham Council (2006) Careers in
software engineering. Available at:
http://www.lewisham.gov.uk/HealthAndS
ocialCare/CareersInSocialWork/
(Accessed: 11 April 2007).
 Orr, D. (2006) ‘Highlights of software
engineering’, The Independent. 10
October [Online] Available at:
http://www.independent.com/
(Accessed: 17 April 2007).
Example
Evaluating Websites

 Relevance
 Reliability and validity
 Currency
 Accuracy
Summary
 Manage your time
 Use the ideas of others sparingly,
only to support your own argument
 Include in-text referencing,
bibliography/reference
 Be consistent in your referencing
 Save all your notes
 Create a bibliography as you go – you
can always remove items if you don’t
use them
 Use only legitimate academic sources
Reference

 Pears, R. and Shields, G. (2005)

Cite them right: the essential guide
to referencing and plagiarism.
Newcastle upon Tyne: Pear Tree
Books.

808.027/PEA