INTRODUCTION TO

ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT

DR. TAJUDDIN BANTACUT

PROF. NASTITI SISWI INDRASTI

DEPARTMENT OF AGROINDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY

BOGOR AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
 Ecological Footprints

Source: Donella Meadows, “Our Footprints’ Are Treading Too Much Earth,” Charleston (S.C.) Gazette,
April 1, 1996.

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 Major Challenges to Sustainability

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 Total Environmental Burden

EB = P x A x T

Where:
EB = Environmental Burden
P = Population
A = Affluence
T = Technology

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 The Sustainability Portfolio

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Building Sustainable Business Strategies

Megacities

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Industrial Pollution
 Pollution
• Introduction by man, waste matter or
surplus energy into the environment,
which directly or indirectly causes
damage to man and his environment.
 Pollutant
• A substance or effect which adversely
alters the environment by changing the
growth rate of species, interferes with
the food chain, is toxic, or interferes
with health, comfort amenities or
property values of people.
Pollutant
 EFFECTS ON BIOSPHERE

1. Damage to human health by specific

chemical substances present in the air,
food, water and radioactive material
2. Damage to natural environment affecting
vegetation, animals, crops, soil and
water
3. Damage to visual quality by smoke,
fumes, dust, noise and waste
4. Damage by radioactive materials and
excessive noise
 TYPES OF POLLUTION
• Water Pollution
• Air Pollution
• Land Pollution
• Noise Pollution
• Thermal Pollution
• Electro Pollution
(electronic wastes)
• Visual Pollution
Agroindustrial Sources Responsible
for Organic Pollution
 Industrial Sources
Responsible for Inorganic
Pollution
Industrial Sources Responsible
for Heavy Metal Pollution
 b) Air Pollution
• Air is considered safe when it
contains no harmful dust and
gases.
• Polluted air affects:
– Humans
– Animals
– Vegetation
– Materials
 Effects from Air Pollution
• Global warming
• Ozone depletion
(Ozone hole)
• Acid Rain
• Various respiratory
illnesses
• Air Pollution
has No
Boundaries
 Pollution of air
• Particulate Matter PM10 (<10μm)
– Dust (e.g. cement dust, bagasse, foundry dust
and wind blown solid dust)
– Mist
– Smoke
– Carbon black
– Aerosols
Some Polluting Process
Industries
• Sulfuric Acid
Plants Thermal
Power Stations
• Nitric Acid Plants
• Cement Plants
• Foundaries
• Plastic Industries
 c) Land Pollution
• Urbanization and Concentration of
Population
• Municipal Solid Waste
• Industrial Waste and Hazardous Waste
• Uncontrolled “Land Treatment”.
• Burning open dumps and forest fires
• Deforestation
• Mining and Erosion
 d) Noise Pollution
• Exposure to prolong noise affects
speech, hearing, general health and
behaviour.
• Noise Levels _ dB
– Intensity
– frequency
– periods of exposure and
– duration
 Industrial Noise Sources
• Metal fabrication (pressing, grinding, chipping etc.)
• High pressure burners in furnaces
• Turbines
• Compressors
• Pumps
• Welding machines
• Cranes and other vehicles
• Pipe lines carrying high velocity fluids and solids
• Vibrating and grinding equipment
 Pollution Management

• Pollution can be controlled by

proper choice of preventive and
remedial measures
Techniques are changing ...
Typical Wastewater
Processing
 Land Pollution Control
• Integrated Solid Waste Management
• Good agricultural practices
• Remediation of polluted soils
• Prevention of erosion and silting
• Containment of hazardous waste and
waste water treatment using land
treatment techniques.
 3R++ Principle
• Reduce
• Reuse
• Recycle
• Treatment
• Disposal
• Cleaner Production
 Industry and Recycling
• Companies claim it not economically
profitable.
• – Transportation
• – Sorting
• Lead acid batteries are
the most recycled product
ADVANCE UNDERSTANDING OF STRUCTURE AND
FUNCTION OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT

COORDINATE AND FOCUSE SUCH

DEVELOPMENT TO IMPROVE HUMAN WELL-
BEING, MITIGATE/PREVENT FURTHER DAMAGE
 TRENDS IN ENVIRONMENTAL
MANAGEMENT
1970 1980 1990 2000

Regulations and Control

+
Prevention

+
Clients and
interested parts

+
Strategy and
sustainability
 TRENDS IN ENVIRONMENTAL
MANAGEMENT
1970 1980 1990 2000

National Regulations
+
International and Commercial
Treaties
+
Voluntary
Standards
+
Competitive
initiatives
 INTRODUCTION
The definition and scope of environmental management
- It is often used as a generic term
- It support sustainable development
- It deals with a world affected by humans (there are few,
if any, wholly natural environments today)
- It demands a multidisciplinary or interdisciplinary
approach
- It has to integrate science, social science, policy making
and planning
- It recognizes the desirability of meeting, and if possible
exceeding basic human needs
- The timescale involved extends beyond the sort term,
and concern ranges from local to global
- It should show opportunities as well as address threats
and problems
- It stresses stewardship, rather than exploitation
Environmental management will need to modify the ethics of individuals,
groups and societies to achieve its goals. There are three main approaches :
1. Advisory
- Through education
- Through demonstration (e.g. model farms or factories)
- Through the media (overt approaches – the latter includes “messages”
incorporated in entertainment)
- Through advice (leaflets, drop-in shops, help lines, etc)
2. Economic or fiscal
- Through taxations (green taxes)
- Through grants, loans, aid
- Through subsidies
- Through quotas or trade agreements
3. Regulatory
- Through standard
- Through restrictions and monitoring
- Through licensing
- Through zoning (restricting activities to a given area)
Some definitions of sustainable development

- Environmental care “married” to development

- Improving the quality of human life while living within the carrying
capacity of supporting ecosystems
- Development based on the principle of inter-generational
(i.e.bequeathing the same or improved resource endowment to the future
that has been inherited), inter-species and inter-group equity
- Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising
the ability of future generations to meet their own needs
- An environmental “handrail” to guide development
- A change in consumption patterns towards more benign products, and a
shift in investment patterns towards augmenting environmental capital
- A process that seeks to make manifest a higher standard of living
(however interpreted) for human beings…that recognizes this cannot be
achieved at the expense of environmental integrity
 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
FUNDAMENTALS AND GOALS
Environmental management is an approach to
environmental stewardship which integrated ecology,
policy making, planning and social development. Its
goal include :
- The prevention and resolution of environmental problems
- Establishing limits
- Establishing and nurturing institutions that effectively
support environmental research, monitoring and
management
- Warning of threats and identifying opportunities
- Sustaining and, if possible improving, existing resources
- Where possible improving quality of life
- Identifying new technology or policies that are useful
Approaches to environmental management
(There may be overlap between groupings, and within categories.
Environmental managers may be more or less anthropocentric or
eccentric, more or less “green”, more or less supportive of technology.
There air lasso a wide spectrum of political and philosophical stances, all
of which color the approach adopted)

Ad hoc approach : approach developed in reaction to a specific

situation

Problem-saving approach : follows a series of logical steps to identify

problems and needs and implement solutions

System approach : for example

-Ecosystem (mountain, higher latitude, savanna, desert, island, lake, etc
-Agro-ecosystem
Regional approach : mainly ecological zones biogeochemical units,
which can sometimes be international – i.e.involve different states,e.g.an
internationally-shared river basin. For example :
-Watershed
-River basin
-Coastal zone
-Island
-Command area development authority (irrigation-related)
-Administrative region
-Sea (e.g. Mediterranean, North Sea, Baltic, Aral Sea, etc)
-Specialist discipline approach : often adopted by professionals.
For example
-Air quality management
-Water quality management
-Land management
-Environmental health
-Urban management
-Ocean management
-Human ecology approach
-Tourism management/contours
-Conservation are management
Damage to the environment can be function of :

1. Human population numbers

2. High levels of consumption of that
population (i.e.lifestyle)
3. Technology used to satisfy consumption
and dispose of waste
Charley and Christie tried to summarize the range of
environmental ethics, dividing them into:

a. Technocratic environmental ethics =

resource-exploitative, growth-oriented
b. Managerial environmental ethics =
resource-conservationist, oriented to sustainable
growth
c. Communalist environmental ethics =
resource-preservationist, oriented to limited or zero
growth
d. Bioethics or deep ecology environmental ethics =
extreme preservationist, anti growth
 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT-
BUSINESS AND LAW
Other factors have prompted business interest in environmental
management :

- Globalization (i.e.media, finance, etc., becoming global)

- Glasnost (i.e.increasing public demand for accustom
information)
- Activity of green business groups, especially since the 1992 UN
Conference on Environment and Development
- The union and NGO concern for environmental issues
- A wish by companies to reduce inspection by regulatory bodies
- Insistence by funding, insurance and licensing bodies that
impact assessment and eco-audit be conducted
- Ethical (green) investment policies adopted by some companies
(in the use a group of powerful investors now apply a set of
environmental policy principles – the “Valdez Principles”
- Genuine sense of responsibility (some companies have been
founded by people with a strong sense of moral duty)
- Avoidance of litigation
- The establishment since the 1970s of increasingly powerful
environmental ministries in most countries
- Formation of bodies like the Institute of Environmental
Management (UK)
- Promotion of the Integrated Systems for Environmental
Management and the Business Charter for Sustainable
Development (International Chamber of Commerce, 1991)
- Provision of course on environmental management at
university business schools
- The UN Center on Transnational Corporations has promoted
sustainable development
The tasks of a business environmental manager include
:
- Education of employees to be aware of
environmental issues
- Updating management on relevant
environmental regulation, laws and issues
- Selecting specialist and checking that
environmental management tasks
contracted out to consultant have been
satisfactorily conducted and are properly
acted upon
- Ensuring waste management is satisfactory
- Avoiding legal cost, reducing insurance
premiums, risk and hazard assessment
- If need be correcting mistakes of the past
 Figure 4. Ecolabelling
Note : Date of introduction in parenthesis
Environmental management and business : the current
situations
One may summarize the present situation as :
- The majority of businesses are aware that
environmental issues are important
- Some businesses are doing something – it may be
from genuine concern, but often it is for public
relations or profit motives
- Too often business adopt a react and repair
approach, rather than following precautionary
principles
- Only a few business are acting at a strategic level
- Business is in need of strategies like industrial
ecology, but will need to be encouraged or forced to
adopt them
Environmental Management And Law
Law is crucial for environmental management in
number of ways, aiding :

- Relation of resource use

- Protection of the environment and
biodiversity
- Mediation, conflict resolution and
conciliation
- Formulation of stable, unambiguous
undertakings and agreement
Indigenous peoples and environmental law
IUCn estimates suggest there are over 250 million
indigenous peoples who interact with environmental law
with respect to
1. Protection of natural environment together with
indigenous people
2. Right of indigenous people over natural resources
3. Right over traditional knowledge – e.g. to prevent
ethno botany becoming bioprocess (gathering
indigenous knowledge which is patented ands old)
4. Damages to indigenous people for past
environmental wrongs by outsiders
5. Views of indigenous people which could be fed into
environmental law making