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Class XI: Maths

Chapter 1: Sets
Key Formulae

1. Union of sets A∪B ={x:x∈ A or x∈ B }

2. Intersection of sets A∩B ={x:x∈ A and x∈ B }

3. Complement of a set A’ = {x: x∈U and x∉A}, A’ = U-A

4. Difference of sets A-B = {x: x∈A, x∉B} and B –A = {x: x∈B, x∉A}

5. Properties of the Operation of Union.

a. Commutative Law:

A∪B=B∪A

b. Associative Law:

(A∪B) ∪C = A ∪(B∪C)

c. Law of Identity

A ∪φ = A

d. Idempotent law

A∪A=A

e. Law of U

U∪A=U

6. Properties of Operation of Intersection

i) Commutative Law:

A∩B=B∩A

ii) Associative Law:

(A∩B) ∩C = A ∩ (B∩C)

iii) Law of φ and U

φ ∩ A =φ, U ∩ A = U

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iv) Idempotent law

A∩A=A

v) Distributive law

A ∩ (B ∪ C) = (A ∩ B) ∪ (A ∩ C)

7. Properties of complement of sets:

a. Complement laws:

i. A ∪ A’ = U

ii. A ∩ A’ = φ

b. De-Morgan’s law:

i. (A ∪ B)’ = A’ ∩ B’

ii. (A ∩ B)’ = A’ ∪ B’

c. Law of double complementation:

(A’)’ = A

d. Laws of empty set and universal set:

φ’ = U and U’ = φ

8. Counting Theorems

a. If A and B are finite sets, and A ∩ B = φ then number of elements

in the union of two sets

n(A∪B) = n(A) + n(B)

b. If A and B are finite sets, A ∩ B = φ then

n(A B ) = n(A) + n(B) - n(A B)

c. n(A ∪ B) = n(A – B) + n(B – A) + n(A ∩ B)

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d. n(A∪ B ∪ C) = n(A) + n(B) + n(C) – n(B∩C) – n(A∩B) – n(A∩C) +

n(A∩B∩C)

9. Number of elements in the power set of a set with n elements =2n.

Number of Proper subsets in the power set = 2n-2

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