1 BFF (2016/2017)

BFC 21103

HYDRAULICS

PROJECT GROUPING

“OPEN CHANNEL HUNT”

LECTURER’S NAME : MADAM NOOR ALIZA BINTI AHMAD

SECTION : FIVE (5)

MEMBER NAME MATRIC NUMBER

1. KISHYODINI A/P K.NALLATHAMBY DF160069
2. FAZLILY WAHEEDA BINTI MOHD YUSDI DF160052
3. RAZIQ FAWWAZ BIN RAZAKI DF160074
4. NURAINI BINTI ASRI DF160046
5. NUR HAZIRAH BINTI KAMARUZAMAN DF160072

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 CONTENTS

NO. CONTENTS PAGES

1. INTRODUCTION 3

2. STUDY AREA 4

3. METHOD AND EQUIPMENT 5-9

4. VELOCITY AND DISCHARGE OF FLOW 10-15

5. CONCLUSION 16

6. REFERENCES 16

7. ATTACHMENT 17

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1.0 INTRODUCTION

For the subject BFC21103 Hydraulics, we were given project on ‘Open Channel Hunt’. There
were so many different types of channels located at Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia
(UTHM) that can be used as site investigation in order to complete this task. Each and every
groups were told to select one channel for their project. We have chosen channel next to the
International Office of UTHM. The main aim of this project is to determine and estimate the
value of uniform velocity, V and the rate of full flow, Q based on Manning flow resistance
equation.

The objectives of this project are:

1. Acquired useful application of the “inquiry based learning approach” where

information on the practical of open channel are converted technically into useful
knowledge.

2. Developed “technical competency” by observing the open channel from a distance,

3. Collected specific examples of information and techniques from the practical of open
channel that will substantiate generic explanations of processes.

4. Provided valuable qualitative and affective learning experiences which encourage

deeper thinking about the interaction between students and practical on open channel.

5. Help the students appreciate the relevance and importance of what they learn in the
classroom.

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2.0 STUDY AREA

The channel that we choose is channel number 7 nearer Kenanga Square. This channel is
also adjacent to the car park opposite the ‘Pejabat Antarabangsa’ and ‘Pejabat Hubungan
Universiti and Industri’. This channel was made up from concrete and it was plastered at the
both side. We did this task on Thursday, 9th April 2015 at 9.45 am. The weather during that
time was sunny day. From our observation, there was no water flow in that channel.

Figue 2.1

Figure 2.2 Surrounding environment channel

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3.0 METHOD AND EQUIPMENT

Equipments.

For the equipment’s, we are using measuring level such as optical dumpey level, tripod ,
stuff, bubble stuff and measuring tape.

1. Equipment in measuring level :

a. Optical Dumpey Level

Levelling device according to engineering works and measurement because the

measurement accuracy to meet the needs of engineers and it is easy to use. The main part
of this tool is the telescope that has set the objective lens and eyepiece set that will
magnify objects seen.

Dumpey level device is the most simple and easy to use. It consists of a tubular
bubble which is placed on the telescope and the telescope is accommodated by the plate.
This benchmark tool telescope can only rotate on a horizontal plane only. For accurate
leveling work using dumpey floors, two necessary conditions, namely :

i) the tube axis bubble levels should be aligned with the collimation line

ii) Both of these must be perpendicular to the vertical axis of the plate

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 Figure 3.1 Cross section of optical dumpey level.

Figure 3.2 Optical dumpey level.

b. Tripod

Used for instrument set-up level. There are two types of tripod for the use of the tool.
Dumpey level of equipment, usually tripod of the base surface is flat. While for automatic
levels, the base of tripod is curved to facilitate levelling work.

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 Figure 3.3 Tripod.

2. Stuff

Stuff levels are a tool to measure the vertical distance above or below the line of
collimation. Stuff is used stuff metrics that can be extended and shortened. Its length is 4 or 5
meters continuously.

Figure 3.4 Stuff.

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 3. Bubble stuff

Bubble stuff are used to ensure stuff established directly upright. Bubble stuff usually
attached on the side of stuff. Air bubble in the bubble stuff can help horizontal of stuff.

Figure 3.5 Bubble stuff

4. Measuring tape

Measuring tape to measure the distance from the device level to stuff. Distance between
rear view and front view preferably approximately equal to avoid excess collimation tool.

Figure 3.6 Measuring tape.

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Method

1. Firstly, measure the length of channel about 3 meter.

2. Before step up the tripod, we must divide the length into half to put the tripod (1.5m).
Set up the tripod and put the optical dumpey level at the platform of tripod.
3. Next, set up the stuff at the upstream. Make sure put the bubble stuff beside of the the
stuff. This because the stuff must be straight.
4. Then, we take the reading from the optical dumpey level to the stuff.

Repeat the step 1 to 4 for the middle stream and downstream.

Figure 3.7 Levelling work in progress

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4.0 VELOCITY AND DISCHARGE OF FLOW

Upstream

0.32m

0.20m

0.10m

0.10m

𝒓 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟎 𝒎

𝑨 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟐 𝒎 × 𝟎. 𝟐𝟎 𝒎 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟔𝟒 𝒎2

𝑨𝒐 = 𝝅𝒓2

= 𝝅(𝟎. 𝟏𝟎)𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟑𝟏 𝒎𝟐

𝑨𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟔𝟒𝒎𝟐 + 𝟎. 𝟎𝟑𝟏𝒎𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟗𝟓𝒎𝟐

𝑷 = 𝑳𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒕𝒉 𝒐𝒇 𝑨𝒓𝒄 + 𝟎. 𝟐𝟎𝒎 + 𝟎. 𝟐𝟎𝒎

𝜽
𝑳𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒕𝒉 𝒐𝒇 𝒂𝒓𝒄 = 𝟐𝝅𝒓 ×
𝟑𝟔𝟎

𝟏𝟖𝟎
= 𝟐𝝅(𝟎. 𝟏𝟎𝒎) × = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟏𝟒𝒎
𝟑𝟔𝟎

𝑷 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟏𝟒𝒎 + 𝟎. 𝟐𝟎𝒎 + 𝟎. 𝟐𝟎𝒎

= 𝟎. 𝟕𝟏𝟒𝒎

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 𝑨
𝑹=
𝑷

𝟎. 𝟎𝟗𝟓𝒎𝟐
= = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟑𝟒 𝒎
𝟎. 𝟕𝟏𝟒𝒎

𝒏𝟐 𝒈𝑨
𝑺𝒐 = 𝟒
𝑻𝑹𝟑

𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟎𝟐 (𝟗. 𝟖𝟏)(𝟎. 𝟎𝟗𝟓)

= 𝟒 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟕
𝟎. 𝟑𝟐(𝟎. 𝟏𝟑𝟒)𝟑

𝟏 𝟐 𝟏𝟐
𝒗 = 𝑹𝟑 𝑺𝒐
𝒏

𝟏 𝟐 𝟏
= 𝟎. 𝟏𝟑𝟒𝟑 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟕𝟐 = 𝟏. 𝟕𝟏𝟐 𝒎⁄𝒔
𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟎

𝑸 = 𝑨𝒗

= 𝟎. 𝟎𝟗𝟓𝒎𝟐 (𝟏. 𝟕𝟏𝟐 𝒎⁄𝒔) = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟔𝟑 𝒎𝟑 ⁄𝒔

Middle Stream

0.33m

0.20m

0.115m

0.115m

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𝒓 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟏𝟓 𝒎

𝑨 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟑 𝒎 × 𝟎. 𝟐𝟎 𝒎 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟔𝟔 𝒎

𝑨𝒐 = 𝝅𝒓2

= 𝝅(𝟎. 𝟏𝟏𝟓)𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟒𝟐 𝒎𝟐

𝑨𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟔𝟔𝒎𝟐 + 𝟎. 𝟎𝟒𝟐𝒎𝟐

= 𝟎. 𝟏𝟎𝟖 𝒎𝟐

𝑷 = 𝑳𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒕𝒉 𝒐𝒇 𝑨𝒓𝒄 + 𝟎. 𝟐𝟎𝒎 + 𝟎. 𝟐𝟎𝒎

𝜽
𝑳𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒕𝒉 𝒐𝒇 𝒂𝒓𝒄 = 𝟐𝝅𝒓 ×
𝟑𝟔𝟎

𝟏𝟖𝟎
= 𝟐𝝅(𝟎. 𝟏𝟏𝟓𝒎) ×
𝟑𝟔𝟎

= 𝟎. 𝟑𝟔𝟏 𝒎

𝑷 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟔𝟏𝒎 + 𝟎. 𝟐𝟎𝒎 + 𝟎. 𝟐𝟎𝒎

= 𝟎. 𝟕𝟔𝟏𝒎

𝑨
𝑹=
𝑷

𝟎. 𝟏𝟎𝟖𝒎𝟐
= = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟒𝟐 𝒎
𝟎. 𝟕𝟔𝟏𝒎

𝒏𝟐 𝒈𝑨
𝑺𝒐 = 𝟒
𝑻𝑹𝟑

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 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟎𝟐 (𝟗. 𝟖𝟏)(𝟎. 𝟏𝟎𝟖𝒎𝟐 )
= 𝟒 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟕
𝟎. 𝟑𝟑(𝟎. 𝟏𝟒𝟐)𝟑

𝟏 𝟐 𝟏𝟐
𝒗= 𝑹𝟑 𝑺𝒐
𝒏

𝟏 𝟐 𝟏
= 𝟎. 𝟏𝟒𝟐𝟑 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟕𝟐 = 𝟏. 𝟕𝟕𝟒 𝒎⁄𝒔
𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟎

𝑸 = 𝑨𝒗

= 𝟎. 𝟏𝟎𝟖𝒎𝟐 (𝟏. 𝟕𝟕𝟒 𝒎⁄𝒔) = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟗𝟐 𝒎𝟑 ⁄𝒔

Downstream

0.33m

0.20m

0.125m

0.125m

𝒓 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟐𝟓 𝒎

𝑨 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟑 𝒎 × 𝟎. 𝟐𝟎 𝒎 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟔𝟔 𝒎

𝑨𝒐 = 𝝅𝒓2

= 𝝅(𝟎. 𝟏𝟐𝟓)𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟒𝟗 𝒎𝟐

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𝑨𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟔𝟔𝒎𝟐 + 𝟎. 𝟎𝟒𝟗𝒎𝟐

= 𝟎. 𝟏𝟏𝟓𝒎𝟐

𝑷 = 𝑳𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒕𝒉 𝒐𝒇 𝑨𝒓𝒄 + 𝟎. 𝟐𝟎𝒎 + 𝟎. 𝟐𝟎𝒎

𝜽
𝑳𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒕𝒉 𝒐𝒇 𝒂𝒓𝒄 = 𝟐𝝅𝒓 ×
𝟑𝟔𝟎

𝟏𝟖𝟎
= 𝟐𝝅(𝟎. 𝟏𝟐𝟓𝒎) ×
𝟑𝟔𝟎

= 𝟎. 𝟑𝟗𝟑 𝒎

𝑷 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟗𝟑𝒎 + 𝟎. 𝟐𝟎𝒎 + 𝟎. 𝟐𝟎𝒎

= 𝟎. 𝟕𝟗𝟑𝒎

𝑨
𝑹=
𝑷

𝟎. 𝟏𝟏𝟓 𝒎𝟐
= = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟒𝟓 𝒎
𝟎. 𝟕𝟗𝟑 𝒎

𝒏𝟐 𝒈𝑨
𝑺𝒐 = 𝟒
𝑻𝑹𝟑

𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟎𝟐 (𝟗. 𝟖𝟏)(𝟎. 𝟏𝟏𝟓𝒎𝟐 )

= 𝟒 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟖
𝟎. 𝟑𝟑(𝟎. 𝟏𝟒𝟓)𝟑

𝟏 𝟐 𝟏𝟐
𝒗= 𝑹𝟑 𝑺𝒐
𝒏

𝟏 𝟐 𝟏
= 𝟎. 𝟏𝟒𝟓𝟑 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟖𝟐 = 𝟏. 𝟖𝟓𝟏 𝒎⁄𝒔
𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟎

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𝑸 = 𝑨𝒗

= 𝟎. 𝟏𝟏𝟓𝒎𝟐 (𝟏. 𝟖𝟓𝟏 𝒎⁄𝒔) = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟏𝟑 𝒎𝟑 ⁄𝒔

VAverage and QAverage

𝒗𝒖𝒑𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 + 𝒗𝒎𝒊𝒅𝒅𝒍𝒆 + 𝒗𝒅𝒐𝒘𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎

𝒗𝒂𝒗𝒆 =
𝟑

𝟏. 𝟕𝟏𝟐 𝒎⁄𝒔 + 𝟏. 𝟕𝟕𝟒 𝒎⁄𝒔 + 𝟏. 𝟖𝟓𝟏 𝒎⁄𝒔

= = 𝟏. 𝟕𝟕𝟗 𝒎⁄𝒔
𝟑

𝑸𝒖𝒑𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 + 𝑸𝒎𝒊𝒅𝒅𝒍𝒆 + 𝑸𝒅𝒐𝒘𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎

𝑸𝒂𝒗𝒆 =
𝟑

𝟎. 𝟏𝟔𝟑 𝒎𝟑 ⁄𝒔 + 𝟎. 𝟏𝟗𝟐 𝒎𝟑 ⁄𝒔 + 𝟎. 𝟐𝟏𝟑 𝒎𝟑 ⁄𝒔

= = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟗𝟎 𝒎𝟑 ⁄𝒔
𝟑

Best Hydraulics Section

For rectangular channel,

𝑦𝑒 2
A= 2𝑦𝑒 2 P=4𝑦𝑒 2 R= 2

2 1
1
Q= 𝑛 𝐴𝑅 3 𝑆𝑂2

1 𝑦𝑒 2 2 1
Q=0.02 x (2𝑦𝑒 2 )x ( )3 x 0.0172
2

Thus,
𝑦𝑒 = 0 m
𝑦𝑒 2
A= 2𝑦𝑒 2 P= 4𝑦𝑒 2 R= 2

Q=0

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5.0 CONCLUSION

By doing this projects, we can technically practice our learning in class in order to find
the velocity of flow, v and the rate of flow, Q of the channel. In this case, we have to solve
the problem creatively by using the equation in order to find the longitudinal channel bed
slope, So. Where ,
𝑛2 𝑔𝐴
𝑆𝑜 = 4
𝑇𝑅 3

In our channel’s case the upstream section is too little bit different compared to the
middle and downstream which have the perimeter. The uniform velocity of flow for the
upstream section is 1.712 m⁄s while for the both middle and downstream give the value of
1.851 ( m)⁄s. for the rate of flow, the upstream section obtained 0.163 m^3⁄s and other
section is 0.192 m^3⁄s. Therefore, we had calculate their average uniform and the rate of flow
which were 1.779 m⁄s and 0.190 m^3⁄s.Therefore is can be finally concluded that the
discharge at best hydraulic section is equivalent to zero.

6.0 REFERENCE

1. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-channel_flow

2. http://amallraihan.blogspot.com/

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7.0 ATTACHMENT

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