1-Stresses in Soil

Stresses in Soil
by the Program Quick ELPLA
b=4.5 a=1.5
a=1.5 [m] 1 2
B=3 [m]
a=1.5 [m] C
3 4
A=6 [m]
q=400 [kN/m2]
z=4 [m]
2017
Program authors: M. El Gendy
A. El Gendy
Copyright ©
GEOTEC Software Inc.
PO Box 14001 Richmond Road PO, Calgary AB, Canada T3E 7Y7
Tele.:+1(587) 332-3323
geotec@geotecsoftware.com
www.geotecsoftware.com
Stresses in Soil
Content
Page
1 Stresses in Soil................................................................................................................... 4
1.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 4
1.2 Stresses due to a concentrated load ............................................................................ 4
1.3 Stresses due to a circular loaded area ......................................................................... 8
1.3.1 Stress under the center of a circular loaded area .................................................... 8
1.3.2 Stress under a point lying outside the center of a circular loaded area .................. 9
1.3.3 Stress under the center of a ring piece loaded area .............................................. 10
1.4 Stress due to a triangular loaded area ....................................................................... 14
1.4.1 Stress under the corner of a triangular loaded area .............................................. 14
1.5 Stress due to a rectangular loaded area .................................................................... 17
1.5.1 Stress under the corner of a rectangular loaded area ............................................ 17
1.5.2 Stress at an interior point of a rectangular loaded area ........................................ 18
1.5.3 Stress at a point lying outside a rectangular loaded area ...................................... 19
1.6 Stress states .............................................................................................................. 22
1.6.1 Principal stresses .................................................................................................. 22
1.6.2 Maximum shear stress .......................................................................................... 22
1.7 Stress invariants........................................................................................................ 24
1.7.1 Main stress p......................................................................................................... 24
1.7.2 Deviatoric stress q ................................................................................................ 24
1.8 Defining the project data .......................................................................................... 25
1.8.1 Firm Header.......................................................................................................... 25
1.8.2 Task of the program Quick ELPLA (Analysis Type) ........................................... 25
1.8.3 Project Identification ............................................................................................ 27
1.8.4 Data of stress in soil ............................................................................................. 27
1.9 Examples to verify stress in soil ............................................................................... 29
1.9.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................... 29
1.9.2 Example 1: Stress in soil due to a point load acting on the surface ..................... 29
1.9.3 Example 2: Stress in soil at interior point under a rectangular loaded area ......... 33
1.9.4 Example 3: Stress in soil under the center of a circular loaded area .................... 42
1.9.5 Example 4: Stresses at any point under a circular loaded area ............................ 52
1.9.6 Example 5: Principal stresses at any point under a circular loaded area .............. 57
1.10 References ................................................................................................................ 65
-1.2-
Quick ELPLA
Stresses in Soil
Preface
Various problems in Geotechnical Engineering can be investigated by the program Quick

ELPLA. The original version of the program Quick ELPLA in the ELPLA package was
developed by Prof. M. Kany, Prof. M. El Gendy and Dr. A. El Gendy. After the death of Prof.
Kany, Prof. M. El Gendy and Dr. A. El Gendy further developed the program to meet the
needs of practice.
This book describes the essential equations used in Quick ELPLA to obtain stresses in soil
with some verification examples. The problems of stresses in soil outlined in this book can be
also analyzed by the program ELPLA and the same results can be obtained. Quick ELPLA is a
simple user interface program and needs little information to define a problem. It is prefer to
use it for a simple foundation geometry. Furthermore, ELPLA can also read data files of a
problem of stress in soil defined by Quick ELPLA. User can analyze the problem again by
ELPLA.
Although the numerical procedure outlined here is valid for loaded areas of any arbitrary
shape, but only the two special cases of loaded areas; rectangular and circular, in addition to
the point load are taken into consideration.
-1.3-
Stresses in Soil
1 Stresses in Soil
1.1 Introduction
In 1885 Joseph Valentin Boussinesq presented a mathematical solution for determining
stresses at a point within an Aideal@ mass due to a point load on the surface. The solution was
based on the assumption that the mass has the following properties:
Semi-infinite:
This means the mass is bounded on one side at the surface and extends infinitely
below the surface in all directions. This is also called Aan elastic half-space@.
Elastic:
A linear relationship between stress and strain to which Hook=s law may be applied.
Isotropic:
The mass has the same material properties (such as Es and vs) in all directions.
Homogenous:
The mass has the same material properties at all locations.
Although the stress obtained according these assumptions may differ from that obtained in
real soil, the solution of Boussinesq is widely used for its simplicity. Equations for several
types of surface loads based on the above assumptions are presented.
1.2 Stresses due to a concentrated load

The components of stress on a soil element located at a point A due to a concentrated load Q
[kN] at the surface may be expressed in terms of either Polar or Cartesian coordinates:
3Q. z 3
σz = (1.1)
2π R5
In Polar coordinates, ‎Figure 1.1:
Q  3z.r 2 1-2 ν s 
σr =  5 -  (1.2)
2π  R R( R+z ) 
Q(1-2 ν s )  1 z 
σθ =  - 3  (1.3)
2π  R( R+z ) R 
3Q.r. z 2
τrz = (1.4)
2 π R5
-1.4-
Quick ELPLA
where:
σz Vertical stress, [kN/m2].
σr Radial stress, [kN/m2].
σθ Tangent stress, [kN/m2].
τrz Shear stress, [kN/m2].
νs Poission's ratio of the soil, [-].
and R = z 2 + r 2
Q
r
z R
σz
A rz
σr
r σr
rz
z σz
σθ
rθ
σr σr
rθ
σθ
Figure 1.1 Stresses on the element A due to a concentrated load Q at the surface
(Polar coordinates)
In Cartesian coordinates, ‎Figure 1.2:
3Q. z 3
σz = (1.5)
2 π R5
3Q  x2 .z 1-2 ν s  1 (2 R+z ) x2 z 
σx =  +  - -   (1.6)
2π  R5 3  R( R+z ) R3( R+z )2 R3  
 
-1.5-
Stresses in Soil
3Q  y 2 .z 1-2 ν s  1 (2 R+z ) y 2 z 
σy =  +  - - 3  (1.7)
2π  R 5
3  R( R+z ) R3( R+z ) 2
R  
 
3Q  x.y.z 1-2 ν s  (2 R+z ) x.y  

  3 
τ xy = 2 
- (1.8)
2π  R5 3  R ( R+z )  
 
3Q x. z 2
τ xz = (1.9)
2 π R5
3Q y. z 2
τ yz = (1.10)
2 π R5
where:
σ x , σ y , σz Stress in x-, y- and z-directions, [kN/m2].
τxy, τxz, τyz Shear stresses, [kN/m2].
R = z 2 + r 2 and r = x2 + y 2
-1.6-
Quick ELPLA
Q Q
y x
R z R
z
σz σz
yz xz
σy σy σx
r r σx
yz xz
z σz z σz
y x
y σy
Q r y
xy
x x
σx σx
xy
z σy
R r y
A
z Q x
Figure 1.2 Stresses on the element A due to a concentrated load Q at the surface
(Cartesian coordinates)
-1.7-
Stresses in Soil
1.3 Stresses due to a circular loaded area
1.3.1 Stress under the center of a circular loaded area

Circular loaded area may be found in practice due to a circular foundation of an oil or water
tank. Boussinesq=s solution for a point load can be extended to determine the stresses in the
soil due to a uniformly loaded circular area on the surface. ‎Figure 1.3 shows a circular area of
radius a [m] has a uniformly distributed load q [kN/m2]. The components of stress at a point A
below the center can be obtained by dividing the loaded area into many small elements, each
has an area dA and a small concentrated load at its center equal to:
dQ = q.dA = q.r.dθ.dr (1.11)
The vertical stress dσz at A due to dQ can be obtained by substituting dQ for Q and (r2+z2)
for R in Equation (1.1). Thus:
3 z 3 .q.r.dθ.dr
d σz = 5/ 2
(1.12)
2 π ( r 2 + z 2)
The vertical stress σz due to the entire loaded area is obtained by integrating the above
equation over the loaded area, then:
3q. z3 θ= 2 π r=a r.dθ.dr r=a r.dr

σz =
2π 
θ= 0  r=0 2
(r + z ) 2 5/ 2
= 3q. z3 r=0
( r + z 2)
2 5/ 2
(1.13)
Let r 2 + z 2 = u 2
r.dr  udu
r 0u  z
r  a  u  a2  z2
n a2  z 2 udu u a2  z2 du
σ z = 3q. z
3

n z
u
5
= 3q. z3 
uz
u
4
(1.14)
Carrying out the integration of the equation, leads to:
 z
3 
σ z = q 1 - 2 2 3 / 2  (1.15)
 (a + z ) 
Proceeding in a similar manner, the stresses σθ and σr below the center can be obtained as:
q  2(1+ ν s ) z z
3 
σ r = σθ = 1 + 2 ν s - +  (1.16)
 2 2 1/ 2 2 2 3/ 2 
2  ( a + z ) ( a + z ) 
-1.8-
Quick ELPLA
dQ a
dθ
dr r
A
σz
Figure 1.3 Stress σz on A due to a circular loaded area
1.3.2 Stress under a point lying outside the center of a circular loaded area
The above equations are only valid when stresses are to be determined under the center of the
circular loaded area. To find the stresses under any other point, first the circular loaded area is
divided into N elements as shown in ‎Figure 1.4. Then, the load intensity q over the elements
are represented by a series of forces Q1 to QN.
Ql α
l
Qo o
x
Qj
j
r
o
Figure 1.4 Dividing the circular loaded area to elements
Either vertical stress or radial stress σo under any other point o of the circular loaded area is
given by the sum of the stresses due to all forces on that point:
N
σ o   σ o, j (1.17)
j 1
-1.9-
Stresses in Soil
where:
σo,j Stress under the point o in the soil due to a point load on the surface at point j,
[kN/m2].
1.3.3 Stress under the center of a ring piece loaded area

In the previous section, applying stress for a point load directly under the element due to a
force on the element itself, leads to numerical problem due to division by zero. For ring piece
element, closed form equation of stress is presented. To determine the vertical stress σl, l under
the ring piece element l, consider a ring piece loaded area of intensity q [kN/m2] acting on the
surface with the geometry shown in ‎Figure 1.5. The area of the ring piece A [m] is given by:

α
A =  2  r dr dθ =
r2
r 2
2 - r12  (1.18)
-
2
r1 2
where:
α Angle of the ring piece, [Rad].
r1 Short radius of the ring piece, [m].
r2 Long radius of the ring piece, [m].
r2 dA=r dr dθ [m2]
dr Q=α (r22- r21)q/2

r1
dθ r
f r sin θ
θ
o α l
f = r2+c2-2 c r cos θ
c d=r cos θ -c
r cos θ
dQ=qr dr dθ [kN]
Ground surface q [kN/m2]

l
z
σl, l
Figure 1.5 Vertical stress in the soil due to a ring piece loaded area
The distance c [m] between the center of the element area and the center of the circular area is
obtained from:
-1.10-
Quick ELPLA
α
θ r r2
c A =  r dA = 2
α  r dr dθ
2
(1.19)
θ - r  r1
2
Carrying out the integration, leads to:
2 r 3
2 - r13 
r 
c= 2
(1.20)
3 2 - r12
Considering the point load dQ=q r dr dθ on the small element area r dr dθ, then the vertical
stress σl, l under the center of a ring piece loaded area can be obtained from:
3 z 3 dQ 3 z 3 q.r.dθ.dr
dσl ,l  

2 π R5 / 2 2 π f 2 + z 2 5 / 2 
(1.21)
3 z 3 q θ  α2 r  r 2 r.dθ.dr
σ l ,l   α
2π θ - 2 r  r1 r 2 + c2 - 2 c r cos θ+ z 2 5 / 2
Carrying out the integration first for r, leads to:


(θ) + f 2 (θ)  f 3 (θ)  f 4 (θ)  dθ
3 z3 q
  f
θ
σ l ,l = 2
2π θ -
2
1
(1.22)

3 z3 q θ 2
2π θ - 2
σ l ,l =  f (θ) dθ
where the functions f1(θ) to f4(θ) are given by:

r2
   
r2
1  c cos θ
f 1 (θ) =   , f 2 (θ) =  2 
 2

 3 r +c - 2 c r cos θ+z
2 2

3
2

 r1

 c  z  c cos θ  r1
2 2 2 2

r2
  r2
f 3 (θ) = 
r  c cos θ 3  ,

f 4 (θ) = 
c cos θ  r 

 2 2 2 
 3r + c - 2 c r cos θ+ z   r1
2
3
 r 2 + c2 - 2 c r cos θ+ z 2   r1
Equation (1.12) as a function in cos θ under the square root is difficult to integrate analytically
because it contains incomplete integrals, but if the interval -α/2 to α/2 in the function f(θ)
becomes small, it can prove that (‎Figure 1.6):
lim f (θ) = f (0)  constant (1.23)

max θ0
-1.11-
Stresses in Soil
f(θ)
f(θ)
∫f(θ)dθ≈f(0)
= Area under the curve
f(0) f(α/2)
f(-α/2)
- α/2 o α/2 θ
Figure 1.6 Integration of the function f(θ) for small interval α
Therefore, choosing a suitable small angle α for the circle division, gives the value of the
integral in Eq. (1.2.) as:

3 z3 q θ
σ l ,l =
2π θ -
2

2
f (θ) dθ
(1.24)
3
3z q
σ l ,l  f (0)α
2π
Substituting θ = 0 in the functions f1(θ) to f4(θ), the vertical stress Eq. (1.23) at the center of
the ring piece loaded becomes:
3 z 3 qα
σl ,l = I1 + I 2  I 3  (1.25)
2π
where the terms I1 to I3 are given by:
 
1
I1 =  
1

 2 3 
   
3
 3 r2 +c - 2 c r2 +z 3 r12 +c 2 - 2 c r1 +z 2 2 
2 2 2
 
 cr2  c  cr1  c 
3 3
I2 =   
 4 2 3 
   
3
 3 z r2 + c2 - 2 c r2 + z 2 2 3 z 4 r12+ c2 - 2 c r1 + z 2 2 
-1.12-
Quick ELPLA
 cr2  c  cr1  c  
I3 =   
 z 4 r + c
2
2 2
- 2 c r2+ z 2  z
4
 2 2 2

r1 + c - 2 c r1+ z 
For more simplification, another alternative equation of stress can be derived by converting
the piece element to an equivalent circular element having the same area and load intensity.
-1.13-
Stresses in Soil
1.4 Stress due to a triangular loaded area
1.4.1 Stress under the corner of a triangular loaded area

Point load is never applied to the soil in practice. Also, unsymmetrical structure causes a
nonuniform contact pressure. If the irregular loaded area is approximated by a series of
rectangles, influence factors for stresses under the corner of rectangles will be available.
Then, the stress at any point may be determined by superposition of rectangles. Stress under a
corner of triangular loaded area maybe derived from that under one corner of right triangular
loaded area.
‎ igure 1.7 shows a right triangular loaded area of intensity q [kN/m2] with sides a [m] and b
F
[m] acting on the surface. According to Steinbrenner (1934) the vertical stress σz [kN/m2] on a
soil element dz located at a depth z [m] under the corner i of the triangular can be obtained as
follows:
The components of stress at a point A below one corner can be obtained by dividing the
triangle loaded area into many small elements, each has an area dA and a small concentrated
load at its center equal to:
dQ = q.dA = q.r.dθ.dr (1.26)
The vertical stress dσz at A due to dQ can be obtained by substituting dQ for Q and (r2+z2)
for R in Equation (1.1). Thus:
3 z 3 .q.r.dθ.dr
d σz = 5/ 2
(1.27)
2 π ( r 2 + z 2)
The vertical stress σz due to the entire loaded area is obtained by integrating the above
1
equation over the triangle loaded area of size a  b . The stress is integrated twice, first
2
a b
between the limits r =0 and r  , then between θ = 0 and θ  tan 1   , thus
cos θ a
b a
3q. z3 θ= tan 1   r= r.dθ.dr
σz =
2π 
θ= 0
a

r=0
cos θ
5/ 2
( r 2 + z 2)
(1.28)
-1.14-
Quick ELPLA
dr
r b
i dθ dQ
a
Ground surface q [kN/m2]
z
z
σz
Figure 1.7 Vertical stress in a soil due to a triangular loaded area
Carrying out the integration first for r, leads to:

a
r=
3q. z 3 b
θ= tan 1    1  cos θ
σz =
2π  θ= 0
a
 2 2 3/ 2 
 3(r + z )  r=0
dθ
 
  (1.29)
1 
 
b
q θ= tan   cos 3 θ
σz =
2π 
θ= 0
a
1 
 
3 / 2 dθ
 a
2

    + cos θ  
2
   z   
Carrying out the integration of the first term, leads to:
θ= tan 1 
b
  b
θ= tan 1    cos 2 θ  cos θ 
σz =
q
θθ=0 a

q
 a
 2 3/ 2 
dθ (1.30)
2π 2π θ= 0
 
 u + cos 2 θ 
a
where u 
z
-1.15-
Stresses in Soil
The above equation may be rewritten as:
θ= tan 1 
b
  b
θ= tan 1    cos 2 θ  cos θ 
σz =
q
θθ=0 a

q
 a
 2 3/ 2 
dθ
2π 2π θ= 0

 u + cos 2 θ  
q -1 b q b
θ= tan 1    
 u 2  cos 2 θ cos θ  u 2 cos θ 
σz =
2π
tan 
a 2π θ= 0
a

 
u 2+ cos 2 θ
3/ 2 dθ
 (1.31)
b b
q -1 b q θ= tan 1   cos θ q θ= tan 1   u 2 cos θ
σz =
2π
tan 
a 2π θ= 0
a
u 2+ cos 2 θ
dθ 
2π  θ= 0
a
u + cos θ 
2 2 3/ 2
dθ
b b
q -1 b q θ= tan 1   d sin θ q θ= tan 1   u 2 d sin θ
σz =
2π
tan 
a 2π θ= 0
a
u 2+1  sin 2 θ

2π  θ= 0
a
u +1  sin θ 
2 2 3/ 2
Carrying out the integration, leads to the vertical stress σz [kN/m2] on a soil element dz
located at a depth z [m] under the corner i of the right triangular:
q  -1 b bz ab z 
σz   tan  tan  
-1
(1.32)
2π  a a a2 + b2 + z 2 a2 + z 2  a 2 + b2 + z 2 
-1.16-
Quick ELPLA
1.5 Stress due to a rectangular loaded area
1.5.1 Stress under the corner of a rectangular loaded area

Now, it is easy to create the vertical stress due to a rectangular loaded area of intensity q
[kN/m2] with sides a [m] and b [m] acting on the surface. Thus can be done by superposing
two triangular loads as shown in ‎Figure 1.8. The vertical stress σz [kN/m2] in the soil layer
under the corner i of the rectangular can be expressed in two parts as:
σ z  σ z1  σ z 2 (1.33)
where σz1 in the vertical stress σz is due to triangle 1:
q  -1 b bz ab z 
σ z1   tan  tan  
-1
(1.34)
2π  a a a2 + b2 + z 2 a 2 + z 2  a2 + b2 + z 2 
where σz2 in the vertical stress σz is due to triangle 2:
q  -1 a az ab z 
σz 2   tan  tan  
-1
(1.35)
2π  b b a 2 + b2 + z 2 b2 + z 2  a2 + b2 + z 2 
It can be seen that σz1 and σz2 have the roles of a and b reversed to account for the position of
the corner i relative to the two sides of the appropriate triangle.
2
b
1
i
a
Ground surface q [kN/m 2]

i
z
z
z
Figure 1.8 Vertical stress σz under the corner of a rectangular loaded area
-1.17-
Stresses in Soil
Substituting Eqns. (1.34) and (1.35) in Eq. (1.33) yields the vertical stress σz [kN/m2] under a
corner of a rectangular loaded area of length a [m] and width b [m] with a uniform load of
intensity q [kN/m2] can be expressed as:
q  1 1  a.b.z a.b 
σz =   2 + 2 + tan-1  (1.36)
2π   R1 R 2  R3 z. R3 
Proceeding in a similar manner, the components of stress under the corner of a rectangular
loaded area according to Tölke (1969) can be obtained as:
q  a.b.z 
σx =  2  (1.37)
2π  R1 . R3 
q  a.b.z 
σy =  2  (1.38)
2π  R 2 . R3 
q  b b. z 2 
τ xz =  - 2  (1.39)
2π  R 2 R1 . R3 
q a a. z 2 
τ yz =  - 2  (1.40)
2π  R1 R 2 . R3 
 z 
+ (1-2 ν s ) ln z+ R3
q
τ xy =   (1.41)
2π  R3 
where:
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
R1 = a + z , R2 = b + z and R3 = a + b + z
1.5.2 Stress at an interior point of a rectangular loaded area

Equations (1.36) to (1.41) are only valid when stresses are to be determined under the corner
of the rectangular loaded area. To find the stress at any other point the principle of
superposition can be used. The stress at an interior point of the rectangular loaded area is
given by the sum of the stresses at the corners of four sub-loaded areas, such as:
4
σo   σi (1.42)
i 1
where:
σo Stress at the interior point o, [kN/m2].
σi Stress at the corner of loaded area i, [kN/m2].
-1.18-
Quick ELPLA
b2 1 2
b
Interior point o
b1 4 3
a1 a2
Figure 1.9 Superposition of four loaded areas to find the stress at an interior point i
1.5.3 Stress at a point lying outside a rectangular loaded area

Adding and subtracting corner stresses for four loaded areas can obtain the stress of any point
outside a rectangular loaded area as shown in ‎Figure 1.10. First, the stress σ1 is determined as
if the entire region defined by load q. Then, the stresses due to the two edge rectangular
loaded areas σ2 and σ3 are subtracted. Finally, the stress σ4 is added since it has been
subtracted twice in σ2 and σ3. Using the same process, the stress σo for at an exterior point o
of the rectangular loaded area shown in ‎Figure 1.10 is given by:
σ o  σ1  σ 2  σ 3  σ 4 (1.43)
-1.19-
Stresses in Soil
- σ1 b1+b
q 1
a1+a
o
Exterior point o
- σ2 q b1+b 2
b1
σo = a1
q b o
q b1
a1 a - σ3 3
a1+a
o
q b1
+ σ4 4
a1
Figure 1.10 Superposition of four loaded areas to find the stress at an exterior point o
For any point o of coordinates (ξ, η) lies inside or outside the loaded area a×b, ‎Figure 1.11,
the stress σo can be obtained according to Poulos/ Davis (1974) using the principle of
superposition by the following general Equation (55):
σ o=σ(ξ, η) - σ(ξ - a, η) - σ(ξ, η-b) + σ(ξ-a, η - b) (1.44)
-1.20-
Quick ELPLA
y a
i b
q
x
η z
ξ
a) Point o lies inside the loaded area σo
z
y ξ o
b
q z
x
b
a
σo
b) Point o lies outside the loaded area
z
y ξ
o b
q
x
η z
a
σo
c) Point o lies outside the loaded area
Figure 1.11 Superposition of four loaded areas to find the stress at any point o
-1.21-
Stresses in Soil
1.6 Stress states
1.6.1 Principal stresses

The principal stresses represent the maximum and minimum normal stresses at any point on
the soil. The planes on which these stresses act are called the principal planes. The principal
planes are free from shear stress components. To show the stress components and their
corresponding principal stresses, consider the rectangular element in xz-plane as shown in
‎Figure 1.12.
x x
σz σ3
xz θ
σ1
σx σx
xz σ1
σz σ3
Plane on which the major

z z principal stress σ1 acts
(a) (b)
Figure 1.12 a) Stress components on xz-plane

b) Principal stresses
The major principal stress σ1 (max σ) and the minor principal stress σ3 (min σ) in this plane
are related to the stress components σz, σx, τxz by:
2
σz + σx  σ -σ 
σ1 = +  z x  + τ2xz (1.45)
2  2 
2
σz + σx  σ -σ 
σ3 = -  z x  + τ2xz (1.46)
2  2 
The angle between the major principal stress plane and horizontal plane θ is:
1 2 τ xz
θ= tan
-1
(1.47)
2 σx - σz
1.6.2 Maximum shear stress

The maximum shear stress τmax occurs on planes inclined at 45 [] to the principal planes with
magnitude
-1.22-
Quick ELPLA
2
 σz - σx 
τmax =   + τ2xz (1.48)
 2 
-1.23-
Stresses in Soil
1.7 Stress invariants

Stress invariants are measures which are independent of the axis system.
1.7.1 Main stress p

If the stress components σ1, σ2 and σ3 are considered to be the three space axes, then the main
stress p [kN/m2] will be the vector ordinate at equal angles to all three axes, ‎Figure 1.13. In
other words, the sum of the normal stresses σx, σy and σz is a constant and this constant does
not vary with the direction of the x, y and z-axes. Mean stress causes volume change and is
expressed as:
σ1+ σ2 + σ3 σx + σ y + σz
p= = (1.49)
3 3
1.7.2 Deviatoric stress q

A shear stress normal to the mean stress as shown in Figure 1.12 represents the deviatoric
stress. Deviatoric stress causes distortions or shearing of a soil mass. Deviatoric stress q
[kN/m2] is expressed as:
q=
1
σ1 - σ2 2 + σ2 - σ32 + σ3 - σ12 (1.50)
2
2
1
p
q
3
Figure 1.13 Mean and deviatoric stresses
-1.24-
Quick ELPLA
1.8 Defining the project data
1.8.1 Firm Header
When printing the results, the main data (firm name) are displayed on each page at the top in
two lines. Firm name can be defined, modified and saved using the "Firm Header" option
from the setting tab (see ‎Figure 1.14).
Figure 1.14 Firm Header
1.8.2 Task of the program Quick ELPLA (Analysis Type)

The program Quick ELPLA can be used to analyze various problems in Geotechnical
Engineering for shallow foundations and deep foundations, ‎Figure 1.15.
Figure 1.15 Problem type
-1.25-
Stresses in Soil
According to the main menu shown in ‎Figure 1.15, the following geotechnical problems can
be calculated for shallow foundations:
- Stresses in soil
- Strains in soil
- Displacements in soil
- Consolidation settlement
- Degree of consolidation
- Time-settlement curve
- Displacements of rigid raft
- Consolidation of rigid raft
- Settlements of footing groups
Figure 1.16 Problem type for shallow foundation
In menu of ‎Figure 1.15 select the option:
- Stresses in soil
The following paragraph describes how to determine the stresses in soil using the program
Quick ELPLA. The input data are the geometry of the loaded area, load intensity and
coordinates of the point under consideration for the stresses.
-1.26-
Quick ELPLA
1.8.3 Project Identification

In the program, it must be distinguished between the following two data groups:
1 System data (For identification of the project that is created and information to
the output for the printer).
2 Soil data (Soil properties and so on).
The defining input data for these data groups is carried out as follows:
After clicking on the "Project Identification" option, the following general project data are
defined (‎Figure 1.17):
Title: Title label

Date: Date
Project: Project label
Figure 1.17 Project Identification
1.8.4 Data of stress in soil
After clicking on the "Stress in soil" option, the following data required to determine stress in
soil are defined (‎Figure 1.18):
Load type:
 Point load
 Rectangular load
 Circular load
-1.27-
Stresses in Soil
Point coordinates
x x-coordinate, [m].
y x-coordinate, [m].
z x-coordinate, [m].
Load intensity and geometry
q Distributed load, [kN/m2]

a Length, [m].
b Width, [m].
Size of elements to draw the contour lines and diagrams
Dx Element length in x-direction, [m].

Dy Element length in y-direction, [m].
Dz Depth increment in z-direction, [m].
Ni No. of grid points in z-direction
Figure 1.18 Stress in soil
-1.28-
Quick ELPLA
1.9 Examples to verify stress in soil
1.9.1 Introduction
The application possibilities of the program Quick ELPLA to obtain the stresses in soil are
presented below in some numerical examples. The examples were carried out to verify and
test the application of the proposed analytical and numerical procedures outlined in this book.
The examples outlined in this section can be also analyzed by the program ELPLA and the
same results can be obtained. Quick ELPLA is a simple user interface program and needs little
information to define a problem. It is prefer to use it for a simple foundation geometry.
Furthermore, ELPLA can also read data files of a problem of stress in soil defined by Quick
ELPLA. User can analyze the problem again by ELPLA.
1.9.2 Example 1: Stress in soil due to a point load acting on the surface
1.9.2.1 Description of the problem
To verify the vertical stress under any point B in the soil due to a point load acting on the
surface at point A, the stress in soil due to the point load of Q = 16000 [kN] shown in ‎Figure
1.19 are obtained in the soil at different depths by hand calculation and compared with those
obtained by Quick ELPLA. The distance between points A and B is L = 2.5 [m].
Q=16000 [kN]
A B
L = 2.5 [m]
Figure 1.19 Point load acting on the surface
1.9.2.2 Hand calculation of stress in soil

Vertical stress in the soil due to a point load is given by:
3Q z 3
σz 
2π( z 2  r 2 ) 5 / 2
Vertical stresses at different depths in the soil under point B due to a point load acting on the
surface at point A are given by (‎Figure 1.20):
3  8000  z 3  z3 
σz   7639.44  2 5/ 2 
 ( z  6.25) 
5
2π( z 2  2.5 2 ) 2
-1.29-
Stresses in Soil
 0 
Vertical stress at a depth z = 0 [m] σ z  7639.44 5/ 2 
 0 [kN/m2 ]
 (0  6.25) 
 1 
 53.98 [kN/m2 ]
 (1  6.25) 
 8 
 181.96 [kN/m2 ]
 (4  6.25) 
 27 
 277.12 [kN/m2 ]
 (9  6.25) 
 64 
Vertical stress at a depth z = 4 [m] σ z  7639.44 5 / 2   209.37 [kN/m ]
2
 (16  6.25) 
 125 
 174.92 [kN/m2 ]
 (25  6.25) 
Stress  [kN/m2]
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300
0.0
1.0
Depth z [m]
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
Figure 1.20 Vertical stress in the soil under point B
1.9.2.3 Stress in soil by Quick ELPLA

The stresses on the soil obtained by Quick ELPLA under the point B at different depths under
the ground surface are equal to those obtained by hand calculation. The input data and results
of Quick ELPLA for this example are presented also on the next pages.
-1.30-
Quick ELPLA
************************************************************
Quick ELPLA
Version 10
Program authors Prof. M. El Gendy/ Dr. A. El Gendy
************************************************************
Title: Stress in the soil due to a point load acting on the surface
Date: 19-09-2017
Project: User's manual
File: PointLoad
------------------------------------------------------------
Stresses in soil due to point load
------------------------------------------------------------
Data:
Point load Q [kN] = 16000
Soil Data:
Poisson's ratio Nue_s [-] = 0.250
Point coordinates:
X-coord. x [m] = 0.00
Y-coord. y [m] = 2.50
Z-coord. z [m] = 5.00
Results:
X-Stresses Sigma_x [kN/m2] = -14.94
Y-Stresses Sigma_y [kN/m2] = 22.22
Z-Stresses Sigma_z [kN/m2] = 174.92
XY-Shear stresses Tau_xy [kN/m2] = 0.00
XZ-Shear stresses Tau_xz [kN/m2] = 0.00
YZ-Shear stresses Tau_yz [kN/m2] = 87.46
Maximum shear stresses max_Tau [kN/m2] = 94.93
Maximum stresses max_Sigma [kN/m2] = 174.92
Minimum stresses min_Sigma [kN/m2] = -14.94
Mean stresses p [kN/m2] = 60.74
Deviatoric stresses q [kN/m2] = 243.23
Stresses in soil (x=0.00 [m], y=2.50 [m]):

-------------------------------------------------------------
No. Z-coord. X-Stresses Y-Stresses Z-Stresses
I z Sigma_x Sigma_y Sigma_z
[-] [m] [kN/m2] [kN/m2] [kN/m2]
-------------------------------------------------------------
1 1.00 62.84 209.30 53.98
2 2.00 -1.14 207.44 181.69
3 3.00 -16.92 110.50 227.12
4 4.00 -17.56 50.82 209.37
5 5.00 -14.94 22.22 174.92
-------------------------------------------------------------
-1.31-
Stresses in Soil
Stresses Sigma [kN/m2]

-50.00 0.00 50.00 100.00 150.00 200.00 250.00
0.00 Sigma [kN/m2]
1.00
2.00
Depth z [m]
X-Stresses
Y-Stresses
Z-Stresses
3.00 227.12
4.00 -17.56
5.00
z [m]
Stresses in soil (x=0.00 [m], y=2.50 [m])
GEOTEC Software Inc., Calgary AB, Canada T3E 7Y7

PO Box 14001 Richmond Road PO, Tele.: +1 (587) 332-3323
Scale: 2357 Project: User's manual
File: PointLoad Date: 19-09-2017
Page No.: Title: Stress in the soil due to a point load acting on the surface
-1.32-
Quick ELPLA
1.9.3 Example 2: Stress in soil at interior point under a rectangular loaded area
To verify the vertical stress at interior point A below a rectangular loaded area, the stress in
soil obtained by Das (1983), Example 3.4, page 205, using influence coefficients of Newmark
(1935) is compared with that obtained by Quick ELPLA.
A distributed load of q = 50 [kN/m2] acts on a flexible rectangular area 6 [m] × 3 [m] as

shown in ‎Figure 1.21. It is required to determine the vertical stress at a point A, which is
located at a depth of z = 3 [m] below the ground surface.
L1 = 4.5 L2 = 1.5
0.5
B3 = 1.5 B1 = 1.5
B4 = 1.5 B2 = 1.5
1 2
3 [m]
A
0.5
3 4
L3 = 4.5 L4 = 1.5
a)
6 [m]
q = 50 [kN/m2]
z = 3 [m]
b)
A
Figure 1.21 a) Plan of the loaded area with dimensions and FE-Net
b) Cross section through the soil under the loaded area
-1.33-
Stresses in Soil

According to Das (1983), the stress in soil can be obtained by hand calculation as follows:
Newmark (1935) has shown that the stress in soil σz at a depth z below the corner of a
uniformly loaded rectangular area L × B is given by
σz = q Iσ [kN/m2]
where Iσ [-] is the influence coefficient of the soil stress and is given by
1  2 m n m2  n 2  1 m2  n2  2 1 2 m n m  n  1
2 2 
Iσ   2  tan 
4π  m  n 2  m 2 n 2  1 m 2  n 2  1 m 2  n 2  m 2 n 2  1
where m = B/z; n = L/z [-]
The soil stress σz at a point A may be evaluated by assuming the stresses contributed by the
four rectangular loaded areas using the principle of superposition as shown in ‎Figure 1.21.
Thus,
σz = q( Iσ1+ Iσ2+ Iσ3+ Iσ4) [kN/m2]
The determination of influence coefficients for the four rectangular areas is shown in ‎Table
1.1.
Table 1.1 Determination of influence coefficients for the four rectangular areas
Area No. B [m] L [m] z [m] m = B/z [-] n = L/z [-] Iσ [-]
1 1.5 4.5 3.0 0.5 1.5 0.131

2 1.5 1.5 3.0 0.5 0.5 0.085
3 1.5 4.5 3.0 0.5 1.5 0.131
4 1.5 1.5 3.0 0.5 0.5 0.085
The stress in soil is given by
σz = 50( 0.131+ 0.085+ 0.131+ 0.085) = 21.6 [kN/m2]

The location of the stress in soil under the loaded area can be defined at any position in Quick
ELPLA. Here the position of the point A is defined by coordinates x = 0.0 [m], y = 1.50 and z
-1.34-
Quick ELPLA
= 3 [m] from the center as the orgin. A net of square elements is chosen. Each element has a
side of 0.5 [m] as shown in ‎Figure 1.21a.
The stress in soil obtained by Quick ELPLA under the loaded area at depth 3 [m] below the
ground surface is σz = 21.5 [kN/m²] and nearly equal to that obtained by hand calculation. The
input data and results of Quick ELPLA for this example are presented also on the next pages.
-1.35-
Stresses in Soil
************************************************************
Quick ELPLA
Version 10
************************************************************
Title: Stress in soil at interior point under a rectangular loaded area
Date: 25_06_2015
Project: Das (1983), Example 3.4, page 205
File: InteriorRec
------------------------------------------------------------
Stresses in soil due to rectangular load
------------------------------------------------------------
Data:
Rectangular load p [kN/m2] = 50.0
Length a [m] = 3.00
Width b [m] = 6.00
Soil Data:
Point coordinates:
X-coord. x [m] = 0.00
Y-coord. y [m] = 1.50
Z-coord. z [m] = 3.00
Results:
X-Stresses Sigma_x [kN/m2] = -0.4
Minimum stresses min_Sigma [kN/m2] = -0.4

-------------------------------------------------------------
[-] [m] [kN/m2] [kN/m2] [kN/m2]
-------------------------------------------------------------
1 0.50 22.9 21.6 49.0
2 1.00 10.7 12.9 44.5
3 1.50 4.4 7.8 37.9
4 2.00 1.5 4.9 31.4
5 2.50 0.2 3.1 25.9
6 3.00 -0.4 2.0 21.5
7 3.50 -0.6 1.3 18.1
8 4.00 -0.7 0.8 15.4
9 4.50 -0.7 0.5 13.2
10 5.00 -0.7 0.3 11.4
-------------------------------------------------------------
-1.36-
Quick ELPLA
Method (9) (Half Space model)

Flexible Foundation
6.00
5.50
5.00
4.50
4.00
3.50
p [kN/m2] 3.00 50.00
2.50
2.00
1.50
1.00
0.50
0.00 Y
0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00
System of loading P [kN/m2]

Scale: 30 Project: Das (1983), Example 3.4, page 205
File: InteriorRec Date: 25_06_2015
Page No.: Title: Stress in soil at interior point under a rectangular loaded area
-1.37-
Stresses in Soil

-10.00 0.00 10.00 20.00 30.00 40.00 50.00
0.00
1.00
2.00
Depth z [m]
X-Stresses
Y-Stresses
Z-Stresses
3.00
4.00
-0.71
5.00

-1.38-
Quick ELPLA

Flexible Foundation
6.00 1 3. 2
4
32
5.50 14.
.40
16
.4
15
8
5.00 .6 4
18
19.72
23.50 [kN/m2] 4.50
22.42 [kN/m2]
17.56
21.34 [kN/m2] 4.00
20.26 [kN/m2]
19.18 [kN/m2] 3.50
20. 80
18.10 [kN/m2]
17.02 [kN/m2] 3.00
15.94 [kN/m2]
14.86 [kN/m2] 2.50

18. 64
8
22
21.8
.9
13.78 [kN/m2]
6
12.70 [kN/m2] 2.00

19 .
11.62 [kN/m2]
72
16.48
10.54 [kN/m2] 1.50
6
18 .5
1.00 .64 17
0.50 16.48 .3 2
14 6
15.40 .1
12
24
13 .
0.00 Y
0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00
Z-Stresses Sigma_z [kN/m2]

Max. Sigma_z = 24.04 at node 46, Min. Sigma_z = 10.00 at node 1

-1.39-
Stresses in Soil

Flexible Foundation
6.00
1. 16
0.16
5.50
5.00
-0. 17
-0. 01
0.82
-0.34
1.57 [kN/m2] 4.50
1.41 [kN/m2]
1.24 [kN/m2] 4.00
1.08 [kN/m2]
0.91 [kN/m2] 3.50
0.74 [kN/m2]
0.58 [kN/m2] 3.00
0.41 [kN/m2]
0.25 [kN/m2] 2.50
0.08 [kN/m2]
-0.09 [kN/m2] 2.00 -0.17
-0.26 [kN/m2]
1.49
0.16
0.66
-0.42 [kN/m2] 1.50

0.99
-0. 01
1.00
0.49
0.50
1. 16
0.82
0.00 Y
0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00
X-Stresses Sigma_x [kN/m2]

Max. Sigma_x = 1.66 at node 43, Min. Sigma_x = -0.50 at node 46

-1.40-
Quick ELPLA

Flexible Foundation
6.00
2.4
6 2.66
5.50 6
2 .3
2.26
5.00 2.15
2.05
2.92 [kN/m2] 4.50
1.95
2.82 [kN/m2]
2.72 [kN/m2] 4.00
2.61 [kN/m2] 1.75
2.51 [kN/m2] 3.50
2.41 [kN/m2]
2.31 [kN/m2] 3.00
2.21 [kN/m2]
2.10 [kN/m2] 2.50

1.85
2.00 [kN/m2]
1.90 [kN/m2] 2.00
1.80 [kN/m2]
1.70 [kN/m2] 1.50
5
2 .0
1.00 5 2.15
1. 9
2.26
0.50 2. 46
2 .5 6 2.3
2.77 6
6
0.00 2.6 2.8 7
Y
0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00
Y-Stresses Sigma_y [kN/m2]

Max. Sigma_y = 2.97 at node 4, Min. Sigma_y = 1.64 at node 29

-1.41-
Stresses in Soil
1.9.4 Example 3: Stress in soil under the center of a circular loaded area
To verify the vertical stress at point c below the center of a circular loaded area, the influence
coefficients of stress Iz below the center of a uniformly loaded area at the surface obtained by
Scott (1974), Table 12.2, page 287, are compared with those obtained by Quick ELPLA.
‎ igure 1.22 shows a distributed load of q = 1000 [kN/m2] that acts on a flexible circular area
F
of radius r = 5 [m]. It is required to determine the vertical stress under the center c of the area
at different depths z up to 10 [m] below the ground surface.
a)
r = 5.0 [m]
q = 1000 [kN/m2]
b) c
Figure 1.22 a) Plan of the loaded area with dimensions and FE-Net
-1.42-
Quick ELPLA

According to Scott (1974), the stress in soil below the center of a uniformly loaded circular
area at the surface may be determined by integrating Boussinesq’s expressions over the
relevant area. The stress σz [kN/m2] at a depth z [m] under the center of a circular loaded area
q [kN/m2] of radius r [m] is given by
σz = q Iσ [kN/m2]
where Iσ [-] is the influence coefficient of the soil stress and is given by
1
Iσ  1  3/ 2
  r 2 
1    
  z  

The location of the stress in soil under the loaded area can be defined at any position in Quick
ELPLA. The influence coefficients Iσ of the soil stress below the center of a uniformly loaded
circular area at the surface are shown in ‎Table 1.2. From this table, it can be observed that the
influence coefficients obtained by Quick ELPLA under the loaded circular area at different
depths below the ground surface are nearly equal to those obtained by hand calculation. The
input data and results of Quick ELPLA for this example are presented on the next pages.
-1.43-
Stresses in Soil
Table 1.2 Influence coefficient Iσ [-] of the soil stress below the center of a uniformly
loaded circular area
Iσ [-] Iσ [-]
z/r [-] z/r [-]
Scott (1974) Quick ELPLA Scott (1974) Quick ELPLA
0.0 1.000 1.000 1.3 0.502 0.501

0.1 0.999 0.999 1.4 0.461 0.460
0.2 0.992 0.992 1.5 0.424 0.423
0.3 0.976 0.976 1.6 0.390 0.389
0.4 0.949 0.949 1.7 0.360 0.359
0.5 0.911 0.910 1.8 0.332 0.331
0.6 0.864 0.863 1.9 0.307 0.306
0.7 0.811 0.811 2.0 0.284 0.284
0.8 0.756 0.755 2.1 0.264 0.263
0.9 0.701 0.700 2.2 0.246 0.245
1.0 0.646 0.646 2.3 0.229 0.228
1.1 0.595 0.594 2.4 0.214 0.213
1.2 0.547 0.546 2.5 0.200 0.199
-1.44-
Quick ELPLA
************************************************************
Quick ELPLA
Version 10
************************************************************
Title: Stress in soil under the center of a circular loaded area
Date: 23-09-2017
Project: Scott (1974) (Table 12.2, page 287)
File: CenterCir
------------------------------------------------------------
Stresses in soil due to circular load
------------------------------------------------------------
Data:
Circular load p [kN/m2] = 1000
Radius a [m] = 5.00
Soil Data:
Point coordinates:
X-coord. x [m] = 0.00
Y-coord. y [m] = 0.00
Z-coord. z [m] = 5.00
Results:
X-Stresses Sigma_x [kN/m2] = 43
Y-Stresses Sigma_y [kN/m2] = 43
Z-Stresses Sigma_z [kN/m2] = 646
XY-Shear stresses Tau_xy [kN/m2] = 0
XZ-Shear stresses Tau_xz [kN/m2] = 0
YZ-Shear stresses Tau_yz [kN/m2] = 0
Maximum shear stresses max_Tau [kN/m2] = 302
Maximum stresses max_Sigma [kN/m2] = 646
Minimum stresses min_Sigma [kN/m2] = 43
Mean stresses p [kN/m2] = 244
Deviatoric stresses q [kN/m2] = 947
-1.45-
Stresses in Soil

-------------------------------------------------------------
[-] [m] [kN/m2] [kN/m2] [kN/m2]
-------------------------------------------------------------
1 0.50 648 648 999
2 1.00 509 509 992
3 1.50 401 401 976
4 2.00 310 310 949
5 2.50 235 235 911
6 3.00 174 174 864
7 3.50 127 127 811
8 4.00 91 91 756
9 4.50 63 63 701
10 5.00 43 43 646
11 5.50 28 28 595
12 6.00 16 16 547
13 6.50 8 8 502
14 7.00 2 2 461
15 7.50 -2 -2 424
16 8.00 -5 -5 390
17 8.50 -7 -7 360
18 9.00 -9 -9 332
19 9.50 -10 -10 307
20 10.00 -10 -10 284
21 10.50 -11 -11 264
22 11.00 -11 -11 246
23 11.50 -11 -11 229
24 12.00 -11 -11 213
25 12.50 -10 -10 200
-------------------------------------------------------------
-1.46-
Quick ELPLA

Flexible Foundation
10
5 1000.00
p [kN/m2]
0 Y
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
System of loading P [kN/m2]

Scale: 63 Project: Scott (1974) (Table 12.2, page 287)
File: CenterCir Date: 24-09-2017
Page No.: Title: Stress in soil under the center of a circular loaded area
-1.47-
Stresses in Soil

-200 0 200 400 600 800 1000
0.00
2.50
5.00
Depth z [m]
X-Stresses
Y-Stresses
Z-Stresses
7.50
10.00
12.50

-1.48-
Quick ELPLA

Flexible Foundation
367
3 90
437
414
460
48 3
4
41
50 7
530
39
3
48
0
635 [kN/m2]
553
0
46
612 [kN/m2] 7
50 577
589 [kN/m2]
0
600
53
55 3
565 [kN/m2]
60
530
0
437
542 [kN/m2]
437
62
3
519 [kN/m2]
495 [kN/m2]
472 [kN/m2]
577
600
5 53
623
449 [kN/m2]
53 0
4 83
46 0
426 [kN/m2] 437
530
60 0
3 67
402 [kN/m2] 57 7
379 [kN/m2] 553

507
5 07
39
356 [kN/m2] 53 0
0
460 4 83
437
414 3 90
367
Z-Stresses Sigma_z [kN/m2]

Max. Sigma_z = 646 at node 1, Min. Sigma_z = 344 at node 81

-1.49-
Stresses in Soil

Flexible Foundation
28
33
49
54
33
38
38
88 [kN/m2]
64
38
70
59
44
83 [kN/m2]
75
44
78 [kN/m2]
73 [kN/m2]
67 [kN/m2]
59
62 [kN/m2]
54
64
80 54
44
57 [kN/m2]
49
52 [kN/m2]
47 [kN/m2]
85
44
75
41 [kN/m2]
38
59
36 [kN/m2]
70
31 [kN/m2]
64
33
59
26 [kN/m2]
49
38
38
54
44
33
28
X-Stresses Sigma_x [kN/m2]

Max. Sigma_x = 90 at node 211, Min. Sigma_x = 23 at node 111

-1.50-
Quick ELPLA

Flexible Foundation
85
80
70 75
64 70
64
59
54 64
59 54
59
88 [kN/m2]
49 54 44
49
83 [kN/m2]
44
49
78 [kN/m2] 38
38 33
73 [kN/m2] 44
28
33
67 [kN/m2]
62 [kN/m2]
57 [kN/m2]
38
33
52 [kN/m2]
28
47 [kN/m2]
41 [kN/m2] 33
44
36 [kN/m2] 49
38 44 49 38
44
31 [kN/m2] 54 44
49 49
26 [kN/m2] 59
54 59 54
64
64
70
70
75 75
80
85
Y-Stresses Sigma_y [kN/m2]

Max. Sigma_y = 90 at node 311, Min. Sigma_y = 23 at node 11

-1.51-
Stresses in Soil
1.9.5 Example 4: Stresses at any point under a circular loaded area

To verify the vertical stress at any point P under the a circular loaded area, the vertical stress
in soil obtained by Cernica (1982), Example 8-5, page 179, using the chart developed by
Foster/ Ahlvin (1954) is compared with that obtained by Quick ELPLA.
A distributed load of qo = 100 [kN/m2] acts on a flexible circular area of radius r = 1.6 [m] is
considered. It is required to determine the vertical stress at a point P, which is located at a
distance of x = 2 [m] from the center of the circular area and a depth of z = 2 [m] below the
ground surface as shown in ‎Figure 1.23.
r = 1.6 [m] x = 2 [m]
a) P
qo = 100 [kN/m2]
z = 2 [m]
b)
P
Figure 1.23 a) Plan of the loaded area with dimensions
1.9.5.2 Hand calculation of principal stresses

According to Cernica (1982), the vertical stress can be obtained by hand calculation as
follows:
Stresses at any point under uniformly loaded flexible circular area can be obtained by using
the chart developed by Foster/Ahlvin (1954), ‎Figure 1.24, from:
-1.52-
Quick ELPLA
I  qo
σz 
100
z x
where I is the a shape function of dimensionless variables, m  and n 
r r
Figure 1.24 Vertical stress σz from uniformly loaded circular area (Foster/Ahlvin (1954))
z 2 x 2
From ‎Figure 1.24, for a depth ratio m    1.25 and an offset ratio n    1.25
r 1.6 r 1.6
the vertical stresses at point P may be given by:
22  100
σz   22 [kN/m 2 ]
100

Vertical stresses obtained by hand calculation according to Cernica (1982) is compared with
that obtained by Quick ELPLA. The stress in soil obtained by Quick ELPLA is σz = 21
[kN/m²] and nearly equal to that obtained by hand calculation. The input data and results of
Quick ELPLA for this example are presented also on the next pages.
-1.53-
Stresses in Soil
************************************************************
Quick ELPLA
Version 10
************************************************************
Title: Stress at any point under a circular loaded area
Date: 22-09-2017
Project: Cernica (1982), Example 8-5, page 179
File: At any Point
------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------
Data:
Circular load p [kN/m2] = 100.0
Radius a [m] = 1.60
Soil Data:
Point coordinates:
X-coord. x [m] = 2.00
Y-coord. y [m] = 0.00
Z-coord. z [m] = 2.00
Results:
X-Stresses Sigma_x [kN/m2] = 10.8
Minimum stresses min_Sigma [kN/m2] = 3.1
-1.54-
Quick ELPLA

-------------------------------------------------------------
[-] [m] [kN/m2] [kN/m2] [kN/m2]
-------------------------------------------------------------
1 0.25 23.7 6.8 3.5
2 0.50 26.4 7.9 11.9
3 0.75 24.5 7.0 18.0
4 1.00 21.6 5.8 19.9
5 1.25 18.5 4.5 21.1
6 1.50 15.6 3.5 21.5
7 1.75 13.0 2.7 21.2
8 2.00 10.8 2.1 20.6
9 2.25 9.0 1.6 19.8
10 2.50 7.5 1.3 18.8
11 2.75 6.2 1.0 17.8
12 3.00 5.2 0.7 16.8
13 3.25 4.3 0.6 15.8
14 3.50 3.6 0.4 14.8
15 3.75 3.0 0.3 13.9
16 4.00 2.5 0.3 13.0
17 4.25 2.1 0.2 12.1
18 4.50 1.8 0.1 11.4
19 4.75 1.5 0.1 10.6
20 5.00 1.3 0.1 10.0
21 5.25 1.1 0.0 9.4
22 5.50 1.0 0.0 8.8
23 5.75 0.8 0.0 8.3
24 6.00 0.7 0.0 7.8
25 6.25 0.6 0.0 7.3
26 6.50 0.5 0.0 6.9
27 6.75 0.5 0.0 6.5
28 7.00 0.4 0.0 6.2
29 7.25 0.4 0.0 5.8
30 7.50 0.3 0.0 5.5
31 7.75 0.3 0.0 5.2
32 8.00 0.2 0.0 5.0
33 8.25 0.2 0.0 4.7
34 8.50 0.2 0.0 4.5
35 8.75 0.2 0.0 4.3
36 9.00 0.1 0.0 4.1
37 9.25 0.1 0.0 3.9
38 9.50 0.1 0.0 3.7
39 9.75 0.1 0.0 3.5
40 10.00 0.1 0.0 3.4
-------------------------------------------------------------
-1.55-
Stresses in Soil

0.00 3.00 6.00 9.00 12.00 15.00 18.00 21.00 24.00 27.00 30.00
0.00
7.86 26.37
1.00
21.46
2.00
3.00
4.00
Depth z [m]
X-Stresses
5.00
Y-Stresses
Z-Stresses
6.00
7.00
8.00
9.00
10.00

Scale: 222 Project: Cernica (1982), Example 8-5, page 179
File: AnyPointCir Date: 24-09-2017
Page No.: Title: Stress at any point under a circular loaded area
-1.56-
Quick ELPLA
1.9.6 Example 5: Principal stresses at any point under a circular loaded area
To verify the principal stress at any point P under the a circular loaded area, the principal
stress in soil obtained by Das (1983), Example 3.3, page 195, using the tabulation of Ahlvin/
Ulery (1962) is compared with that obtained by Quick ELPLA.
A distributed load of q = 2000 [Ib/ft2] acts on a flexible circular area of radius b = 8 [ft] is
considered. It is required to determine the principal stress at a point P, which is located at a
distance of s = 12 [ft] from the center of the circular area and a depth of z = 16 [ft] below the
ground surface as shown in ‎Figure 1.25.
b = 8 [ft] s = 12 [ft]
a) P
q = 2000 [kN/m2]
z = 16 [ft]
b)
P
Figure 1.25 a) Plan of the loaded area with dimensions
1.9.6.2 Hand calculation of principal stresses

According to Das (1983), the principal stress can be obtained by hand calculation as follows:
Stresses at any point under uniformly loaded flexible circular area was given by Ahlvin/ Ulery
(1962). Referring to ‎Figure 1.25, principal stresses at point P may be given by:
-1.57-
Stresses in Soil
σz = q (A' + B')
σr = q [2νA' + C + (1 - 2ν) F]
σθ = q [2νA' - D + (1 - 2ν) E]
rz = zr =q G
where:
s z
A', B', C, F, D, E and G are functions of and ; the values of these are given in ‎Table 1.4
b b
to ‎Table 1.10 obtained from the reference Das (1983) after Ahlvin/ Ulery (1962).
Note that σθ is a principal stress, due to symmetry. The remaining two principal stress can be
determined as:
σ z  σ r   σ z  σ r 2  2τ rz 2
σp 
2
s 12 z 16
Then, for   1.5 [-] and   2 [-], functions are obtained from Tables 3.7 to 3.13
b 8 b 8
in the reference of Das (1983):
A' = 0.06275 [-], B' = 0.06371 [-], C = -0.00782 [-]
F = 0.02197 [-], D = 0.05589 [-], E = 0.04078 [-], G = 0.07804 [-]
So,
σz = q (A' + B')
σz = 2000 (0.06275 + 0.06371) = 252.92 [Ib/ft2]
σθ = q [2νA' - D + (1 - 2ν) E]
σθ = 2000 [2×0.45×0.06275 - 0.05589 + (1 - 2×0.45) 0.04078]
σθ = 9.33 [Ib/ft2]
σr = q [2νA' + C + (1 - 2ν) F]
σr = 2000 [2×0.45×0.06275 - 0.00782 + (1 - 2×0.45) 0.02197]
-1.58-
Quick ELPLA
σr = 101.71 [Ib/ft2]
rz = zr =q G
rz = zr =2000×0.07804 = 156.08 [Ib/ft2]
σ z  σ r   σ z  σ r 2  2τ rz 2
σp 
2
252.92  101.71  252.92  101.712  2  156.082
σp 
2
354.63  346.85
σp 
2
σ p (1)  350.94 [Ib/ft 2 ] (major principal stress)
σ p ( 2 )  3.69 [Ib/ft 2 ] (mainor principal stress)

Principal stresses obtained by hand calculation according to Das (1983) are compared with
those obtained by Quick ELPLA in ‎Table 1.3. From the comparison the principal stresses
obtained by Quick ELPLA are nearly equal to those obtained by hand calculation. The input
data and results of Quick ELPLA for this example are presented also on the next pages.
Table 1.3 Comparison between results of principal stress obtained by Das (1983) and
Quick ELPLA
Das (1983) Quick ELPLA
Stress type 2
[Ib/ft ]
Z-Stress σz 252.92 252.94
Y-Stress σθ = σy 9.33 9.41
X-Stress σr = σx 101.71 101.69
XZ-Shear stress rz =xz 156.08 153.56
Maximum stress σp(1) = σmax 350.94 348.49
Minimum stress σp(2) = σmin 3.69 6.14
-1.59-
Stresses in Soil
Table 1.4 Function A' obtained from Das (1983) after Ahlvin/ Ulery (1962)
s
z
b
b
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.5 2
0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 .5 0 0 0
0.1 .90050 .89748 .88679 .86126 .78797 .43015 .09645 .02787 .00856
0.2 .80388 .79824 .77884 .73483 .63014 .38269 .15433 .05251 .01680
0.3 .71265 .70518 .68316 .62690 .52081 .34375 .17964 .07199 .02440
0.4 .62861 .62015 .59241 .53767 .44329 .31048 .18709 .08593 .03118
0.5 .55279 .54403 .51622 .46448 .38390 .28156 .18556 .09499 .03701
0.6 .48550 .47691 .45078 .40427 .33676 .25588 .17952 .10010
0.7 .42654 .41874 .39491 .35428 .29833 .21727 .17124 .10228 .04558
0.8 .37531 .36832 .34729 .31243 .26581 .21297 .16206 .10236
0.9 .33104 .32492 .30669 .27707 .23832 .19488 .15253 .10094
1 .29289 .28763 .27005 .24697 .21468 .17868 .14329 .09849 .05185
1.2 .23178 .22795 .21662 .19890 .17626 .15101 .12570 .09192 .05260
1.5 .16795 .16552 .15887 .14804 .13436 .11892 .10296 .08048 .05116
2 .10557 .10453 .10140 .09647 .09011 .08269 .07471 .06275 .04496
2.5 .07152 .07098 .06947 .06698 .06373 .05974 .05555 .04880 .03787
3 .05132 .05101 .05022 .04886 .04707 .04487 .04241 .03839 .03150
4 .02986 .02976 .02907 .02802 .02832 .02749 .02651 .02490 .02193
Table 1.5 Function B' obtained from Das (1983) after Ahlvin/ Ulery (1962)
s
z
b
b
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.5 2
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0.1 .09852 .10140 .11138 .13424 .18796 .05388 -.07899 -.02672 -.00845
0.2 .18857 .19306 .20772 .23524 .25983 .08513 -.07759 -.04448 -.01593
0.3 .26362 .26787 .28018 .29483 .27257 .10757 -.04316 -.04999 -.02166
0.4 .32016 .32259 .32748 .32273 .26925 .12404 -.00766 -.04535 -.02522
0.5 .35777 .35752 .35323 .33106 .26236 .13591 .02165 -.03455 -.02651
0.6 .37831 .37531 .36308 .32822 .25411 .14440 .04457 -.02101
0.7 .38487 .37962 .36072 .31929 .24638 .14986 .06209 -.000702 -.02329
0.8 .38091 .37408 .35133 .30699 .23779 .15292 .07530 .00614
0.9 .36962 .36275 .33734 .29299 .22891 .15404 .8507 .01795
1 .35355 .34553 .32075 .27819 .21978 .15355 .09210 .02814 -.01005
1.2 .31485 .30730 .28481 .24836 .20113 .14915 .10002 .04378 .00023
1.5 .25602 .25025 .23338 .20694 .17368 .13732 .10193 .05745 .01385
2 .19889 .18144 .16644 .15198 .13375 .11331 .09254 .06371 .02836
2.5 .12807 .12633 .12126 .11327 .10298 .09130 .07869 .06022 .03429
3 .09487 .09394 .09099 .08635 .08033 .07325 .06551 .05354 .03511
4 .05707 .05666 .05562 .05383 .05145 .04773 .04532 .03995 .03066
-1.60-
Quick ELPLA
Table 1.6 Function C obtained from Das (1983) after Ahlvin/ Ulery (1962)
s
z
b
b
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.5 2
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0.1 -.04926 -.05142 -.05903 -.07708 -.12108 -.02247 .12007 .04475 .01536
0.2 -.09429 -.09755 -.10872 -.12977 -.14552 .02419 .14896 .07892 .02951
0.3 -.13181 -.13484 -.14415 -.15023 -.12990 .01988 .13394 .09816 .04148
0.4 -.16008 -.16188 -.16519 -.15985 -.11168 -.01292 .11014 .10422 .05067
0.5 -.17889 -.17835 -.17497 -.15625 -.09833 .00483 .08730 .10125 .05690
0.6 -.18915 -.18664 -.17336 -.14934 -.08967 -.00304 .06731 .09313
0.7 -.19244 -.18831 -.19393 -.14147 -.08409 -.01061 .05028 .08253 .06129
0.8 -.19046 -.18481 -.16784 -.13393 -.08.66 -.01744 .03582 .07114
0.9 -.18481 -.17841 -.16024 -.12664 -.07828 -.02337 .02359 .05993
1 -.17678 -.17050 -.15188 -.11995 -.07634 -.02843 .01331 .04939 .05429
1.2 -.15742 -.15117 -.13467 -.10763 -.07289 -.03575 -.00245 .03107 .04552
1.5 -.12801 -.12277 -.11101 -.09145 -.06711 -.04124 -.01702 .010088 .03154
2 -.08944 -.08491 -.07976 -.06925 -.05560 -.04144 -.02687 -.00782 .01267
2.5 -.06403 -.06068 -.05839 -.05259 -.04522 -.03605 -.02800 -.01536 .00103
3 -.04744 -.04560 -.04339 -.04089 -.03642 -.03130 -.02587 -.01748 -.00528
4 -.02854 -.02737 -.02562 -.02585 -.02421 -.02112 -.01964 -.01586 -.00956
Table 1.7 Function D obtained from Das (1983) after Ahlvin/ Ulery (1962)
s
z
b
b
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.5 2
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0.1 .04926 .04998 .05235 .05716 .06687 .07635 .04108 .01803 .00691
0.2 .09429 .09552 .09900 .10546 .11431 .10932 .07139 .03444 .01359
0.3 .13181 .13305 .14051 .14062 .14267 .12745 .09078 .04817 .01982
0.4 .16008 .16070 .16229 .16288 .15756 .13696 .10248 .05887 .02545
0.5 .17889 .17917 .17826 .17481 .16403 .14074 .10894 .06670 .03039
0.6 .18915 .18867 .18573 .17887 .16489 .14137 .11186 .07212
0.7 .19244 .19132 .18679 .17782 .16229 .13926 .11237 .07551 .03801
0.8 .19046 .18927 .18348 .17306 .15714 .13548 .11115 .07728
0.9 .18481 .18349 .17709 .16635 .15063 .13067 .10866 .07788
1 .17678 .17503 .16886 .15824 .14344 .12513 .10540 .07753 .04456
1.2 .15742 .15618 .15014 .14073 .12823 .11340 .09757 .07484 .4575
1.5 .12801 .12754 .12237 .11549 .10657 .09608 .08491 .06833 .04539
2 .08944 .09080 .08668 .08273 .07814 .07187 .06566 .05589 .04103
2.5 .06403 .06565 .06284 .06068 .05777 .05525 .05069 .04486 .03532
3 .4744 .04834 .04760 .04548 .04391 .04195 .03963 .03606 .02983
4 .02854 .02928 .02996 .02798 .02724 .02661 .02568 .02408 .02110
-1.61-
Stresses in Soil
Table 1.8 Function E obtained from Das (1983) after Ahlvin/ Ulery (1962)
s
z
b
b
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.5 2
0 .5 .5 .5 .5 .5 .5 .34722 .22222 .12500
0.1 .45025 .449494 .44698 .44173 .43008 .39198 .30445 .20399 .11806
0.2 .40194 .400434 .39591 .38660 .36798 .32802 .26598 .18633 .11121
0.3 .35633 .35428 .33809 .33674 .31578 .28003 .2331 .16967 .10450
0.4 .31431 .31214 .30541 .29298 .27243 .24200 .20526 .15428 .09891
0.5 .27639 .27407 .26732 .25511 .23639 .21119 .18168 .14028 .09180
0.6 .24275 .24247 .23411 .22289 .20634 .18520 .16155 .12759
0.7 .21327 .21112 .20535 .19525 .18093 .16356 .14421 .11620 .08027
0.8 .18765 .18550 .18049 .17190 .15977 .14523 .12928 .10602
0.9 .16552 .16337 .15921 .15179 .14168 .12954 .11634 .09686
1 ,14645 .14483 .14610 .13472 .12618 .11611 .10510 .08865 .06552
1.2 .11589 ..11435 .11201 .10741 .10140 .09431 .08657 .07476 .05728
1.5 .08398 .08356 .08159 .07885 .07517 .07088 .06611 .05871 .04703
2 .05279 .05105 .05146 .05034 .04850 .04675 .04442 .04078 .03454
2.5 .03576 .03426 .03489 .03435 .03360 .03211 .03150 .02953 .02599
3 .02566 .02519 .02470 .02491 .02444 .02389 .02330 .02216 .02007
4 .01493 .01452 .01495 .01526 .01446 .01418 .01395 .01356 .01281
Table 1.9 Function F obtained from Das (1983) after Ahlvin/ Ulery (1962)
s
z
b
b
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.5 2
0 .5 .5 .5 .5 .5 0 -.34722 -.22222 -.12500
0.1 .45025 .44794 .43981 .41954 .35789 .03817 -.20800 -.17612 -.10950
0.2 .40194 .39781 .38294 .34823 .26215 .05466 -.11165 -.13381 -.09441
0.3 .35633 .35094 .34508 .29016 .20503 .06372 -.05346 -.09768 -.08010
0.4 .31431 .30801 .28681 .24469 .17086 .06848 -.01818 -.06835 -.06684
0.5 .27639 .26997 .24890 .20937 .14752 .07037 .00388 -.04529 -.05479
0.6 .24275 .23444 .21667 .18138 .13042 .07068 .01797 -.02749
0.7 .21327 .20762 .18956 .15903 .11740 .06963 .02704 -.01392 -.03469
0.8 .18765 .18287 .16679 .14053 .10604 .06774 .03277 -.00365
0.9 .16552 .16158 .14747 .12528 .09664 .06533 .03619 .00408
1 .14645 .14280 .12395 .112255 .08850 .06256 .03819 .00984 -.01367
1.2 .11589 .11360 .10460 .09449 .07486 .05670 .03913 .01716 -.00452
1.5 .08398 .08196 .07719 .06918 .05919 .04804 .03686 .02177 .00413
2 .05279 .05348 .04994 .04614 .04162 .03593 .03029 .02197 .01043
2.5 .03576 .03673 .03459 .03263 .03014 .02762 .02406 .01927 .01188
3 .02566 .02586 .02255 .02395 .02263 .02097 .01911 .01623 .01144
4 .01493 .01536 .01412 .01259 .01386 .01331 .01256 .01134 .00912
-1.62-
Quick ELPLA
Table 1.10 Function G obtained from Das (1983) after Ahlvin/ Ulery (1962)
s
z
b
b
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.5 2
0 0 0 0 0 0 .31831 0 0 0
0.1 0 .00315 .00802 .01951 .06682 .31405 .05555 .00865 .00159
0.2 0 .01163 .02877 .06441 .16214 .30474 .13592 .03060 .00614
0.3 0 .02301 .05475 .11072 .21465 .29228 .18216 .05747 .01302
0.4 0 .03460 .07883 .14477 .23442 .27779 .20195 .08233 .02138
0.5 0 .04429 .09618 .16426 .23652 .26216 .20731 .10185 .03033
0.6 0 .04966 .10729 .17192 .22949 .24574 .20496 .11541
0.7 0 .05484 .11256 .17126 .21772 .22924 .19840 .12373 .04718
0.8 0 .05590 .11225 .16534 .20381 .21295 .18953 .12855
0.9 0 .5496 .10856 .15628 .18904 .19712 .17945 .28881
1 0 .5266 .10274 .14566 .17419 .18198 .16884 .12745 .06434
1.2 0 .04585 .008831 .12323 .14615 .15408 .14755 .12038 .06967
1.5 0 .03483 .06688 .09293 .11071 .11904 .11830 .10477 .07075
2 0 .02102 .04069 .05721 .06948 .07738 .08067 .07804 .06275
2.5 0 .01293 .02534 .03611 .04484 .05119 .05509 .05668 .05117
3 0 .00840 .01638 .02376 .02994 .03485 .03843 .04124 .04039
4 0 .00382 .00772 .01149 .01480 .01764 .02004 .02271 .02475
-1.63-
Stresses in Soil
************************************************************
Quick ELPLA
Version 10
************************************************************
Title: Principal stresses at a point outside a circular loaded area
Date: 22-09-2017
Project: Das (1983) (Example 3.3, page 195)
File: Principal
------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------
Data:
Circular load p [lbf/ft2] = 2000.00
Radius a [ft] = 8.00
Soil Data:
Point coordinates:
X-coord. x [ft] = 12.00
Y-coord. y [ft] = 0.00
Z-coord. z [ft] = 16.00
Results:
X-Stresses Sigma_x [lbf/ft2] = 101.69
Y-Stresses Sigma_y [lbf/ft2] = 9.41
Z-Stresses Sigma_z [lbf/ft2] = 252.94
XY-Shear stresses Tau_xy [lbf/ft2] = 0.00
XZ-Shear stresses Tau_xz [lbf/ft2] = 153.56
YZ-Shear stresses Tau_yz [lbf/ft2] = 0.00
Maximum shear stresses max_Tau [lbf/ft2] = 171.17
Maximum stresses max_Sigma [lbf/ft2] = 348.49
Minimum stresses min_Sigma [lbf/ft2] = 6.14
Mean stresses p [lbf/ft2] = 121.35
Deviatoric stresses q [lbf/ft2] = 506.46
Stresses in soil (x=12.00 [ft], y=0.00 [ft]):

-------------------------------------------------------------
[-] [ft] [lbf/ft2] [lbf/ft2] [lbf/ft2]
-------------------------------------------------------------
1 16.00 101.69 9.41 252.94
-------------------------------------------------------------
-1.64-
Quick ELPLA
1.10 References
Ahlvin, R. / Ulery, H. (1962): Tabulated Values for Determining the Complete Pattern of
Stresses, Strains and Deflections beneath a Uniform Load on a Homogeneous Half Space
Highway Research Board, Bulletin 342
Boussinesq, J. (1885): AApplications des Potentiels a l'Etude de l'Equilibre et du Mouvement

des Solides Elastiques@, Gauthier-Villars, Paris.
Bowles, J. (1977): Foundation Analysis and Design

McGraw-Hill, New York
Cernica, J (1982): Geotechnical Engineering

CBS College Publishing, New York
Das, B. (1983): Advanced Soil Mechanics

McGraw-Hill Book Company, Washington, New York, London
Foster, R./ Ahlvin, R. (1954): Stresses and Deflections Induced by a Uniform Circular load
Proc. Highw. Res. Board, Vol. 33
Kany, M. (1974): ABerechnung von Flächengründungen@, 2. Auflage, Verlag von Ernst&Sohn,

Berlin.
Newmark, M. (1935): Simplified Computation of Vertical Pressures in Elastic Foundation

University of Illinois Engineering Experiment Station, Circular 24
Poulos, H./ Davis, E. (1974): AElastic Solution for Soil and Rock Mechanics@, John Wiley &
Sons, Inc., New York.
Scott, C. (1974): An Introduction to Soil Mechanics and Foundations

Applied Science Publishers Ltd, London
Steinbrenner, W. (1934): Tafeln zur Setzungsberechnung.

Straße, S. 121 bis 124.
Tölke, F. (1969): ASpannungs- und Verschiebungszustände im Halbraum nach der linearen

Elastizitätstheorie@. Unveröff. Manuskript, Stuttgart.
-1.65-

1-Stresses in Soil

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1-Stresses in Soil

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Stresses in Soil

by the Program Quick ELPLA

Various problems in Geotechnical Engineering can be investigated by the program Quick

1.2 Stresses due to a concentrated load

In Polar coordinates, ‎Figure 1.1:

In Cartesian coordinates, ‎Figure 1.2:

3Q  x.y.z 1-2 ν s  (2 R+z ) x.y  

1.3 Stresses due to a circular loaded area

1.3.1 Stress under the center of a circular loaded area

dQ = q.dA = q.r.dθ.dr (1.11)

3q. z3 θ= 2 π r=a r.dθ.dr r=a r.dr

Carrying out the integration of the equation, leads to:

Figure 1.3 Stress σz on A due to a circular loaded area

Figure 1.4 Dividing the circular loaded area to elements

1.3.3 Stress under the center of a ring piece loaded area

dr Q=α (r22- r21)q/2

Ground surface q [kN/m2]

Carrying out the integration, leads to:

Carrying out the integration first for r, leads to:

where the functions f1(θ) to f4(θ) are given by:

lim f (θ) = f (0)  constant (1.23)

Figure 1.6 Integration of the function f(θ) for small interval α

where the terms I1 to I3 are given by:

1.4 Stress due to a triangular loaded area

1.4.1 Stress under the corner of a triangular loaded area

dQ = q.dA = q.r.dθ.dr (1.26)

Ground surface q [kN/m2]

Figure 1.7 Vertical stress in a soil due to a triangular loaded area

Carrying out the integration first for r, leads to:

Carrying out the integration of the first term, leads to:

The above equation may be rewritten as:

1.5 Stress due to a rectangular loaded area

1.5.1 Stress under the corner of a rectangular loaded area

where σz1 in the vertical stress σz is due to triangle 1:

where σz2 in the vertical stress σz is due to triangle 2:

Ground surface q [kN/m 2]

1.5.2 Stress at an interior point of a rectangular loaded area

1.5.3 Stress at a point lying outside a rectangular loaded area

σ o=σ(ξ, η) - σ(ξ - a, η) - σ(ξ, η-b) + σ(ξ-a, η - b) (1.44)

a) Point o lies inside the loaded area σo

b) Point o lies outside the loaded area

1.6 Stress states

1.6.1 Principal stresses

Plane on which the major

Figure 1.12 a) Stress components on xz-plane

1.6.2 Maximum shear stress

1.7 Stress invariants

1.7.1 Main stress p

1.7.2 Deviatoric stress q

Figure 1.13 Mean and deviatoric stresses

1.8 Defining the project data

1.8.1 Firm Header

Figure 1.14 Firm Header

1.8.2 Task of the program Quick ELPLA (Analysis Type)

Figure 1.15 Problem type

Figure 1.16 Problem type for shallow foundation

In menu of ‎Figure 1.15 select the option:

1.8.3 Project Identification

2 Soil data (Soil properties and so on).

Title: Title label

Figure 1.17 Project Identification

1.8.4 Data of stress in soil

Load intensity and geometry

q Distributed load, [kN/m2]