Aquaculture Principles and Practices

Lecture Notes, Study Materials and Important questions answers

Subject : Aquaculture Principles and Practices

Basis of Aquaculture
1. Scope and definition - Basis of Aquaculture - Answer (click here)
2. Cultural and socio economic basis - Basis of Aquaculture - Answer (click
here)
3. Biological and technological basis - Aquaculture - Answer (click here)
4. Role in fishery management - Aquaculture - Answer (click here)

History of Aquaculture and its Present State

1. Origins and growth of aquaculture - Answer (click here)
2. Present state of aquaculture - Answer (click here)

National Planning of Aquaculture Development

1. National Planning of Aquaculture Development - Answer (click here)
2. National priorities and aquaculture development - Answer (click here)
3. National resources - National Planning of Aquaculture Development -
Answer (click here)
4. Technology and human resources - Aquaculture - Answer (click here)
5. Legal and environmental factors - Aquaculture - Answer (click here)
6. Organization of aquaculture - Answer (click here)
7. Aquaculture for rural development - Answer (click here)
8. Aquaculture for social benefit - Answer (click here)

Selection of Sites for Aquaculture

1. Selection of Sites for Aquaculture - Answer (click here)
2. General considerations - Selection of Sites for Aquaculture - Answer (click
here)
3. Land-based farms- conflicts - Selection of Sites for Aquaculture - Answer
(click here)
 4. Open water farms - Selection of Sites for Aquaculture - Answer (click here)
5. Water quantity and quality - Selection of Sites for Aquaculture - Answer
(click here)
6. Sources of pollution and user conflicts - Selection of Sites for
Aquaculture - Answer (click here)
7. Environmental impact assessment - Selection of Sites for Aquaculture -
Answer (click here)
8. Social aspects of site selection and management - Selection of Sites for
Aquaculture - Answer (click here)
9. Legal empowerment and licensing of farms - Selection of Sites for
Aquaculture - Answer (click here)

Selection of Species for Culture

1. Selection of Species for Culture - Answer (click here)
2. Biological characteristics of aquaculture species - Answer (click here)
3. Economic and market considerations - Answer (click here)
4. Introduction of exotic species - Answer (click here)
5. Common aquaculture species - Answer (click here)

Design and Construction of Aquafarms

1. Design and Construction of Aquafarms - Answer (click here)
2. Data for pond farm design - Answer (click here)
3. Design and construction of pond farms - Answer (click here)
4. Tank farms - Design and Construction of Aquafarms - Answer (click here)
5. Raceway farms - Design and Construction of Aquafarms - Answer (click
here)
6. Cage farms - Design and Construction of Aquafarms - Answer (click here)
7. Types of cages and layout of cage farms - Answer (click here)
8. Submersible cages and cage maintenance - Answer (click here)
9. Pens and enclosures - Design and Construction of Aquafarms - Answer
(click here)
10. Design and construction of hatcheries - Answer (click here)

Nutrition and Feeds

1. Feeding habits and food utilization - Aquaculture - Answer (click here)
2. Energy metabolism- Nutrition and Feeds of Fish - Answer (click here)
3. Carbohydrates - Aquaculture: Energy requirements and sources - Answer
(click here)
4. Proteins - Aquaculture: Energy requirements and sources - Answer (click
 here)
5. Amino acids - Aquaculture: Energy requirements and sources - Answer
(click here)
6. Lipids and essential fatty acids - Aquaculture: Energy requirements and
sources - Answer (click here)
7. Vitamins - Aquaculture: Energy requirements and sources - Answer (click
here)
8. Minerals - Aquaculture: Energy requirements and sources - Answer (click
here)
9. Broodstock and larval nutrition - Aquaculture - Answer (click here)
10. Aquaculture: Nature and source of live foods - Answer (click here)
11. Algal culture - Aquaculture: Nature and source of live foods - Answer
(click here)
12. Live animal food: Nature and source of live foods - Answer (click here)
13. Pond fertilization for production of live foods - Answer (click here)
14. Inorganic fertilizers - Pond fertilization for production of live foods -
Answer (click here)
15. Organic fertilizers - Pond fertilization for production of live foods -
Answer (click here)
16. Supplementary feedstuffs - Aquaculture: Artificial feeds - Answer (click
here)
17. Types of processed feeds - Aquaculture: Artificial feeds - Answer (click
here)
18. Ingredients - Aquaculture: Artificial feeds - Answer (click here)
19. Feed formulation and feed formulae - Artificial feeds - Answer (click here)
20. Substitution of fish meal in feeds - Artificial feeds - Answer (click here)
21. Feed preparation - Aquaculture: Artificial feeds - Answer (click here)
22. Larval feeds - Aquaculture: Artificial feeds - Answer (click here)
23. Larval microdiets - Aquaculture: Artificial feeds - Answer (click here)
24. Feeding techniques - Aquaculture: Artificial feeds - Answer (click here)

Reproduction and Genetic Selection

1. Reproduction and Genetic Selection - Aquaculture - Answer (click here)
2. Reproductive cycles - Aquaculture - Answer (click here)
3. Control of reproduction - Aquaculture - Answer (click here)
4. Induced reproduction: Hypophysation, Gametes and fertilization -
Aquaculture - Answer (click here)
5. Preservation of gametes - Aquaculture - Answer (click here)
6. Use of sex steroids for sex reversal - Aquaculture - Answer (click here)
7. Genetic selection and hybridization in Aquaculture - Answer (click here)
8. Methods of genetic selection - Genetic selection and hybridization in
 Aquaculture - Answer (click here)
9. Mass selection - Genetic selection and hybridization in Aquaculture -
Answer (click here)
10. Genotypic selection - Genetic selection and hybridization in Aquaculture
- Answer (click here)
11. Progeny testing - Genetic selection and hybridization in Aquaculture -
Answer (click here)
12. Combined selection - Genetic selection and hybridization in Aquaculture
- Answer (click here)
13. Cross breeding - Genetic selection and hybridization in Aquaculture -
Answer (click here)
14. Chromosomal manipulation - Genetic selection and hybridization in
Aquaculture - Answer (click here)
15. Transgenics in aquaculture - Answer (click here)
16. Molecular techniques in Aquaculture - Answer (click here)

Health and Diseases

1. Health and diseases in aquaculture - Answer (click here)
2. Factors affecting fish health - Health and diseases in aquaculture - Answer
(click here)
3. Integrated health management - Health and diseases in aquaculture -
Answer (click here)
4. Major diseases of aquaculture species - Answer (click here)
5. Viral diseases of aquaculture species - Answer (click here)
6. Infectious pancreatic necrosis (IPN) - Viral diseases of aquaculture
species - Answer (click here)
7. Infectious haematopoietic necrosis (IHN) - Viral diseases of aquaculture
species - Answer (click here)
8. Viral haemorrhagic septicaemia (VHS) - Viral diseases of aquaculture
species - Answer (click here)
9. Infectious dropsy of carp (IDC) and spring viremia of carp (SVC) - Viral
diseases of aquaculture species - Answer (click here)
10. Channel catfish virus disease (CCVD) - Viral diseases of aquaculture
species - Answer (click here)
11. Carp pox (CP) - Viral diseases of aquaculture species - Answer (click here)
12. Lymphocystis - Viral diseases of aquaculture species - Answer (click here)
13. Bacterial diseases of aquaculture species - Answer (click here)
14. Furunculosis - Bacterial diseases of aquaculture species - Answer (click
here)
15. Columnaris disease - Bacterial diseases of aquaculture species - Answer
(click here)
 16. Bacterial gill disease (BGD) - Bacterial diseases of aquaculture species -
Answer (click here)
17. Gill rot - Bacterial diseases of aquaculture species - Answer (click here)
18. Enteric red mouth disease (ERM) - Bacterial diseases of aquaculture
species - Answer (click here)
19. Edwardsiellosis - Bacterial diseases of aquaculture species - Answer (click
here)
20. Vibriosis - Bacterial diseases of aquaculture species - Answer (click here)
21. Fungus diseases of aquaculture species - Answer (click here)
22. Saprolegniasis - Fungus diseases of aquaculture species - Answer (click
here)
23. Branchiomycosis - Fungus diseases of aquaculture species - Answer (click
here)
24. Protozoan diseases of aquaculture species - Answer (click here)
25. Ichthyophthiriasis (Ich) - Protozoan diseases of aquaculture species -
Answer (click here)
26. Ichtyobodosis - Protozoan diseases of aquaculture species - Answer (click
here)
27. Whirling disease - Protozoan diseases of aquaculture species - Answer
(click here)
28. Copepod infections of aquaculture species - Answer (click here)
29. Argulosis - Copepod infections of aquaculture species - Answer (click here)
30. Lernaeosis - Copepod infections of aquaculture species - Answer (click
here)
31. Trematode infections of aquaculture species - Answer (click here)
32. Public health and aquaculture - Answer (click here)

Control of Weeds Pests and Predators

1. Weed problems in aquaculture farms - Answer (click here)
2. Common aquatic weeds - Answer (click here)
3. Prevention of infestations and utilization of weeds - Methods of weed
control in Aquaculture - Answer (click here)
4. Manual and mechanical methods - Methods of weed control in
Aquaculture - Answer (click here)
5. Chemical methods - Methods of weed control in Aquaculture - Answer
(click here)
6. Biological control - Methods of weed control in Aquaculture - Answer
(click here)
7. Control of predators, weed animals and pests in Aquaculture - Answer
(click here)

Harvesting and Post Harvest Technology

 1. Harvesting methods in Aquaculture - Answer (click here)
2. Harvesting drainable ponds - Harvesting methods in Aquaculture -
Answer (click here)
3. Seining undrainable ponds - Harvesting methods in Aquaculture - Answer
(click here)
4. Other methods of fishing - Harvesting methods in Aquaculture - Answer
(click here)
5. Harvesting cage and raceway farms - Harvesting methods in
Aquaculture - Answer (click here)
6. Harvesting of molluscs - Harvesting methods in Aquaculture - Answer
(click here)
7. Sorting - Handling, preservation and transport in Aquaculture - Answer
(click here)
8. Depuration of molluscs - Handling, preservation and transport in
Aquaculture - Answer (click here)
9. Preservation and processing - Handling, preservation and transport in
Aquaculture - Answer (click here)

Marketing of Aquaculture Products

1. Marketing of Aquaculture Products - Answer (click here)
2. Outlets for aquaculture products - Answer (click here)
3. Organization of marketing - Aquaculture products - Answer (click here)
4. Market research - Market strategies for industrial aquaculture - Answer
(click here)
5. Formulation of market strategies - Market strategies for industrial
aquaculture - Answer (click here)
6. Marketing strategies for aquaculture products - Answer (click here)

Economics and Financing of Aquaculture

1. Economic viability - Economics and Financing of Aquaculture - Answer
(click here)
2. Data requirements - Economics and Financing of Aquaculture - Answer
(click here)
3. Analysis of data - Economics and Financing of Aquaculture - Answer
(click here)
4. Financial and economic feasibility of investment - Aquaculture - Answer
(click here)
5. Risk and insurance - Economics and Financing of Aquaculture - Answer
(click here)

Farm Management
 1. Farm Management - Aquaculture - Answer (click here)
2. Concepts and economic principles of farm management - Aquaculture -
Answer (click here)
3. Application of farm management principles in aquaculture - Answer (click
here)

Management of Aquaculture
1. Sustainability and environmental management of Aquaculture - Answer
(click here)
2. Pollutionary effects of waste discharges from aquatic farms -
Aquaculture - Answer (click here)
3. Controlled use of natural resources - Aquaculture - Answer (click here)
4. Selection of sites and farming practices - Aquaculture - Answer (click here)
5. Guidelines for sustainable aquaculture and transport of live aquatic
animals - Answer (click here)

Carps
1. Main species of carps (familyCyprinidae) used for culture - Aquaculture
- Answer (click here)
2. Common carps (familyCyprinidae) used for Aquaculture - Answer (click
here)
3. Chinese carps (familyCyprinidae) used for Aquaculture - Answer (click
here)
4. Indian carps (familyCyprinidae) used for Aquaculture - Answer (click here)
5. Culture systems in Aquaculture - Answer (click here)
6. Spawning and fry production of Carps - Answer (click here)
7. Breeding of common carp - Spawning and fry production of Carps -
Answer (click here)
8. Selection and segregation of brood stock - Spawning and fry production
of Carps - Answer (click here)
9. Spawning and larval rearing - Spawning and fry production of Carps -
Answer (click here)
10. Hypophysation: Common carp - Spawning and fry production of Carps -
Answer (click here)
11. Hypophysation: Chinese carps - Spawning and fry production of Carps -
Answer (click here)
12. Hypophysation: Indian carps - Spawning and fry production of Carps -
Answer (click here)
13. Nursing of carp fry - Spawning and fry production of Carps - Answer
(click here)
14. Grow-out and polyculture - Carps - Answer (click here)
 15. Diseases and mortality of Carps - Answer (click here)
16. Harvesting and marketing of Carps - Answer (click here)

Trouts and Salmons

1. Trouts and Salmons - Answer (click here)
2. Trouts - Answer (click here)
3. Culture systems of Trouts - Answer (click here)
4. Development of brood stock - Trouts - Answer (click here)
5. Techniques of propagation - Trouts - Answer (click here)
6. Grow-out - Trouts - Answer (click here)
7. Salmons - Answer (click here)
8. Culture systems - Salmons - Answer (click here)
9. Techniques of propagation: production, Stripping, fertilization and
hatching - Salmons - Answer (click here)
10. Grow out - Salmons - Answer (click here)
11. Feeds and feeding of salmonids - Answer (click here)
12. Salmonid diseases - Answer (click here)
13. Harvesting and processing - Salmons - Answer (click here)
14. Economics - Salmons - Answer (click here)

Catfishes
1. Catfishes - Answer (click here)
2. Channel catfish - Answer (click here)
3. Asian catfishes - Answer (click here)
4. African catfish - Answer (click here)
5. European catfish (family Siluridae) - Answer (click here)
6. Culture systems - Channel catfish - Answer (click here)
7. Propagation Technics: Brood stock, Spawning and fry production -
Channel catfish - Answer (click here)
8. Grow out - Channel catfish - Answer (click here)
9. Diseases - Channel catfish - Answer (click here)
10. Harvesting and marketing, Economics - Channel catfish - Answer (click
here)
11. Spawning and fry production of Clarias spp. - Asian catfishes - Answer
(click here)
12. Propagation of Pangasius - Asian catfishes - Answer (click here)
13. Grow-out of Asian catfishes - Answer (click here)
14. Diseases and Economics of Asian catfishes - Answer (click here)
15. Spawning and fry production of African catfish - Answer (click here)
 16. Grow-out and feeds of African catfish - Answer (click here)
17. Spawning and rearing of fry - European catfish (family Siluridae) -
Answer (click here)
18. Grow-out of European catfish (family Siluridae) - Answer (click here)

Eels
1. Eels(family Anguillidae) - Answer (click here)
2. Culture systems of Eels(family Anguillidae) - Answer (click here)
3. Collection and rearing of seed eels - Answer (click here)
4. Feeds and grow-out of adult eels - Answer (click here)
5. Diseases and mortality of Eels - Answer (click here)
6. Harvesting and marketing of Eels - Answer (click here)
7. Economics of Eels - Answer (click here)

Tilapias
1. Tilapias (family Cichlidae) - Answer (click here)
2. Cultivated species of tilapias - Answer (click here)
3. Culture systems of tilapias - Answer (click here)
4. Spawning and production of seed stock - Tilapias - Answer (click here)
5. Methods of spawning - Spawning and production of Tilapias seed stock
- Answer (click here)
6. Mono sex seed stock and hybrids - Spawning and production of Tilapias
seed stock - Answer (click here)
7. Grow out in ponds - Tilapias - Answer (click here)
8. Cage and pen culture - Tilapias - Answer (click here)
9. Tank and raceway culture - Tilapias - Answer (click here)
10. Feeds and feeding - Tilapias - Answer (click here)
11. Diseases and mortality of Tilapias - Answer (click here)
12. Harvesting and marketing of Tilapias - Answer (click here)
13. Economics - Tilapias - Answer (click here)

Grey Mullets and Milkfish

1. Grey Mullets and Milkfish: Introduction - Answer (click here)
2. Grey mullets (family Mugilidae) - Answer (click here)
3. Culture systems of Grey mullets - Answer (click here)
4. Fry collection and artificial propagation of Grey mullets - Answer (click
here)
5. Grow-out of Grey mullets - Answer (click here)
6. Diseases of Grey mullets - Answer (click here)
 7. Milkfish - Answer (click here)
8. Culture systems of Milkfish - Answer (click here)
9. Fry collection and induced spawning of Milkfish - Answer (click here)
10. Grow-out of Milkfish: Pond preparation, Feeding and pond management,
Pen culture - Answer (click here)
11. Harvesting and marketing of Milkfish - Answer (click here)

Yellowtail
1. Yellowtail, Seriola quinqueradiata (family Carangidae) - Answer (click
here)
2. Culture systems of Yellowtail (Seriola quinqueradiata) - Answer (click here)
3. Production of seedlings - Yellowtail (Seriola quinqueradiata) - Answer
(click here)
4. Grow-out of Yellowtail (Seriola quinqueradiata) - Answer (click here)
5. Diseases of Yellowtail (Seriola quinqueradiata) - Answer (click here)
6. Harvesting and marketing of Yellowtail (Seriola quinqueradiata) - Answer
(click here)

Sea Basses and Sea Breams

1. Sea-Basses and Sea-Breams: Introduction - Answer (click here)
2. European sea-bass - Answer (click here)
3. Asian sea-bass - Answer (click here)
4. Gilthead sea-bream - Answer (click here)
5. Red sea-bream - Answer (click here)

Other Finfishes
1. Other Finfishes - Answer (click here)
2. Murrels (snakeheads) - Answer (click here)
3. Spawning and fry production of Murrels (snakeheads) - Answer (click here)
4. Grow-out of Murrels (snakeheads) - Answer (click here)
5. Gouramis - Answer (click here)
6. Spawning and fry production of Gouramis - Answer (click here)
7. Grow-out of Gouramis - Answer (click here)
8. Groupers (Epinephelus - family Serranidae) - Answer (click here)
9. Fry collection and induced spawning of Groupers (Epinephelus - family
Serranidae) - Answer (click here)
10. Nursing and grow-out of Groupers (Epinephelus) - Answer (click here)
11. Rabbit fishes (family Siganidae) - Answer (click here)
12. Fry collection and induced spawning of Rabbit fishes - Answer (click here)
13. Grow-out of Rabbit fishes - Answer (click here)
14. Turbot (Scophthalmusmaximus - family Scophthalmidae) - Answer (click
here)
15. Controlled spawning and hatchery production of juveniles - Answer (click
here)
16. Grow-out of Turbot - Answer (click here)
17. cod (Gadus morhua) - Answer (click here)
18. Tunas - Answer (click here)

Shrimps and Prawns

1. Shrimps and Prawns: Introduction - Answer (click here)
2. Major cultivated species of shrimps and prawns - Answer (click here)
3. Shrimp culture systems - Answer (click here)
4. Reproduction and larval rearing of shrimps - Answer (click here)
5. Brood stock - Reproduction and larval rearing of shrimps - Answer (click
here)
6. Hatchery systems - Reproduction and larval rearing of shrimps - Answer
(click here)
7. Spawning and larval rearing - Answer (click here)
8. Grow-out of shrimps - Answer (click here)
9. Food and feeding of shrimps - Answer (click here)
10. Diseases of shrimps - Answer (click here)
11. Harvesting and marketing of shrimps - Answer (click here)
12. Economics of shrimp farming - Answer (click here)
13. Reproduction and larval rearing of fresh-water prawns - Answer (click here)
14. Grow-out of fresh-water prawns - Answer (click here)
15. Food and feeding - Grow-out of fresh-water prawns - Answer (click here)
16. Diseases of fresh-water prawns - Answer (click here)
17. Harvesting and marketing of fresh water prawns - Answer (click here)
18. Economics of fresh-water prawn farming - Answer (click here)

Crayfishes and Crabs

1. Crayfishes - Answer (click here)
2. Culture of Procambarus clarkii(Crayfishes): Pond culture methods,
Double cropping - Answer (click here)
3. Crabs - Answer (click here)
4. Culture of Scylla serrata(Crabs) - Answer (click here)
5. Propagation of crabs in Japan - Answer (click here)

Oysters and Mussels

 1. Oysters and Mussels: Introduction - Answer (click here)
2. Oysters - Answer (click here)
3. Culture systems of Oysters - Answer (click here)
4. Production of seed oysters - Answer (click here)
5. Hatchery production of seed oysters - Answer (click here)
6. Flat oysters - Answer (click here)
7. Cupped oysters - Answer (click here)
8. Rock oysters - Answer (click here)
9. Harvesting, handling and marketing of Oysters - Answer (click here)
10. Mussels - Answer (click here)
11. Culture systems of Mussels - Answer (click here)
12. Seed stock of Mussels - Answer (click here)
13. Grow-out of Mussels - Answer (click here)
14. Harvesting, depuration and marketing of Mussels - Answer (click here)

Clams Scallops and Abalones

1. Clams - Answer (click here)
2. Culture systems of Clams - Answer (click here)
3. Hatchery production of Clams seed - Answer (click here)
4. Grow-out of Clams - Answer (click here)
5. Scallops - Answer (click here)
6. Spat collection - Scallops - Answer (click here)
7. Hatchery production of spat - Scallops - Answer (click here)
8. Grow-out of Scallops - Answer (click here)
9. Abalones - Answer (click here)
10. Controlled reproduction and larval rearing - Abalones - Answer (click here)
11. Grow-out of Abalones - Answer (click here)

Seaweeds
1. Seaweeds - Answer (click here)
2. Culture systems of Seaweeds - Answer (click here)
3. Porphyra culture practices - Seaweeds - Answer (click here)
4. Culture of Undaria - Seaweeds - Answer (click here)
5. Culture of Laminaria - Seaweeds - Answer (click here)
6. Culture of other edible seaweeds - Answer (click here)
7. Culture of seaweeds for industrial use - Answer (click here)

Integration of Aquaculture with Crop and Livestock Farming

 1. Rationale of integrated farming - Answer (click here)
2. Integrated farming of fish and livestock - Answer (click here)
3. Pig and fish farming - Integrated farming of fish and livestock - Answer
(click here)
4. Duck and fish farming - Integrated farming of fish and livestock - Answer
(click here)
5. Farming of other animals in association with fish - Answer (click here)
6. Objectives and types of rice-field aquaculture - Answer (click here)
7. Rice fish rotation - Answer (click here)
8. Combined culture of rice and fish - Rice field aquaculture - Answer (click
here)
9. Polyculture of bivalves and seaweeds in marine environments - Answer
(click here)

Stocking of Open Waters and Ranching

1. Stocking of Open Waters and Ranching - Answer (click here)
2. Reservoirs - Open water stocking - Answer (click here)
3. Lakes and streams - Open water stocking - Answer (click here)
4. Coastal and inland seas - Open water stocking - Answer (click here)
5. Ranching of anadromous species - Answer (click here)
6. Salmons - Ranching of anadromous species - Answer (click here)
7. Sturgeons - Ranching of anadromous species - Answer (click here)
8. Ownership and regulation of fishing - Answer (click here)