STATION 1

Date 22 April 2018 Lithology Crocker Formation

Time 7:30am Rock Units Sandstone and shale
Weather Sunny Age Late Eocene-Lower Miocene
GPS 6°02'20.7"N 116°08'36.2"E Elevation <50m

Map 1 Satellite map of Station 1 (Source: http://maps.google.com/)

Field work was carried out at Station 1 with GPS coordinates 6°02'20.7"N 116°08'36.2"E. This
outcrop is located within a walking distance from KFC Sulaman. This outcrop is about 10
metres long and is known as the Crocker Formation.
 Younging
Direction

~10m

Figure 1 (a) Full outcrop of Station 1

Based on the full outcrop, it can be seen that the outcrops are made up of uniform and thick
sandstone beddings which alternate with thin layers of shale. The beddings obey several
important principles in stratigraphy:

a) The Law of Superposition, whereby within a sequence of layers of sedimentary

rock, the oldest layer is at the base and that the layers are progressively younger with
ascending order in the sequence.
b) The Principle of Original Horizontality which states that layers of sediment are
originally deposited horizontally under the action of gravity.

Hence, the younging direction is interpreted to be younging upwards in the outcrop observed.
The lithology description could not be done as the beddings were stacked on top of one
another, thus preventing us from observing the bottom and top of each bedding accurately.
 Observations at Station 1

Orange
sandstone

Liesegang
bands

Grey
sandstone

Figure 1 (b) Liesegang bandings

Based on Figure 1 (b), the effects of chemical weathering is observed whereby grey sandstone
(fresh) is weathered by oxidation process to orange coloured sandstone. The orange colour is
due to hematite minerals formed during oxidation process. Liesegang bands are also formed.

Grey sandstone

Joints

Figure 1 (c) Joints found on sandstone bedding

 Lamination

Figure 1 (d) Laminated structures

Strike and Dip Data at Station 1

Overall Summary for Station 1

Features Description
Rock Units Sandstone (Pale orange)
Shale (Dark gray)
Geological Structures Joints
Sedimentary Structures Lamination
Liesegang rings
 STATION 2

Date 22 April 2018 Lithology Crocker Formation

Time 8:00am Rock Units Sandstone and shale
Weather Sunny Age Late Eocene-Lower Miocene
GPS 6°02'20.6"N 116°08'35.4"E Elevation <50m

Map 2: Satellite map of Station 2 (Source: http://maps.google.com/)

Field work was carried out at Station 2 with GPS coordinates 6°02'20.6"N 116°08'35.4"E. This
outcrop is located within a walking distance the first station and is also near KFC Sulaman.
This outcrop is about 14 metres long and is known as the Crocker Formation.

The outcrop consists of alternating layers of thick sandstone and thin shale. The western
side of the outcrop has an anticline fold whereas the eastern side consists of a shear zone. A
lithology description could not be done at this station as well due to the presence of a fold.
 Observations at Station 2

West East

14m

Substation 2A Substation 2B

Figure 2 (a) The full rock outcrop at Station 2 which is further divided into two substations

West East

Crest

Axial
plane

Trough

Figure 2 (b) The picture shows an antiformal and synformal fold at the left side of the outcrop
(Station 2A)
 S/D
18/52

Figure 2 (c) Thrust fault found on the antiformal fold

Shale

Figure 2 (d) Shear zone at the east side of the outcrop (Substation 2B)
 Strike and Dip Data at Station 2

Station 2A

Fold Strike and Dip Values

19/80 20/84 215/73 28/65
Fault Strike and Dip Value
18/52

Station 2B

Bedding Dip and Strike Values

209/87 214/85 217/89 217/84

Overall Summary for Station 2

Features Description
Rock Units Sandstone (Pale orange)
Shale (Dark gray)
Geological Structures Thrust fault
Anticline fold
Joints
Sedimentary Structures Liesegang rings
 STATION 3

Date 22 April 2018 Lithology Crocker Formation

Time 8:30am Rock Units Sandstone and shale
Weather Sunny Age Late Eocene-Lower Miocene
GPS 6°02'21.2"N 116°08'35.2"E Elevation <50m

Map 3: Satellite map of Station 3 (Source: http://maps.google.com/)

Field work was carried out at Station 3 with GPS coordinates 6°02'21.2"N 116°08'35.2"E. This
outcrop is located within a walking distance from Station 2. This outcrop is about 15 metres
long and is also known as the Crocker Formation.

The outcrop consists of alternate layers of thick sandstone beddings and thin layers of
shale. A normal fault cuts across these beddings as shown in Figure 3 (a) below.
 Observations at Station 3

West Joints East

Younging
Direction

S/D
342/28

15m

Figure 3 (a) Full outcrop at Station 3 which shows a normal fault

Direction of
Movement

Figure 3 (b) Slicken side

 Figure 3 (c) Liesegang ring

Figure 3 (d) Cataclastic rocks near fault zone

Cataclastic rocks are observed nearby the fault zone, which is formed due to the granulation,
crushing, or milling of the surrounding rocks near impact zone.
 Fault Zone
Joints

Cataclastic Zone

Chemical
Weathering

Figure 3 (e) Cataclastic zone adjacent to fault zone

In the cataclastic zone adjacent to fault zone, the grain size of sandstone is granular due to
the presence of sheared and fragmented rock fragments due to fault. In Figure 3 (e), the
effects of chemical weathering is also observed by the reddish stain (hematite) formed by
oxidation process.

Strike and Dip Data at Station 3

Bedding Dip and Strike Values

51/66 54/56 49/57 40/70 40/78 32/72 41/69 29/69
Fault Line Dip and Strike Values
342/28 350/15 346/15
Slickenside Dip and Strike Value
302/16
Litholog Description at Station 3

Figure 3 (c)
Legend:

Overall Summary for Station 3

Features Description
Rock Units Sandstone (Pale orange)
Shale (Dark gray)
Geological Structures Normal fault + Slickenside
Cataclastic zone
Joints
Sedimentary Structures Liesegang rings
 STATION 4

Date 22 April 2018 Lithology Crocker Formation

Time 9:15am Rock Units Sandstone and shale
Weather Sunny Age Late Eocene-Lower Miocene
GPS 6°02'45.9"N 116°08'49.4"E Elevation <50m

Map 4: Satellite map of Station 4 (Source: http://maps.google.com/)

Field work was carried out at Station 4 with GPS coordinates 6°02'45.9"N 116°08'49.4"E. This
outcrop is located approximately 5 minutes’ drive away from Station 3. This outcrop is about
10 metres long and is also known as the Crocker Formation.

The outcrop consists of alternate layers of thick massive sandstone units and thin layers
of shale. The beddings are deposited horizontally according to the Principle of Original
Horizontality.
 Observations at Station 4

Younging
Direction

10m

Figure 4 (a) Full outcrop of Station 4

Chemical
Weathering
Shale Clast

Figure 4 (b) Shale clasts found within sandstone beddings

 Load Structures

Figure 4 (c) Load structures found below sandstone bedding

Based on Figure 4 (c), load structures found below sandstone bedding serves as an indicator
of younging direction, which is upwards in this case. Hence, the beddings at this station obeys
The Law of Superposition whereby the oldest bedding is at the bottom followed by the
youngest at the topmost layer.

Strike and Dip Data at Station 4

Litholog Description at Station 4

Figure 4 (c)
Load
Structure
Legend:

Overall Summary for Station 4

Features Description
Rock Units Sandstone (Pale orange)
Shale (Dark gray)
Geological Structures Joints
Sedimentary Structures Load casts