TYPES OF SENSORS

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DE LA SALLE LIPA

COLLEGE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING

ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

HOMEWORK #1

TYPES OF SENSORS

PAIR NO. 5 - BS ECE | 4TH YEAR | T4B

Cantos, Chester Kim B.

Espada, Vince Angelo B.

DATE PERFORMED: MAY 10, 2018

DATE OF SUBMISSION: MAY , 2018

Engr. Marife Rosales

Instructor
 TYPES OF SENSORS

WHAT ARE THE 2

COMPONENTS OF A ROBOT?

 Manipulator:
Just like the human arm, the robot consists of what is called a manipulator
having several joints and links. In robotics a manipulator is a device used
to manipulate materials without direct contact.
 Endeffector:
The base of the manipulator is fixed to base support and at its other free
end, the Endeffector is attached. The Endeffector is expected to perform
tasks normally performed by the palm and finger arrangements of the
human arm.
 The Locomotion Device:
In the case of human beings the power for the movement of the arm, the
palm and fingers is provided by muscles. For the robot the power for the
movement is provided by the motors. The motors used for providing
locomotion in robots are of three types depending on the source of energy
(Electric, Hydraulic or Pneumatic).
 Controller:
The digital computer (both the hardware and the software) acts as a
controller to the robot. The controller functions in a manner analogous to
the human brain. With the help of this controller, the robot is able to carry
out the assigned tasks. The controller directs and controls the movement of
the Manipulator and the Endeffector. In other words, the controller
controls the robot.
 Manipulator:
Without the data supplied by the sense organs, the brain would be
incapable of intelligence. In other words the controller of the robot cannot
do any meaningful task, if the robot is not with a component analogous to
the sense organs of the human body. Thus, the fifth and the most important
component of the robot is the set of sensors. Sensors are nothing but
measuring instruments which measures quantities such as position.
 TYPES OF SENSORS

Types of sensor

a. PASSIVE SENSORS
 device that detects and responds to some type of input from the physical
environment
b. ACTIVE SENSORS
 sensors that require an external power source for their operation is called as a
passive transducer. They produce an output signal in the form of some variation
in resistance, capacitance or any other electrical parameter, which than has to be
converted to an equivalent current or voltage signal

PASSIVE SENSOR
PHOTOCELL OR LDR
 TYPES OF SENSORS

 A photocell changes resistance depending on the

amount of light it is exposed to.

 These little sensors make great ambient light

triggers

PARTS OF PHOTOCELL OF LDR

APPLICATION – LIGHT INTENSITY METER

 TYPES OF SENSORS

A possible interface circuit for the intensity meter is shown in the figure above. It
consists of three stages. The first stage amplifies the signal such that the output voltage
swing. The second stage gives an amplification and subtracts the offset voltage. The
output of this stage is the output of the meter, and this output voltage is shown on the
"display" (i.e. a voltmeter). The last stage is a voltage level detector (comparator) that
goes high when the input signal is low. An explanation of each of these stages is given
below.

There are many applications for Light Dependent Resistors. These include:

Lighting switch

 The most obvious application for an LDR is to automatically turn on a light at a

certain light level. An example of this could be a street light or a garden light.
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Camera shutter control

 LDRs can be used to control the shutter speed on a camera. The LDR would be
used to measure the light intensity which then adjusts the camera shutter speed
to the appropriate level.

ACTIVE SENSOR
RADAR
 TYPES OF SENSORS

 The radar is an active sensor. This means that it receives the

reflection of the impulse it gave. It operates in the microwave and
radio wavelength regions of the electromagnetic spectrum. The
wavelengths range from 1 mm to 20 m.
 small devices that help identify the presence of radars, such as those
used by police to locate cars driving over the speed-limit.
 Certain types of radar detectors also identify the presence of laser-
speed guns, which may be useful for those looking to avoid speed
traps that traditional radar detectors may miss.
 The RADAR system generally consists of a transmitter which
produces an electromagnetic signal which is radiated into space by an
antenna.

 The radar dish, or antenna, transmits pulses of radio waves or

micro waves which bounce off any object in their path.

PARTS OF RADAR
 TYPES OF SENSORS

Transmitter It can be a power amplifier like a Klystron, Travelling Wave

Tube or a power Oscillator like a Magnetron. The signal is
first generated using a waveform generator and then
amplified in the power amplifier.

Waveguides The waveguides are transmission lines for transmission of

the RADAR signals.

Antenna The antenna used can be a parabolic reflector, planar arrays

or electronically steered phased arrays.

Duplexer A duplexer allows the antenna to be used as a transmitter or

a receiver. It can be a gaseous device that would produce a
short circuit at the input to the receiver when transmitter is
working.

Receiver Threshold It can be super heterodyne receiver or any other receiver

which consists of a processor to process the signal and detect
it.

Decision The output of the receiver is compared with a threshold to

detect the presence of any object. If the output is below any
threshold, the presence of noise is assumed.

HOW RADAR WORKS?

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1. Magnetron generates high-frequency

radio waves.
2. Duplexer switches magnetron through
to antenna.
3. Antenna acts as transmitter, sending
narrow beam of radio waves through
the air.
4. Radio waves hit enemy airplane and
reflect back.
5. Antenna picks up reflected waves
during a break between transmissions.
Note that the same antenna acts as both
transmitter and receiver, alternately
sending out radio waves and receiving
them.
6. Duplexer switches antenna through to
receiver unit.
7. Computer in receiver unit processes
reflected waves and draws them on a
TV screen.
8. Enemy plane shows up on TV radar
display with any other nearby targets.
RADAR APPLICATIONS IN 5 AREAS
Military Applications:
The RADAR has 3 major applications in Military:
 In air defense it is used for target detection, target recognition and weapon
control (directing the weapon to the tracked targets).
 In missile system to guide the weapon.
 Identifying enemy locations in map.
Air Traffic Control:
The RADAR has 3 major applications in Air Traffic control:
 To control air traffic near airports. The Air Surveillance RADAR is used to
detect and display the aircraft’s position in the airport terminals.
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 To guide the aircraft to land in bad weather using Precision Approach RADAR.
 To scan the airport surface for aircraft and ground vehicle positions
Remote Sensing:
RADAR can be used for observing weather or observing planetary positions
and monitoring sea ice to ensure smooth route for ships.
Ground Traffic Control:
RADAR can also be used by traffic police to determine speed of the vehicle,
controlling the movement of vehicles by giving warnings about presence of other
vehicles or any other obstacles behind them.
Space:
RADAR has 3 major applications:
 To guide the space vehicle for safe landing on moon
 To observe the planetary systems
 To detect and track satellites
 To monitor the meteors

BLOCK DIAGRAM (PULSED RADAR)

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Block Diagram of Pulsed Doppler RADAR

Block Diagram Showing MTI RADAR by Edgefx Kits