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FGR
{}{RIGATXOn* \$/GRiiS
I
PRE9ACE
&tj;y-_
vi.frt-B.i5t*-,
genior D€puty Dir:ector:
{DesigrnsrPlanning and
slFcialised Services )
Trrigation Deparftent /
Bauddhaloka Mawatha,
Colcrnbo 7.
I9B9 .02 .04
I
,.*
if
PREFACE
- trrrig'ation
procedures
Depart[Enr has been a rarge deparunent with !re'
del€l.ped for Lhe operation or id r*ltio*, oit"it t**established
s.ince its inceprion ro. establish s."d p.-"drr""-""i 'ti bee. nEde
standards and c€nEELence of -.iii.i, its rechnical
guidelines irere ircLuCed inrrgine6rs. attu, inaup*a"*.,...iilts" p.oceaures
several refe.rence dff"li-.i ii"."n. aspects"rra
l"lr - 5. Arumugaxn, Deputy Direcror ot rrrigation-in by
IJi.
were developed further and new techoi{ues una fi"aing"-roer" iiisill'rn"u. procedures
incorporated. in
::gj::"1i"9 and-design procedures. lroievei there *"
smooth usage of t_hese Drocedures, .established
o""i "-"in"ii.iurrr" ser
uu""rui-J*uaes,
back in
consequent
to che format ion or TrEO--
are
-indebted to late
02- We Mr. 4,J.p, ponra jahrreLired . Director of
. e corr t r i u uf i o n maal';;,;;;.","s Ensineerins
1;;: 91:: : "".1
.:::ld: gy :::^_11
: p repa.ri :_
:d tun.fi^dad a I:if
.'i*
rs_". oi r*n"tJ-;"l iJi;".',,;t;;;;"*"'J"ff#i;
ltnen he
* _l:'-1.::l*,:s
:c DE)uty
n-,,.., Direcror-.t ri,ij"ii""-iJlG;:td"*,;;ifi:
. -
:::i"g T9 .',pdared rlese buiirerinei *a-p."p*.:a-.
p*".i,"i1,-$"-i"p.,"iii.'if;J"i""ii
".i"J-iii,l;rJ#"frEJ'# iI
:::3 ::pi"l?t1:*."-gu_lT!i*:t
r r r i sa! o.n_ cns nee r s- buI ;i" ;Ty" ;;;1;;;: fi
Hrfi
:::9- l: :. ?11-y :I veie hishry+
i.
#p;;;;;J bj;';;#i.;i ;;;l".";;;'fr ; J#:
:j:;e i:,3:::l:
Foreign
j IFse
_
Consultants .
6t!t;tr*-
W.N.M. Eoiej@,
Senio! Deputy Director
tueslgns, Plannrng and
Specialised Services )
Trrigation Deartjrent,
Bauddhaloka l4awatha,
CoLdnbd ?.
1989.02.04
.F,ONEWORD
Th€ lete MI:. A.J.p. ponr:aJah duiing h16 perlodl as Deputy Dlrector
of
Irrlgatton and Addi!ional Dlrector of Irrlgation publ-lshed
a series
of Technlcaf culde Llnes anil Technlcal Notes for tie guldance
of Englneers
and Technical Staffl of the lrr,lgation Departflent.
These Cuide Llnes
and Notes v/ere issued fFoo tlrne t; time. .
Dlrector of lrrlgatlon.
Irrlgatlon Departnent
Bauddhaloka Malqatha
Colombo 7.
1989.02.04.
TECHNICAL GUIDE LINES
FOR
BY
4,.J. P. PONRAJAH
B. sc.( Eng.) Lon d ., C. Ens., M. l.C.E., F.l. E.( Sri- Lonko)
Retired Director Of lrrigolion I
, i (i)
TRRIGATTON WOR(S
CONTENTS
PAGF
Genelal 24
Prolect Dra\dings 24
\nitial Activiry 25
j'(t1)
:
3.4 Geologic f nvesLigatins
O[Eration Studies, Eorrow Areas and Quarrj.es 26,.
3.6 Des iqn oE Dam qnbankrEnt
3 .'7 Drawingg )1.
.
{"
t'j}
)ll
( iiii
ITYCRAUITC DESIGN OF CANALS AND REIATED STRItrTSRT]S
101
Tntroduction rcI
CanaL Duties and Tutnoue Areas l0l-
Canal Desig 105
'Ibrnouls r08
Regulators 111
!tsi I1s ti4
sick canaL sptlJ. u?
Drainage under crossing 119
Foad cxossj.ngs
12I
Gales and Foists 124
Farchwork corputrt i ons
t26
Miscellaneous r21
DISTGII OF PROFTLF (LS) CF FTF.iD. AND DTqI'RIH]TARY
CANATS
140
References 140
Depth of cut in IFnd Lo/el]idg for Fams 140
Depth of cur. for Field Canals
140
De{)ch of cut for Distributary cana-t
Deign of profile {Ls) of Fi;Id canal I4t
TAZ
Design of Profile (tS) of Distrihrtaq/ Canal 144
Depth of cut for Fe & f for ninirm_m lepth of cut for
Innd Levelling 144
Preparation and Alploval of Designs of profjles '
ot Fcc & mc I44
SF.'LrcTION OF PAFSI]ALL F'LT]I4!'. SI2rg AND CREST I]T,EVATTONS
141
Cldssification L'?3
standard sizes. Materials and Lines L74
hyout, Lettering and Scales 175
(iv)
I7.I Genelal
t7 .2 Layout of Canals
L1 .3 Blocklng out of Earms
18.f Tntrcduction
I8 .2 B.O P. for farms in l.4ajor Projects
18 .3 B.O P, for seEt-LgllenL in [4a]or Projects
18 .4 B.O P, fAr farms in !&diun Projects
B.O.P. for settlqnents in Mediun prolects
18 .6 Village Works
2r.t_ Introduction
2I.2 CriEeria for Beoel iL-Cc6t Analysis
Ih-rket and Accounting Prj-ces
2I .4 Methodology for
Fcoocmic lvaluaLion
2l. s Cqr,ncn pararEters applicable for Fconc.li.c Fvaluation
SCiFD0LITE 0r. JcFIGTTIONS
n Tntroduction 243
n [ELhods of Water Deliveries -
243
. Irrigation l4ethods 244
20 l,and Prepalation 245
Rotation fnEerval 247
20
Rol.ation RequirsrEltt anA ScheduliDg 248
20 1, Othe! EeiiCures. 249
20 2
20 4
MF.IRIC @NVEFqTON
20 4
20
20
l.iei:ric conversion - l3ener,al 256
- do- - Volure
- do- - Length 258
- do- - Flow
2b 6
,1:
20
2L4
2r4:
2t4
2201
223
224,
22s'
227
227
221
230
23J"
23r
216
23Q
236 '
23&
240
24L
OF FIGUFPS
38
5,I CaLchrent Eoundary
i"-"t= average vield in Ac'fL' per 40
"e {OcEober to March ) -season
.",^f.in ntftu
5.3 contours of al,erage yield in !c'tt'per 4l-
i"-.f.ltt v"f" tnprlt' Co q@Lember ) season 44
5.4 L=i"--i""r*i..1 iegions of sri l-a'rka
slacions 45
M;-J;;"6 Pan wiPora cion 't6
7.L 'I\Dlcal secLion forsurcnarge
Fhban'qrEnL
and cround water
80
B.t ni5.i"t .-*ia"."a 80
a.2 ' do- BO
8.3 oo-
-proDssufe
8.4 r"iLholt surcharge buE wrth grcuno 8I
*"i.tt" in deprh or tension crack
8.5 ".'tii"
-.ii."iti. fron supcr imposed loads
82
8.6 - do- 82
8.7 - do- B2 i
8.8 - do'- 84
8.9 FffecL oi sLrbnErgelrce 84
B.l0 - do- B6
8.l-L soiioressures on pec EanguLar TlansLtion 81
;;i ;;;=;;;;; on rraPezoidal rransiLion
"
B.L2 8B ;
B. 13
F.rces oo TransiLions consrdere d for Bend ing lEmenLs B9
.14
;li:- ; ;;;;,;i;;;
89
B
8 .15
coniidere'r ror Bendins Monents
90
8.16 - do- 90
I .17 'do- 89
.
8.18 -\ do - B9
8.19 - do- 90
8.20 -* do- 90
, 8.2\ do- 96 t,
Cq.llrol" opening and Gate 96
i - do- 9B
t Minimwl operatioo level 99
p.ux r"Ieuse llldar c.F.L. cond.icion
f ion oI
r09
IO .I Cqnput-at l-osses t11
$
ra .2 Design of !'lej.r ReJulators 1r7
',, L0 .3 Desiqn ConsideraLions 119
10 .4 checl HYd.rautic as follows I22
I 10 .5 Culvelts t24
L0 .6 cates tsnd Foists r4'7
12 .l condiLions of flow for llraxi$un dlscharge 160
14 .1 itr4:roximation used in \'terLica1 curve collputalm 170
l-4 .2 surclil curve L'72
L4 .3 <ag culve 203
16 .1 T.e\, e Ls :
I
-
$ (vii)
38
L] ST OF ANNAXES
40 55
Bydrological stat ions anal zones
values ;f caefficieots characteristic of
41
44 trvdrolcaicaL
-
ctalions 56.
45 damcle t 1I r,u trat i ng Lenns ajld DefLnitions 51
76 DepLh of aainfatl 59
I'
trr
1. FF'qSIBILT'IY 9TODY FOR
TRRIGATI(N SYSTFU AND SFITTLFIi.|FNI PIAMNITG
',ii)
mLEn
;:zu?'*+:ii:'"jii,$'*':fii*ftriftl-T'l#thrx.r!
":::1":":.::;::;';;: nt;
s .:S:?t #,i,:L't,uu8t'?
111r *+i;?";.
nda,r i e
bo
ili*i t t "g each cracL
u
.' i,::f "I*ff
iv :$'.;.,.;;.+ llt#?Ln*iTi+:t#ii:;E:*;{n;
::l:lt#i"ii:':::?:3 ;;;i!:.'::;:tJt*;;:3 *x k
";t*:i'gi;q#::?#::,xht*l?.tf,"l*'*,.""eoLhan'rrl
"1?i'
"*."t,+ry*l**t'"','=ru-
:1, ;i iii'#.#S:"ffi:?:
*3
i?:: i'';; . :' p" ;"ffi ;#:"
.llJ?,.!;i"j,'^Tt'"^*i:.*];:ffi
be nomlally sJIr- *r
as rorrohs:
vii) ruf":itl*'":t'l?'lf:3ffi':,h
1'I - Gross Ccnnard
thble
2 3
&tents are acs.)
co9
be entered ior colur'os
4
The toi:als should
This Table fiay be released at this stage to the P]anning Braoc!
if required. Ircr,rever r D.D. (Ts) should furriish this Table and tlr
Topo Tracing of ltem (vi) in para 4 to RPA $tlo should estirnat
tl['al requirotenLs of social- infrastrucLure on the basis
or'Lhese.
ii) Oo receipt of sr.1rveys in para L.5 (vi) above. prepare layout c
sample turnout areas to a scaLe of I:1,584 sbowing fiefd ar
dra.inage canals, Laterals and sub laterals, sbil censervalic
blnds aod farm ridges.
iii ) CorpuEe arf reservaLions wic.hin turnouE areas.
iv) Prepare tabld o€ actual conversion factor as below.
TlacL Turnout Turnout Reser- Fann Alea Ratio (k) C= lhlm Area
\b- No. Afea \,'alions =Fain Area comltEllo Area
ffifr6[EEea 7= Av,k x Total of 3
1 2 5=3 -4 6=5 -:--
x3 colunn 9 0t l-ab-Le
1-r
-F
tlenlents , rercori' or sawrs rqAqs
cLure anal
{he procedures IN trEragraph are to be conEinued as follo$7s:
nd branch
a1s; Land rl Select ona or more sanple Lracls which shoufd be representaLjve
structu].e or the-common slopes and general proporcions of
lowJ.ands Lhat would be en@unLered for the prolecL.Uplands and
The tocal
ex,tenL of sdmple tiacts should be abour 20t.oi ti" pror*r Ji*o
ano Ene tr,acts mly br pleferably selected fron both banksl
ii) \\ :_::gir: 1a1out or cracis slowing tr.,.'a."Jitor-.lv ."*r"
Eurnout. areas ard_sanpre
settlslent areas. At uris stage tle i.O. tfsl,
wil.I.furnish ;lrints o-f the sanpte tracts to ttd-r"luf piunnirg
archicect (Rpa t i"ho l4Duld theo prepa-re sanple Layouts of'wamfets
:edures etc .
r tain iii ) Measure e*teots of turnout.axeas !,rithin t\e tracts and also the
slopes oc Lhe turnou!. a_reas,
Prepa-re table of aggregabe turnouE areas and slopes as fo
L-Lo!rs:
Eh of
lbble 1.2 - aggregite Turnout Areas a!!d Slopes
.s u-l
and
'
regate x
v) qelect. two or nore sample turnout areas
fron the sanple Lracts
y"ing.q. sare criLeria as for che selection .i $; ;;;i; ;;;;
buc glvrng r,reightage to slopes as io Table 2. The total exLent of
Ene serected tulnout areas should be altout 20t of the sanple
tracts.
a-t-.this.stage Essign Technical Assistants to carf\/ o\rt
Fngrneerrng qur\,reys of sanDl e tutnout areas to prcdr:ce
sca-Le ot (1"-= plins to
1:11584 132') ) ctoros.
DTTTET{.MVATTON OF FqAfi H{IIrNIls AND LAYOT'T Or, SAMPLF TI]REET
ARFAS
)ut of
Ld a!-"f,
vation-
-.';
estimaced on a pro-raLa basis pcr untL
Len_gths oE distribuEary, field and
s as -tn the.- layout of Sa,,nple tirnouts prepafed in par.a
*..
). Lheo
iurlxise. of farrn based on cosrsb,F
.' :::::::.:::1.-!." of
eetimated on a pro-rara basis p3r uhir
tana creai: ng--a""a Jrfr*.r1ri tij
laod5 velti-ns, s_oil conservation unti *a-ru-- it'qsl"*.IiJifri& t. .h"
-e 1,4, itout of sanple curnoui areas prepared ln I.6 ;xra iii)_
if r]]e ::^T:_:!Trk-.* to be corcpuced according ro Ehe Eypical
Ln ftem
Ene lfVoLlE .f irrrn^'rl :/6rc
)le 1.3
:ording
basis per uni.t
and tne service
quantities arh to
ibil- -J
fayout io para f.5 (.ii).
tru1d be
of the the buildings lrifl te according Lo the tlrpe plans
purpose by the Rp r\ from the lespecttve selvice
institutions -
ased
s'rltDr8s
rLed
'fne soc 1o -economic tudies
Division. rhe studies shouia !ri11 be done by the Settlsnent planning
s
cover. the scopc described in prra 1,3 and
would inyolve tiaisinq rvith the rcspective lnstituE.ions
provide the service facitities. required to
timated
rti ties The RPA will furnish to th D,D. (TS) Iayouts
social i]-c_-_-
e^^i_1. of Sall[rle Fanlets,
nfras tluc Lu!e costs as described above and a report etc,,
i Poc.ro-eiondnic studles fo, on the
fot inco4)oratioo by D.D. (IS) in the iro:sibjfity
' -':- I,ITC
FEASIB REPOET rri
PRr,]YAHryEvlr
PRF,'PARATTON "
. t'
- -^rLir'i]-w re.,ort conforming
d
r'. n.D.D.
rhe r, I witt
o. (rs) r pr"!"'-'
p:"P"'-:--:1: 1i-"'!"ii.'-*.i,*i" aspects. ir'"
the.l-r i
)iiE
"i
; il. ; ;
"
"
"ir
*^r:i "i.-E-1:
l;?;,lP.fli'?ililiil1;
i?tt;i::"'#.qai;i1'l'?n!.?t'T:s1?,,niE*:"*f:J
ti
":1i'.t:::i:IJ:il1i";F-i"
#1, :':::nl?, :l,i
i?:f
li:i"lill;*:teEi*fr
iitil!"-i-,ii.L
-or
l*il,r:.*='.';:ryr;.lip;61;
i:ii::*'s;tr,".*l.Yr:!'1il?i:ii..i:-;i'J:".:m'.3':g':"rll
fgg.n'!-ll-Pir?'r:$"d;";;;;reierred above rvil1
."pv u.'t f:^'ibilt-:I^t""f::"
i3i'it Je p'annlns brancn '
"iiu-,'o
ti
lgB
the D
-s of
rfi;a
:eport.
I iri I1
blocking out
rr rli: ,
2.2,3 Vifhge
Vilage Works - Anicut-e
: ,,'.., $utvey specifications ss4 fof headworksi and s95 for doirnsi:ream
.. ... developm,eqt. and thq requirenents in SS7 or SS8 for tbe supply canals
takj-ng off frcrn t-he anicut if sane are required.
i:i.''],..:''
2,2.6 Develc[lEnt
s55, ss6, ss7, ssB and site surveys
carE] structures -
sq1
IRRIGATION DFPARTMFI'T ,
SPEtrIT'ICATION IOR SUqTNY OF VTr.I.N': IANK BI'}DS
C,F VILIAGB
.i
1- fongi tudinal section r Alond
Alond centre li ,'i
e of existing tund'andj
2. continuatioo of sallE .
l4arkiog of trace , 911.50 mm sguare x 300 llrn (or 2,,square xl
rz") sawh trmber pegs ac 25m (or fto i .
rntervals a-long c€ntre line conr"nencino frrn
zero at lefc bank end wittr
I.ngi Eudinal seclion spot projectiog above gxound level. zSnrnrt6r ii.,i.
IErqhts , ii"3ul_ll:,100 fr) inrervals -1"1g ..".r,1
line. including .t
wltnrn the interval, "h.;q;;-;;ir;ffi;
at ends breaches.
a!,iocatrons_of sluices and al oi
begininq
enc or spill, The spot heiqht; shailand
extended Lo an elevation oi alouc t I/2h
m(o! 5fr) above existing lona cop Jev"tiolnl
4. Cross-section interval At 25m (or I00 ft) as for 1o!gitudi
5. Cross-sect.ioo length I
SeCEIon-
25m(or 80ft) on Lrpstleam and zum (or /0 ti
ontownstream respect i \'rely from cen
6. Cross-section direccion . N_ormal to.centre Line and along
bis
7, Cross-section spot heights a! angle pcints.
!
1. ? \12 m (or 10 fc) inrerva_Ls or cI
:^?_1:I.nu profile includjog aE upsErean
8. dot&stream tles of burd.
Traverse of Lr.rnd a.Iong.centre line defined
lne ll.mr.ts of spoE heiqhts indefined
icsn I and
in ic
9. Decaits to be cpvered in area
o.L.Levelling
srreanE, roads, footpaEhs
10. Details to muses, private Ilands etc .
L?."^!-ol!grop"
be .Ieve1led ; Pock outcrops, banks and beds
upstrean and downstrean sills of sErea
of
c,rests and do\4rns Erearn silIs of sluic
rloor le\,rels spir ls
of bguses etc_
su_rveys oEi U: ldlracy
12i of I ?ravers.e wit.h 20_sec theodou_te or
t. b€tter
*"**ri
i . , ,1 #,itlr*fi+*ffgil:tj'trffi
=s/rtufri;L.ltffii1"r*1i[fr;jg;;
", i..],i:."|i:....."l,:;':.'...l.,l...i,.;i'1kilcEter6j.::
il3. Scale of &awinge .i l!2000 (or. l"=200,)
,r **
brnd andi
' ","^:..,
. :.
-i1.. ,.;,:...,
-:
' ,,
,, r ' ., .
..
!,
tDrizonral for plan snd
g:::i*'.li':i,$:l';"'fl"#::#
1 ,:,i,.,,,:"%!:31.il: "::icar and rp'izontar ffi iJi,
z'"qu.tu
z""qu.tu *iin. ora*ing"
*iin.- orawiigs ,
)r
;*llt:fi :
100 iE )i
t' a"*'i
|
conroqdns
tJ"ffflf,filffi"tte"
*iriu:";it::H:-ti:ai;q$f"*fl
)nq centrei,:l ii rlil ril.rlil;r r,'':ti..riil':i : 'r' !i,::,r.iri:::-1.:-:eJo'
direction
breaches,
i sha-Ll
rout I
:ootpaths,
i streang
:sfuices
f spi11s
r ltt25m(ti 100 fE.) intervaLs aLong grid
sub-grid lines and at charges of or
. i. slope wlthin lnterva_1,.
6.
o. of
Base
lra-vgfse o-., ..lldse rroe
Line . !I Along cenEle
Arong line of
centle J.lne o! alno o<tending q)
bund o<renorng up
tt,l.g_u_?f'.".
'-' l .
: L f/2n (or 5') above. elevatioo of erist
L..-j!^..1^"'-!:..
Lxrd toD ele-vetion -
Details to be covered in
: ".
levelling.
levelling
of
area o€
.-.area :! Rock outcrops,
outcrops,,sLredns,
strearhs, roads,
, ,-,.."-r1 r .... . ' :'' . hou.ses,
r!'5Q, private lands curq
l,rrvdLc @l(lr And cLc!
Lons ctri
-B
i"s ".r ;d-ir
"-i
i . i;:ff
i; "3fr ?3jl=S?";
adl :::u?,9i.gF (or Fith reference poinr oi
ter,c.[
2,,) bronze bor; a; ;t
rd b!, :T::o::9^:9*'
square X 300mm (or 2" square
3vrrxn
licient sawn_
x I2,,1
tjmber pegs at 25 m (or 100 fcl inteiva.
.!s along- cs.lLre ]ine trace comrencing
@acoo ac LB end and brried as fron
bund rgi Cudir1al sect ion acove. "
heighrs
L00.,fr) in cervr-ls along cenLre
l:^r:T^_,::inclucing
grid
E 1_rlo,Lru"u
Elld
ae changcs
slope within intervat
of airectioi
_
: "" :
-I2 -
3. Grid line length : For cLosures, Ercrn base line noc Lcss D,
12") buri{
Lr
i r-.nf,fessr synnetrica.L covet:age area mL less than
frlce area to b: cccupied by stLucLu.e"
4. qFDt level_s
s or Lretler At '1I/2n ( or 20 fb) intervals aicng grid
l-,J
-= yd r'. .,rno-c oL oro.r.. o! Lr:h_1
co -ordinat Intefial.
red ar 20 I 5. Traverse oi base ]ine g-n: L- Jirc. refer.,.c ,,.. lr j
:* zs tine :l:rS
r, ra- 1/ 4 L'noLh
en
g cle or _"hc cc]].re irn. st,..tcru
:ter. o_ tr .,.. er
o: p,.ot OjeO
stlUCLUre
6. ftstails to Le covered _
nete!s ilr area of 1evef1ing Rock oulct:ops, s..rea,tils, roads, fooL paths,
hcu -S. pri a.e -dnds aro -:C
dl for pI;
/. LEtafls to Le fevelled Rock outcrops. banks and beds
iecr-ion; ail drainage lines ancl canals etc; of screans,
spot levels
r+sections. or ro_ds 1nJ j:ooL TcE\si qoL _..e.r_
pcl_l.neLetS oi J -iva,- r.tds, .,o r _.,,.o.
s
ru]eL sholvrn ot houses and etc.
:liutons wil B. Tria1 pirs
i anc ida& Not less than 6 trros, s.rfin:iricaf]y located
,caLtml um I u] a_er o l_,. o :-1,.r.. .l b. o_cp d . .r tclr!_e
.r1c deLal. rTcdvaL (l-Lo ,_iecrn o.. l m ;o.
pi:LnE.rng l e.revlcL-n Lo..rc._or ot ,acr st- .r 5- 16b.
1 shov/ spr SLTUCIL _c Un,-": . ,r-t -O L ..Un. red
,der:sertiof ear.L.rer.
,broLrn , Tl
9. Bench letrk
4 inclrde B,:acl, rr.\" !,r1, 10[ b. r.l.tr-ed or
)hs !rif1 I C aas, sp. Ll : J1d .jL-i .S o..ot ,c-o cench
LosU
ace A1 si! rna-r k€ esr-bL_.hcd oL,.l.r
-1. ...r..els rol
. rir L 'aL . .- oi c_t= Lr.rJ +J.:,
!prcclL-iccir a..e lcc lcc.o
Cossible i r'rlthin_about 3 hn (or 2 rdfes) of
'l
q ccm[€nce ncL. and for a1] other structuiessare. a
Tf
bench
iron botil mark shall be es.ablished in i:he vicinity
r]ed rn sr:r of the struclurae or io serva a
structureFj wi il]in a clisLrnce ot atou!, Erou, ct
(ar 2 J i .. r. i lrn
'h. o--.-n nEr< '..r, o. ]a__
ot^conc:pl.. 125 m:i .-quar ot boc.-m ,\
r5lllrl r.,u- - .n y :01 ftr .o, 9, :.Ij.-e
ll !.:. . . 6" .1r;.. ,r '. o .: L. ,) b . ,cd
y:.11,1-r. .o- !,7 rp.-e,c.1o bcve Lnd
rlfient fc LeV | '^,. l c ,". 1-Oa' -r.or:: -d n 9r c- ,n
tTe llne o a20rn{ | I d,,J J.l--L--rr . ).
Accuraci/ oF survey
iream flo/ I rs' ru i " 2tJ s E . 'r.io :o o- !4c .r.
llAlio,rtbl-
lne edqe ( .:ror ir o,.gLJ.:r , or..T. _ r
m.l nules . lOw,-L-- .. .: .: I _r..i--.rtc
closure = f ^.l/1, mete.rJ.
Che_ck poles shall tE estabiished ac
20 tc
25 ''-,c. o ot.. .5 ..n6j.
Lrn LLLno Il .Jr ,lurr!I l-\..: t -., -
: less tii rr-lo$rbl or c. I " - g J.
aanl{neot r rrli I 1'm L ..- .
b!:. . i ..( ,JrsLr'rcc 'n c.. r ..r..
go3.Le of drah.ings l:500 (or ln = 40 ft)
Dra!r'ing
)n upstlei ,_i.11 'S : r< -Lr:i r, o o s. sr.,. ..:tao-e
roc oz_ . l . :. iL - on cct.- . :l .g
, f.r.otfu
l
(* - -- -14-
jtj
!
IRRIGATIGI DEPARI!.IEM i
SPEETFICATIONS rOR CIOSE CDInOUR S0RVEI RI{UIRED FOR BInCro}l3 OUI
PI,ANS AND I,A]OR/MFD UM RESERVO]a BF.DS
ll
h ri1
ng
their appurLenant strucLrrrF
ay be dr ;t"r:::';":Y f,'# i"lii"iHi';ff.f i!!'il
) intervall
xcavaLions
drakTing
ficaLion iitng#s1pi$_tn,q:li##$
!i!;'..'i,'::""T ;i0,1?o2,'?ff. ar LDErom x
gs
w
;iit' ;:. :'; ;:ri+i:;*
"*1;1f++fi
20mm (or :zq;l"jr",i^ti-'-']]^ed on top in a
' :1
iii*':''$'i$#r:*iliTg-i".,*T
Fr orher
slde aL
derairs
inLersections
;b;; i.' l^fll,-s
,u rz2 rnj:e) grid
1L - "i"0.^u
I muli.ip and interval
:ron P ;il#iJi fiitrl:3ff i,liffsi:.:i:'. *.
ione to O-f_ Sur\,rey
fraverse ldith2
re, hrt 0 sec theodolite
AILoLEbIe error in o"gufar oI- f.-"rr--
tof Al lowab1e cf o.lr.n=: minuii.
.) I Y L neters.erro r rn co-oradinate closure =
Cie_ck po.Ies shatf b:
)untry; jl.jii:" * estal
r,uue,"u Ji ;;Jort.ff*:: ,o *
r€vel_Lrnq iuith drmv t-,,^r ^, g'!9f
)m (or dl-lo!'able ;;.;": j::::_': .
within n.tu, - r,-i"- tr,l ;i"E;:Ii"=
)othi1ls.
drawing
ilil:::tr:.*.
: 1:2000 (cr I', = 264 fr)
,
S^.:: -contour surveys
rvill
done by sur..ey
;:nor1'":- ",:u|
lus rqla ,bc drain 01 qr Fize
,-_ :::. snecE showing
rur u./5 sq.m1). are^ $jirh r^, 2.0 sq.lnlt.
;.i"":TgP:!i;_1"l,"iii.i?3, iioi=,* *,
l*:;jm :.#ij:ffi i"'fri;itr"r'*l
_
irhece cierriL is
.r"*oua tJo..u"..r.,ii;;";:r:. jnr"ed, one ro
shor,r streams-lf;-;-";::,]f
;, chen
:T drl,{+'* "..- T'q.,'i:'\ ili#
gical-,wi
ndaries
f r;.:'i: :;;:,,Tf ,;i:,ii il,g"trii-",,#;
cions, f
1S
sii: iia :; Us ii .qi.Fli;j,, T,fi ,
iii::
u.o"n ., i,,ui"i r'fi[
;i:.",_.i.:.i;EJf#
j":b ml (or 2 ft) cont.rlre
E slrea]I6
s, vill
paths,
J;,i,ud'*;r.,*:;; ;?:::"::.#":i;.t il:
-16-
4. Cross Section Tnterval : At 50m (or 200 fl) intervafs anf al(
bisectors at angle points including
points of changes oi slq)e in longitudir
secEion.
5- Cross Section tength 100n (or 300 ft) on each side of cent
f.ine.
6- cross-s€tion Direction Normal to cent-re line of canil trace:
Long bisectors at angle poincs.
?. Cross Section Spot Heights : At 12 I/2n (or 50 ft) intervals aod
dranges of sLopes lrith.in inLerval.
B. Traverse along centre Line o.l canal trace.
9. Details to be covered
ir aroa of levelling Rock outcrops, streams. drainage line
r traclG, foot paths, culverts, bridg
'roads
causeways: canals, bunds, boundaries
privaLe laAls and areas sublect. Ec flod
'builalings eEc.
1"0. Detalls to be Ievelleil Rock outcrops, banks and bed of streamg a
canals; bed of dralnage lines; elevatio
of roads, Lracks and toot IEths; conti
levels of cufverts, bridges, causeliays et
top and loe 1eve1s of bunds; perinet
levels of priivate lands ancl areas sr:b1e
to flcods; floor levels of buildl.ngs etc,
. --17-
ff
dtalrn on O-a,t* ,oa 2 mjIeJ .l nEerva ac
uitable end ot cross secLion tin- .F ts
.
upstrea.n
rq.nL.)
'"a" "r-iJii,"S:?r#":d:.:'::
l:rl^T-:3uu.:'utrop x 3Orinm ror 9,, square
il:il"l
I ::,:o::o,o x 6,,sq1la.re aE rop x r2,,)
l]::, /5.*T (or 3") protecci;a ubou" q.o;j
bL4ied
:s
10
:le
tr) ,'r"#"i"f Y, ;fffiJ'"'''ine";;t;; A;1;
acy ot survey Traverse with theoaoiite or beitrer
2O
aIlouable e.rror in anguiar
sec *
ru.nutes
closue = 3
Al lowabl b eiror ru in uL-orornatc
.._^rr,..
1.3/I-;t;t". -v- c'osure =
pofes shalt be
25 lrnes of rra,,--.^-esrabljshed
!:tegl(
^. _
aE 20 Eo
r,.*ir i "Jli;'i'",lj.ilT.
rLJlii=
4L_LonIabLe"s"*rih
error o[ cjosr,.o = arf,nrilli;i;r; :
)uried wi i.rcEe: L is the distance
mn.l in f.iilo*t".=-
5 sha1l &awing I:2000 (o! tn = 264 ft)
l01]m (or
Las !qt Denci_L or ink cracing
Eo 41 size suiLable
j?: .rg_ijq reproduciion
L-l,ong ::i?.Tll^ojtu rhick "Ltn utr -L.inu"
and spoi,evers 0.2nn
Lterval .
#r:;BT#ff
ard al ii *:^*tirl:;:if
il",
":u1.ls
sheet
a nd dra E.i nq s tanaarla . r".i
E
shaj L- show b:cween i toi
:tr
rluding sct.,ps eact
'ng1
l;r, fl_tn_ tunq.6 for scale or-l:200b ;; 9
ffi'.ffj
#.i;.i;_iF:;;:t +i Hj;:";'
,;*:-+*i,::$:+xii,ffi-'iry#
*$tffi "r3*T$ffirs?RrBrrrARy
"*trr"o*ro* ST,B-Dr$I?IB{IINRY CAMLS
t.-t.,
I' !, H
iq-,
-+ll
rd
til
l
't
!l F
ti
L;
rlianeter rlcess,
,iIJl,, for nain or branch canals are at 50m (or 200 ft) intervals
L
canal trace and elrEqd in length 10On (or'300 ft) on each
ntl arr
L, IRRIGATJ.ON DEPARII,IF]NI
FUR STETP SURVSY OF FTE[,I' AND SUB-FIE'LD CANALS
'1*;
IAtratii secLion : Alonq centreline of canal trace.
; I .onr
causgri of Lrace r By 50 mm square x 300nrn (or 2r' square x
pgrine 12rr) sawn timber pegs at 25m (or 100 t-t)
s subir . in|ervals along centre line buried lvith
75Im (or 3") projec Linq above ground level.
$
rf a bcncn Y1'-(,:'-
'':t5;'"-1
ii T;
ll. €ench irBrk
tl"" ii: l:*,::r
l'-r"fi
"
":* i;ii
i n or brancn -"-',[J" or
" ;"'r;*
tjl.' *i;; .n*"
-
"?i .q*ti-", i'-.og|."1ni?"rro*n
zZsn ac boctolr
i.o-i.'9f ;'"?"="""te
i.;"I fi;i-"iil'T"i:1
j.'
:t j ^ i?.i:: : I ; l.'"?"'*|.n T-i t;'*
l:f'?,*ii;;' '"";'"'
iheodoliEe or
be
' '^ '- -uns'.'r" o'u
13
*'qtioq:-*.5!t*l'*'#3otJ
'- ^' n'un"n*tu^a Lenqcn :'u-" '-
14. * cross sectiol.rrrrs
]'-1o'^rt'"t
v" -- #r'L::""uiJ
along cenEre
side.
,2,1-
for nnin c
{or 1 mile IRRTGATION DF,PAtrTI4F]NT
:anal trace SPTXTETCArIONS FCR ST'RI/EYS OF FXI Tfi{G CANAI,S AND DIRAINAGES
FOR
ross sectio RFfl ABTLITATTCft{/!43DF];RMSAT]'ON
L closesl I ss9
ie of cond t. Ioogitudinal s€rion mean ^enLre line o- ca1al, diainaoc
rm square a ^long
.?na1 0r sErcam $/iLh Zero sEaL icn ac
bottom x ( downstream end of turnout sLructure for
ith 75nro (o canals and centre Line oi confLueoce ltil:h
level ('1tl ouelet drainage for dlainage canals and
in 20mr (o stleams respectively.
er atl
) !,rithl
or 2t'l:.
\,
l,1;'t',
-24-
GNiIFAAL
i, projecr l4ap
li, , Ce.eral r.;aogenenr ot teaonicrks
+L Dri.t.LinJ and Gcolog ic prox.i-Le along Dan qxis
tu: r And G,-ologic nrofi}e along Alproach and Tail
ljrtalt "n channel
:
-. :;t C o.caLc lv.pping of cpill_ siLe
ml.,..kr_. , .l_r arld ,rorile
lrrL. cp,ll aln-.orcn canal - plan,-profife, Seccions
r. cpr lL T*. I Cdn-I _ pLtrn, profile, and Decairs
.:: cpi_L - Cene.dl arrdngslten!. and Secions and Oecaiis-
qJurccs, Gcncral ar.rangsneot DeLails
]f] I 1:3dr.rcrk5 -dmns
and DeEails
"f,:
x_rr_!. Actess RcBcls
(B) Trrigation System
i, .fracL plan R:mpfe Area
-
],: 'r!-nouL ALcl - <ample
lLl. llain Calrals, plan, profi and. Seccions (ftpicat p_L-n
)
y !drd_1, pran, prcrtfe and Seccioos (T)picaj
r. r_=Ld car-al, o_;6. profJ.Ie a,1d s*.i.o"" pi""l.
pLan)
Jiypi."i.
fC) seLELcaEnL Isyout
1, tayout of iiam-let
ii. La:rcrjt ot Village Centre
iii. Layout of Tcrn/Urban Centre
ltt is expected that the draldings tisted under Iters (B) and (c) above
ioould have been prepared in sufficient detaif at t-le Feasibility Study
stage, Hence, it is not intended in the Posl Feasibilily study to
LAt eJiist ldill be
repiepdre these draltings except thal the information thereinjmrediate
ins torhi uodut"d fo. the preparation of the Engineers' Estimate' The
sibitil ctncern of the Posa FeasibiliLy Proposals tuou-ld be the preparation of the
&alvinqs in I Ee,r (A).
llt is expected that i:he dralvings fisted und€ratTtems (B) and (C) above
iwollfd have been prepar.ed in sufficient debaif the Feasibility study
istade. Hence, it is not ineended in the Post EeasibiliLy
lstage. EeasibiliLv study
studv to
it exi reprepare these drawinqs except thal the infonlatioo thereiojrfiEdiate
, :.--rr!^r !,/iII be
:s ta updated forE^- the preparation of the Erginee(sr rc+in5+6
Estimate. rl.b
The inllb,qi.l-
!ibiri . cohcern of the PoGt Feasibility.Proposals \,rou1d be the preparation of the
dra!,7ioqs in Ttem (A).
..:. The Designs Branch shalI prepare the 'rproject l4ap'r 6nd the "Gq'le.ral
ltiod: Arrangement of Feadv,iorks " drawings tentaLively defining ttle dam axis and
)stlc llocation of t-he appurlenanc ruprks of iie reservoir,
jary Lhei
iThe Desiqns Branch !,/ill silnukaneously revieL{ the crop \4ater lequirernenLs
and cgopping caLendars ,,rilh the l,and Use Divisioo and reassess the
irrigjrbte area on Lhe basis of engineerinq survey plans, rhe Assistance
.of the Land Use Division shatl be oblained in reviewing the soil
iboundaries ![tbin the reassessed irrigable area,
0n conpleEing lhe above preparations ald reviews, the Designs Branch wilf
inform the Deputy Directors of gydrology, EtEineering Geo]ogv and Erg.
Materials of the data for cperatlon studiest dri.lling investigations for
dan axis and appurtenant works; and locaLion and investigations of l:orrdd
areas and quarries respeccively. :li] this connecEion the Designs Branch
\,/ill furnish information to the respecciv'e Deputy DixecLor on crop \,tater
nnel oI requireqLents, cropping calendar:, irrigable q{tents, extenL of differenl:
soils in irrigable area, quantities of maLerial required for dnbankoent
fill rip-rap anal concrete aggregaLes including iofortiation on the
availability of such Ebterials to be recovered from lecessary excavations
in larts of the prolecL.
The iletermination of the "Inflow Dejign" ftood discharge End the proposed
discharge capacity of the spifL and lail channel sbafl be iointly
discussed and decided by the Deputy Director {Hydrology) and
Deputy Director (Desigos), In this respect the Designs Branch shalf
furnish additional information to D.D- (r'rydrolcgy) with respect'to
approach and er<isling conditions at the spill and nlay also reqLrest IrDdel
sludies to be executed by D.D-(Hydraulics).
i,{hilst the above is beiog simultaneously attendeal to by D.DD, Hydrolog'.},,
Floqineering ceology, Frlg. MaLerials and ljl'draulics, the Des.rgns Branch
wilf prcceed with the structutal designs for the appurtenant wlrks of t-he
project. The Designs Branch nilL also lndicate target dates for
compLelion of above irvesEigBtions 6,rtl by muLual discussion decide the
compLetion dates for the above investigaEions.
C<DttrTC TWFSTTGA'TIONS
It is hoped that' ra'I when the geologic invesLigations-:: the dan anis a
m auals
conclusion i.t shatl be endevbured by all parties to understand tl]e
tudies ject. particularty wirh re-sp€ct to Lhose port.ions not of their
collt)1 clplrnes and operate as a Team- to complete the post Feasibi.Iity
)f the jec\ Proposals in the nanner outlined .above -
rancfi,
felb
!r!l1eh
:er 4s
:hal1
frd[
ied 7
ials )
tt'
rs
IE
spec
:
;
I
:28-
4. DESIGN PROCF'DOR'S
DE.STGN PROCFDORFS
4.r-l Planninq
f dc s;:i;
scope o s requi'ed-:::-i-y::":ilt'-":::ff fltil #:
Ls n
berow..';H':i"",';::
r(c ';;;;;;
::? tabulation
^-r ?='.i"?i ":" :r'il "f i3:ti:"f 1gr;r
ltre oireccor,/eaairion*
iI,r
had t t-r" naaa=.arY consLllta!
fio..- p.-..aing to brief '
Briefijls bY BrieJing to
Nature of rr€rk (Control stafl
(Manaq@nt staff )
SO and,/or CTI
lioik sor. D. D. (Designs )
I4alor
of basic pararetetsi
il.:'applicable design standarals to te used; preparaLionprogralmte
.,j., iitLntifyi.ng required drawings; and schedu.Iingrconttol f9t. su.tYgy:,
...,1..-.investiqations, designs aod drawings; The staffr will be
'respoosr ble ror !.ne pertonI]ance of the riob staffr:
The schedullnq o Drogcallrl\e tor drawinqs liill be done alonq w'LLh ma/snr'
D-M- Eak,tnq inco'considerauion L.1le avallability or D\4 and any drawjngs
,,r,r 'ih;r
i.r,r o.r1ld be
that lroulal bv the IE,/TA
he done by Lhemselves, scheduling of overall
TF:/TA themselves'
,, 1,, progra**" wilI inclu-de consideration of t-i[e lequired for surveys,
:;,' inv6stiSalions, stud-ies, deslgns and any \Drk in these respects to Le
done bv 'oLhers' .
ffifff
u.a
::;",,*
{,1, e bupervlslon
!{hile the 'job staff, Dro.ee.d: wi:h chgil
''control sE.aff respeccive assigmEnrs
' wiLl aL regu.lar selecced incervaLs anof.-*o
lrorK done in rhe pu"=
inEervar bv-effecrins _t ;{;;Ji-J;;!'=*on p.r."
Ene vrork alone to avoid effeccGg suctr ctingei."".rr.-iriiJi,?I.**.
The supervj.sj.on of ttje DM of t
r r./'r'a dnd
TF,/TA and rha
the rh^ /a;- DM il"*'
mq/cnr. -. *,]]"b.:!.ff
^,, ' will
wrr'r I€
be oone
done rornt-Ly
loinr]y by
br
i*:::iifll;i::[:4,"''i,1?'iJ'"..'::.ffi :.T".ff#,:,.1..i:,;
j::p;-:rioo:","*iJ.'In--ril';'-J'.'"#"';d":J;il""1:J...i:i:?
:;;:; ; :, i:f i.? ". lTn:::1.::, "+. :;t ;;;i pii"J-oF' ffi 'Ei_"i"n.
;ff ;i, ff
:: ff 5X: ii :i,&" i:"::;r;:.;,"r,,::ii:-#:i'il
irns!.rucrr^hc
ns c r uc cions -' -i
tsa^ rhl_- lcrk done each half 'tr"#I
day iiith respe{E
H'i.Sl.l'l!"jiiffi .rf,
to
"r',"
^F
",,ii
q::k 9 rv^ii:d.i!rff; ,*:.;,#.ffi
gG ou '*..'mvs"i.-o* iiii'"i"o'*"i
i;i'';'"11t"':"^F.F-
timc
aqopL
ror
rdken_ tt. Ji"Jii'"iii ['#:: ;
suitable remedial neasur6s in *:;fi:
-",
case-oE oo...u.a.iJiiv*".."
4.1.5 ApprovaL
.i;pr;;i;:?fiifi;
*, :.1^:":!.::.1.T_Sl
t".* ;.
--- -..^T?^gtlitgi._q*.J-p.i.f' i"#:;
ffff. i::"",*:
paca rs.r.4
"u.r,
*:y::l_F: *".::::iffl
in"..oZ.if,L;fi JJJ'H frjff".i'il:'i3rii.
i:":i:.:";:,"::ryi#:,*l*:
separatc or rhe
foLder,/ril; of toe ;c __c!e .rqlrA ouanlity'rob
-i.grneers'
Dnei
srarfl
wilr nrake
qate
a
neers' FsLinrF16 anJ "-. :-:tgl,l:!u:'
r'scinuce a.a sheers,
ii;r;l;i.;;;,"Fff,jijl".if;"ifi: anafys
aEd have saft
." siu*
t- ''
_-J
-3r- - i;
il
and
fT#: gifi ,
".,[
drartir$
I gi: ; :fl :.#ff;i*Y
separately.
i::rt is;Tii'"','. "n'5 ".il :'".',T".1 :i.ra'Hs5tr;
b 6 noted thac t]re oesign
{
| ["::t*.?E''1'? Mi.sc€'aneous
I |iffi: ;tr$;.
soecirrc$. Tl: Illlo rhe , job srarl wl1 be responsibre ror arr stases or Lalk
"f erc. ccrnpreced ro ..nuaoiu r"*,-irr'i.,pli'oi
|I [r
lecE to EheF il:,i: -r:::t9-,T",.*uyins.
lrrs/ner orvn contribuLion to samc as werl as Lhe concrir.rtions fron
I lea : oaraE others. Fe/she will appraise Lhe 'c1cnr-ror staff' of *v prourEo"- in
fufi.Lring his/her responsibj tiries ;d ootui" .tu requirea s;ru.ionJ.- ---
II l"o o-.,itor[
lhedule a-nd F.
I W ll9"py ?l rhe
.,lob. sraffl i+ill brins co Lhe nocice of rhe TFy'..q whene\,rer
I| H
ft,
l;:"ffi ;liiT::.n*,".,fll,.iri'"J,,:,i".T):.".":
proceed rh
-the
$icrk'due ro
r!/TA is_wiunrble to rectify iacii
ff,fiTJf:
oc :-nsluctions frcrn Ehe TEITA. TE the
ilTffi:t
I it sane rolll Lhe siruaEion ttre 'controi-stuii '* ir -f,
:rsr"arro,r lli iffcdircely nctified to provide che r:*.diul ne.s*es. '
|I ? requlred t
I i nav^ tl"lll -ne TElTA.will noLiry che Dna/cnr. D.I4 jn
quality of the draugitsmanif,ip the firsc instance oE poor
| ,'ed bv thell.. rl. DM andlor undue delay in r,,re
I tn- inzq" 9ll preparation of uhe diawing. rLe m^2"*.
"f r,7.i1 prdnpLly act to ronedy
| :spacch oi.!'1, the siLuaLio_n_. rE t.tre rJsuiii are iocDi4sartstactory tie TFITA and/or
:cirea tlll mq/snr. DM will appraise rhe rconrroL sralf! for uppr"piiaru u.lionl-'-
|
I dl"
| .1r make a il[j .
I ) Analvsis llHq/
I n"'. l"*{ll.
t$t
til
tfl':
tft
I
IRRTGAEIoN EEADI,iORKS
(rb t catclEerlts of 20
l
i:
l
li , -
:.ir':t.
-33:
ends not Fdr embankents of heights 14) to 30 feet the typica-l section s'111 be as given in
nrtion of Fig. 7.I. For highe! qrbarlglEnts the secLions will- be individually designed by
itDq)uty Director (grgineering MaLerials ) of the Trrigatioo DetrErtTeot.
ninea fx
DUTCeS 1n
rn and
i of the r release the necessary dgnand when bhe reservoir is at its lcrTest stage called
:ithd:Minimurn operation level. The hydraulics of the sluice is that of open caoal
flow in a puti futt corduit. based'on t.\e principle of steaay non-uniform flo.r.
-able, H -iiotlever for reservoirs rrithin the scope of this iloee the size of sluice q)e]1inq
.hray be deternined on tbe basis of'orifice discharge for a I foot. head above
rves pr opening to release the necessary de,Tand for peak Darly eequirement,
(Para.
rS IVI
iubject re sill-LI elevaeion of a sluice should be so located to provide nrinimun dead
e st
f.gtorage
rsonal r in the reservoir. The dead storage in large reservoirs is nrainly
tequired to accqmpdate possible silt deposits. Dor reservoirs nithin sc@e of
,this Note the dead storage oill be nrainly required. to llEeb do[Eslic needi and
tY as
those of cattLe. In large reselvoirs the head storage.is c€nputed on the basis
,.of silt that would be deposiled in a dafined period of tirE frcrn atralysis of
a and
t* pr rlitt sanrples in the supptf sre". fo' ft;;;;d;r;-;r-in a ¶bre irream.
,:.For reservolrs within the scope of this NoCe, the detendnation of dead storage
.id:a matter of judgercnt, the depth of such dead sCorage beding sufficient to
capacity 'nbet a good part oE the evaporation loss ilr an off season.
lest irr If the siIl efevation ot the sluice is detehrlined frcn obher consi(lerations such
: surface ,las maximun possible crcnsland, topography etc. then the lesulting dead storage age
ls than i shoutd be checked as to r'?hether it satisfies the above condi.tions, ff not, a
rcompromise should be IIEde to satisfy as best. as possible all the requirsnelts
nEntioned above.
l
-35 -
tudy
ing all-y there will be severat such Anicuts in a cascacie ln tie valley, Located
r dinq to the bed gradient of the rratercourse and t}le elevation of the land
ntenals an of bhe strucLuref for flood irrigation of the entire \,ralley.
l.:.
'n;, ,trrnt" o*o.
lrrigable extent mainLy, depends on the t pography aqd tle base flcs, in tl]e
eam. The-base flow should be sufficient to neet the requirerEnts of
deep-trErcolation frdn tlre. flooded lands,
.1.5,I seasons
:.ions of
Lal and He main season is the cultivation period in which the largest rainfalt
lijaipitation takes place, This is called l4aha, MuffEri or KafatDkam (october to
Le a!,- J dtbh).in the Dry Zone. TtE second cultivation period for the year is t-he season
r\7al of :t-h the Lesser rainfau called yata, pirmari or si-rupolam (Aprl] to sstember )
i the dry zooe. The terms l4aha and Yala may be interchanged by loca1 custcm dre
of the quantur of rainfal1.
voir
of Scb@s
the ani.r
ot depth lis or schemes are cacegorised as village L,rorks, Mediun vorks or major LErks
.8.
the ri'
where conboLirs arJ avaitable the bou,:lda'ry is a line dra-Bn alongboundarl
citctment divide of tbe land. Tbe rainfafl on t-]l ouLside of tiis
not t.i.n the point of inLerest' \'j:rereas the rainfa-ll inside t}le boundary
through the point of interest.