Modern Analytical Chemistry

Lecture Notes, Study Materials and Important questions answers

Subject : Modern Analytical Chemistry

Introduction
1. Modern Analytical Chemistry: Introduction - Answer (click here)
2. What Is Analytical Chemistry? - Answer (click here)
3. The Analytical Perspective - Answer (click here)
4. Common Analytical Problems - Answer (click here)

Basic Tools of Analytical Chemistry

1. Numbers in Analytical Chemistry - Answer (click here)
2. Units for Expressing Concentration - Answer (click here)
3. Stoichiometric Calculations - Answer (click here)
4. Basic Equipment and Instrumentation of Analytical Chemistry - Answer
(click here)
5. Preparing Solutions of Analytical Chemistry - Answer (click here)
6. Analytical Chemistry: The Laboratory Notebook - Answer (click here)

The Language of Analytical Chemistry

1. Language of Analytical Chemistry - Answer (click here)
2. Language of Analytical Chemistry: Analysis, Determination, and
Measurement - Answer (click here)
3. Language of Analytical Chemistry: Techniques, Methods, Procedures,
and Protocols - Answer (click here)
4. Classifying Analytical Techniques - Answer (click here)
5. Selecting an Analytical Method - Answer (click here)
6. Language of Analytical Chemistry: Developing the Procedure - Answer
(click here)
7. Language of Analytical Chemistry: Protocols - Answer (click here)
8. The Importance of Analytical Methodology - Answer (click here)
Evaluating Analytical Data
1. Evaluating Analytical Data - Answer (click here)
2. Characterizing Measurements and Results - Answer (click here)
3. Analytical Data: Characterizing Experimental Errors - Answer (click here)
4. Propagation of Uncertainty - Answer (click here)
5. The Distribution of Measurements and Results - Answer (click here)
6. Statistical Analysis of Data - Answer (click here)
7. Statistical Methods for Normal Distributions - Answer (click here)
8. Detection Limits - Answer (click here)

Calibrations Standardizations and Blank Corrections

1. Calibrations, Standardizations, and Blank Corrections - Answer (click here)
2. Calibrating Signals - Answer (click here)
3. Standardizing Methods - Answer (click here)
4. Reagents Used as Standards - Answer (click here)
5. Standardizing Methods: Single-Point versus Multiple-Point
Standardizations - Answer (click here)
6. Standardizing Methods: External Standards - Answer (click here)
7. Standardizing Methods: Standard Additions - Answer (click here)
8. Standardizing Methods: Internal Standards - Answer (click here)
9. Linear Regression and Calibration Curves - Answer (click here)
10. Blank Corrections - Answer (click here)

Equilibrium Chemistry
1. Equilibrium Chemistry - Answer (click here)
2. Reversible Reactions and Chemical Equilibria - Answer (click here)
3. Thermodynamics and Equilibrium Chemistry - Answer (click here)
4. Manipulating Equilibrium Constants - Answer (click here)
5. Equilibrium Constants for Chemical Reactions - Answer (click here)
6. Equilibrium Constants for Precipitation Reactions - Answer (click here)
7. Equilibrium Constants for Acid–Base Reactions - Answer (click here)
8. Equilibrium Constants for Complexation Reactions - Answer (click here)
9. Equilibrium Constants for Oxidation–Reduction Reactions - Answer (click
here)
10. Le Chatelier’s Principle - Answer (click here)
11. Ladder Diagrams - Answer (click here)
12. Ladder Diagrams for Acid–Base Equilibria - Answer (click here)
13. Ladder Diagrams for Complexation Equilibria - Answer (click here)
 14. Ladder Diagram for Oxidation–Reduction Equilibria - Answer (click here)
15. Solving Equilibrium Problems - Answer (click here)
16. A Simple Problem: Solubility of Pb(IO3)2 in Water - Answer (click here)
17. A More Complex Problem: The Common Ion Effect - Answer (click here)
18. Systematic Approach to Solving Equilibrium Problems - Answer (click
here)
19. Solving Equilibrium Problems: pH of a Monoprotic Weak Acid - Answer
(click here)
20. Solving Equilibrium Problems: pH of a Polyprotic Acid or Base - Answer
(click here)
21. Effect of Complexation on Solubility - Answer (click here)
22. Buffer Solutions - Answer (click here)
23. Activity Effects - Answer (click here)
24. Two Final Thoughts About Equilibrium Chemistry - Answer (click here)

Obtaining and Preparing Samples for Analysis

1. Obtaining and Preparing Samples for Analysis - Answer (click here)
2. The Importance of Sampling - Answer (click here)
3. Designing A Sampling Plan - Answer (click here)
4. Where to Sample the Target Population - Answer (click here)
5. What Type of Sample to Collect - Answer (click here)
6. How Much Sample to Collect - Answer (click here)
7. How Many Samples to Collect - Answer (click here)
8. Minimizing the Overall Variance - Answer (click here)
9. Implementing the Sampling Plan - Answer (click here)
10. Implementing the Sampling Plan: Solutions - Answer (click here)
11. Implementing the Sampling Plan: Gases - Answer (click here)
12. Implementing the Sampling Plan: Solids - Answer (click here)
13. Separating the Analyte from Interferents - Answer (click here)
14. General Theory of Separation Efficiency - Answer (click here)
15. Classifying Separation Techniques - Answer (click here)
16. Classifying Separation Techniques: Separations Based on Size - Answer
(click here)
17. Classifying Separation Techniques: Separations Based on Mass or
Density - Answer (click here)
18. Classifying Separation Techniques: Separations Based on Complexation
Reactions (Masking) - Answer (click here)
19. Classifying Separation Techniques: Separations Based on a Change of
State - Answer (click here)
20. Classifying Separation Techniques: Separations Based on a Partitioning
 Between Phases - Answer (click here)
21. Liquid–Liquid Extractions - Answer (click here)
22. Separation Versus Preconcentration - Answer (click here)

Gravimetric Methods of Analysis

1. Overview of Gravimetry - Answer (click here)
2. Precipitation Gravimetry - Answer (click here)
3. Theory and Practice of Precipitation Gravimetry: Solubility
Considerations - Answer (click here)
4. Theory and Practice of Precipitation Gravimetry: Avoiding Impurities -
Answer (click here)
5. Theory and Practice of Precipitation Gravimetry: Occlusions - Answer
(click here)
6. Theory and Practice of Precipitation Gravimetry: Controlling Particle
Size - Answer (click here)
7. Theory and Practice of Precipitation Gravimetry: Filtering the Precipitate
- Answer (click here)
8. Theory and Practice of Precipitation Gravimetry: Rinsing the Precipitate
- Answer (click here)
9. Theory and Practice of Precipitation Gravimetry: Drying the Precipitate -
Answer (click here)
10. Theory and Practice of Precipitation Gravimetry: Composition of Final
Precipitate - Answer (click here)
11. Theory and Practice of Precipitation Gravimetry: Representative Method
- Answer (click here)
12. Precipitation Gravimetry: Quantitative Applications - Answer (click here)
13. Precipitation Gravimetry: Qualitative Applications - Answer (click here)
14. Precipitation Gravimetry: Evaluating Precipitation Gravimetry - Answer
(click here)
15. Volatilization Gravimetry - Answer (click here)
16. Volatilization Gravimetry: Theory and Practice - Answer (click here)
17. Volatilization Gravimetry: Quantitative Applications - Answer (click here)
18. Evaluating Volatilization Gravimetry - Answer (click here)
19. Particulate Gravimetry - Answer (click here)
20. Particulate Gravimetry: Theory and Practice - Answer (click here)
21. Particulate Gravimetry: Quantitative Applications - Answer (click here)
22. Particulate Gravimetry: Evaluating Particulate Gravimetry - Answer (click
here)

Titrimetric Methods of Analysis

 1. Titrimetric Methods of Analysis - Answer (click here)
2. Overview of Titrimetry - Answer (click here)
3. Titrations Based on Acid–Base Reactions - Answer (click here)
4. Acid–Base Titration Curves - Answer (click here)
5. Selecting and Evaluating the End Point - Titrations Based on Acid–Base
Reactions - Answer (click here)
6. Titrations in Nonaqueous Solvents - Answer (click here)
7. Titrations Based on Acid–Base Reactions: Representative Method -
Answer (click here)
8. Titrations Based on Acid–Base Reactions: Quantitative Applications -
Answer (click here)
9. Titrations Based on Acid–Base Reactions: Qualitative Applications -
Answer (click here)
10. Titrations Based on Acid–Base Reactions: Characterization Applications
- Answer (click here)
11. Evaluation of Acid–Base Titrimetry - Answer (click here)
12. Titrations Based on Complexation Reactions - Answer (click here)
13. Chemistry and Properties of EDTA - Answer (click here)
14. Complexometric EDTA Titration Curves - Answer (click here)
15. Selecting and Evaluating the End Point - Titrations Based on
Complexation Reactions - Answer (click here)
16. Representative Method - Titrations Based on Complexation Reactions -
Answer (click here)
17. Quantitative Applications - Titrations Based on Complexation Reactions
- Answer (click here)
18. Evaluation of Complexation Titrimetry - Answer (click here)
19. Titrations Based on Redox Reactions - Answer (click here)
20. Redox Titration Curves - Answer (click here)
21. Selecting and Evaluating the End Point - Titrations Based on Redox
Reactions - Answer (click here)
22. Representative Method - Titrations Based on Redox Reactions - Answer
(click here)
23. Quantitative Applications - Titrations Based on Redox Reactions -
Answer (click here)
24. Evaluation of Redox Titrimetry - Answer (click here)
25. Precipitation Titrations - Answer (click here)
26. Precipitation Titration Curves - Answer (click here)
27. Selecting and Evaluating the End Point - Precipitation Titrations - Answer
(click here)
28. Quantitative Applications - Precipitation Titration - Answer (click here)
29. Evaluation of Precipitation Titrimetry - Precipitation Titration - Answer
(click here)
Spectroscopic Methods of Analysis
1. Spectroscopic Methods of Analysis - Answer (click here)
2. Overview of Spectroscopy - Answer (click here)
3. Basic Components of Spectroscopic Instrumentation - Answer (click here)
4. Spectroscopy Based on Absorption - Answer (click here)
5. Absorbance of Electromagnetic Radiation - Spectroscopy Based on
Absorption - Answer (click here)
6. Transmittance and Absorbance - Spectroscopy Based on Absorption -
Answer (click here)
7. Absorbance and Concentration: Beer’s Law - Answer (click here)
8. Limitations to Beer’s Law - Answer (click here)
9. Ultraviolet-Visible and Infrared Spectrophotometry - Answer (click here)
10. Instrument Designs for Molecular UV/Vis Absorption - Ultraviolet-
Visible and Infrared Spectrophotometry - Answer (click here)
11. Instrument Designs for Infrared Absorption - Ultraviolet-Visible and
Infrared Spectrophotometry - Answer (click here)
12. Quantitative Applications - Ultraviolet-Visible and Infrared
Spectrophotometry - Answer (click here)
13. Qualitative Applications - Ultraviolet-Visible and Infrared
Spectrophotometry - Answer (click here)
14. Characterization Applications - Ultraviolet-Visible and Infrared
Spectrophotometry - Answer (click here)
15. Evaluation - Ultraviolet-Visible and Infrared Spectrophotometry - Answer
(click here)
16. Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy - Answer (click here)
17. Instrumentation - Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy - Answer (click here)
18. Quantitative Applications - Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy - Answer
(click here)
19. Evaluation - Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy - Answer (click here)
20. Spectroscopy Based on Emission - Answer (click here)
21. Molecular Photoluminescence Spectroscopy - Answer (click here)
22. Molecular Fluorescence and Phosphorescence Spectra - Molecular
Photoluminescence Spectroscopy - Answer (click here)
23. Instrumentation - Molecular Photoluminescence Spectroscopy - Answer
(click here)
24. Quantitative Applications Using Molecular Luminescence - Answer (click
here)
25. Evaluation - Molecular Photoluminescence Spectroscopy - Answer (click
here)
26. Atomic Emission Spectroscopy - Answer (click here)
 27. Atomic Emission Spectra - Atomic Emission Spectroscopy - Answer (click
here)
28. Equipment - Atomic Emission Spectroscopy - Answer (click here)
29. Quantitative Applications - Atomic Emission Spectroscopy - Answer (click
here)
30. Evaluation - Atomic Emission Spectroscopy - Answer (click here)
31. Spectroscopy Based on Scattering - Answer (click here)

Electrochemical Methods of Analysis

1. Classification of Electrochemical Methods - Answer (click here)
2. Potentiometric Methods of Analysis - Answer (click here)
3. Potentiometric Measurements - Potentiometric Methods of Analysis -
Answer (click here)
4. Reference Electrodes - Potentiometric Methods of Analysis - Answer (click
here)
5. Metallic Indicator Electrodes - Potentiometric Methods of Analysis -
Answer (click here)
6. Membrane Electrodes - Potentiometric Methods of Analysis - Answer
(click here)
7. Membrane Potentials - Potentiometric Methods of Analysis - Answer (click
here)
8. Selectivity of Membranes - Potentiometric Methods of Analysis - Answer
(click here)
9. Glass Ion-Selective Electrodes - Potentiometric Methods of Analysis -
Answer (click here)
10. Crystalline Solid-State Ion-Selective Electrodes - Potentiometric
Methods of Analysis - Answer (click here)
11. Liquid-Based Ion-Selective Electrodes - Potentiometric Methods of
Analysis - Answer (click here)
12. Gas-Sensing Electrodes - Potentiometric Methods of Analysis - Answer
(click here)
13. Potentiometric Biosensors - Potentiometric Methods of Analysis - Answer
(click here)
14. Quantitative Applications - Potentiometric Methods of Analysis - Answer
(click here)
15. Evaluation - Potentiometric Methods of Analysis - Answer (click here)
16. Coulometric Methods of Analysis - Answer (click here)
17. Controlled-Potential Coulometry - Answer (click here)
18. Controlled-Current Coulometry - Answer (click here)
19. Quantitative Applications - Coulometric Methods of Analysis - Answer
(click here)
20. Characterization Applications - Coulometric Methods of Analysis -
 Answer (click here)
21. Evaluation - Coulometric Methods of Analysis - Answer (click here)
22. Voltammetric Methods of Analysis - Answer (click here)
23. Voltammetric Measurements - Answer (click here)
24. Current in Voltammetry - Answer (click here)
25. Shape of Voltammograms - Answer (click here)
26. Quantitative and Qualitative Aspects of Voltammetry - Answer (click here)
27. Voltammetric Techniques - Answer (click here)
28. Quantitative Applications - Voltammetric Methods of Analysis - Answer
(click here)
29. Characterization Applications - Voltammetric Methods of Analysis -
Answer (click here)
30. Evaluation - Voltammetric Methods of Analysis - Answer (click here)

Chromatographic and Electrophoretic Methods

1. Overview of Analytical Separations - Answer (click here)
2. General Theory of Column Chromatography - Answer (click here)
3. Chromatographic Resolution - Theory of Column Chromatography -
Answer (click here)
4. Capacity Factor - Theory of Column Chromatography - Answer (click here)
5. Column Selectivity - Theory of Column Chromatography - Answer (click
here)
6. Column Efficiency - Theory of Column Chromatography - Answer (click
here)
7. Peak Capacity - Theory of Column Chromatography - Answer (click here)
8. Nonideal Behavior - Theory of Column Chromatography - Answer (click
here)
9. Optimizing Chromatographic Separations - Answer (click here)
10. Optimizing Chromatographic Separations Using the Capacity Factor to
Optimize Resolution - Answer (click here)
11. Optimizing Chromatographic Separations Using Column Selectivity to
Optimize Resolution - Answer (click here)
12. Optimizing Chromatographic Separations Using Column Efficiency to
Optimize Resolution - Answer (click here)
13. Gas Chromatography: Mobile Phase - Answer (click here)
14. Gas Chromatography: Chromatographic Columns - Answer (click here)
15. Gas Chromatography: Stationary Phases - Answer (click here)
16. Gas Chromatography: Sample Introduction - Answer (click here)
17. Gas Chromatography: Temperature Control - Answer (click here)
18. Gas Chromatography: Detectors for Gas Chromatography - Answer (click
here)
 19. Gas Chromatography: Quantitative Applications - Answer (click here)
20. Gas Chromatography: Qualitative Applications - Answer (click here)
21. Gas Chromatography: Representative Method - Answer (click here)
22. Gas Chromatography: Evaluation - Answer (click here)
23. High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) - Answer (click here)
24. High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Columns - Answer (click here)
25. High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC): Stationary Phases -
Answer (click here)
26. High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC): Mobile Phases -
Answer (click here)
27. High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Plumbing - Answer (click here)
28. High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC): Sample
Introduction - Answer (click here)
29. High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC): Detectors for
HPLC - Answer (click here)
30. High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC): Quantitative
Applications and Representative Method - Answer (click here)
31. High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC): Evaluation - Answer
(click here)
32. Liquid–Solid Adsorption Chromatography - Answer (click here)
33. Ion-Exchange Chromatography - Answer (click here)
34. Size-Exclusion Chromatography - Answer (click here)
35. Supercritical Fluid Chromatography - Answer (click here)
36. Electrophoresis - Answer (click here)
37. Theory of Capillary Electrophoresis - Answer (click here)
38. Electrophoresis: Instrumentation - Answer (click here)
39. Capillary Electrophoresis Methods - Answer (click here)
40. Electrophoresis: Representative Method and Evaluation - Answer (click
here)

Kinetic Methods of Analysis

1. Kinetic Methods of Analysis - Answer (click here)
2. Methods Based on Chemical Kinetics - Answer (click here)
3. Methods Based on Chemical Kinetics: Theory and Practice - Answer (click
here)
4. Methods Based on Chemical Kinetics: Instrumentation - Answer (click
here)
5. Methods Based on Chemical Kinetics: Quantitative Applications -
Answer (click here)
6. Methods Based on Chemical Kinetics: Characterization Applications -
Answer (click here)
 7. Evaluation of Chemical Kinetic Methods - Answer (click here)
8. Radiochemical Methods of Analysis - Answer (click here)
9. Radiochemical Methods of Analysis: Theory and Practice - Answer (click
here)
10. Radiochemical Methods of Analysis: Instrumentation - Answer (click here)
11. Radiochemical Methods of Analysis: Quantitative Applications - Answer
(click here)
12. Radiochemical Methods of Analysis: Characterization Applications -
Answer (click here)
13. Radiochemical Methods of Analysis: Evaluation - Answer (click here)
14. Flow Injection Analysis - Answer (click here)
15. Flow Injection Analysis: Theory and Practice - Answer (click here)
16. Flow Injection Analysis: Instrumentation - Answer (click here)
17. Flow Injection Analysis: Quantitative Applications - Answer (click here)
18. Flow Injection Analysis: Evaluation - Answer (click here)

Developing a Standard Method

1. Developing a Standard Method - Answer (click here)
2. Optimizing the Experimental Procedure - Answer (click here)
3. Optimizing the Experimental Procedure: Response Surfaces - Answer
(click here)
4. Searching Algorithms for Response Surfaces - Answer (click here)
5. Mathematical Models of Response Surfaces - Answer (click here)
6. Verifying the Method - Answer (click here)
7. Validating the Method as a Standard Method - Answer (click here)
8. Two-Sample Collaborative Testing - Answer (click here)
9. Collaborative Testing and Analysis of Variance - Answer (click here)
10. What Is a Reasonable Result for a Collaborative Study? - Answer (click
here)

Uality Assurance
1. Uality Assurance - Answer (click here)
2. Quality Control - Answer (click here)
3. Quality Assessment - Answer (click here)
4. Evaluating Quality Assurance Data: Prescriptive Approach - Answer (click
here)
5. Evaluating Quality Assurance Data: Performance-Based Approach -
Answer (click here)