Medicine and surgery: Principles and practice of

medicine and surgery

Lecture Notes, Study Materials and Important questions answers

Subject : Medicine and surgery: Principles and

practice of medicine and surgery
Principles and practice of medicine and surgery
1. Water and sodium balance - Fluid and electrolyte balance - Answer (click
here)
2. Assessing fluid balance - Fluid and electrolyte balance - Answer (click here)
3. Hypernatraemia - Fluid and electrolyte balance - Answer (click here)
4. Hyponatraemia - Fluid and electrolyte balance - Answer (click here)
5. Potassium balance - Fluid and electrolyte balance - Answer (click here)
6. Hyperkalaemia - Fluid and electrolyte balance - Answer (click here)
7. Hypokalaemia - Fluid and electrolyte balance - Answer (click here)
8. Intravenous fluids - Fluid and electrolyte balance - Answer (click here)
9. Acid-base balance - Fluid and electrolyte balance - Answer (click here)
10. Hypercalcaemia - Fluid and electrolyte balance - Answer (click here)
11. Hypocalcaemia - Fluid and electrolyte balance - Answer (click here)
12. The preoperative assessment - Perioperative care - Answer (click here)
13. Prophylactic antibiotics in surgery - Perioperative care - Answer (click here)
14. Nutritional support in surgical patients - Perioperative care - Answer (click
here)
15. Postoperative complications - Perioperative care - Answer (click here)
16. Surgical site infection - Perioperative care - Answer (click here)
17. Pain control - Perioperative care - Answer (click here)
18. Nosocomial infections - Infections - Answer (click here)
19. Pyrexia of unknown origin (PUO) - Infections - Answer (click here)
20. Septicaemia and septic shock - Infections - Answer (click here)

Cardiovascular system
1. Cardiovascular chest pain - Clinical Symptoms - Answer (click here)
 2. Dyspnoea - Clinical Symptoms - Answer (click here)
3. Palpitations - Clinical Symptoms - Answer (click here)
4. Syncope - Clinical Symptoms - Answer (click here)
5. Intermittent claudication - Clinical Symptoms - Answer (click here)
6. Signs of Oedema - Answer (click here)
7. Signs of Cyanosis - Answer (click here)
8. Signs of The arterial pulse - Answer (click here)
9. Signs of Jugular venous pressure - Answer (click here)
10. Signs of Precordial heaves, thrills and pulsation - Answer (click here)
11. Signs of Heart murmurs - Answer (click here)
12. Coronary angioplasty: Investigations and procedures - Answer (click here)
13. Coronary artery bypass surgery: Investigations and procedures - Answer
(click here)
14. Valve surgery: Investigations and procedures - Answer (click here)
15. Permanent pacemakers: Investigations and procedures - Answer (click here)
16. Echocardiography: Investigations and procedures - Answer (click here)
17. Ischaemic heart disease - Answer (click here)
18. Chronic stable angina - Ischaemic heart disease - Answer (click here)
19. Acute coronary syndrome - Ischaemic heart disease - Answer (click here)
20. Unstable angina and non-ST elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI)
- Ischaemic heart disease - Answer (click here)
21. Acute myocardial infarction (STEMI) - Ischaemic heart disease - Answer
(click here)
22. Variant/Prinzmetal’s angina - Ischaemic heart disease - Answer (click here)
23. Rheumatic fever - Answer (click here)
24. Mitral regurgitation - valve disease - Answer (click here)
25. Mitral valve prolase - valve disease - Answer (click here)
26. Mitral stenosis - valve disease - Answer (click here)
27. Aortic regurgitation - valve disease - Answer (click here)
28. Aortic stenosis - valve disease - Answer (click here)
29. Pulmonary stenosis - valve disease - Answer (click here)
30. Tricuspid regurgitation - valve disease - Answer (click here)
31. Cardiac arrhythmias - Answer (click here)
32. Sinus bradycardia - Sinus nodal arrhythmias - Answer (click here)
33. Sinus tachycardia - Sinus nodal arrhythmias - Answer (click here)
34. Sinus node disease - Sinus nodal arrhythmias - Answer (click here)
35. Atrial ectopic beats - Atrial arrhythmias - Answer (click here)
36. Atrial flutter - Atrial arrhythmias - Answer (click here)
37. Atrial fibrillation - Atrial arrhythmias - Answer (click here)
38. Junctional tachycardia - Junctional arrhythmias - Answer (click here)
39. Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome - Junctional arrhythmias - Answer (click
 here)
40. Ventricular ectopic beats - Ventricular arrhythmias - Answer (click here)
41. Ventricular tachycardia - Ventricular arrhythmias - Answer (click here)
42. Torsades de pointes - Ventricular arrhythmias - Answer (click here)
43. Ventricular fibrillation - Ventricular arrhythmias - Answer (click here)
44. Atrioventricular block - Conduction disturbances - Answer (click here)
45. First degree atrioventricular block - Conduction disturbances - Answer
(click here)
46. Second degree atrioventricular block - Mobitz type I (Wenckebach
phenomenon) - Answer (click here)
47. Second degree atrioventricular block - Mobitz type II - Answer (click here)
48. Third degree atrioventricular block (complete heart block) - Answer (click
here)
49. Left bundle branch block - Conduction disturbances - Answer (click here)
50. Right bundle branch block - Conduction disturbances - Answer (click here)
51. Heart failure - Cardiac failure - Answer (click here)
52. Acute pulmonary oedema - Cardiac failure - Answer (click here)
53. Cardiogenic shock - Cardiac failure - Answer (click here)
54. Chronic cor pulmonale - Cardiac failure - Answer (click here)
55. Acute pericarditis - Disorders of the pericardium - Answer (click here)
56. Constrictive pericarditis - Disorders of the pericardium - Answer (click here)
57. Pericardial effusion - Disorders of the pericardium - Answer (click here)
58. Cardiac tamponade - Disorders of the pericardium - Answer (click here)
59. Myocarditis - Disorders of the myocardium - Answer (click here)
60. Cardiomyopathies - Disorders of the myocardium - Answer (click here)
61. Dilated cardiomyopathy - Disorders of the myocardium - Answer (click
here)
62. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy - Disorders of the myocardium - Answer
(click here)
63. Restrictive cardiomyopathy - Disorders of the myocardium - Answer (click
here)
64. Infective endocarditis - Disorders of the endocardium - Answer (click here)
65. Systemic hypertension - Hypertension and vascular diseases - Answer
(click here)
66. Peripheral arterial disease - Hypertension and vascular diseases - Answer
(click here)
67. Aneurysms - Hypertension and vascular diseases - Answer (click here)
68. Abdominal aortic aneurysm - Hypertension and vascular diseases -
Answer (click here)
69. Thoracic aortic aneurysms and aortic dissection - Hypertension and
vascular diseases - Answer (click here)
70. Acute peripheral arterial occlusion - Hypertension and vascular diseases
 - Answer (click here)
71. Deep vein thrombosis - Hypertension and vascular diseases - Answer (click
here)
72. Varicose veins - Hypertension and vascular diseases - Answer (click here)
73. Superficial thrombophlebitis - Hypertension and vascular diseases -
Answer (click here)
74. Chronic venous ulceration - Hypertension and vascular diseases - Answer
(click here)
75. Introduction to congenital heart disease - Answer (click here)
76. Ventricular septal defects - congenital heart disease - Answer (click here)
77. Atrial septal defects - congenital heart disease - Answer (click here)
78. Coarctation of the aorta - Congenital heart disease - Answer (click here)
79. Fallot’s tetralogy - Congenital heart disease - Answer (click here)
80. Atrial myxoma - Cardiovascular oncology - Answer (click here)
81. Carotid body tumours - Cardiovascular oncology - Answer (click here)

Respiratory system
1. Cough and sputum - Clinical Symptoms - Answer (click here)
2. Dyspnoea - Clinical Symptoms - Answer (click here)
3. Wheeze and stridor - Clinical Symptoms - Answer (click here)
4. Respiratory chest pain - Clinical Symptoms - Answer (click here)
5. Clubbing - Signs - Answer (click here)
6. Breath sounds - Signs - Answer (click here)
7. Lung function testing - Respiratory procedures - Answer (click here)
8. Bronchoscopy - Respiratory procedures - Answer (click here)
9. Thoracic surgery - Respiratory procedures - Answer (click here)
10. Acute bronchitis - Respiratory infections - Answer (click here)
11. Pneumonia - Respiratory infections - Answer (click here)
12. Tuberculosis - Respiratory infections - Answer (click here)
13. Influenza - Respiratory infections - Answer (click here)
14. Lung abscess - Respiratory infections - Answer (click here)
15. Aspergillus fumigatus - Respiratory infections - Answer (click here)
16. Asthma - Obstructive lung disorders - Answer (click here)
17. Chronic bronchitis and emphysema - Respiratory infections - Answer
(click here)
18. Sleep apnoea/Pickwickian syndrome - Respiratory infections - Answer
(click here)
19. Pulmonary fibrosis and honeycomb lung - Restrictive lung disorders -
Answer (click here)
20. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis - usual interstitial pneumonia - Restrictive
lung disorders - Answer (click here)
 21. Extrinsic allergic alveolitis - Restrictive lung disorders - Answer (click here)
22. Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) - Answer (click here)
23. Cystic fibrosis - Suppurative lung disorders - Answer (click here)
24. Bronchiectasis - Suppurative lung disorders - Answer (click here)
25. Sarcoidosis - Granulomatous/vasculitic lung disorders - Answer (click here)
26. Wegener’s granulomatosis - Granulomatous/vasculitic lung disorders -
Answer (click here)
27. Pleural effusion - Answer (click here)
28. Empyema - Answer (click here)
29. Pneumothorax - Answer (click here)
30. Pleurisy - Answer (click here)
31. Respiratory failure - Answer (click here)
32. Pulmonary embolism - Answer (click here)
33. Pulmonary hypertension - Answer (click here)
34. Occupational lung disease - Answer (click here)
35. Coal worker’s pneumoconiosis - Occupational lung disease - Answer (click
here)
36. Silicosis - Occupational lung disease - Answer (click here)
37. Bronchial carcinoma - Respiratory oncology - Answer (click here)
38. Bronchial carcinoid tumours - Respiratory oncology - Answer (click here)
39. Secondary lung tumours - Respiratory oncology - Answer (click here)

Gastrointestinal system
1. Abdominal pain - Clinical Symptoms - Answer (click here)
2. Nausea and vomiting - Clinical Symptoms - Answer (click here)
3. Dysphagia - Clinical Symptoms - Answer (click here)
4. Diarrhoea - Clinical Symptoms - Answer (click here)
5. Rectal bleeding - Clinical Symptoms - Answer (click here)
6. Constipation - Clinical Symptoms - Answer (click here)
7. Weight loss - Clinical Symptoms - Answer (click here)
8. The acute abdomen introduction - GI presentations - Answer (click here)
9. Dyspepsia - GI presentations - Answer (click here)
10. Peritonitis - GI presentations - Answer (click here)
11. Intestinal obstruction - GI presentations - Answer (click here)
12. Paralytic ileus - GI presentations - Answer (click here)
13. Pseudo obstruction - GI presentations - Answer (click here)
14. Acute upper gastrointestinal bleed - GI presentations - Answer (click here)
15. Pruritus ani - GI presentations - Answer (click here)
16. Barium (contrast) studies - Investigations and procedures - Answer (click
here)
17. Endoscopy - Investigations and procedures - Answer (click here)
18. Gastric surgery - Investigations and procedures - Answer (click here)
19. Small bowel surgery - Investigations and procedures - Answer (click here)
20. Large bowel surgery - Investigations and procedures - Answer (click here)
21. Food poisoning - Gastrointestinal infections - Answer (click here)
22. Bacilliary dysentery - Gastrointestinal infections - Answer (click here)
23. Enteric Escherichia Coli infections - Gastrointestinal infections - Answer
(click here)
24. Pseudomembranous colitis - Gastrointestinal infections - Answer (click
here)
25. Giardiasis - Gastrointestinal infections - Answer (click here)
26. Amoebiasis - Gastrointestinal infections - Answer (click here)
27. Enteric fever (typhoid and paratyphoid) - Gastrointestinal infections -
Answer (click here)
28. Botulism - Gastrointestinal infections - Answer (click here)
29. Cholera - Gastrointestinal infections - Answer (click here)
30. Tuberculosis and the GI tract - Gastrointestinal infections - Answer (click
here)
31. Abdominal hernias - Disorders of the abdominal wall - Answer (click here)
32. Gastrooesophageal reflux disease - Disorders of the oesophagus - Answer
(click here)
33. Hiatus hernia - Disorders of the oesophagus - Answer (click here)
34. Pharyngeal pouch - Disorders of the oesophagus - Answer (click here)
35. Plummer Vinson syndrome - Disorders of the oesophagus - Answer (click
here)
36. Achalasia - Disorders of the oesophagus - Answer (click here)
37. Diffuse oesophageal spasm - Disorders of the oesophagus - Answer (click
here)
38. Mallory Weiss tear - Disorders of the oesophagus - Answer (click here)
39. Oesophageal perforation - Disorders of the oesophagus - Answer (click
here)
40. Gastritis - Disorders of the stomach - Answer (click here)
41. Acute erosive gastritis - Disorders of the stomach - Answer (click here)
42. Peptic ulcer disease - Disorders of the stomach - Answer (click here)
43. Helicobacter pylori - Disorders of the stomach - Answer (click here)
44. Zollinger Ellinson syndrome - Disorders of the stomach - Answer (click
here)
45. Acute appendicitis - Disorders of the small bowel and appendix - Answer
(click here)
46. Meckel’s diverticulum - Disorders of the small bowel and appendix -
Answer (click here)
47. Malabsorption syndromes - Disorders of the small bowel and appendix -
 Answer (click here)
48. Coeliac disease - Disorders of the small bowel and appendix - Answer
(click here)
49. Whipple’s disease - Disorders of the small bowel and appendix - Answer
(click here)
50. Tropical sprue - Disorders of the small bowel and appendix - Answer (click
here)
51. Diverticular disease - Disorders of the large bowel and inflammatory
bowel disease - Answer (click here)
52. Irritable bowel syndrome - Disorders of the large bowel and
inflammatory bowel disease - Answer (click here)
53. Ulcerative colitis - Disorders of the large bowel and inflammatory bowel
disease - Answer (click here)
54. Crohn’s disease - Disorders of the large bowel and inflammatory bowel
disease - Answer (click here)
55. Haemorrhoids (piles) - Disorders of the rectum and anus - Answer (click
here)
56. Rectal prolapse - Disorders of the rectum and anus - Answer (click here)
57. Fissure-in-ano - Disorders of the rectum and anus - Answer (click here)
58. Fistula-in-ano - Disorders of the rectum and anus - Answer (click here)
59. Pilonidal sinus - Disorders of the rectum and anus - Answer (click here)
60. Anorectal abscess - Disorders of the rectum and anus - Answer (click here)
61. Intestinal ischaemia - Vascular disease of the bowel - Answer (click here)
62. Focal ischaemia of the bowel - Vascular disease of the bowel - Answer
(click here)
63. Ischaemic colitis - Vascular disease of the bowel - Answer (click here)
64. Chronic intestinal ischaemia - Vascular disease of the bowel - Answer
(click here)
65. Acute intestinal failure - Vascular disease of the bowel - Answer (click here)
66. Oesophageal carcinoma - Gastrointestinal oncology - Answer (click here)
67. Benign gastric tumours - Gastrointestinal oncology - Answer (click here)
68. Gastric adenocarcinoma - Gastrointestinal oncology - Answer (click here)
69. Gastric lymphoma - Gastrointestinal oncology - Answer (click here)
70. Small intestine lymphoma - Gastrointestinal oncology - Answer (click here)
71. Carcinoid tumours of the intestine - Gastrointestinal oncology - Answer
(click here)
72. Large bowel neoplastic polyps - Gastrointestinal oncology - Answer (click
here)
73. Large bowel carcinoma - Gastrointestinal oncology - Answer (click here)
74. Anal squamous cell carcinoma - Gastrointestinal oncology - Answer (click
here)
75. Familial adenomatous polyposis - Gastrointestinal oncology - Answer
 (click here)
76. Peutz-Jegher syndrome - Gastrointestinal oncology - Answer (click here)

Hepatic biliary and pancreatic systems

1. Pain from the liver, biliary and pancreatic systems - Clinical Symptoms -
Answer (click here)
2. Jaundice - Clinical Symptoms - Answer (click here)
3. Signs: Hepatomegaly - Answer (click here)
4. Signs of chronic liver disease - Answer (click here)
5. Signs: Ascites - Answer (click here)
6. Liver function testing - Investigations and procedures - Answer (click here)
7. Pancreatic function tests - Investigations and procedures - Answer (click
here)
8. Imaging of the liver, biliary system and pancreas - Investigations and
procedures - Answer (click here)
9. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) -
Investigations and procedures - Answer (click here)
10. Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (PTC) - Investigations and
procedures - Answer (click here)
11. Liver biopsy - Investigations and procedures - Answer (click here)
12. Liver resection - Investigations and procedures - Answer (click here)
13. Cholecystectomy - Investigations and procedures - Answer (click here)
14. Introduction to the liver and liver disease - Disorders of the liver - Answer
(click here)
15. Acute hepatitis - Patterns of liver disease - Answer (click here)
16. Chronic hepatitis - Patterns of liver disease - Answer (click here)
17. Cirrhosis - Patterns of liver disease - Answer (click here)
18. Fulminant hepatic failure - Patterns of liver disease - Answer (click here)
19. Portal hypertension - Complications of chronic liver disease - Answer
(click here)
20. Bleeding oesophageal varices - Complications of chronic liver disease -
Answer (click here)
21. Viral hepatitis - Complications of chronic liver disease - Answer (click here)
22. Hepatitis A - Complications of chronic liver disease - Answer (click here)
23. Hepatitis B - Complications of chronic liver disease - Answer (click here)
24. Hepatitis C - Complications of chronic liver disease - Answer (click here)
25. Hepatitis D - Complications of chronic liver disease - Answer (click here)
26. Hepatitis E - Complications of chronic liver disease - Answer (click here)
27. Alcohol-induced liver disease - Answer (click here)
28. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease - Answer (click here)
29. Drug-induced liver disease - Answer (click here)
30. Autoimmune chronic hepatitis - liver disease - Answer (click here)
31. Primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) - liver disease - Answer (click here)
32. Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) - liver disease - Answer (click here)
33. α1 Antitrypsin deficiency - liver disease - Answer (click here)
34. Hereditary haemochromatosis - liver disease - Answer (click here)
35. Wilson’s disease - liver disease - Answer (click here)
36. Pyogenic liver abscess - liver disease - Answer (click here)
37. Amoebic liver abscess - liver disease - Answer (click here)
38. Hydatid disease - liver disease - Answer (click here)
39. Benign tumours of the liver - Tumours of the liver - Answer (click here)
40. Primary hepatocellular carcinoma - Tumours of the liver - Answer (click
here)
41. Metastatic liver tumours - Tumours of the liver - Answer (click here)
42. Gallstone disease (cholelithiasis) - Disorders of the gallbladder - Answer
(click here)
43. Carcinoma of the gallbladder - Disorders of the gallbladder - Answer (click
here)
44. Carcinoma of the bile ducts - Disorders of the gallbladder - Answer (click
here)
45. Introduction to the pancreas Disorders - Answer (click here)
46. Acute pancreatitis - Disorders of the pancreas - Answer (click here)
47. Chronic pancreatitis - Disorders of the pancreas - Answer (click here)
48. Carcinoma of the pancreas - Tumours of the pancreas - Answer (click here)
49. Islet cell tumours - Tumours of the pancreas - Answer (click here)

Genitourinary system
1. Loin pain - Clinical Symptoms - Answer (click here)
2. Dysuria - Clinical Symptoms - Answer (click here)
3. Change in urinary frequency, flow and volume - Clinical Symptoms -
Answer (click here)
4. Haematuria and discoloured urine - Clinical Symptoms - Answer (click
here)
5. Urine tests - Investigations and procedures - Answer (click here)
6. Proteinuria - Investigations and procedures - Answer (click here)
7. Imaging of the urinary tract - Investigations and procedures - Answer (click
here)
8. Cystoscopy - Investigations and procedures - Answer (click here)
9. Measuring renal function - Investigations and procedures - Answer (click
here)
10. Anion gap - Investigations and procedures - Answer (click here)
11. Renal biopsy - Investigations and procedures - Answer (click here)
12. Dialysis - Investigations and procedures - Answer (click here)
13. Renal failure - Disorders of the kidney - Answer (click here)
14. Acute renal failure - Disorders of the kidney - Answer (click here)
15. Acute tubular necrosis (ATN) - Disorders of the kidney - Answer (click
here)
16. Chronic renal failure - Disorders of the kidney - Answer (click here)
17. Renal osteodystrophy - Disorders of the kidney - Answer (click here)
18. Glomerular disease - Answer (click here)
19. Nephrotic syndrome - Glomerular disease - Answer (click here)
20. Nephritic syndrome - Glomerular disease - Answer (click here)
21. Acute diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis - Glomerular disease -
Answer (click here)
22. Focal segmental proliferative glomerulonephritis - Glomerular disease -
Answer (click here)
23. IgA nephropathy - Glomerular disease - Answer (click here)
24. Goodpasture’s disease (anti-GBM disease) - Glomerular disease - Answer
(click here)
25. Mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis (membranoproliferative GN) -
Glomerular disease - Answer (click here)
26. Minimal change disease - Glomerular disease - Answer (click here)
27. Membranous glomerulonephritis - Glomerular disease - Answer (click here)
28. Focal (segmental) glomerulosclerosis - Glomerular disease - Answer (click
here)
29. Tubulointerstitial disease - Tubular and interstitial diseases - Answer (click
here)
30. Renal tubular syndromes - Tubular and interstitial diseases - Answer (click
here)
31. Renal tubular acidosis - Tubular and interstitial diseases - Answer (click
here)
32. Hyperuricaemic (gouty) nephropathy - Tubular and interstitial diseases -
Answer (click here)
33. Adult polycystic kidney disease - Renal cystic disease - Answer (click here)
34. Simple renal cysts - Renal cystic disease - Answer (click here)
35. Urinary tract obstruction - Renal tract obstruction - Answer (click here)
36. Pelviureteric junction obstruction (idiopathic hydronephrosis) - Renal
tract obstruction - Answer (click here)
37. The kidney in sytemic disease - Answer (click here)
38. Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura - haemolytic uraemic syndrome -
Answer (click here)
39. Congenital malformations of the kidney - Congenital disorders of the
kidney - Answer (click here)
40. Congenital malformations of the ureter - Congenital disorders of the
 kidney - Answer (click here)
41. Bladder outflow obstruction - Disorders of the bladder and prostate -
Answer (click here)
42. Benign prostatic hyperplasia - Disorders of the bladder and prostate -
Answer (click here)
43. Urinary incontinence - Disorders of the bladder and prostate - Answer
(click here)
44. Urinary tract infections (UTIs) - Urinary tract infections - Answer (click
here)
45. Acute pyelonephritis - Urinary tract infections - Answer (click here)
46. Renal or perinephric abscess - Urinary tract infections - Answer (click here)
47. Chronic pyelonephritis (reflux nephropathy) - Urinary tract infections -
Answer (click here)
48. Urinary schistosomiasis (bilharzia) - Urinary tract infections - Answer
(click here)
49. Acute epididymo orchitis - Urinary tract infections - Answer (click here)
50. Urinary stones - Answer (click here)
51. Stag horn calculus - Urinary stones - Answer (click here)
52. Torsion of the testis - Disorders of the male genital system - Answer (click
here)
53. Hydrocele - Disorders of the male genital system - Answer (click here)
54. Varicocele - Disorders of the male genital system - Answer (click here)
55. Phimosis - Disorders of the male genital system - Answer (click here)
56. Epididymal cysts - Disorders of the male genital system - Answer (click
here)
57. Impotence - Disorders of the male genital system - Answer (click here)
58. Kidney tumours - Genitourinary oncology - Answer (click here)
59. Renal cell carcinoma - Genitourinary oncology - Answer (click here)
60. Bladder cancer - Genitourinary oncology - Answer (click here)
61. Prostate cancer - Genitourinary oncology - Answer (click here)
62. Introduction to testicular tumours - Genitourinary oncology - Answer
(click here)
63. Seminoma - Genitourinary oncology - Answer (click here)
64. Teratoma (non-seminomatous germ cell tumours) - Genitourinary
oncology - Answer (click here)
65. Leydig cell tumour - Genitourinary oncology - Answer (click here)
66. Sertoli cell tumour - Genitourinary oncology - Answer (click here)

Nervous system
1. Headache - Clinical Symptoms - Answer (click here)
2. Fits and faints - Clinical Symptoms - Answer (click here)
 3. Dizziness and vertigo - Clinical Symptoms - Answer (click here)
4. Altered sensation or weakness in the limbs - Clinical Symptoms - Answer
(click here)
5. Patterns of neurological disorders - Answer (click here)
6. Upper motor neurone signs - Patterns of neurological disorders - Answer
(click here)
7. Lower motor neurone signs - Patterns of neurological disorders - Answer
(click here)
8. Cerebellar signs - Patterns of sensory loss - Answer (click here)
9. Extrapyramidal signs (Parkinsonism) - Patterns of sensory loss - Answer
(click here)
10. Gait - Patterns of sensory loss - Answer (click here)
11. Electroencephalography - Investigations and procedures - Answer (click
here)
12. Electromyography (EMG) and nerve conduction studies (NCS) -
Investigations and procedures - Answer (click here)
13. Lumbar puncture - Investigations and procedures - Answer (click here)
14. CT head - Investigations and procedures - Answer (click here)
15. MRI brain and spinal cord - Investigations and procedures - Answer (click
here)
16. Stroke - Cerebrovascular disease - Answer (click here)
17. Transient ischaemic attack (TIA) - Cerebrovascular disease - Answer (click
here)
18. Hypoxic ischaemic brain injury - Cerebrovascular disease - Answer (click
here)
19. Intracerebral haemorrhage - Cerebrovascular disease - Answer (click here)
20. Sub/extradural haemorrhage - Cerebrovascular disease - Answer (click here)
21. Subarachnoid haemorrhage - Cerebrovascular disease - Answer (click here)
22. Intracranial venous thrombosis - Cerebrovascular disease - Answer (click
here)
23. Bacterial meningitis - Infections of the nervous system: Meningitis and
encephalitis - Answer (click here)
24. Viral meningitis - Infections of the nervous system - Answer (click here)
25. Tuberculous meningitis - Infections of the nervous system - Answer (click
here)
26. Other causes of meningitis - Infections of the nervous system - Answer
(click here)
27. Acute viral encephalitis - Infections of the nervous system - Answer (click
here)
28. Tetanus - Miscellaneous infective or post infective CNS disorders -
Answer (click here)
29. Poliomyelitis - Miscellaneous infective or post infective CNS disorders -
Answer (click here)
30. Cerebritis and cerebral abscess - Abscesses of the nervous system -
Answer (click here)
31. Tuberculoma - Abscesses of the nervous system - Answer (click here)
32. Epilepsy - Disorders of consciousness and memory - Answer (click here)
33. Acute confusional state (delirium) - Disorders of consciousness and
memory - Answer (click here)
34. Coma - Disorders of consciousness and memory - Answer (click here)
35. Head Injury - Disorders of consciousness and memory - Answer (click here)
36. Dementia - Disorders of consciousness and memory - Answer (click here)
37. Alzheimer’s disease - Disorders of consciousness and memory - Answer
(click here)
38. Creutzfeld Jakob disease - Disorders of consciousness and memory -
Answer (click here)
39. Wernicke Korsakoff syndrome - Disorders of consciousness and
memory - Answer (click here)
40. Brain death - Disorders of consciousness and memory - Answer (click here)
41. Parkinson’s disease - Answer (click here)
42. Other causes of Parkinsonism - Answer (click here)
43. Benign essential tremor - Answer (click here)
44. Huntington’s disease - Answer (click here)
45. Multiple sclerosis - Answer (click here)
46. Hydrocephalus - CNS causes of headache - Answer (click here)
47. Idiopathic intracranial hypertension - CNS causes of headache - Answer
(click here)
48. Migraine - CNS causes of headache - Answer (click here)
49. Tension headache - CNS causes of headache - Answer (click here)
50. Trigeminal neuralgia - CNS causes of headache - Answer (click here)
51. Motor neurone disease - Answer (click here)
52. Spinal cord lesions - Disorders of the spinal cord - Answer (click here)
53. Spinal cord compression - Disorders of the spinal cord - Answer (click here)
54. Syringomyelia and syringobulbia - Disorders of the spinal cord - Answer
(click here)
55. Transverse myelitis - Disorders of the spinal cord - Answer (click here)
56. Myotonic dystrophy - Muscular dystrophies - Answer (click here)
57. Myasthenia gravis - Neuromuscular junction disorders - Answer (click here)
58. Eaton-Lambert syndrome - Neuromuscular junction disorders - Answer
(click here)
59. Olfactory nerve (I) lesion - Disorders of cranial nerves - Answer (click here)
60. The optic nerve - Disorders of cranial nerves - Answer (click here)
61. Abnormalities of the optic disc - Disorders of cranial nerves - Answer
(click here)
62. Horner’s syndrome - Disorders of cranial nerves - Answer (click here)
63. Oculomotor nerve (III) lesion - Disorders of cranial nerves - Answer (click
here)
64. Trochlear nerve (IV) lesion - Disorders of cranial nerves - Answer (click
here)
65. Abducent nerve (VI) lesion - Disorders of cranial nerves - Answer (click
here)
66. Trigeminal nerve (V) lesion - Disorders of cranial nerves - Answer (click
here)
67. Facial nerve (VII) lesions - Disorders of cranial nerves - Answer (click here)
68. Bell’s palsy - Disorders of cranial nerves - Answer (click here)
69. Vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII) lesion - Disorders of cranial nerves -
Answer (click here)
70. Glossopharyngeal (IX) and vagus (X) lesions - Disorders of cranial
nerves - Answer (click here)
71. Accessory nerve (XI) lesions - Disorders of cranial nerves - Answer (click
here)
72. Hypoglossal nerve (XII) lesions - Disorders of cranial nerves - Answer
(click here)
73. Lesions of peripheral nerves - Disorders of Peripheral nerves - Answer
(click here)
74. Guillain Barre syndrome - Disorders of Peripheral nerves - Answer (click
here)
75. Brachial plexus injuries - Disorders of Peripheral nerves - Answer (click
here)
76. Median nerve lesions - Disorders of Peripheral nerves - Answer (click here)
77. Carpal tunnel syndrome - Disorders of Peripheral nerves - Answer (click
here)
78. Ulnar nerve lesions - Disorders of Peripheral nerves - Answer (click here)
79. Radial nerve lesions - Disorders of Peripheral nerves - Answer (click here)
80. Sciatic nerve lesions - Disorders of Peripheral nerves - Answer (click here)
81. Femoral nerve injuries - Disorders of Peripheral nerves - Answer (click
here)
82. Peroneal nerve lesions - Disorders of Peripheral nerves - Answer (click
here)
83. Cerebral palsy - Hereditary and congenital disorders - Answer (click here)
84. Neurofibromatosis type 1 - Hereditary and congenital disorders - Answer
(click here)
85. Neurofibromatosis type 2 - Hereditary and congenital disorders - Answer
(click here)
86. Tuberose sclerosis - Hereditary and congenital disorders - Answer (click
here)
87. Friedreich’s ataxia - Hereditary and congenital disorders - Answer (click
here)
 88. Hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy (Charcot-Marie-Tooth
disease) - Answer (click here)
89. Primary intracranial tumours - Tumours of the nervous system - Answer
(click here)
90. Meningioma - Tumours of the nervous system - Answer (click here)
91. Gliomas (astrocytomas and oligodendrogliomas) - Tumours of the
nervous system - Answer (click here)

Musculoskeletal system
1. Joint pain - Clinical Symptoms - Answer (click here)
2. Joint swelling - Clinical Symptoms - Answer (click here)
3. Joint stiffness - Clinical Symptoms - Answer (click here)
4. Laboratory investigations - Investigations and procedures - Answer (click
here)
5. Joint aspiration - Investigations and procedures - Answer (click here)
6. Diagnostic imaging - Investigations and procedures - Answer (click here)
7. Acute osteomyelitis - Bone and joint infections - Answer (click here)
8. Chronic osteomyelitis - Bone and joint infections - Answer (click here)
9. Tuberculous bone infection - Bone and joint infections - Answer (click here)
10. Septic arthritis - Bone and joint infections - Answer (click here)
11. Osteoarthritis - Bone and joint infections - Answer (click here)
12. Rheumatoid arthritis - Seropositive arthritis - Answer (click here)
13. Ankylosing spondylitis - Seronegative arthritides
(spondyloarthropathies) - Answer (click here)
14. Psoriatic arthritis - Seronegative arthritides (spondyloarthropathies) -
Answer (click here)
15. Reactive arthritis - Seronegative arthritides (spondyloarthropathies) -
Answer (click here)
16. Inflammatory bowel disease related arthritis - Seronegative arthritides
(spondyloarthropathies) - Answer (click here)
17. Systemic lupus erythematosus - Connective tissue disorders - Answer
(click here)
18. Antiphospholipid syndrome - Connective tissue disorders - Answer (click
here)
19. Systemic sclerosis and scleroderma - Connective tissue disorders -
Answer (click here)
20. Sjogren’s syndrome - Connective tissue disorders - Answer (click here)
21. Polymyositis and dermatomyositis - Connective tissue disorders - Answer
(click here)
22. Marfan’s syndrome - Connective tissue disorders - Answer (click here)
23. Ehlers-Danlos syndrome - Connective tissue disorders - Answer (click here)
 24. Crystal arthropathies - Answer (click here)
25. Gout - Crystal arthropathies - Answer (click here)
26. Pseudogout - Crystal arthropathies - Answer (click here)
27. Osteoporosis - Metabolic bone disorders - Answer (click here)
28. Osteomalacia - Metabolic bone disorders - Answer (click here)
29. Paget’s disease - Metabolic bone disorders - Answer (click here)
30. Achondroplasia - Genetic musculoskeletal disorders - Answer (click here)
31. Osteogenesis imperfecta - Genetic musculoskeletal disorders - Answer
(click here)
32. Metastatic bone tumours - Bone tumours - Answer (click here)
33. Vasculitis - Answer (click here)
34. Polymyalgia rheumatica - Vasculitis - Answer (click here)
35. Temporal (giant cell) arteritis - Vasculitis - Answer (click here)
36. Takayasu’s syndrome - Vasculitis - Answer (click here)
37. Polyarteritis nodosa - Vasculitis - Answer (click here)
38. Churg-Strauss syndrome (allergic granulomatosis) - Answer (click here)
39. Buerger’s disease - Answer (click here)
40. Henoch-Schonlein Purpura - Answer (click here)
41. Raynaud’s disease and phenomenon - Answer (click here)
42. Behc¸et’s syndrome - Answer (click here)

Dermatology and soft tissues

1. Clinical - Dermatology and soft tissues - Answer (click here)
2. Atopic eczema - Scaly lesions - Answer (click here)
3. Contact dermatitis - Scaly lesions - Answer (click here)
4. Seborrhoeic dermatitis - Scaly lesions - Answer (click here)
5. Psoriasis - Scaly lesions - Answer (click here)
6. Pityriasis rosea - Pityriases - Answer (click here)
7. Pityriasis versicolor and Ichthyoses - Pityriases - Answer (click here)
8. Erythema multiforme - Erythematous lesions - Answer (click here)
9. Erythema nodosum - Erythematous lesions - Answer (click here)
10. Urticaria - Erythematous lesions - Answer (click here)
11. Lichen planus - Lichenoid lesions - Answer (click here)
12. Lichen sclerosus - Lichenoid lesions - Answer (click here)
13. Lichen simplex chronicus (neurodermatitis) - Lichenoid lesions - Answer
(click here)
14. Pemphigus - Bullous disorders - Answer (click here)
15. Pemphigoid - Bullous disorders - Answer (click here)
16. Dermatitis herpetiformis - Bullous disorders - Answer (click here)
17. Acne vulgaris - Facial dermatoses - Answer (click here)
 18. Rosacea - Facial dermatoses - Answer (click here)
19. Alopecia - Hair and nail disorders - Answer (click here)
20. Hirsutism - Hair and nail disorders - Answer (click here)
21. Hypertrichosis - Hair and nail disorders - Answer (click here)
22. Impetigo - Bacterial infections - Answer (click here)
23. Cellulitis - Bacterial infections - Answer (click here)
24. Clostridial myonecrosis (gas gangrene) - Bacterial infections - Answer
(click here)
25. Leprosy - Bacterial infections - Answer (click here)
26. Herpes simplex - Viral skin infections - Answer (click here)
27. Herpes zoster (shingles) - Viral skin infections - Answer (click here)
28. Human papillomavirus (viral warts) - Viral skin infections - Answer (click
here)
29. Candida albicans - Fungal skin infections - Answer (click here)
30. Dermatophyte (ring worm) fungi - Fungal skin infections - Answer (click
here)
31. Head lice - Parasitic skin infections - Answer (click here)
32. Scabies - Parasitic skin infections - Answer (click here)
33. Seborrhoeic keratoses - Skin and soft tissue lumps - Answer (click here)
34. Solar keratoses - Skin and soft tissue lumps - Answer (click here)
35. Dermatofibromas - Skin and soft tissue lumps - Answer (click here)
36. Benign naevi - Skin and soft tissue lumps - Answer (click here)
37. Haemangiomas - Skin and soft tissue lumps - Answer (click here)
38. Lipoma - Skin and soft tissue lumps - Answer (click here)
39. Epidermoid cysts - Skin and soft tissue lumps - Answer (click here)
40. Dermoid cysts - Skin and soft tissue lumps - Answer (click here)
41. Ganglion - Skin and soft tissue lumps - Answer (click here)
42. Basal cell carcinoma - Skin tumours - Answer (click here)
43. Squamous cell carcinoma - Skin tumours - Answer (click here)
44. Malignant melanoma - Skin tumours - Answer (click here)

Breast disorders
1. Breast lumps - Clinical Symptoms - Answer (click here)
2. Breast pain (mastalgia) - Clinical Symptoms - Answer (click here)
3. Nipple discharge - Clinical Symptoms - Answer (click here)
4. Imaging in breast disease - Investigations/procedures - Answer (click here)
5. Breast tissue sampling - Investigations/procedures - Answer (click here)
6. Breast reconstruction - Investigations/procedures - Answer (click here)
7. Benign breast disease - Benign disorders of the breast - Answer (click here)
8. Fibroadenoma - Benign disorders of the breast - Answer (click here)
 9. Breast cysts - Benign disorders of the breast - Answer (click here)
10. Duct ectasia - Benign disorders of the breast - Answer (click here)
11. Duct papilloma - Benign disorders of the breast - Answer (click here)
12. Fat necrosis - Benign disorders of the breast - Answer (click here)
13. Acute mastitis - Infections of the breast - Answer (click here)
14. Breast cancer - Answer (click here)
15. UK programme - Breast cancer screening - Answer (click here)

Endocrine system
1. Principles of endocrine testing - Answer (click here)
2. Introduction to the hypothalamus and pituitary - Answer (click here)
3. Pituitary adenomas - Answer (click here)
4. Hypopituitarism - Answer (click here)
5. Dopamine and prolactin axis - Answer (click here)
6. Hyperprolactinaemia - Dopamine and prolactin axis - Answer (click here)
7. Growth axis - Answer (click here)
8. Thyroid axis - Answer (click here)
9. Multinodular goitre - Thyroid axis - Answer (click here)
10. Solitary thyroid nodule - Thyroid axis - Answer (click here)
11. Graves’ disease (primary thyrotoxicosis) - Thyroid axis - Answer (click
here)
12. Thyrotoxic crisis (storm) - Thyroid axis - Answer (click here)
13. Hypothyroidism (myxoedema) - Thyroid axis - Answer (click here)
14. Hashimoto’s disease (autoimmune thyroiditis) - Thyroid axis - Answer
(click here)
15. Myxoedema coma - Thyroid axis - Answer (click here)
16. Papillary adenocarcinoma - Malignant tumours of the thyroid - Answer
(click here)
17. Follicular adenocarcinoma - Malignant tumours of the thyroid - Answer
(click here)
18. Medullary carcinoma - Malignant tumours of the thyroid - Answer (click
here)
19. Anaplastic carcinoma - Malignant tumours of the thyroid - Answer (click
here)
20. Thyroidectomy - Malignant tumours of the thyroid - Answer (click here)
21. Adrenal axis - Answer (click here)
22. Cushing’s syndrome - Adrenal axis - Answer (click here)
23. Cushing’s disease - Adrenal axis - Answer (click here)
24. Addison’s disease - Adrenal axis - Answer (click here)
25. Addisonian crisis - Adrenal axis - Answer (click here)
26. Conn’s syndrome - Adrenal axis - Answer (click here)
27. Phaeochromocytoma - Adrenal axis - Answer (click here)
28. Adrenalectomy - Adrenal axis - Answer (click here)
29. Syndrome of inappropriate anti diuretic hormone secretion (SIADH) -
Thirst axis - Answer (click here)
30. Diabetes insipidus - Thirst axis - Answer (click here)
31. Hyperparathyroidism - Disorders of the parathyroids - Answer (click here)
32. Primary hyperparathyroidism - Disorders of the parathyroids - Answer
(click here)
33. Secondary hyperparathyroidism - Disorders of the parathyroids - Answer
(click here)
34. Tertiary hyperparathyroidism - Disorders of the parathyroids - Answer
(click here)
35. Hypoparathyroidism - Disorders of the parathyroids - Answer (click here)
36. Pseudohypoparathyroidism - Disorders of the parathyroids - Answer (click
here)
37. Multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) - Multiple endocrine neoplasia
syndrome - Answer (click here)
38. Diabetes mellitus type 1 - Answer (click here)
39. Diabetes mellitus type 2 - Answer (click here)
40. Secondary diabetes mellitus - Answer (click here)
41. Insulin therapy - Diabetes mellitus - Answer (click here)
42. Diabetic microvascular disease - Complications of diabetes - Answer (click
here)
43. Diabetic microvascular disease - Complications of diabetes - Answer (click
here)
44. Diabetic nephropathy - Complications of diabetes - Answer (click here)
45. Diabetic neuropathy - Complications of diabetes - Answer (click here)
46. Symmetrical peripheral neuropathy - Complications of diabetes - Answer
(click here)
47. Focal and multifocal neuropathy - Complications of diabetes - Answer
(click here)
48. Autonomic neuropathy - Complications of diabetes - Answer (click here)
49. Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) - Complications of diabetes - Answer (click
here)
50. Hyperosmolar, non-ketotic coma (HONK) - Complications of diabetes -
Answer (click here)
51. Hypoglycaemia - Complications of diabetes - Answer (click here)

Haematology and clinical Immunology

1. Lymphadenopathy and Splenomegaly - Clinical Signs - Answer (click here)
2. Bleeding tendency - Clinical Signs - Answer (click here)
 3. Full blood count - Investigations and procedures - Answer (click here)
4. Coagulation screening tests - Investigations and procedures - Answer (click
here)
5. Bone marrow sampling - Investigations and procedures - Answer (click
here)
6. Haemopoeitic progenitor cell transplantation - Investigations and
procedures - Answer (click here)
7. Allergy testing - Investigations and procedures - Answer (click here)
8. Anaemia - Answer (click here)
9. Iron deficiency anaemia - Microcytic hypchromic anaemia - Answer (click
here)
10. Sideroblastic anaemia - Microcytic hypchromic anaemia - Answer (click
here)
11. Anaemia of chronic disease - Normocytic anaemia - Answer (click here)
12. Macrocytic normoblastic anaemia - Macrocytic anaemia - Answer (click
here)
13. Megaloblastic anaemia - Macrocytic anaemia - Answer (click here)
14. Vitamin B12 deficiency - Macrocytic anaemia - Answer (click here)
15. Pernicious anaemia - Macrocytic anaemia - Answer (click here)
16. Folate deficiency - Macrocytic anaemia - Answer (click here)
17. Haemolytic anaemia - Macrocytic anaemia - Answer (click here)
18. Hereditary spherocytosis - Inherited haemolytic anaemia - Answer (click
here)
19. Haemoglobinopathies - Answer (click here)
20. Sickle cell anaemia - Answer (click here)
21. α-Thalassaemia - Answer (click here)
22. β-Thalassaemia - Answer (click here)
23. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency - Metabolic
defects - Answer (click here)
24. Autoimmune haemolytic anaemia - Acquired haemolytic anaemia -
Answer (click here)
25. Aplastic anaemia - Acquired haemolytic anaemia - Answer (click here)
26. Malaria - Answer (click here)
27. Myelodysplastic syndromes - Answer (click here)
28. Myeloproliferative diseases - Answer (click here)
29. Chronic myelogenous leukaemia - Answer (click here)
30. Polycythaemia vera - Answer (click here)
31. Myelofibrosis - Answer (click here)
32. Essential thrombocythaemia - Answer (click here)
33. Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) - Acute leukaemia - Answer (click
here)
34. Acute myeloid leukaemia - Acute leukaemia - Answer (click here)
 35. Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia - Chronic leukaemia - Answer (click here)
36. Hodgkin’s disease - Lymphoma - Answer (click here)
37. Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma - Answer (click here)
38. Multiple myeloma - Paraproteinaemias - Answer (click here)
39. Waldenstrom macroglobulinaemia - Paraproteinaemias - Answer (click
here)
40. Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) -
Paraproteinaemias - Answer (click here)
41. Haemophilia A - Clotting disorders - Answer (click here)
42. von Willebrand disease - Clotting disorders - Answer (click here)
43. Haemophilia B - Clotting disorders - Answer (click here)
44. Disseminated intravascular coagulation - Clotting disorders - Answer (click
here)
45. Vitamin K deficiency - Clotting disorders - Answer (click here)
46. Acute immune thrombocytopenia purpura - Clotting disorders - Answer
(click here)
47. Chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenia purpura - Clotting disorders -
Answer (click here)
48. Thrombophilia - Thrombotic disorders - Answer (click here)
49. Hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia - Vascular causes of bleeding -
Answer (click here)
50. Transfusion medicine - Answer (click here)
51. Hypersensitivity reactions - Allergy - Answer (click here)
52. Urticaria Anaphylaxis - Allergy - Answer (click here)
53. Hereditary angioedema - Allergy - Answer (click here)
54. Human immunodeficiency virus and AIDS - HIV - Answer (click here)
55. Kaposi’s sarcoma - HIV - Answer (click here)
56. Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) - HIV - Answer (click here)

Nutritional and metabolic disorders

1. Obesity - Nutritional disorders - Answer (click here)
2. Malnutrition (including kwashiorkor and marasmus) - Answer (click here)
3. Hyperlipidaemia - Answer (click here)
4. Vitamin A deficiency - Answer (click here)
5. Vitamin B1 (thiamine) deficiency - Answer (click here)
6. Niacin (vitamin B3) deficiency (pellagra) - Answer (click here)
7. Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) deficiency - Answer (click here)
8. Vitamin C deficiency - Answer (click here)
9. Amyloidosis - Metabolic disorders - Answer (click here)
10. Porphyria - Metabolic disorders - Answer (click here)
11. Hyperhomocysteinaemia - Metabolic disorders - Answer (click here)
Genetic syndromes
1. Patterns of inheritance - Genetic syndromes - Answer (click here)
2. Down syndrome - Genetic syndromes: Patterns of inheritance - Answer
(click here)
3. Klinefelter syndrome - Genetic syndromes: Patterns of inheritance -
Answer (click here)
4. Turner syndrome - Genetic syndromes: Patterns of inheritance - Answer
(click here)

Overdose poisoning and addiction

1. Alcohol abuse and dependence - Answer (click here)
2. Opiate abuse and dependence - Answer (click here)
3. Cocaine abuse and dependence - Answer (click here)
4. Amphetamine abuse - Answer (click here)
5. Ecstasy abuse - Answer (click here)
6. Overview of acute poisoning - Overdose and poisoning - Answer (click
here)
7. Paracetamol poisoning - Overdose and poisoning - Answer (click here)
8. Salicylate poisoning - Overdose and poisoning - Answer (click here)
9. Iron overdose - Overdose and poisoning - Answer (click here)
10. Tricyclic antidepressant overdose - Overdose and poisoning - Answer
(click here)
11. Lithium overdose - Overdose and poisoning - Answer (click here)