HIJERARHIJSKI POLINOMI

1. LINEARNA INTEPOLACIJA
1 1 2
N1 := (1 − ξ) N2 := (1 + ξ) N3 := 1 − ξ
2 2
1
⌠
2
kij := E⋅ A ⋅ ⎮
d d
Ni⋅ Nj dξ
l ⎮ dξ dξ
⌡
−1

⎛⎜⌠ 1 ⌠
1 ⎞⎟
⎜⎮ dξ ⎮
d d d d
N1 ⋅ N1 N1⋅ N2 dξ ⎟
⎮ dξ dξ ⎮ dξ dξ ⎛ 1 ⋅ E⋅ A − 1 ⋅ E⋅ A ⎞
⎜⌡ ⌡ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
− −1
E⋅ A⋅ ⎜
k1 :=
2 1 ⎟ k1 → ⎜ l l ⎟
l ⎜ 1 1 ⎟ ⎜ −1 1 ⎟
⎜⌠⎮ d
⌠
⎟ ⎜ l ⋅ E⋅ A l ⋅ E⋅ A ⎟
dξ ⎮
d d d
⎜⎮ dξ N2⋅ dξ N1 N2⋅ N2 dξ ⎟ ⎝ ⎠
⎮ dξ dξ
⎜⌡− 1 ⌡ ⎟
⎝ −1 ⎠

Matrica krutosti aksijalno napregnutog štapa sa linearnom interpolacijom:

E⋅ A ⎛ 1 −1 ⎞
kLIN := ⎜ ⎟
l ⎝− 1 1 ⎠

2. KVADRATNA INTEPOLACIJA

1 1 2
N1 := (1 − ξ) N2 := (1 + ξ) N3 := 1 − ξ
2 2

1
⌠
2
kij := E⋅ A ⋅ ⎮
d d
Ni⋅ Nj dξ
l ⎮ dξ dξ
⌡
−1

⎡ ⌠1 ⌠
1
⌠
1 ⎤
⎢ ⎮ d d ⎮ d d ⎮ ⎛d ⎞ ⎛d ⎞ ⎥
⎢ ⎮ dξ N1⋅ dξ N1 dξ ⎮
N1 ⋅ N2 dξ
⎮
⎜ N1 ⎟ ⋅ ⎜ N3 ⎟ dξ ⎥
dξ dξ ⎝dξ ⎠ ⎝dξ ⎠
⎢ ⌡− 1 ⌡
−1
⌡
−1
⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⌠1 ⌠
1
⌠
1 ⎥
k2 :=
2
E⋅ A⎢ ⎮
d d
N2⋅ N1 dξ ⎮ d
N2 ⋅
d
N2 dξ ⎮ ⎛⎜d N2 ⎟⎞ ⋅ ⎛⎜d N3 ⎟⎞ dξ ⎥
l ⎢ ⎮ dξ dξ ⎮ dξ dξ ⎮ ⎝dξ ⎠ ⎝dξ ⎠ ⎥
⎢ ⌡− 1 ⌡
−1
⌡
−1 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢⌠ 1 ⎛ ⎞⎛ ⎞
⌠
1
⎛d ⎞ ⎛d ⎞
⌠
1
⎥
⎢⎮ ⎜d N3 ⎟ ⋅ ⎜d N1 ⎟ dξ ⎮ ⎜ N3 ⎟ ⋅ ⎜ N1 ⎟ dξ ⎮ ⎛⎜d N3 ⎟⎞ ⋅ ⎛⎜d N3 ⎟⎞ dξ ⎥
⎮
⎢⌡ ⎝dξ ⎠ ⎝dξ ⎠ ⎮ ⎝dξ ⎠ ⎝dξ ⎠ ⎮ ⎝dξ ⎠ ⎝dξ ⎠ ⎥
⌡ ⌡
⎣ −1 −1 −1 ⎦

⎛⎜ A ⋅ E −A
⋅E
⎞⎟0 ⎛ 1 −1 0 ⎞
⎜ l l ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎜ −A ⎟ E⋅ A ⎜− 1 1 0 ⎟
A kKVADR :=
k2 → ⎜ ⋅E ⋅E 0 ⎟ l ⎜ 16 ⎟
⎜ l l
⎟ ⎜0 0 ⎟
⎜ 16 A ⎟ ⎝ 3 ⎠
⎜ 0 ⋅ ⋅E
3 l ⎟⎠
0
⎝

1/6
 3. KUBNA INTEPOLACIJA

N1 :=
1
2
(1 − ξ) N2 :=
1
2
(1 + ξ) N3 := 1 − ξ
2
(
N4 := ξ ⋅ 1 − ξ )
2

1
⌠
2
kij := E⋅ A ⋅ ⎮
d d
Ni⋅ Nj dξ
l ⎮ dξ dξ
⌡
−1

⎡ ⌠1 ⌠
1
⌠
1
⌠
1 ⎤
⎢ ⎮ ⎛d ⎞ ⎛d ⎞ ⎮ ⎛d ⎞ ⎛d ⎞ ⎮ ⎛d ⎞ ⎛d ⎞ ⎮ ⎛d ⎞ ⎛d ⎞ ⎥
⎢ ⎮ ⎜dξ N1 ⎟ ⋅ ⎜dξ N1 ⎟ dξ ⎮
⎜ N1 ⎟ ⋅ ⎜ N2 ⎟ dξ ⎮
⎜ N1 ⎟ ⋅ ⎜ N3 ⎟ dξ ⎮
⎜ N1 ⎟ ⋅ ⎜ N4 ⎟ dξ ⎥
⎢ ⌡− 1 ⎝ ⎠⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠⎝ ⎠ ⎝dξ ⎠ ⎝dξ ⎠ ⎥
dξ d ξ dξ d ξ
⌡ ⌡ ⌡
−1 −1 −1
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⌠1 ⌠
1
⌠
1
⌠
1 ⎥
⎢ ⎮ ⎛d N2 ⎞ ⋅ ⎛d N1 ⎞ dξ ⎮ ⎛d ⎞ ⎛d ⎞ ⎮ ⎛d ⎞ ⎛d ⎞ ⎮ ⎛⎜d N2 ⎟⎞ ⋅ ⎛⎜d N4 ⎟⎞ dξ ⎥
⎢ ⎮ ⎜⎝dξ ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝dξ ⎟⎠ ⎮
⎜ N2 ⎟ ⋅ ⎜ N2 ⎟ dξ
⎝dξ ⎠ ⎝dξ ⎠ ⎮
⎜ N2 ⎟ ⋅ ⎜ N3 ⎟ dξ
⎝dξ ⎠ ⎝dξ ⎠ ⎮ ⎝dξ ⎠ ⎝dξ ⎠ ⎥
2 ⎢ ⌡− 1 ⌡
−1
⌡
−1
⌡
−1 ⎥
k3 := E⋅ A ⎢ ⎥
l ⎢ ⌠1 ⌠
1
⌠
1
⌠
1 ⎥
⎢ ⎮ ⎛⎜d N3 ⎞⎟ ⋅ ⎛⎜d N1 ⎞⎟ dξ ⎮ ⎛d ⎞ ⎛d ⎞
⎜ N3 ⎟ ⋅ ⎜ N2 ⎟ dξ ⎮ ⎛d ⎞ ⎛d ⎞
⎜ N3 ⎟ ⋅ ⎜ N3 ⎟ dξ ⎮ ⎛⎜d N3 ⎟⎞ ⋅ ⎛⎜d N4 ⎟⎞ dξ ⎥
⎢⎮⌡
⎝dξ ⎠ ⎝dξ ⎠ ⎮
⌡
⎝dξ ⎠ ⎝dξ ⎠ ⎮
⌡
⎝dξ ⎠ ⎝dξ ⎠ ⎮ ⎝dξ ⎠ ⎝dξ ⎠
⌡
⎥
⎢ −1 −1 −1 −1 ⎥
⎢ 1 1 1 1 ⎥
⎢ ⌠ ⎛d ⎞ ⎛d ⎞
⌠
⎛d ⎞ ⎛d ⎞
⌠
⎛d ⎞ ⎛d ⎞
⌠ ⎥
⎢⎮ ⎜ N4 ⎟ ⋅ ⎜ N1 ⎟ dξ ⎮ ⎜ N4 ⎟ ⋅ ⎜ N2 ⎟ dξ ⎮ ⎜ N4 ⎟ ⋅ ⎜ N3 ⎟ dξ ⎮ ⎛⎜d N4 ⎟⎞ ⋅ ⎛⎜d N4 ⎟⎞ dξ ⎥
⎮ ⎝dξ ⎠ ⎝dξ ⎠ ⎮ ⎝ ξ ⎠⎝ ξ ⎠ ⎮ ⎝ ξ ⎠⎝ ξ ⎠ ⎮ ⎝dξ ⎠ ⎝dξ ⎠
⎢⌡ ⌡
d d
⌡
d d
⌡ ⎥
⎣ −1 −1 −1 −1 ⎦

⎛ 1 ⋅ E⋅ A − 1 ⋅ E⋅ A ⎞
⎜ l l
0 0 ⎟ ⎛⎜ 1 − 1 0 0 ⎞
⎟
⎜ ⎟ ⎜− 1 1 0 0 ⎟
⎜ −1 ⋅ E⋅ A 1 ⋅ E⋅ A ⎟
E⋅ A ⎜ ⎟
0 0 KVAZIDIJAGONALNA
⎜ l l ⎟ kKUB := ⎜0 0
16
0 ⎟ FORMA MATRICE KRUTOSTI
k3 → ⎜ ⎟ l ⎜ 3 ⎟
⎜ 0 16 ⎟ ⎜
⎜
0
3⋅ l
⋅ E⋅ A 0
⎟ 16 ⎟
⎜0 0 0 ⎟
⎜ 16
⎟ ⎝ 5 ⎠
⎜ 0 0 0 ⋅ E⋅ A ⎟
⎝ 5⋅ l ⎠

N1 :=
1
2
(1 − ξ) N2 :=
1
2
(1 + ξ) N3 := 1 − ξ
2
(
N4 := ξ ⋅ 1 − ξ )
2

INTERPOLACIONE F-JE - HIJERARHIJSKI POL.

1

⋅ ( 1− ξ )
1
2
0.5
1
( 1+ ξ )
2

1− ξ 2 0

ξ⋅ ( 1−ξ 2)
0.5

1 0.5 0 0.5 1
ξ
prirodna koordinata

2/6
 ⎛ 16 ⋅ E⋅ A ⎞
⎜ ⎟
⎜ 3⋅ l ⎟
⎜ 16 ⎟
⋅ E⋅ A ⎟
eigenvals( k3) → ⎜ 5 ⋅ l
⎜ ⎟
⎜ 0 ⎟
⎜2 ⎟
⎜ ⋅ E⋅ A ⎟
⎝ l ⎠
BROJ UVJETOVANOSTI (pokazatelj greske koja nastaje usljed zaokruzivanja pri rjesavanju sistema):
λmax
κ :=
λmin

5.33
κ := κ = 2.665
2

LAGRANZOVI POLINOMI:

−9 ⎛ ⋅ ⎜ξ +
1⎞ ⎛ 1⎞ 27 ⎛ 1⎞
N1L := ⎟ ⋅ ⎜ξ − ⎟ ⋅ ( ξ − 1 ) N2L := ( 1 + ξ ) ⋅ ⎜ξ − ⎟ ⋅ ( ξ − 1 )
16 ⎝ 3⎠ ⎝ 3⎠ 16 ⎝ 3⎠
− 27 ⎛
⋅ ( 1 + ξ ) ⋅ ⎜ξ +
1⎞
9 ⎛ 1⎞ ⎛ 1⎞
N3L := ⎟ ⋅ ( ξ − 1) N4L := ⋅ ⎜ξ + ⎟ ⋅ ⎜ξ − ⎟ ⋅ ( ξ + 1 )
16 ⎝ 3⎠
16 ⎝ 3⎠ ⎝ 3⎠
1
⌠
2
kij := E⋅ A ⋅ ⎮
d d
Ni⋅ Nj dξ
l ⎮ dξ dξ
⌡
−1

⎡ ⌠1 ⌠
1
⌠
1
⌠
1
⎢ ⎮ ⎛d ⎞ ⎛d ⎞ ⎮ ⎛d ⎞ ⎛d ⎞ ⎮ ⎛d ⎞ ⎛d ⎞ ⎮ ⎛d ⎞ ⎛d ⎞
⎢ ⎮ ⎜dξ N1L⎟ ⋅ ⎜dξ N1L⎟ dξ ⎮
⎜ N1L⎟ ⋅ ⎜ N2L⎟ dξ ⎮
⎜ N1L⎟ ⋅ ⎜ N3L⎟ dξ ⎮
⎜ N1L⎟ ⋅ ⎜ N4L⎟ dξ
⎢ ⌡− 1 ⎝ ⎠⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠⎝ ⎠
d ξ d ξ dξ d ξ d ξ d ξ
⌡ ⌡ ⌡
−1 −1 −1
⎢
⎢ ⌠1 ⌠
1
⌠
1
⌠
1
⎢ ⎮ ⎛d N2L⎞ ⋅ ⎛d N1L⎞ dξ ⎮ ⎛d ⎞ ⎛d ⎞ ⎮ ⎛d ⎞ ⎛d ⎞ ⎮ ⎛d ⎞ ⎛d ⎞
⎢ ⎮ ⎜⎝dξ ⎟⎜
⎠ ⎝dξ
⎟
⎠ ⎮
⎜ N2L⎟ ⋅ ⎜ N2L⎟ dξ
⎝ dξ ⎠ ⎝dξ ⎠ ⎮
⎜ N2L⎟ ⋅ ⎜ N3L⎟ dξ
⎝dξ ⎠ ⎝dξ ⎠ ⎮
⎜ N2L⎟ ⋅ ⎜ N4L⎟ dξ
⎝ dξ ⎠ ⎝ dξ ⎠
⌡
⎢ −1 ⌡ ⌡ ⌡
2 −1 −1 −1
k3L := E⋅ A⎢
l ⎢ ⌠1 ⌠
1
⌠
1
⌠
1
⎢ ⎮ ⎛⎜d N3L⎞⎟ ⋅ ⎛⎜d N1L⎞⎟ dξ ⎮ ⎛d ⎞ ⎛d ⎞
⎜ N3L⎟ ⋅ ⎜ N2L⎟ dξ ⎮ ⎛d ⎞ ⎛d ⎞
⎜ N3L⎟ ⋅ ⎜ N3L⎟ dξ ⎮ ⎛d ⎞ ⎛d ⎞
⎜ N3L⎟ ⋅ ⎜ N4L⎟ dξ
⎢⎮⌡
⎝dξ ⎠ ⎝dξ ⎠ ⎮
⌡
⎝ dξ ⎠ ⎝dξ ⎠ ⎮
⌡
⎝dξ ⎠ ⎝dξ ⎠ ⎮
⌡
⎝ dξ ⎠ ⎝ dξ ⎠
⎢ −1 −1 −1 −1
⎢ 1 1 1 1
⎢ ⌠ ⎛d ⎞ ⎛d ⎞
⌠
⎛d ⎞ ⎛d ⎞
⌠
⎛d ⎞ ⎛d ⎞
⌠
⎛d ⎞ ⎛d ⎞
⎢⎮⎮ ⎝dξ
⎜ N4L⎟ ⋅ ⎜ N1L⎟ dξ ⎮
⎮
⎜ N4L⎟ ⋅ ⎜ N2L⎟ dξ ⎮
⎮
⎜ N4L⎟ ⋅ ⎜ N3L⎟ dξ ⎮
⎮
⎜ N4L⎟ ⋅ ⎜ N4L⎟ dξ
⎢⌡ ⎠⎝ d ξ ⎠ ⌡
⎝ d ξ ⎠⎝ d ξ ⎠ ⌡
⎝ dξ ⎠⎝ d ξ ⎠ ⌡
⎝ d ξ ⎠⎝ d ξ ⎠
⎣ −1 −1 −1 −1

⎛ 37 − 189 27 ⎞
− 13
⎛ 37 ⋅ E⋅ A − 189 ⋅ E⋅ A 27 ⋅ E⋅ A − 13
⋅ E⋅ A ⎟
⎞ ⎜ 2 ⎟
⎜ 10⋅ l 40⋅ l 20⋅ l 40⋅ l ⎜
8 4 8
⎟
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ −189 − 297 27 ⎟
⎜ − 189 ⋅ E⋅ A 54 ⋅ E⋅ A − 297 ⋅ E⋅ A 27 ⎟ 54
⎜ 40⋅ l
⋅ E⋅ A
⎟ E⋅ A ⎜ 8 8 4 ⎟
5⋅ l 40⋅ l 20 ⋅ l kL3 := ⎜ ⎟
k3L → ⎜ ⎟ 5l ⎜ 27 − 297 − 189 ⎟
⎜ 27 ⋅ E⋅ A − 297 ⋅ E⋅ A 54 ⋅ E⋅ A − 189
⋅ E⋅ A ⎟ ⎜ 4 8
54
8 ⎟
⎜ 20⋅ l 40⋅ l 5⋅ l 40⋅ l ⎟ ⎜ − 13 ⎟
⎜ −13 27 − 189 37
⎟ ⎜
27 − 189 37
⎟
⎜ ⋅ E⋅ A ⋅ E⋅ A ⋅ E⋅ A ⋅ E⋅ A ⎟ ⎝ 8 4 8 2 ⎠
⎝ 40⋅ l 20⋅ l 40⋅ l 10⋅ l ⎠

3/6
 ⎛ 16 ⋅ E⋅ A ⎞
⎡ 0 ⎤ ⎜ ⎟
⎢ ⎥ ⎜ 3⋅ l ⎟
⎢ 27
⋅ E⋅ A ⎥ ⎜ 16 ⎟
⎢ 4⋅ l ⎥ ⎜ ⋅ E⋅ A ⎟
eigenvals( k3) → 5 ⋅ l
eigenvals( k3L) → ⎢⎛ 89 ⎥ ⎜ ⎟
⎢⎜ +
1 ⎞ E
⋅ 139705⎟ ⋅ A ⋅ ⎥ ⎜ 0 ⎟
⎢⎝ 8 40 ⎠ l⎥
⎜2 ⎟
⎢⎛ 89 1 ⎞ E⎥ ⎜ ⋅ E⋅ A ⎟
⎢⎜ − ⋅ 139705⎟ ⋅ A ⋅ ⎥ ⎝ l ⎠
⎣⎝ 8 40 ⎠ l⎦

BROJ UVJETOVANOSTI (pokazatelj greske koja nastaje usljed zaokruzivanja pri rjesavanju sistema):
λmax
κ :=
λmin

E := 1 A := 1 l := 1

⎛ 89 1 ⎞ E
⎜ + ⋅ 139705⎟ ⋅ A⋅
κ3L :=
⎝8 40 ⎠ l κ3L = 11.495
⎛ 89 1 ⎞ E
⎜ − ⋅ 139705⎟ ⋅ A⋅
⎝8 40 ⎠ l
⎛ 16 ⋅ l⋅ E⋅ A⎞
⎜ ⎟
κ3H :=
⎝3 ⎠ κ3H = 2.667
⎛ 2 ⋅ E⋅ A⎞
⎜ ⎟
⎝l ⎠

Odavde se vidi da je sistem jednacina sa hijerarhijskim polinomima bolje uvjetovan od sistema sa Lagranzovim
polinomima.

LAGRANZOVI POLINOMI - GRAFICKI PRIKAZ:

1. LINEARNA INTERPOLACIJA 2. KVADRATNA INTERPOLACIJA

1 1 −ξ ξ
N1L := (1 − ξ) N2L := (1 + ξ) N1kv := ⋅ ( 1 − ξ ) N2kv := ( 1 − ξ ) ⋅ ( 1 + ξ ) N3kv := ⋅(1 + ξ)
2 2 2 2

KVADRATNA INTERPPOL. - LAGRANGE

LINEARNA INTERPOL. - LAGRANGE 1
1
−ξ
⋅ ( 1− ξ )
1
( 1− ξ ) 2
2 0.5 0.5
( 1− ξ ) ⋅ ( 1+ ξ )
1
( 1+ ξ )
2
0
ξ
⋅ ( 1+ ξ )
2 0

0.5
1 0.5 0 0.5 1
0.5
ξ 1 0.5 0 0.5 1
ξ

4/6
 3. KUBNA INTERPOLACIJA

−9 ⎛
⋅ ⎜ξ +
1⎞ ⎛ 1⎞ 27 ⎛ 1⎞
N1L := ⎟ ⋅ ⎜ξ − ⎟ ⋅ ( ξ − 1 ) N2L := ( 1 + ξ ) ⋅ ⎜ξ − ⎟ ⋅ ( ξ − 1 )
16 ⎝ 3⎠ ⎝ 3⎠ 16 ⎝ 3⎠
− 27 ⎛
⋅ ( 1 + ξ ) ⋅ ⎜ξ +
1⎞
9 ⎛ 1⎞ ⎛ 1⎞
N3L := ⎟ ⋅ ( ξ − 1) N4L := ⋅ ⎜ξ + ⎟ ⋅ ⎜ξ − ⎟ ⋅ ( ξ + 1 )
16 ⎝ 3⎠
16 ⎝ 3⎠ ⎝ 3⎠

KUBNA INTERPOLACIJA - LAGRANGE

1.5

⎛ 1⎞ ⎛ 1⎞
⎟ ⋅ ⎜ξ − ⎟ ⋅ ( ξ − 1)
−9
⋅ ⎜ξ +
16 ⎝ 3⎠ ⎝ 3⎠
1
⎛ 1⎞
⋅ ( 1+ ξ ) ⋅ ⎜ξ − ⎟ ⋅ ( ξ − 1)
27
16 ⎝ 3⎠

− 27
⋅ ( 1+ ξ ) ⋅⎛⎜ξ + 1 ⎞⎟ ⋅ ( ξ − 1) 0.5
16 ⎝ 3⎠

9 ⎛ 1⎞ ⎛ 1⎞
⋅ ⎜ξ + ⎟ ⋅ ⎜ξ − ⎟ ⋅ ( ξ + 1)
16 ⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎝ 3 ⎠ 0

0.5
1 0.33 0.33 1
ξ

VEKTOR OPTERECENJA ZA KONTINUIRANO OPTERECENJE:

a ) Totalna kvadratna formulacija - Lagranžovi polinomi:

⎡ ⌠1 ⎤
⎢ ⎮ ⎡ −ξ ⎤ ⎥
p⋅ ⎢ ⋅ ( 1 − ξ )⎥ dξ
⎢ ⎮ ⎣2 ⎦ ⎥
⎢ ⌡− 1 ⎥ ⎛⎜ 1 ⋅ p ⎟⎞
⎢ ⎥ ⎜6 ⎟
⎢ ⌠
1 ⎥ ⎜1 ⎟
⋅ ⎢ ⎮ p⋅ ⎡⎢ ξ ⋅ ( 1 + ξ )⎤⎥ dξ ⎥
l
F := F → ⎜ ⋅p⎟
2 ⎢ ⎮ ⎣2 ⎦ ⎥ ⎜6 ⎟
⌡
⎢ −1 ⎥ ⎜2 ⎟
⎢ 1 ⎥ ⎜ 3 ⋅p⎟
⎝ ⎠
⎢⌠⎮
⎥
⎢ ⌡ p⋅ [ ( 1 − ξ ) ⋅ ( 1 + ξ ) ] dξ ⎥
⎣ −1 ⎦

b ) Hijerarhijska kvadratna interpolacija:

⎡ ⌠1 ⎤
⎢ ⎮ p⋅ ⎡ 1 ( 1 − ξ )⎤ dξ ⎥
⎢⎮ ⎢ ⎥ ⎥ ⎛⎜ 1 ⋅ p ⎟⎞
⌡ ⎣2 ⎦
⎢ −1 ⎥ ⎜6 ⎟
⎢ ⎥ ⎜1 ⎟
⎢ 1 ⎥
F :=
l
2 ⎢ ⌡
⌠ 2
⋅ ⎢ ⎮ p⋅ 1 − ξ dξ ⎥ ( ) F → ⎜ ⋅p⎟
⎜6 ⎟
−1 ⎥ ⎜2 ⎟
⎢ ⎥ ⎜ 3 ⋅p⎟
⎢ ⌠1 ⎥ ⎝ ⎠
⎢ ⎮ p⋅ ⎡⎢ ( 1 + ξ )⎤⎥ dξ ⎥
1
⎢⎮⌡ ⎣2 ⎦ ⎥
⎣ −1 ⎦
Kao što se vidi, vektor opterecenja je identican.

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