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PD0010800A 9-92
Introduction ............................................................................................................... 1
Using the 1040C for Calibrating Single Phase Devices............................................ 2
A.C. Voltage.................................................................................................. 2
A.C. Current .................................................................................................. 2
A.C. Power .................................................................................................... 3
A.C. Frequency ............................................................................................. 3
Phase Angle................................................................................................... 4
Power Factor ................................................................................................. 4
Volt-Amps and Volt-Amps Reactive ............................................................ 5
Using the 1040C for Calibrating Polyphase Devices................................................ 7
A.C. Voltage.................................................................................................. 7
A.C. Current .................................................................................................. 7
A.C. Power .................................................................................................... 7
Phase Angle................................................................................................... 8
Power Factor ................................................................................................. 8
Volt-Amps and Volt-Amps Reactive ............................................................ 10
Calibrating Transducers Using the Null Comparison Method.................................. 11
Connection Diagrams ................................................................................................ 12
Phase, Power Factor, and VAR Convention Diagram .............................................. 23
Appendix A: Meter Examples.................................................................................. 24
ii
Calibrating Meters and Transducers
with the Arbiter Systems 1040C
Panel Meter Calibrator
1
Using the 1040C for Calibrating Single Phase Devices
A.C. Current
Calibration of a single phase transducer
or meter for ac current follows virtually the
same process as for ac voltage meters and
transducers, except that only the current
output of the 1040C is used, rather than only
the voltage output. Representative
schematics are given in figure 3 for typical
circuit installations of single phase ac current
2
A.C. Power important to note that it is only the current
Typical circuit connections for single- that changes; the voltage remains constant.
phase ac watt meters and transducers are For more complete instructions on operation
given in figure 5. Calibration of these types of the 1040C in the ac power mode, refer to
of devices requires use of both the voltage section 2.5.6 of the operation manual.
and current outputs of the 1040C.
A.C. Frequency
Representative calibration connection
diagrams for these types of devices are given Calibration of ac frequency is another
in figure 6. The 1040C voltage output leads procedure that requires the use of only the
are connected to the voltage terminals of the 1040C voltage output. The connections are
meter or transducer, and the 1040C current the same as for the volt meter or transducer
output leads are connected to the current (Figure 2). After connection, the frequency
input terminals of the meter or transducer range (i.e. 60Hz, 400Hz) is selected, then
(figures 6a and 6c). If the meter or "Voltage" is pressed. The operator then
transducer uses an external current enters the voltage value which is appropriate
transformer, one of the current output leads for the device under test, followed by the
of the 1040C should be passed through the voltage unit key. Fine adjustment of the
center of the current transformer, and then frequency can be accomplished by first
shorted to the other lead. If the meter or pressing the "Frequency" key, then using the
transducer uses an external potential adjust knob or up/down keys to select the
transformer, then likewise it must be inserted value. A value for frequency can also be
between the 1040C voltage output leads and entered via the keyboard, by first pressing
the input voltage leads of the unit under test. "Frequency", entering the value, then
Refer to figures 6b and 6d for these pressing the "Hz" key. When the "Operate"
connections. The user should then select the key is pressed, the voltage output will be
proper operating frequency, either 60 Hz or enabled and the calibration procedure for the
400 Hz. The "Power" key should be pressed, device under test may be performed. For
which will place the 1040C into the power more complete instructions on frequency
mode, enabling both the voltage and current operation of the 1040C, refer to section 2.5.8
outputs for simultaneous operation. The of the operation manual.
"Voltage" key should then be pressed, and
the desired voltage entered using the keypad,
followed by "V". After this, the "Current"
key should be pressed and the desired current
entered using the keypad, followed by "A".
After this is completed, pressing the
"Operate" key will enable the outputs, which
will increase to the respective values entered.
An equal sign on the front panel display
indicates that the current and voltage outputs,
and the phase angle between them, have
stabilized at the proper values. The
calibration procedure for the meter or
transducer under test can then be performed.
The power value can be varied using the
control knob or the up/down arrows, but it is
3
Phase Angle 1040C for phase angle calibrations, refer to
Calibration of phase angle meters or section 2.5.1 of the operation manual.
transducers for single phase operation
Power Factor
requires use of both the voltage and current
outputs of the 1040C. The representative The Power Factor in a circuit is equal to
circuit connection diagrams for these types of the cosine of the phase angle between the
devices are the same as for the ac power voltage and the current. With this in mind,
meters and transducers, given in figure 5. any power factor can be simulated by
Typical connections for calibration are also adjusting the phase relationship between the
the same as for ac power meters and voltage and current, which can be
transducers, and are given in figure 6. For accomplished quite easily with the 1040C.
calibration, the 1040C voltage output leads Two methods can be used:
are connected to the voltage terminals of the • The required phase angle can be entered
meter or transducer, and the 1040C current directly via the keypad, as described in
output leads are connected to the current the section on phase angle calibration;
input terminals of the meter or transducer
(figure 6a and 6c). If the meter or transducer • The power factor can be entered directly,
uses an external current transformer, one of by first pressing the "Power Factor" key,
the current output leads of the 1040C should then using the adjust knob to vary the
be passed through the center of the current displayed power factor. This method
transformer, and then shorted to the other allows entry of lead or lag power factor
lead. If the meter or transducer uses an values without having to first calculate
external potential transformer, then likewise the corresponding phase angle.
it must be inserted between the 1040C For an illustration of the relationship
voltage output leads and the input voltage between phase angle and power factor in the
leads of the unit under test. Refer to figures 1040C, refer to figure 12.
6b and 6d for these two types of connections.
In order to accomplish power factor
The 1040C should first be configured to
indication, some transducer manufacturers
operate in the ac power mode, as described in
recommend using one of their phase angle
paragraph 2.5.6, and the appropriate voltage
transducers and performing a mathematical
and current values should be selected. After
conversion on the output signal. This can be
the outputs have been enabled and the phase
done manually, using conversion tables
angle meter or transducer under test has been
supplied by the manufacturer, or
observed to be indicating zero, press the
automatically, using a meter having cosine
"Phase" button. This will allow shifting of
scaling. Typical transducer application
the relative phase between the voltage and
circuit connections and calibration setup
the current outputs. The desired phase angle
connections are usually the same as those for
can now be entered directly, via the keypad,
a phase angle, watt, or var transducer, as
and followed by the appropriate units
shown in figures 5 and 6. Calibration can be
(degrees). A negative value for phase angle
performed using the connections in figure 6
corresponds to the output current lagging the
and one of the methods outlined above, and
output voltage. After entering the value for
in accordance with the transducer
phase angle, the operator may adjust the
manufacturers recommendations.
value by using the control knob, or by using
the "Up" or "Down" keys. For more Power factor output is also commonly
complete instructions on operation of the available as an additional feature on single
4
and multi-phase watt transducers. In this between the two. For an illustration of the
case, the transducer is connected in the same relationship between phase angle and vars
manner as a conventional watt transducer when using the 1040C, refer to figure 12.
(refer to figures 5 and 6).
The 1040C has a provision for displaying
Typical applications of power factor and modifying both volt-amps and vars;
meters for single-phase systems involve successively pressing the "Power" key during
circuit connections which are similar, if not operation will first display watts, then vars,
identical to those employed by single phase then volt-amps. The user can continue
watt and var meters. In light of this, indefinitely to scroll through these three
representative circuit and calibration choices.
connection diagrams for these meters are
Some points of interest regarding va and
shown in figures 5 and 6. When connected
var measurements:
per the calibration setup diagram, calibration
of single-phase power factor meters can be It is important to note that unless there is
performed using one of the methods given a phase angle of greater than zero
above, and in accordance with the meter between voltage and current, the var
manufacturer's recommendations. For more value will be zero. Also, since va and var
detailed instructions on operating the 1040C indications are sub-functions of the
for calibration of power factor, refer to power mode, adjustment of these values
section 2.5.1 of the operation manual. using direct entry, the control knob, or
the up/down keys affects the value by
Volt-Amps and Volt-Amps Reactive changing only the current, not the voltage
Volt-Amps is the product of the rms or the phase angle. The current can only
voltage and the rms current in a circuit, be modified to a point within the current
without regard to the phase angle between range of the 1040C. If the necessary
them. Another term commonly used to current exceeds this range, the display
describe this parameter is apparent power. If will indicate "Entry Error". Additionally,
a separate rms ammeter and rms voltmeter if the phase angle is set to zero and the
were used to measure the current and user attempts to enter any var value other
voltage, respectively, and the two values than zero, "Entry Error" will be indicated.
were multiplied together, the result would be This is because under these conditions,
the apparent power. This is not an indication no value of voltage or current will
of the amount of work that can be done, produce anything other than zero vars.
however; if the phase angle is 90 degrees Typical applications of va and var meters
(power factor is zero), the true power or transducers for single-phase systems
available is zero. involve circuit connections which are
Volt-amps reactive (SI unit=var) is the similar, if not identical to those employed by
same as volt-amps, but with the phase angle single phase watt and power factor meters
between voltage and current factored in. and transducers. Therefore, representative
Vars are a measure of the amount of power circuit connections and calibration
required by the reactive portion of a load, connections for these devices are shown in
and actually represents circulating current in figures 5 and 6, respectively. When
the circuit. Vars are calculated as the connected per the calibration setup diagram,
product of the RMS voltage, the RMS calibration of these instruments can be
current, and the sine of the phase angle performed in accordance with the meter
manufacturer's recommendations. For more
5
detailed instructions on operating the 1040C
in the volt-amps and volt-amps reactive
modes, refer to section 2.5.6 of the operation
manual.
6
Using the 1040C for Calibrating Polyphase Devices
7
importance for accuracy of the calibration. current transformer, one of the current output
All current elements should be wired the leads of the 1040C should be passed through
same way, and all voltage elements should be the center of the current transformer, and
in phase. The only exception to this rule then shorted to the other lead. If the meter or
would be for 2 1/2 element transducers, transducer uses an external potential
which are sometimes used in order to save transformer, then likewise it must be inserted
the cost of one potential transformer. The between the 1040C voltage output leads and
missing potential input is accounted for the input voltage leads of the unit under test.
mathematically, so during calibration one of The 1040C should first be configured to
the current transformers must be reversed, operate in the ac power mode, and the
and special calculations apply. When appropriate voltage and current values should
calibrating 2 1/2 element transducers, the be selected. Next, a calibration phase angle
product documentation for the device should value must be entered, keeping in mind that
be consulted for proper procedures. for indication of zero phase from the
transducer output, the input voltage must be
Phase Angle
offset from the input current by 90 degrees
Wiring connections for phase angle (whether this is a lead or lag condition
transducers used in three-phase systems at depends on the individual transducer
first glance may appear somewhat manufacturer. The calibration procedure for
unorthodox. Typically, a single voltage the phase angle transducer can now be
element and a single current element are performed. For more complete instructions
used. The current element is placed in series on operation of the 1040C for phase angle
with one of the phases, or, if used, a current calibrations, refer to section 2.5.1 of the
transformer is placed around the conductor operation manual.
for that phase. The voltage element is wired
between the remaining two phases, Power Factor
sometimes employing a potential In order to accomplish power factor
transformer. Refer to figure 11a for a typical indication, some transducer manufacturers
application circuit. If the phase angle recommend using one of their phase angle
between the voltage and the current in the transducers and performing a mathematical
circuit is zero, the net voltage between the conversion on the output signal. This can be
two measured phases (or the output voltage done manually, using conversion tables
of the potential transformer) will be offset supplied by the manufacturer, or
from the current measured in the third phase automatically using a meter having cosine
by 90 degrees. The two input signals are scaling. If a phase angle transducer is
compared internally, and a dc voltage employed for this purpose, the connections
corresponding to the phase angle is output will be the same as those illustrated in figure
from the transducer. 11.
Connections for use of a 1040C to
Power factor output is also commonly
calibrate this type of phase angle transducer
available as an additional feature on single
are shown in figure 11b. The 1040C voltage
and multi-phase watt transducers. In this
output leads are connected to the voltage
case, the transducer is connected in the same
terminals of the transducer, and the 1040C
manner as a conventional multi-phase watt
current output leads are connected to the
transducer (refer to figure 9).
current input terminals of the meter or
transducer. If the transducer uses an external
8
Regardless of the type of transducer or
meter employed, the 1040C has a provision
for direct calibration of power factor. As
stated earlier in this document, the power
factor in a circuit is equal to the cosine of the
phase angle between the voltage and the
current. With this in mind, any power factor
can be simulated by adjusting the phase
relationship between the voltage and current,
which can be accomplished quite easily with
the 1040C. Two methods can be used:
9
Volt-Amps and Volt-Amps Reactive performed in accordance with the meter
Refer to the single-phase volt-amps and manufacturer's recommendations. For more
volt-amps reactive section of this document detailed instructions on operating the 1040C
for definitions of these parameters. in the volt-amps and volt-amps reactive
modes, refer to section 2.5.6 of the operation
The 1040C has a provision for displaying manual.
and modifying both volt-amps and vars;
successively pressing the "Power" key during
operation will first display watts, then vars,
then volt-amps. The user can continue
indefinitely to scroll through these three
choices.
10
Calibrating Transducers Using the Null Comparison Method
11
V V
L1 L1
L L
I O
N A
E N N D
L L1 L1 L
I O
N A
E N N D
Inst. Inst. +
+ Output
Output Pwr. -
Pwr. -
V V
L L L L1 L1 L
I L1 L1 O I O
N A N N N A
E N N D E D
Figure 1
Single-Phase Voltage Meters and Transducers,
Typical Circuit Connections
12
V V
R B
R B
Vout
Vout
1040C
1040C
Inst. + Inst. +
Output Output
Pwr. - Pwr. -
V V
R B
R B
Vout
Vout
1040C
1040C
Figure 2
Single-Phase Voltage Meters and Transducers,
Typical Circuit Connections
13
L L1 L1 L
I O
L L1 L1 L N A
I O E N N D
N A
E N N D
Inst. + Inst. +
Output Output
Pwr. - Pwr. -
L L
I L1 L1 O
N A L1 L1
L L
E N N D
I O
N A
E N N D
Figure 3
Single-Phase Current Meters and Transducers,
Typical Circuit Connections
14
R B
R B
out
out
1040C
1040C
Inst. + Inst. +
Output Output
Pwr. - Pwr. -
R B
R B
out
out
1040C
1040C
Figure 4
Single-Phase Current Meters and Transducers,
Calibration Connections
15
Current Voltage
Connections Connections
Current Voltage
Connections Connections
W/Var/PF W/Var/PF
L L1 L1 L
L L L I O
I 1 L1 O N A
N A E N N D
E N N D
Inst. Inst. +
+ Output
Output Pwr. -
Pwr. -
W/Var/PF/PA W/Var/PF/PA
L L L
I 1 L1 O L L1 L1 L
N A I O
E N N D N A
E N N D
Figure 5
Single-Phase Watt, Var, or Power Factor Meters and
Watt, Var, Power Factor, or Phase Transducers,
Typical Circuit Connections
16
Current Voltage
Connections Connections
Current Voltage
Connections Connections
W/Var/PF W/Var/PF
R B B R
R B B R
out Vout
out Vout
1040C
1040C
Inst. Inst. +
+ Output
Output Pwr. -
Pwr. -
W/Var/PF/PA W/Var/PF/PA
R B B R R B B R
1040C 1040C
Figure 6
Single-Phase Watt, Var, or Power Factor Meters and
Watt, Var, Power Factor, or Phase Transducers, Calibration Connections
17
}
+
-
+ Outputs,
- To DVM(s)
+
-
Inst.
Pwr.
A B C
c) Burden Calculation
VA VB VC
R B
out Vout
1040C
b) Meters
Figure 7
Calibration of Multiple Voltage Transducers or Meters
18
}
+
-
+ Outputs,
- To DVM(s)
+
-
Inst.
Pwr.
A B C
in in in
out Where:
= Output Current of 1040C
1040C
Zx= Impedance of Transducer x
at Frequency of Operation
a) Transducers
c) Burden Calculations
VA VB VC
R B
out
1040C
b) Meters
Figure 8
Calibration of Multiple Current Transducers or Meters
19
Inst. +
Output
Pwr. -
A B C
L1 L1
L L
I L2 L2 O
N A
E D
L3 L3
N N
Inst. +
Output
Pwr. -
A B
in Vin in Vin
L1 L1
L L
I L2 L2 O
N A
E D
L3 L3
Figure 9
Multi-Phase Power Measurement Techniques
20
Inst. + Output
Pwr. - (to D.V.M.)
A B C
R B
R B
Vout out
1040C
Figure 10
Calibration Connections for 3-Element Watt Transducer.
Current and Potential Transformers are included for reference.
21
Inst. +
Output
Pwr. - (to D.V.M.)
in Vin
Note: Wiring Also Applies
for 3 Phase 3 Wire System
L1 L1
L L
I L2 L2 O
N A
E D
L3 L3
N N
Inst. +
Output
Pwr. - (to D.V.M.)
in Vin
R B
R B
out
Vout
1040C
Figure 11
Phase Angle Transducer
22
Current Leads Voltage
Phase = +90˚
PF = 0 Lead
Vars = -1.0 • VA
W = 0
Phase = -90˚
PF = 0 Lag
Vars = +1.0 • VA
W = 0
Voltage Leads Current
Figure 12
Phase, Power Factor, and VAR Conventions
Employed by the 1040C Panel Meter Calibrator
23
Appendix A
Meter Examples
The following pages contain connection diagrams for use in calibrating various types of
Yokogawa panel meters. These illustrations are for reference only; the manufacturer's data
sheets should be consulted to insure proper connections.
24
AUX. V. 1040C PANEL METER CALIBRATOR
REMOTE
VOLTAGE
CURRENT
Black
Red
+
A C V O LT M E T E R
Y O K O G AWA 1 0 3 0 2 1
REMOTE
VOLTAGE
CURRENT
Black
Red
AC AMMETER
YOKOGAWA 103131
25
AUX. V. 1040C PANEL METER CALIBRATOR
REMOTE
VOLTAGE
CURRENT
Red
Red
Black
1 2
Black
5 3 4 6
7 8
3 W IR E , 3 P H A S E WAT T M E T E R
YOKOGAWA 10322
103712
REMOTE
VOLTAGE
CURRENT
Black
Red
Red
1 3
7 4 5 6 8
Black 11
9
4 W IR E , 3 P H A S E WAT T M E T E R
YOKOGAWA 10325
103732
26
AUX. V. 1040C PANEL METER CALIBRATOR
REMOTE
VOLTAGE
CURRENT
Red
Black
Red
1 2
Black
3 4
S IN G L E P H A S E WAT T M E T E R A N D VA R M E T E R
YOKOGAWA 10321 (WATT)
103702 (WATT)
10331 (VAR)
103762 (VAR)
REMOTE
VOLTAGE
CURRENT
Red
Black
Red 1 2
3 4
5 6
Black
7 8
3 W IR E , 3 P H A S E VA R M E T E R
YOKOGAWA 103812
10328
10332
103772
27
AUX. V. 1040C PANEL METER CALIBRATOR
REMOTE
VOLTAGE
CURRENT
Black
Red
Red 1 3
4 6
Black
5
7 8
9 11
4 W IR E , 3 P H A S E , 2 1 /2 E L E M E N T VA R M E T E R
YOKOGAWA 10329
103742
REMOTE
VOLTAGE
CURRENT
Black
Red
FREQUENCY METER
YOKOGAWA 103372
28
AUX. V. 1040C PANEL METER CALIBRATOR
REMOTE
VOLTAGE
CURRENT
Black
Red
Red
1 2
Black 3 4
S IN G L E P H A S E P O W E R FA C TO R M E T E R
YOKOGAWA 103412
REMOTE
VOLTAGE
CURRENT
Red
Black
Red 1 2
5 3 4 6
Black
7 8
3 P H A S E P O W E R FA C TO R M E T E R
FOR BALANCED SYSTEM
YOKOGAWA 103462
29
AUX. V. 1040C PANEL METER CALIBRATOR
REMOTE
VOLTAGE
CURRENT
Red
Red
Black
1 3
4 6
5
7 8
Black 9 11
4 W IR E , 3 P H A S E P O W E R FA C TO R M E T E R
YOKOGAWA 103472
30