BRICS

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Not to be confused with BRIC.

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BRICS
(Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa)

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Brazil
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State leaders[show]

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GDP (PPP) in US dollars[show]

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BRICS is the acronym for an association of five major emerging national
economies: Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa.[4] The grouping
was originally known as "BRIC" before the inclusion of South Africa in 2010.
The BRICS members are all developing or newly industrialised countries, but
they are distinguished by their large, fast-growing economies and significant
influence on regional and global affairs; all five are G-20 members.[5] Since
2009, the BRICS nations have met annually at formal summits. Russia
currently holds the chair of the BRICS group, and hosted the group's seventh
summit in July 2015.

As of 2015, the five BRICS countries represent over 3 billion people, or 42% of
the world population; as all five members are in the top 25 of the world by
population, and four are in the top 10. The five nations have a combined
nominal GDP of US$16.039 trillion, equivalent to approximately 20% of the
gross world product, and an estimated US$4 trillion in combined foreign
reserves.[6][7] The BRICS have received both praise and criticism from
numerous commentators.[8][9][10] Bilateral relations among BRICS nations
have mainly been conducted on the basis of non-interference, equality, and
mutual benefit (win-win).[11]

Contents
 1 History

o 1.1 First BRIC summit

o 1.2 Entry of South Africa
o 1.3 Developments

 2 Summits
 3 Member countries
o 3.1 Potential members
 4 Reception
 5 Current BRICS summit attendees
 6 See also
 7 References
 8 Further reading
 9 External links

History
The term "BRIC" was coined in 2001 by then-chairman of Goldman Sachs
Asset Management, Jim O'Neill, in his publication Building Better Global
Economic BRICs.[12] The foreign ministers of the initial four BRIC states (Brazil,
Russia, India, and China) met in New York City in September 2006 at the
margins of the General Debate of the UN General Assembly, beginning a
series of high-level meetings.[13] A full-scale diplomatic meeting was held in
Yekaterinburg, Russia, on 16 June 2009.[14]

First BRIC summit

The BRIC grouping's first formal summit, also held in Yekaterinburg,

commenced on 16 June 2009,[15] with Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, Dmitry
Medvedev, Manmohan Singh, and Hu Jintao, the respective leaders of Brazil,
Russia, India and China, all attending.[16] The summit's focus was on means of
improving the global economic situation and reforming financial institutions,
and discussed how the four countries could better co-operate in the
future.[15][16] There was further discussion of ways that developing countries,
such as the BRIC members, could become more involved in global affairs.[16]

In the aftermath of the Yekaterinburg summit, the BRIC nations announced the
need for a new global reserve currency, which would have to be "diversified,
stable and predictable".[17] Although the statement that was released did not
directly criticise the perceived "dominance" of the US dollar – something that
Russia had criticised in the past – it did spark a fall in the value of the dollar
against other major currencies.[18]

Entry of South Africa

In 2010, South Africa began efforts to join the BRIC grouping, and the process
for its formal admission began in August of that year.[19] South Africa officially
became a member nation on 24 December 2010, after being formally invited by
the BRIC countries to join the group.[19] The group was renamed BRICS – with
the "S" standing for South Africa – to reflect the group's expanded
membership.[20] In April 2011, the President of South Africa, Jacob Zuma,
attended the 2011 BRICS summit in Sanya, China, as a full
member.[21][22][23]

Developments
 The image part w ith relationship ID rId108 w as not found in the file.

The BRICS leaders in 2014. Left to right: Putin, Modi, Rousseff, Xi and Zuma.

The BRICS Forum, an independent international organisation encouraging

commercial, political and cultural cooperation between the BRICS nations, was
formed in 2011.[24] In June 2012, the BRICS nations pledged $75 billion to
boost the lending power of the International Monetary Fund (IMF). However,
this loan was conditional on IMF voting reforms.[25] In late March 2013, during
the fifth BRICS summit in Durban, South Africa, the member countries agreed
to create a global financial institution which they intended to rival the
western-dominated IMF and World Bank.[26] After the summit, the BRICS
stated that they planned to finalise the arrangements for this New Development
Bank by 2014.[27] However, disputes relating to burden sharing and location
slowed down the agreements.

At the BRICS leaders meeting in St Petersburg in September 2013, China

committed $41 billion towards the pool; Brazil, India and Russia $18 billion
each; and South Africa $5 billion. China, holder of the world's largest foreign
exchange reserves and who is to contribute the bulk of the currency pool, wants
a greater managing role, said one BRICS official. China also wants to be the
location of the reserve. "Brazil and India want the initial capital to be shared
equally. We know that China wants more," said a Brazilian official. "However,
we are still negotiating, there are no tensions arising yet."[28] On 11 October
2013, Russia's Finance Minister Anton Siluanov said that a decision on creating
a $100 billion fund designated to steady currency markets would be taken in
early 2014. The Brazilian finance minister, Guido Mantega stated that the fund
would be created by March 2014.[29] However, by April 2014, the currency
reserve pool and development bank had yet to be set up, and the date was
rescheduled to 2015.[30] One driver for the BRICS development bank is that
the existing institutions primarily benefit extra-BRICS corporations, and the
political significance is notable because it allows BRICS member states "to
promote their interests abroad... and can highlight the strengthening positions
of countries whose opinion is frequently ignored by their developed American
and European colleagues."

In March 2014, at a meeting on the margins of the Nuclear Security Summit in

The Hague, the BRICS Foreign Ministers issued a communique that "noted
with concern, the recent media statement on the forthcoming G20 Summit to be
held in Brisbane in November 2014. The custodianship of the G20 belongs to
all Member States equally and no one Member State can unilaterally determine
its nature and character." In light of the tensions surrounding the 2014 Crimean
crisis, the Ministers remarked that "The escalation of hostile language,
sanctions and counter-sanctions, and force does not contribute to a sustainable
and peaceful solution, according to international law, including the principles
and purposes of the United Nations Charter."[31] This was in response to the
statement of Australian Foreign Minister Julie Bishop, who had said earlier that
Russian President Vladimir Putin might be barred from attending the G20
Summit in Brisbane.[32]

In July 2014, the Governor of the Russian Central Bank, Elvira Nabiullina,
claimed that the "BRICS partners the establishment of a system of multilateral
swaps that will allow to transfer resources to one or another country, if needed"
in an article which concluded that "If the current trend continues, soon the dollar
will be abandoned by most of the significant global economies and it will be
kicked out of the global trade finance."[33]

Over the weekend of 13 July 2014 when the final game of the World Cup was
held, and in advance of the BRICS Fortaleza summit, Putin met his homologue
Dilma Rouseff to discuss the BRICS development bank, and sign some other
bilateral accords on air defence, gas and education. Rouseff said that the
BRICS countries "are among the largest in the world and cannot content
themselves in the middle of the 21st century with any kind of dependency."[34]
The Fortaleza summit was followed by a BRICS meeting with the Union of
South American Nations president's in Brasilia, where the development bank
and the monetary fund were introduced.[35] The development bank will have
capital of US$50 billion with each country contributing US$10 billion, while the
monetary fund will have US$100 billion at its disposal.[35]

On 15 July, the first day of the BRICS 6th summit in Fortaleza, Brazil, the group
of emerging economies signed the long-anticipated document to create the
US$100 billion New Development Bank (formerly known as the "BRICS
Development Bank") and a reserve currency pool worth over another US$100
billion. Documents on cooperation between BRICS export credit agencies and
an agreement of cooperation on innovation were also inked.[36]

At the end of October 2014, Brazil trimmed down its US government holdings to
US$261.7 billion; India, US$77.5 billion; China, US$1.25 trillion; South Africa,
US$10.3 billion.[37]

In March 2015, Morgan Stanley stated that India and Indonesia had escaped
from the 'fragile five' (the five major emerging markets with the most fragile
currencies) by instituting economic reforms. Previously, in August 2013,
Morgan Stanley rated India and Indonesia, together with Brazil, Turkey and
South Africa, as the 'fragile five' due to their vulnerable currencies. But since
then, India and Indonesia have reformed their economies, completing 85% and
65% of the necessary adjustments respectively, while Brazil had only achieved
15%, Turkey only 10%, and South Africa even less.[38]

After the 2015 summit, the respective communications ministers, under a

Russian proposal, had a first summit for their ministries in Moscow in October
where the host minister, Nikolai Nikiforov, proposed an initiative to further
tighten their information technology sectors and challenge the monopoly of the
United States in the sector.[39]

Since 2012, the BRICS group of countries have been planning an optical
fibresubmarine communications cable system to carry telecommunications
between the BRICS countries, known as the BRICS Cable.[40] Part of the
motivation for the project was the spying of the National Security Agency on all
telecommunications that flowed across the US.[41][42]

Summits

The grouping has held annual summits since 2009, with member countries
taking turns to host. Prior to South Africa's admission, two BRIC summits were
held, in 2009 and 2010. The first five-member BRICS summit was held in 2011.
The most recent BRICS summit took place in Ufa, Russia, from 8 to 9 July
2015.[43]

Date(s) Host Host leader Location Notes

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2012

26–27 The
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Fortaleza (Centro Bank and reserve currency
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Member countries
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Potential members

Argentina, Indonesia and Turkey have expressed strong interest in full

membership of the BRICS, while Egypt, Iran, Nigeria, Sudan, Syria and most
recently Bangladesh and Greece have also expressed interest in joining
BRICS.[51][52][53][54]

Reception

In 2012, Hu Jintao, who at the time was President of China and Paramount
leader, described the BRICS countries as defenders and promoters of
developing countries and a force for world peace.[8] Western analysts have
highlighted potential divisions and weaknesses in the grouping, including
significant economic instabilities,[55][56][57][58] disagreements between the
members over UN Security Council reform,[59] and India and China's disputes
over territorial issues.[9]

In June 2015, Jim Rogers said that he does not see any current alternative to
US dollar and that “The world needs something to compete with the
US-dominated institutions, some of them - the World Bank and the IMF. So, if
BRICS offer any new structures that can compete with these long-standing ...
institutions, it will be very good.”.[60]

Current BRICS summit attendees

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Dilma Rousseff, President

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Narendra Modi, Prime Minister

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Jacob Zuma, President

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See also
 Index of Brazil-related articles
 List of business region acronyms
 List of BRICS leaders
 List of potential superpowers
 MINT, a group of middle powers of Mexico, Indonesia, Nigeria and Turkey
 Shanghai Cooperation Organization
 Emerging and growth-leading economies
 G4 nations
 G8+5
 Group of Two
 Group of 77
 IBSA Dialogue Forum, a tripartite grouping of India, Brazil and South Africa
 Next Eleven
 Economic Cooperation Organization

References

1.

·"IMF Outlook for BRICS Apr 2015".

http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2015/01/weodata/index.aspx. IMF. Retrieved July
6, 2015.External link in |work= (help)

··"Country Comparison: Area". The World Factbook. CIA. Retrieved 13 February 2015.

··"2015 Revision of World Population Prospects". United Nations Department of Economic

and Social Affairs.

··"New era as South Africa joins BRICS". SouthAfrica.info. 11 April 2011. Retrieved 2
December 2012.
··China, Brazil, India and Russia are all deemed to be growth-leading countries by the
BBVA: "BBVA EAGLEs Annual Report (PPT)". BBVA Research. 2012. Retrieved 16 April
2012.

··"World Economic Outlook". IMF. April 2013. Retrieved 17 April 2013.

··"Amid BRICS' rise and 'Arab Spring', a new global order forms". Christian Science
Monitor. 18 October 2011. Retrieved 20 October 2011.

··"Brics a force for world peace, says China". Business Day. 8 August 2012. Retrieved 9
November 2013.

··"Brics summit exposes the high wall between India and China". Asia Times. 2 April 2012.
Retrieved 10 July 2013.

··"BRICS – India is the biggest loser". USINPAC. 18 April 2013. Retrieved 17 June 2013.

··"The Sino-Brazilian Principles in a Latin American and BRICS Context: The Case for
Comparative Public Budgeting Legal Research". Wisconsin International Law Journal. 13
May 2015. Retrieved 6 June 2015.

··Jim O' Neill (2001). "Building Better Global Economic BRICs". Goldman Sachs.
Retrieved 13 February 2015.

··http://brics6.itamaraty.gov.br/about-brics/information-about-brics

··"Cooperation within BRIC". Kremlin.ru. Retrieved 16 June 2009. Archived 19 June 2009.

··"First summit for emerging giants". BBC News. 16 June 2009. Archived from the original
on 18 June 2009. Retrieved 16 June 2009.

··Bryanski, Gleb (26 June 2009). "BRIC demands more clout, steers clear of dollar talk".
Reuters. Archived from the original on 19 June 2006. Retrieved 16 June 2009.

··"BRIC wants more influence". Euronews. Archived from the original on 21 June 2009.
Retrieved 16 June 2009.

··Zhou, Wanfeng (June 16, 2009). "Dollar slides after Russia comments, BRIC summit".
Reuters. Retrieved July 6, 2014.

··Graceffo, Antonio (21 January 2011). "BRIC Becomes BRICS: Changes on the
Geopolitical Chessboard". Foreign Policy Journal. Retrieved 14 April 2011.

··Blanchard, Ben and Zhou Xin (14 April 2011). "UPDATE 1-BRICS discussed global
monetary reform, not yuan". Reuters Africa. Retrieved 26 April 2013.
··"South Africa joins BRIC as full member". Xinhua. 24 December 2010. Retrieved 14 April
2011.

··"BRICS countries need to further enhance coordination: Manmohan Singh". Times Of

India. 12 April 2011. Retrieved 14 April 2011.

··"BRICS should coordinate in key areas of development: PM". Indian Express. 10 April
2011. Retrieved 14 April 2011.

··BRICS Forum website. Retrieved 29 November 2012.

··"Russia says BRICS eye joint anti-crisis fund". Reuters. 21 June 2012. Retrieved 5
December 2012.

··"Brics eye infrastructure funding through new development bank". The Guardian. 28
March 2013. Retrieved 29 March 2013.

··"India sees BRICS development bank agreed by 2014 summit". Reuters. 19 April 2013.
Retrieved 10 July 2013.

··http://in.reuters.com/article/2013/10/11/g20-brics-fund-idINL6N0I13N720131011

··http://in.reuters.com/article/2013/10/10/us-brazil-economy-mantega-idINBRE9990WR2
0131010

··rbth.com: "BRICS countries to set up their own IMF" 14 Apr 2014

··"Chairperson's Statement on the BRICS Foreign Ministers Meeting held on 24 March

2014 in The Hague, Netherlands" 24 Mar 2014

··"BRICS at Hague slam attempts to isolate Putin" 24 Mar 2014

··voiceofrussia.com: "BRICS morphing into anti-dollar alliance" 3 Jul 2014

··yahoo.com: "Brazil, Russia discuss creation of BRICS bank" 14 Jul 2014

··"BRICS to launch bank, tighten Latin America ties". Yahoo.com. 11 July 2014. Retrieved
13 February 2015.

··"BRICS establish $100bn bank and currency reserves to cut out Western dominance".
RT.com. 15 July 2014

··"India cuts exposure to US government securities at $77.5 billion in October."The Times

of India. 21 December 2014. Retrieved 21 December 2014. Alternative link: of interest&
utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst
··Simon Kennedy (March 18, 2015). "Fragile Five currencies may soon be three".

··https://www.rt.com/business/319433-brics-it-ministers-meeting/

··"Brics Cable Unveiled for Direct and Cohesive Communcations Services between Brazil,
Russia, India, China and South Africa". Bloomberg News. 2012-04-16.

··Rolland, Nadège (2015-04-02). "A Fiber-Optic Silk Road". The Diplomat.

··"BRICS countries are building a "new Internet" hidden from NSA". Sputnik News.
2013-10-28.

··"Africa: Reporter's Notebook – All Systems Go for Brics Summit in SA". AllAfrica.com. 10
October 2012. Retrieved 26 April 2013.

··"A Cúpula de Durban e o futuro dos BRICS". Post-Western World. 4 July 2013. Retrieved
7 November 2013.

··"Los líderes del BRICS, Unasur, Cuba, México y Costa Rica se citan en Brasilia".
LaVanguardia.com. LaVanguardia. Retrieved 15 July 2014.

··"BRICS summit: PM Modi to leave for Brazil tomorrow, will seek reforms". Hindustan
Times. Retrieved 12 July 2014.

··"Ufa to host SCO and BRICS summits in 2015". UfaCity.info. Retrieved 7 November
2013.

··"Gross domestic product". IMF World Economic Outlook. October 2015. Retrieved 14
October 2015.

··"The World Factbook".

··"The World Factbook".

··"Syria Seeks to Join Shanghai Group, BRICS – Minister". RIA Novosti. 27 April 2013.
Retrieved 7 November 2013.

··"India quiere a Argentina en los BRICS, el club de los emergentes". Clarin. 3 May 2014.
Retrieved 12 May 2014.

··"Russia invites Greece to join BRICS". IBtimes.

··"EurActiv Sections".

··"Broken BRICs: Why the Rest Stopped Rising". Foreign Affairs. November–December
2012. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
··"China Loses Control of Its Frankenstein Economy". Bloomberg. 24 June 2013.
Retrieved 25 June 2013.

··"Brazil Stocks In Bear Market As Economy Struggles". Investors.com. 26 June 2013.

Retrieved 29 June 2013.

··"Emerging economies: The Great Deceleration". The Economist. 27 July 2013. Retrieved
27 July 2013.

··"BRICS Leaders Fail to Create Rival to World Bank". New York Times. 29 March 2012.
Retrieved 18 June 2013.

1. ·"World Bank & IMF ‘corroded’ – Jim Rogers to RT". Retrieved 11 September 2015.

Further reading
 Carmody, Pádraig (2013) The Rise of BRICS in Africa: The Geopolitics of
South-South Relations. Zed Books ISBN 9781780326047.
 Chun, Kwang (2013) The BRICs Superpower Challenge: Foreign and Security
Policy Analysis. Ashgate Pub Co. ISBN 9781409468691.

External links
 The official Webpage of BRICS - in 2015 hosted by Russia
 BRICS Information Sharing and Exchanging Platform,Fudan University
 The Sino-Brazilian Principles in a Latin American and BRICS Context: The Case
for Comparative Public Budgeting Legal ResearchWisconsin International Law
Journal, 13 May 2015
 Centre for Rising Powers,University of Cambridge
 The BRICS Post – News website with a focus on the BRICS.
 BRICS Information Centre. University of Toronto. Retrieved 29 June 2013.
 What the BRICS are Building. The Harvard Crimson. 1 September 2014. Retrieved
3 September 2014.
 "BRIC(S) nations have become growth markets for the world economy and are no
longer emerging markets". China Daily. 13 April 2011. Retrieved 17 June 2013.
 "BRICS flame continues to shine". Indrus.in. 29 February 2012. Retrieved 17 June
2013.
 "Goldman's O'Neill: Time to move beyond BRICs". MarketWatch.com. 21
November 2011. Retrieved 17 June 2013.
  "United States should learn from emerging powers such as India and Brazil in the
economic arena". Reuters. 14 October 2011. Retrieved 17 June 2013.
 "BRICS – Multi-format Cooperation". Russian Business Council for Cooperation
with India. 2011. Retrieved 17 June 2013.
 James D. Sidaway (2012) 'Geographies of Development: New Maps, New
Visions?', The Professional Geographer, 64:1, 49-62.. Retrieved 8 August 2013.
 "The World Factbook". Cia.gov. Retrieved 15 July 2014.
 "BRICS Law Journal"

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