TYPES OF ERROR

According to Corder (1973) and Brown error fall into four main categories
1. Omission (Penghilangan)
Omission errors are characterized by the absence of items that must appear in well-
formed utterance. In prononunciation consonant cluster often create problems for
foreign learners. But it is usualy occurs in morphology. It can be
Singular morpheme (-s)
The plural marker (-s)
The past tense inflection (-ed)
Yaitu berupa kesalahan-kesalahan yang bersifat “penghilangan” dimana Pembelajar tidak
menerapkan tata bahasa secara lengkap, yang umumnya berupa penghilangan unsur bahasa
tertentu.
Contoh Jack is best student in his class. >> Jack is the best student in his class.

2. Addition (Penambahan)
Addition errors are the opposite of omission errors. They are characterized by the
presence of an item, which must not be present in a well-formed utterance.
penambahan ini adalah kebalikan dari penghilangan, yaitu kesalahan penambahan ini ditandai
oleh hadirnya suatu butir atau unsur yang seharusnya tidak muncul dalam ucapan yang baik
dan benar.
1) Double Marking
• The teacher did not arrived on time. Kata did sudah mewakili bentuk past tense pada
kalimat tsb jadi tidak perlu penambahan ed pada kata arrived.
2) Regularization
• mans : men ( plural from man ) kesalahan bentuk jamak dan tunggal
• buyed : bought ( past tense from buy )
3) Simple Addition
Kesalahan lain dengan menambahkan hal yg sederhana seperti to be dan preposition
atau mungkin bentuk lain.
• I am is a student
• You can to swim in the swimming pool anytime.

3. Misformation/Selection (Salah formasi)

These errors are the result of the lack of English vocabulary, and the wrong use of the
meanings provided by the dictionary.
ditandai oleh pemakaian bentuk morfem
atau struktur yang salah. Kalau dalam kesalahan penghilangan, unsure itu tidak ada
atau tidak tersedia
sama sekali, maka dalam kesalahan formasi ini sang pelajar menyediakan serta
memberikan sesuatu,
walaupun hal itu tidak benar sama sekali.

1) Regularization Errors
the verb run does not become runned, but ran
the noun sheep is also sheep in plural, not sheeps.
2) Archi-forms
that tables, these book, those table
It should be : that table, these books, those tables
 3) Alternating Form
I see her yesterday
It should be : I saw her yesterday

4. Misordering (salah susunan)

Misordering errors are characterized by the incorrect placement of a morpheme of
group of morphemes in an utterance.
EXAMPLE
“I live in country beautiful of south america"
The correct syntactical order was "… in the beautiful country of South
America".
Do you know who is she? >> Do you know who she is?
What you are thinking about? >> What are you thinking about?
(misodering) ditandai oleh penempatan yang tidak benar bagi suatu morfem atau
kelompok morfem dalam suatu ucapan atau ujaran.
Another Error

Error may be classified according to misinterpret a written message or consider the the
message incomprehensible within the textual context of error.They are Global and Local
Error.
Based on misused, omitted and misspelled forms and structure of standard English (Lexicon,
syntax, and morphology) it can conclude that :
1. Global Error
affect overall sentence organization (for example, wrong word order)
Lexical : cattled / sheep
Syntax : I am interesting in / I am interested in
Morphology : I am lack of ... / I lack of ...
2. Local Error
affect single elements in a sentence (for example, errors in the use of inflections or
grammatical functors
Lexical : turned off the door/ Close the door
Syntax : He look at me/ He looks at me
Morphology : They enjoyed highly her cooking... / They highly enjoyed her cooking

Point of View Appropriateness

1. Referential errors : to refer something/someone (merujuk pada sesuatu yang kurang
tepat)
A priest (Imam/pendeta/kiyai) = MINISTER (false)
2. Register errors (menggunakan daftar kata yang salah)
Boat or ship ?
3. Social errors : Wrong choice of terms in connection with social relation (penggunaan
yang salah dalam komunikasi sosial)
Hello, old man!( we say Hello, sir than old man)
4. Textual errors : wrong structure used (Penggunaan struktur yang salah)
Who is he talking to?
Rudi is. (We must say Rudi, without is)
Another Type of Error
1. Over – Generalization
Mengurangi struktur bahsa sehingga hasilnya menyimpang atau keliru dari kaedah yg
seharusnya.
2. Ignorance of rules restrictions
Hasil dari penerapan aturan yang tidak sesuai
Caused by wrong analogy and interference (Salah membandingkan atau
mencampurkan)
3. Incomplete application of rules
Kesalahan struktur karena belum menguasai aturan sepenuhnya.
Usually in answering question by using a same form of the question
(buku hal 33)
4. False Concept hypothesized
May be caused by wrong comprehension of distinctions. Sometimes caused by poor
teaching. (Salah pengertian dalam membedakan. Terkadang disebabkan oleh
pengajaran yang kurang baik)