Chapter 1
2. (a) 13 cm (d) 24 kg
Formative Practice 1.1
1. Growth of a baby, the occurrence of day
and night
2. (a) observation, experiments
(b) biology
3. Biology- Botanist, Chemistry-
Pharmacist, Physics- Astronaut
Formative Practice 1.2
1. (a) (b) (b) 4.56 mm
(c) (d) Activity 1.9
2. (a) (i) Poisonous / toxic
(ii) Irritant
(iii) Flammable
(iv) Explosive
(v) Corrosive
(b) Mercury and chlorine
3. Inform his teacher. If possible, turn off
the electrical supply. With the teacher’s
help, use a suitable fire extinguisher to
extinguish the fire. If he is not sure, he
should leave the laboratory immediately.
Activity 1.5
1. (a) Metre
(b) Kilogram
(c) Kelvin
Formative Practice 1.3
1. Length – metre, m; Mass – kilogram, kg;
Time – second, s; Temperature – kelvin,
K; Electric current – ampere, A
(b) 0.018 kg (e) 6 mA
(c) 4000000 μm
Activity 1.8
1. Micrometre screw gauge
2. Electronic balance
Formative Practice 1.4
1. (a) 6.28 mm
2. 24 cm2
3. Value shows the mass of Chong
The length measured by a ruler is more
precise compared to the length measured by
a pencil.
Activity 1.10
1. Density increases when the mass
increases.
2. Cork → Wood → Iron → Copper
3. The operational definition of density
is referring to the condition shown by
objects which float or sink in water.
Formative Practice 1.5
1. A = 2 g cm–3, B = 2 g cm–3, C = 2 g cm–3
2. Liquid R, the most dense liquid will sink
to the bottom
Formative Practice 1.6
1. Inference is the reason or cause for the
observation of a phenomenon.
2. Manipulated variable = surface area of
the container
Constant variable = the initial volume
of water in the container, surrounding
temperature and period of the
experiment
Answers 1
 Responding variable = The quantity of
water after 30 minutes
Formative Practice 1.7
1. Be honest and precise in recording and
approving data and have a positive
attitude
2. Be responsible towards health, safety
and the environment
Summative Practice 1
1. Corrosive material
2. V → R → P → T → Q → W → U → S
3. 0.1 kg
4. (a) Lever balance
(b) Vernier calipers
5. (i) Alcohol is easily flammable.
(ii) Using the water bath method to heat
alcohol.
(iii) Use eye protection when mixing or
heating alcohol.
(iv) Do not point the test tube towards
yourself or others.
(v) Do not taste or smell the alcohol.
(vi) Keep away flammable alcohol from
any fire source.
6. 34 squares × 1 cm2 = 34 cm2
Area of both wings = 34 cm2
7. Increasing the surface area, increases
the rate of evaporation.
8. Micrometer screw gauge, Q because
Q can obtain the reading closest to the
actual reading.
9. (i) Inform the teacher
(ii) If Aisyah’s body is exposed to any
chemical substance, it has to be
rinsed or washed using a lot of
water.
(iii) If an explosive substance produces
a small fire, use a suitable fire
extinguisher to extinguish the fire. If
she is not sure, she should leave the
laboratory immediately.
(iv) Give Aisyah emergency treatment /
first aid or ask her teacher to bring
her to the hospital.
2 Answers
10. The clothes hung outside dry faster than
the clothes hung inside the house.
Next Challenge
11. Hypothesis – If plants are watered every
day, the plants can grow healthier.
(i) List down the manipulated variable
(quantity of water), constant variable
(sunlight and carbon dioxide) and
responding variable (plant’s height).
(ii) Put the plants outside to get the
same amount of sunlight and carbon
dioxide.
(iii) Collect the data on plant’s height
and number of days it is watered.
(iv) Draw graph on the height of plant –
number of days
(v) Make conclusion based on plotted
graph and prove that the hypothesis
is correct.
12. Using density principle to arrange the
drink with different layers of liquids that
have different densities.
Chapter 2
Formative Practice 2.1
1. (a) platelets, blood circulatory
(b) Lungs, kidneys and skin
2. Palisade cell - Absorbs sunlight for
photosynthesis
Epidermis cell - Reduces water loss
Root hair cell - Absorbs water from soil
Guard cell - Controls the opening
and closing of stoma
3. Cell wall
Formative Practice 2.2
1. Photosynthesis. To produce glucose and
oxygen.
2. glucose, cell respiration
Summative Practice 2
1. P = cytoplasm, Q = nucleus,
R = mitochondria
2. Kidney, lung
 3. (a) ovum (b) red blood cell
(c) nerve cell
4. Plant cells have cell wall, chloroplast,
vacuole and fixed shape.
5. Skin is an organ because it is composed
of a combination of epithelium tissue,
connective tissue, blood tissue and
nerve tissue. These tissues work
together to perform specific functions.
6. Humans cannot perform certain
functions if they lose one of the organs.
For example, kidney failure would
cause failure in the excretory process.
Without the excretory process, blood will
be poisonous and it will damage other
organs. This could lead to fatality if the
poison cannot be eliminated through a
dialysis machine.
7. Blood circulatory system. This system
functions to transport oxygen to cells
and carbon dioxide from cells to lungs.
This system also functions to transport
nutrients, hormones and to fight
diseases.
8. When the cow eats grass, chemical
energy stored in the form of starch inside
the grass through the photosynthesis
process will be used as energy supply.
Carbon dioxide gas produced during
cell respiration of the cow will be reused
by the grass during photosynthesis to
produce starch. The cow’s faeces will be
the fertiliser for the grass. When the cow
eats grass, the energy will be returned to
the cow.
9. This organism has both animal and plant
cell’s characteristics. Just like a plant
cell, this organism contains chlorophyll to
carry out photosynthesis. And just like an
animal cell, this organism has flagellum
or tail to move.
10. Q. Q is a muscle cell that can contract
and expand.
Next Challenge
11. Keetha is right. This is because there are
unicellular and multicellular organisms
around us. Unicellular organisms are
organisms that consist of one cell while
multicellular organisms are organisms
that consist of more than one cell.
Examples of unicellular organisms are
Amoeba and yeast while examples of
multicellular organisms are Hydra and
human. Although unicellular organisms
consist of only one cell, the organisms
can undergo all living processes like
growth and reproduction.
Chapter 3
Formative Practice 3.1
1. Homeostasis is the maintenance of the
internal environment in an organism.
2. Temperature regulation and water
regulation
Summative Practice 3
1. Through transpiration that helps plants to
absorb and transport water and minerals
from the soil to all parts of the plants to
replace water loss to the surroundings
from the leaves. Water lost to the
surroundings through evaporation is able
to help the plant cool itself down during
hot weather.
2. Blood vessels constrict to reduce heat
released to surroundings. Hair stands
erect to trap heat from being lost to the
surroundings. Less sweating to reduce
heat loss through evaporation. Skeletal
muscles contract and relax actively
causing our body to shiver and increase
the body temperature. At the same
time, certain hormones are secreted to
increase the body’s metabolism.
3. Blood vessels dilate to enable more
blood to flow near the surface of
the skin to release more heat to the
surroundings.
Answers 3
 4. Enables enzymes to function optimally at
37oC to regulate all chemical reactions in
living cells.
5. Our body will lose water when are
sweat. Therefore, we need to drink
water to replace the water lost through
evaporation during sweating.
6. After doing an active exercise, our body
temperature will increase. Blood vessels
dilate to enable more blood flow to the
skin to release heat. Thus, we blush. On
the other hand, our body temperature
decreases when we feel cold. Blood
vessels constrict to enable more blood
flow away from the skin to reduce heat
loss. Thus, our face will become pale.
7. (a) Quantity of sweat increases.
This happens to prevent blood
temperature from rising. Sweat
secreted by sweat glands can
absorb heat and it is released to
the surroundings when the sweat
evaporates. This evaporation causes
the body temperature to decrease
and return to normal range.
(b) Quantity of urine decreases. This
happens because more water is
being absorbed into the blood to
balance water loss during sweating.
The brain will stimulate the secretion
of a hormone so that the kidney will
reduce urine production.
(c) When the body temperature
increases, the quantity of sweat
also increases to reduce body
temperature through evaporation
while the quantity of urine decreases
due to sweating. Thus, the
quantity of urine produced by the
kidneys becomes less and more
concentrated.
8. (a) Quantity of food and drinks is the
constant variable that has to be the
same for all three days.
4 Answers
(b) Day two. Quantity of urine is the
least on day two. When doing
vigorous activities, the body
temperature will increase and water
from the body is lost in the form of
sweat. The brain will stimulate the
secretion of a hormone so that the
kidneys will produce less urine.
9. The air between each layer of clothes
traps more heat.
10. Problem Statement: Does stoma
regulate water content in plants?
Hypothesis: Plants regulate water
content through the stoma
Aim: To investigate the function of stoma
in regulating water content in plants
Variables:
Constant: Types of plants
Manipulated: Plant with the leaves
coated with vaseline and plant with
leaves not coated with vaseline.
Responding: Leaves wilted or not
Apparatus and materials: Two plants in
different pots and vaseline
Procedure:
1. Take two plants from two different
pots (from the same type). Label the
plants as A and B.
2. Rub the leaves of plant A with
vaseline.
With Without
vaseline vaseline
A B
3. Leave both plants under the sunlight
for two days.
4. Record the observation after two
days.
Data tabulation:
Plant Wilted or not
A
B
Next Challenge: a swelling. Then, it develops and
11. The statement is true. As an excretory breaks off as a new individual.
organ, skin excretes sweat. Meanwhile, (c) Spore formation is a process of
as a protective organ, skin protects the producing spores in the sporangium.
heart, kidneys and other organs inside After the sporangium splits, the tiny
the body. As a temperature regulating and light spores get scattered by
organ, the skin has hairs, blood vessels the wind. When they land in a moist
and sweat glands that are involved in place, they grow into new plants.
temperature regulation. (d) Vegetative reproduction is a method
12. Problem statement: Does urine of producing new plants from a
production increase when we drink more vegetative part of a plant except the
water? flower.
Hypothesis: Urine production is higher (e) Regeneration occurs from the ability
when we drink more water compared to of the fragments of some organisms
when we drink less water. to grow and develop into completely
Aim: To investigate the production of new individuals.
urine when we drink more water and less
water. Formative Practice 4.1
1.
Variables: Sexual Asexual
Constant: surrounding temperature, Reproduction Reproduction
student • Involves • Does not involve
Manipulated: Different quantity of water reproductive reproductive
in a day cells cells
Responding: Quantity of urine produced • Occurs in • Occurs in simple
Materials and apparatus: Water, humans, organisms
measuring cylinder animals (high (Amoeba,
Procedure: level) and Paramecium,
1. Give a student different quantities of flowering plants Hydra) and
water in a day. plants (onion,
2. Collect and record the quantity of ginger, potato)
urine produced. Involves two Involves one
Data tabulation: parents parent
Quantity of Quantity of
2. (a) Onion; bulb
water (ml) urine (ml)
(b) Yam; stem
1500
(c) Ginger; stem
2500 (d) Lallang; stem
3500 (e) Potato; stem
(f) Bryophyllum; leaf
Chapter 4 3. Reproduction is important to ensure the
Activity 4.1
survival of species
4. (a) Binary fission is the division of one
parent cell to two daughter cells. Activity 4.4
(b) Budding is a process of bud 2. No. Normally, a girl starts experiencing
formation on the body of an menstruation around 10 to 12 years old.
organism. The bud starts off as

Answers 5
 3. Advise the teenager to take care of
his/ her personal hygiene and diet by
practising a balanced diet and drinking
enough water.
Formative Practice 4.2
1. To produce offsprings.
2. Function of urethra: to discharge sperms
(and urine) from the body
Penis: Transfers sperms into the vagina
during copulation
Scrotum: Holds and protects the testes
3. Function of Fallopian tube: The place
where fertilisation between a sperm and
an ovum occurs
Function of vagina: Receives sperms
and it is the birth channel through which
a baby is born
Function of uterus: Place where the
embryo develops and grows
4. The early stage in which the reproductive
system becomes mature and produces
reproductive cells.
5. Body odour happens due to hormonal
changes during puberty.
6. No, because she cannot produce ovum.
Formative Practice 4.3
1. (i) Menstruation phase (Day 1 – 5)
The uterine lining breaks down
as menstruation begins and is
discharged together with blood,
unfertilised ovum and mucus.
(ii) Repair phase (Day 6 – 11)
Uterine lining starts to rebuild and
thicken. Blood vessels in uterine
lining are formed and ready to
receive the implantation of fertilised
ovum.
(iii) Fertile phase (Day 12 – 17)
An ovum is released from the ovary
on the 14th day of the menstrual
cycle (ovulation). The uterine lining
continues to thicken. Fertilisation is
likely to occur if sperms are present.
6 Answers
(iv) Premenstrual phase (Day 18 – 28)
The uterine lining continues to
thicken and becomes richly supplied
with blood vessels. Implantation of
an embryo is ready if fertilisation
occurs. The menstrual cycle will
repeat if fertilisation does not occur.
2. A woman begins to get menstruation
between 10-12 years old, for 5-17 days.
3. Ovulation is the process of a matured
ovum being released from the ovary and
it occurs in the ovary.
4. False. Menstruating women can do their
daily activities as usual.
Formative Practice 4.4
1. No
2. After fertilisation, zygote divides itself
into a ball of cells called embryo. The
embryo that is implanted on the uterine
lining continues to develop into a foetus
and eventually becomes a baby.
3. Zygote ➝ Embryo ➝ Foetus ➝ Baby
4. Function of amnion: A sac-like
membrane which contains fluid
Function of placenta: Place where
exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide,
supply of nutrients and removal of waste
materials through the mother’s blood and
the foetus occur.
Function of umbilical cord: Tube which
connects the foetus to the placenta
Formative Practice 4.5
1. A pregnant woman needs more nutrients
because the baby inside her uterus
needs nutrients to grow healthily.
2. Baby absorbs calcium from the mother
for the growth of its own teeth and
bones.
3. (a) Breast milk has complete nutrients
for the development of the baby
compared to formula milk.
(b) Breast milk is easier to digest
compared to formula milk.
 (c) Breast milk gives a stronger 3. Those papaya trees only have male
immunity compared to formula milk. flowers. These flowers cannot be
(d) Breast milk does not contain fertilised, thus there will be no papaya
chemical substances compared to fruits.
formula milk. 4. (a) Function of stigma: receives pollen
grains (male gametes)
Formative Practice 4.6 (b) Function of style: connects stigma to
1. Factors of male sterility: ovary
(i) Low quality of sperm (c) Function of anther: produces male
(ii) Low sperm count gametes.
(iii) Testes cannot produce sperm 5.
(iv) Impotent Wind Insects
Factors of female sterility: • Light pollen • Sticky pollen
(i) Ovaries cannot produce ovum grains grains
(ii) Blockage in the Fallopian tubes • White and dull • Bright coloured
(iii) Abnormal uterus • Number of • Number of
(iv) Tumour in the uterus pollen grains is pollen grains is
2. (a) Hormone injection and surgery high low
(b) Treatment using IVF method
3. (a) Vasectomy: sperm ducts are cut and Summative Practice 4
the two ends are then tied to prevent 1. (a) Amniotic fluid
the sperms from being transported (b) Acts as a cushion to absorb
to the urethra. concussion and prevents the foetus
(b) Ligation: both Fallopian tubes are from injuries
cut and the two ends are then tied to (c) Placenta. The foetus obtains food
prevent the ovum from meeting the and oxygen from the placenta
sperms. through the umbilical cord.
4. Test tube baby is a baby that is formed (d) When the foetus is completely
using the IVF method. The sperm and formed, its body will rotate until the
ovum are fertilised in a glass dish. Then, head is engaged to the cervix. The
the fertilised embryo is put inside the cervix expands to enable the baby’s
uterus to develop. head to go through the vagina.
5. Frequent health screening can detect the The uterine muscle wall contracts
early symptoms of chronic diseases and strongly, bursts the amnion and
reduce the risk of health problems which amniotic fluid is released. Strong
require high-cost treatments. contractions of the uterus will push
the baby out.
6. Abortion should not be the method to
prevent birth because each living being 2. (a) (i) Day 1-5
has the right to live even in the womb. (ii) Day 14
(b) Yes, because the fertile phase is on
Formative Practice 4.7 day 12 to day 16.
1. Attracts insects for pollination. 3. (a) Contraceptive pills
2. Sepal: usually green in colour and Contraceptive pills prevent ovulation.
protects flower during the bud stage
Implant
Petal: usually colourful to attract insects
Implant secretes hormone and
and animals.
Answers 7
 prevents the ovary from producing
ovum.
Condom
Condom is worn over the penis
before copulation to prevent the
sperms from reaching the vagina
during ejaculation.
Intrauterine Contraceptive Device
(IUCD)
A contraceptive device is put inside
the uterus to prevent implantation.
(b) Suggested Answer:
Agree. Selling condoms openly will
encourage out of wedlock sexual
relationship. The condoms should
be sold under regulation and should
not be displayed at open shelves
or at counters. Age restriction for
individuals to buy condom has to be
fixed to those who have reached 20
years old and for married couples
only.
4. (a)
The percentage of abnormal sperms
35
30
25
20
15
10
5 one of them is sterile.
0 Dose of nicotine
None Low High
(b) Age and species of the rat
(c) The percentage of abnormal sperm
production is highest in the group
of rats with the highest dose of
nicotine.
(d) As control.
(e) Effects of nicotine to the baby:
• Nicotine will enter the foetus’
blood and cause disruption in the
foetus growth.
8 Answers
• Baby is born with low mass and is
smaller compared to other babies.
Best solution for a mother who is
addicted to nicotine:
• Make non-smoking friends and
keep away from smokers.
• Get support from friends or family
members to quit smoking.
• Drink more water and juice.
(Any other answers are accepted)
5. (a) (i) Pistil
(ii) Stamen
(b) (i) The petals are large, have
attractive colours and smell
nice.
(ii) When an insect lands on a
flower to suck nectar, the pollen
grains will stick to its furry feet
and body. The pollen grains are
then transferred to the stigma
of the same flower or different
flower for pollination.
Next Challenge
6. False. Men can also experience sterility
such as the inability of the testis to
produce sperms or produces low quality
sperms. Besides that, if the man has
health problems such as diabetes, it can
cause the couple to be unable to bear an
offspring.
7. (a) Probably both of them are sterile or
(b) • undergo hormone treatment
to help the husband or wife to
produce healthy gametes
• undergo surgery to solve the
blockage of Fallopian tube on
sperm duct problems.
• use in vitro fertilisation (IVF) which
takes out the ovum from the ovary
to be fertilised in a glass dish and
the embryo formed is then put
inside the uterus; the couple has a
higher chance of pregnancy.
Chapter 5 Experiment 5.1
Activity 5.1 1. The rate of diffusion is faster in liquids
A 1. Living things: Bean sprouts. Non-living than in solids.
things: Soil and water
2. Soil, water and bean sprouts are matter Activity 5.6
because they have mass and occupy A 1. The temperature of water is constant
space.
because the heat is used to overcome
3. Book pencil, car, computer and glass
the force of attraction between the
(Any other answers are accepted)
B 1. Yes, the balloon expands because air water particles.
occupies space. 2. Temperature
2. The wooden rod becomes imbalanced
because air escaped from the balloon 100
that was pricked with a pin and caused
the balloon to become lighter. This
proves that air has mass. Time
3. Cellophane tape is stuck on the balloon B (I) 1. No
to prevent the balloon from bursting (II) 1. No
when it is pricked with a pin. This is to
(III) 1. No
ensure fair comparison between the
mass of both balloons.
Formative Practice 5.2
Formative Practice 5.1 1. (a) (i) Bubble: Gas
1. Matter: Book, pencil, pen, glass (ii) Water: Liquid
and beaker (Any other answers are (iii) Water weed: Solid
accepted). (iv) Aquarium: Solid
2. Has mass and occupies space (v) Fish: Solid
3. Yes, because all living things have mass (b) Solid: book, glass, cloth
and occupy space. Liquid: oil, petrol, milk
4. Air occupies space Gas: air, carbon dioxide and oxygen
5. (Any answers are accepted).
Physical Chemical
Properties Properties (c)
• Depend on the • Depend on the State of
Arrangement Movement
type of material reaction that matter
it is made of occurs upon the Solid Close and Vibrate and
substances packed rotate at its
position
Activity 5.4 Liquid Close but Move freely,
1. The colour intensity of copper(II) not in orderly glide and collide
sulphate decreases as the number of manner with each other
water molecules increases. Gas Far apart Move randomly,
2. Matter consists of small and discrete from each freely and
particles. other collide with each
other very fast
Activity 5.5
1. Watch, table, fan, bowl and ladle (any 2. Food smell spreads through diffusion of
other answers are accepted). the smell particles into the air particles.

Answers 9
 3. Particles in matter always move and
collide with one another.
4. Temperature does not change because
heat is used to overcome the force of
attraction between the particles and
thus, no change in temperature.
5. Air loses heat faster than water. Thus, air
on the water surface and water on the
surface will release heat. This will cause
the water on the surface to freeze faster
and act as a heat insulator. The frozen
surface of water will prevent the water at
the bottom from losing heat. Thus, not all
the water in the lake or river will freeze.
Summative Practice 5
1. (a) Coffee: liquid
Stones: solid
Air in the balloon: gas
(b) Coffee and stones
(c) The particles in the stones only
vibrate and rotate at its position
while air particles move randomly
and collide with one another with
high kinetic energy.
2. (a) P: Only rotates and vibrates in its
position because the empty
space between the marbles are
very small.
Q: Moves, slides and collides with
one another as it has more
empty spaces compared to P.
R: Moves randomly, collides with
one another at a high speed as
there is a lot of empty space
between the marbles.
(b) (i) Gas is compressed at a very
high pressure. Its volume
becomes smaller and the
arrangement of particles
becomes closer, thus, the state
of matter changes from gas to
liquid.
(ii) When the pressure inside
the barrel is reduced when
10 Answers
gas exits the barrel, the
volume becomes higher and
the arrangement of particles
becomes far apart from one
another. Thus, the state of
matter changes back from liquid
to gas.
3. (a) (i) Gas
(ii) Solid
(iii) Liquid
(b) The liquid soap will change into gas.
The strong wind from the blowing
will produce pressure and cause
the liquid particles to move far apart
from each other. Finally, the liquid
soap will change to gas.
4. (a) The air particles are compressed
closer to each other.
(b) Tan’s action is correct as it can
cause the tyre to expand during hot
weather and explode.
(c) The air inside the tyre contracts
when it is cold because heat is
released and this will cause the
particles of the gas to move closer to
one another and flatten the tyre.
Next Challenge
5. Salt and tea leaves should be put into
water. Salt will dissolve in water, while
the tea leaves will float on the water
surface. To separate salt and tea leaves,
filter the mixture. The tea leaves will be
left on the filter paper and can be left
to dry. Salt water as the filtrate can be,
evaporated to obtain salt crystals.
6. (a) (i) Pour the seawater into the
container.
(ii) Put the glass at the centre of
the container.
(iii) Close the container with the
plastic wrap.
(iv) Put the stone at the centre of
the plastic wrap.
(v) Leave the container under the
sun.
 (vi)
After an hour, small and clear 5. Elements are arranged according to their
droplets will be produced on the proton number.
plastic wrap and drop into the 6.
Metal Non-metal
glass.
Magnesium Carbon
Aluminium Iodine
Copper Chlorine
Gold Neon
Stone Iron Argon
Water Plastic
wrap
Mercury –
droplets
Container Glass
7. Look at the physical properties of
Seawater element X (appearance, ductility,
malleability, electrical and heat
(b) Taste the liquid formed. If it is conductivity and also melting point of the
tasteless, the liquid is pure and element)
drinkable.
Activity 6.4
Chapter 6
1. Sand – solid, water – liquid
Experiment 6.2
2. Yes
1. The surface of copper rod is shiny while
the surface of carbon rod is not shiny. 3. Residue – sand, filtrate – water
2. Copper wire can be bent without
Activity 6.5
breaking.
1. 78°C
3. Iron piece is malleable.
2. To prevent the solution in the flask from
4. Iron rod and carbon rod can conduct jumping.
electricity.
5. Iron rod can conduct heat. Activity 6.6
6. Tin powder has a higher melting point. 1. Iron powder
2. Metal
Formative Practice 6.1
1. Proton, electron and neutron Activity 6.7
2. The number of electrons in an atom is 1. Silt
equal to the number of protons. Thus, an 2. Yes
atom is neutral.
3. An element is made of only one type of Activity 6.8
atom while a compound consists of two 1. Oil because oil is less dense than water
or more elements that are combined 2. Yes
chemically.
Formative Practice 6.2
4. An atom is the smallest particle of
1. A mixture is a substance that consists
an element while a molecule is a
of two or more elements or compounds
combination of two or more atoms.
combined physically.

Answers 11
 2. Summative Practice 6
Separation 1. (a) (a),(b), (e), (f), (g), (h), (m), (n), (p)
Type of mixture (b) (c), (i), (j), (o)
method
Paper clips and (c) (d), (k), (l)
Filtration 2. (a) P: metal
glass fragments
Water and R: non-metal
Distillation (b)
ethanol
Three types of Physical
P R
properties
water soluble Chromatography
ink Appearance Shiny Dull
Soil and water Using magnet Ductility Ductile Brittle

Oil and water Sedimentation Malleability Malleable Not malleable

Electrical Can Cannot conduct
Coffee powder
Floatation conductivity conduct electricity
and water electricity
3. No, because filtration can only be used Heat conductivity Can Cannot conduct
to separate solids from liquids. conduct heat
heat
Activity 6.11 Melting point High Low
1. Black
(c) Iron oxidises or reacts with oxygen
2. Iron + sulphur → iron sulphide
to form a layer of iron oxide on the
3. Iron sulphide
surface of the iron.
4. No
(d) Graphite is suitable to make pencil
Formative Practice 6.3 lead because graphite is black, soft
1. A compound is a substance consisting and easy to shape.
of two or more elements combined 3. (a) Filtration
chemically. (b) Step 3
2. Sugar, salt, water, marble, building 4. (a) A: Iron filings
blocks. B: Sawdust
3. Through electrolysis C: Sand
4. D: Salt
(b) B is less dense than C. B is less
Mixture Characteristics Compound
dense than water. It floats on
No Formation of Yes
the surface of water and can be
new substance
separated easily.
No Chemical bond Yes
(c) Yes
No heat Heat changes Yes (d) Kumutha can use the distillation
changes during formation
method. This method involves
Physical Separation Chemical boiling of salt and water. Water
method method method vapour formed condenses and
Same Properties Different forms a liquid. The liquid formed
compared to is collected in a beaker and salt
its original
crystals will be left in the flask.
properties

12 Answers
Next Challenge
5. No. It will cause the filter paper to tear
when it is wet.
6. Filtration method. First, dissolve the salt
and sand mixture in water. Then, filter
the solution using a filter paper. Insoluble
sand will be left on the filter paper while
the dissolved salt will go through the
filter paper. Lastly, let the salt solution
evaporate to produce salt crystals.
Chapter 7
Activity 7.1
1. The flame is extinguished because all of
the oxygen inside the jar has been used.
2. The water level increased because the
water replaced the oxygen used for
combustion.
3. 20%
Formative Practice 7.1
1. Nitrogen 78%, oxygen 21%, carbon
dioxide 0.03%, inert gases and others
0.97%
2. Glowing wooden splinter test for oxygen
Formative Practice 7.3
and lime water test for carbon dioxide.
3. Carbon dioxide is used by plants for
photosynthesis.
4. Greenhouse effect and global warming.
5. (a) Reforestation
(b) Avoid using excessive pesticides
(c) Reduce the use of air-conditioners
Activity 7.3
A 1. Fuel: wood and candle
Non-fuel: glass rod and stone
2. Wood and candle are fuel while glass
rod and stone are non-fuel
B 1. Candle Y because the candle obtains
more oxygen compared to Candle X.
2. Oxygen
3. Oxygen is needed for combustion
C 1. Match P does not ignite due to lack of
heat and match Q ignites because it
has heat.
2. Heat is needed for combustion.
Formative Practice 7.2
1. Combustion is the reaction when a
substance is heated with oxygen and
releases heat and light energy.
2. The presence of oxygen, heat and fuel
3. Fire blanket is a special blanket made of
fire-resistant substances. This blanket
covers the fire and prevents oxygen from
seeping below the blanket which will
eventually extinguish the fire.
4. (a) Always be aware of electrical
appliances used.
(b) Keep matches and lighters in a safe
place.
(c) Keep flammable substances away
from fire.
(d) Do not throw cigarette butts when
they are still burning.
(e) Do not plug in too many appliances
to a single electrical source.
(f) Install fire alarm at home.
5. Potassium and sodium metals are
flammable when exposed to air.
1. Smoke and dust.
2. (a) Organise awareness campaign on
air pollution.
(b) Encourage the habit of recycling
among citizens.
(c) Listen to talks on the danger of
air pollution (accept any suitable
answers)
3. (a) Humans can stay healthy.
(b) Reduce the cost of repairing
damaged buildings caused by acid
rain.
(c) Earth’s climate will be better.
4. Rubbish can cause the increase of
microorganisms in the air.
5. (i) Carbon dioxide – greenhouse effect
(ii) Nitrogen dioxide – acid rain
(iii) Chlorofluorocarbons – thinning of
the ozone layer
6. (a) ✓
(b) ✓
Answers 13
 (c) (d) (i) Install smoke detectors and fire
(d) ✓ alarm at home
(e) (ii) Do not plug in too many
appliances on a single electrical
Summative Practice 7
source
1. (a) P: Nitrogen
(iii) Always be aware of the
Q: Oxygen
electrical appliances used
R: Inert gases
5. (a) Haze
S: Carbon dioxide
(b) Causes breathing difficulties and
(b) (i) Needed to produce nitric acid
cough
and ammonia
(c) The visibility distance is limited/
(ii) Helps in animal and plant
shorter.
growth
6. (a) This is caused by natural processes
(c) The temperature increases as gas S
such as the decay of organisms
traps heat.
like dead bats in the cave and the
(d) (i) Air components can be
respiration of bats or other animals
separated physically.
inside the cave. This process
(ii) Each gas still shows its original
reduces the level of oxygen in the
properties when separated.
cave.
2. (a) Carbon dioxide
(b) The flame of the torch will extinguish
(b) Argon
when the oxygen level is too low.
(c) Atmosphere
Thus, the use of the torch can warn
(d) Oxygen
us not to continue the exploration
3. (a) Green plants are the only living
when we reach the area with low
things that can absorb and reduce
oxygen level.
carbon dioxide in the atmosphere
(c) No, because we do not know the
through photosynthesis. When a
exact amount of oxygen in the cave.
lot of trees are cut down, carbon
In addition, the torch will increase
dioxide which is released through
the level of carbon dioxide in the
respiration, combustion and
cave.
decomposition will increase the
(d) Use an oxygen sensor to know
percentage of carbon dioxide in the
atmosphere. the exact level of oxygen and take
precautions.
(b) Fossil fuel burning/ burning of forests
(c) Greenhouse effect and global
Next Challenge
warming 7. (a) The villagers are concerned about
4. (a) Combustion is the reaction where their health. The quarry project can
a substance reacts with oxygen cause air pollution.
chemically and produces heat and (b) Job opportunities
light energy. (c) Yes, the project can cause health
(b) Heat, oxygen and fuel. problems to the villagers.
(c) (i) Ensure electrical wirings 8. Green plants need light energy for
are according to the right photosynthesis. If light intensity is low,
specifications. the rate of photosynthesis will also
(ii) Use dry powder fire decrease. Thus, the plants need to
extinguisher. compete for sunlight. Plants that do not
14 Answers
 get enough sunlight, will eventually die. Normal line Reflected
The farmers should replace sunlight with Incident ray ray
light energy from lamps with suitable
light intensity. i r

Chapter 8
Activity 8.1 Plane mirror

1. Real image 2. Upright, same size with the object,

2. The image in Figure 8.1 is a real image
while the image in Figure 8.2 is a virtual
image.
Activity 8.2
1. Plane mirror: Image size is the same as
the object size
Concave mirror: Image size is bigger
than the object size
Convex mirror: Image size is smaller
than the object size
2. Distance of image formed in the plane
mirror is equal to the distance of object
from the plane mirror.
Formative Practice 8.1
1. Convex mirror, the man looks slim
2. To reflect light so that the image can be
formed in the eyes.
3. To make the small space look spacious
and comfortable. The mirrors are used
as security measures too as a person
could see all around him.
Formative Practice 8.2
1. afternoon, above
2.
Experiment 8.1
Angle of incidence, i, is equal to angle of
reflection, r.
Formative Practice 8.3
1. According to the law of reflection, angle
of incidence, i, is equal to angle of
reflection, r.
virtual, same, (also laterally inverted)
Experiment 8.2
1. Angle of incidence, i (°)
Angle of refraction, r (°)
2. The bigger the angle of incidence, i, the
bigger the angle of refraction, r.
Formative Practice 8.4
1. When light rays from the bottom of the
swimming pool leave the water, they
are refracted. This makes the image of
the bottom of the swimming pool to look
shallower compared to its real depth.
2. A: Less dense
B: More dense
C: More dense
D: Less dense
Formative Practice 8.5
1. Red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo,
violet
2. Red light is refracted the least because
it is the fastest. Meanwhile, violet light
is refracted the most because it is the
slowest.
Activity 8.8
1. Milk powder acts as particles that scatter
light to all directions.
2. The beam of light looks bluish white
from the sides and reddish yellow on the
screen.
Blue light scatters more than red light.

Answers 15
Formative Practice 8.6 Next Challenge
1. Scattering of light occurs because light 11. Refraction phenomenon. Khairul needs
rays are blocked and reflected to all to aim his spear at a deeper position
directions by the clouds or particles in than the image of the fish he sees. This
the air. is because when light rays from the
2. more, less fish leave the water, they are refracted.
This makes the image formed to appear
Formative Practice 8.7 nearer to the surface of water.
1. A = Magenta, B = Cyan, C = Yellow,
12. Sundial. Formation of shadow.
D = White
Wood
2. (a) red
Shadows
(b) green
(c) magenta
8:00 a.m. 6:00 p.m.
9:30 a.m.
Summative Practice 8 4:30 p.m.
11:00 a.m. 1:30 p.m.
1. A real image a can be formed on a
12:00 noon
screen while virtual image cannot be
formed on a screen.
2. B Chapter 9
Formative Practice 9.1
3. X and Z
1. hydrosphere, biosphere, geosphere, and
4. (a) Magenta, (b) Yellow, (c) Cyan,
atmosphere
(d) White
2. Dark zone. Here, fish has shimmering
5. Upright, virtual and same size as the
bodies or are able to glow in the dark.
object
6. Concave mirror, functions to see vehicles Formative Practice 9.2
at the back clearly. 1. Igneous rocks are formed when magma
7. from volcano eruptions cools when
Normal
it rises to the surface. Sedimentary
rocks are formed from various rock
fragmentation processes such as
weathering and erosion. It is then carried
by the river to the sea and deposited
there. Metamorphic rocks are the rocks
8. Dispersion of light formed when pressure and heat acts on
9. He should choose mirror R. Mirror R is a igneous and sedimentary rocks.
convex mirror that can make the viewing 2. Igneous rocks are formed from cooled
area wider. magma. Magma has a high temperature
10. A periscope. and no living things can live in it.
45°
Therefore, there are no fossils found in
Mirror
igneous rocks.
3. Metamorphic rocks are harder than
rocks because they are formed from high
pressure and temperature.
45°

Mirror

16 Answers
Formative Practice 9.3
1. Exogenic process – a process that
occurs on Earth’s surface
Endogenic process – a process that is
caused from within the Earth.
2. Water, wind and waves
3. Earth’s crust is divided into several
plates. These plates always move due
to collision and divergence that produce
various landforms and continental drifts.
4. Mantle convection process happens
when the high temperature inside
the mantle and Earth’s core produce
convection flow in the asthenosphere
that is able to move Earth’s crust.
Formative Practice 9.4
1. Landslide, tsunami, earthquake
2. Destruction of properties, loss of life,
diseases, famine.
3. Seismograph to detect earthquake, radar
to detect tsunami.
Formative Practice 9.5
1. 500 million years ago
2. Insects
3. 1000 million years ago
Formative Practice 9.6
1. Deforestation can cause lack of oxygen
production and carbon dioxide content
in the air to increase. This will cause
global warming as carbon dioxide is a
greenhouse gas that can trap the heat
from the Sun. Lack of oxygen content
will also reduce oxygen for respiration.
Deforestation can also cause soil
erosion.
2. Recycle, use mineral materials wisely.
Summative Practice 9
Next Challenge
1. P: Crust, Q: Mantle, R: Outer core,
S: Inner core
2. Troposphere
3. (a) S
(b) Birds and insects
4. Mineral composition of original rocks,
pressure and temperature, tectonic
process and hot chemical fluid.
5. Igneous rocks
6. Sedimentary rock
7. Pesticides sprayed excessively will
be absorbed into the soil and pollute
underground water. The pesticides will
also pollute rivers which are the water
source for humans and animals.
8. Mangroves function as a filter of river
water before flowing into the sea. If the
forest is cut down, river water with mud
and filth will pollute the sea. Mangroves
are also the buffer zone to prevent high
tides and sea water from eroding the
beach and destroying properties. Cutting
down mangroves will then destroy the
habitat and disturb the life cycle of
marine life.
9. True. Water moves from one place to
another according to the water cycle.
The melting glaciers during summer and
rain from the mountain peak will flow
through rivers into the sea. Seawater will
form water vapour through evaporation
and rise to the sky. The water vapour
then forms clouds that fall as rain and
the process will repeat. Thus, water
distribution on Earth is constant.
10.
Metal rod
Cardboard
Spring
Weight
Plaster
Marker pen
Knocking
the table
11. The negative consequences are air and
water pollution. This can cause health
problems to humans and animals.
Answers 17
 12. Transducer

Acoustic sensor

Steel Gravel
wave guide backfill
Deforming slope
generates acoustic
emission from gravel

18 Answers