Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
The Dreaming is …
o Expressed in rituals
o Seen in the obligations to care for the land of their ancestors
o The stories of the totems of the community and the individual
o Acted out in the obligations between different members of the community
o Reflected upon and shared through artwork
o Expressed in the social organization of the community
o The link to the ancestor spirits of the community
o The sacred spaces that are important to the aboriginal community
o Expressed in right relationships with others in the Aboriginal community
o Stories of the aboriginal peoples explaining who they are and their relationships with the
land
o A guide to what foods can be eaten an where the food comes from
o Spoken in language of each aboriginal community
CEREMONIAL LIFE
- Rites of passage.
- Periodic ceremonies range from enjoying the ceremony to promoting the health and well
being of the whole group.
- Corroboree or ceremonial dance were opportunity for all group members to come together.
- Initiation, death, life cycle.
- Balance rites; food supplies.
- Must be buried in own country.
- Art: is an important way of communicating the dreaming because it illustrates the actions of
the ancestral spirit beings in the land.
- Stories: describe law and lifestyle.
- Rituals: relive activities of ancestor spirits.
- Totems: represent the individual, as they existed in the Dreaming and carry ceremonial
responsibilities.
- Balance of rites: important for hunting, no control over food, responsible to ensure all
requirements of food for group.
- Death and burial rituals: not end of life but final ceremony, believe spirits come back, burial
grounds and spirits held in great fear, the dead must be buried in their own country and sung
to rest. The body must be able to rest from where it comes so the spirit can return from the
earth it came from.
OUTLINE THE IMPORTANCE OF THE FOLLOWING FOR THE LAND RIGHTS MOVEMENT:
Native Title:
- The recognition that aboriginal people who occupy land on which their families have lived
continuously for hundreds of years are the owners of that land.
- Usually a reference to the rights to use the land but it can also mean the rights to fish in
particular waters.
Mabo
- The high court of Australia upheld the claim of the Merriam people from the Murray Islands in
the Torres Straight that Australia was not Terra Nullius and that the Merriam people had
continuously inhabited the islands.
- Eddie Mabo V QLD 1992
- To overturn Terra Nullius – land that is uninhabited or that belongs to no one.
- Lead to Native Title Act 1993
- Indigenous people have right to land
Wik (1996)
- The wik case concerned land that was subject to pastoral leases.
- The high court of Australia decided that native title rights could co exists with the rights of
pastoralists. But when pastoralists and aboriginal rights were in conflict, the pastoralists’ rights
would prevail.
Ecumenism:
- When denominations maintain their separate identity but work together for a common cause.
- There have been genuine efforts by the churches to apologies for insensitive activities of the past
and to perform acts of reconciliation.
- Churches are among the most effective advocates for social justice for Indigenous Australians.
- They provide extensive welfare and education programs.
Immigration:
- Immigration restriction act (1901) (the white Australia policy)
- The migrants who were allowed into Australia.
- Migrants were expected to settle into the pre-existing culture and society without causing an
noticeable change: learn English, eat traditionally English style foods and blend in.
OUTLINE CHANGING PATTERNS OF RELIGIOUS ADHERENCE FROM 1945 TO THE PRESENT USING
CENSUS DATA CENSUS FIGURES SHOW DISSATISFACTION WITH TRADITIONAL RELIGIONS.
- Decline in Christian denomination – particularly the larger ones; e.g. Catholic, Anglican, Uniting.
- Increase in the non-catholic faiths – particularly Hinduism, Buddhism.
- Older people identify more with particular religious groups – exception: Pentecostal.
- More identify with a group than actually attend.
- Pentecostal, Churches of Christ have a high percentage of attendance.
Christianity [Religious Depth Study]
ELEMENTS OF A BAPTISM
1. Welcome rite
2. Questioning of parents – responsibilities
3. Signing by the priest with the sign of the cross
4. Celebration of the liturgy of the word
5. Exorcism, followed by anointing of the child/adult
6. Blessing of baptismal water
7. Parents renunciation of sin and profession of faith
8. Baptism in the name of the F, S, HS, anointing with oil
9. Clothing, Candles
10. Conclude with lord’s prayer and final blessing
ORTHODOX CHURCH
- Initiation (infancy).
- Triple immersion.
- Anointing of forehead, eyes, nostrils, mouth, ears, breast, hands and feet.
- Bread and wine for Eucharist.
PROTESTANT CHRISTIAN
- Initiation (adults).
- Total immersion.
- Only a person who can repent can be ‘born again’.
- Infants ‘who do not understand enough to hold faith in Jesus in their own right’ cannot be
baptized.
Bioethics
BIOETHICS:
1. The study of the ethical and moral implications of new biological discoveries and biomedical
advances, as in the fields of genetic engineering and drug research
2. Ethics concerned with issues surrounding health care and the biological sciences. These
issues include the morality of abortion, euthanasia, IVF, organ transplants, genetic screening
and the new research in genetic engineering including gene therapy and stem cell research.
3. Ethics that studies the philosophical, social and legal issues arising in medicine and the life
sciences.
Stem Cells
Every organ, tissue and cell has stem cells. The stem cell is the main trunk from which specialized
cells develop. They are able to divide and self renew, they could regenerate the entire organ from a
few cells. Stem Cells may be used to repair or replace damaged tissues – reversing diseases and
injuries such as cancers, heart disease and blood disease
HUMAN EMBROYS
- Human embryos are a rich source of stem cells.
- Able to differentiate into all types of cells.
- Capable of becoming a more specialised type of cell, e.g. nerve cell, skill cell, etc.
Advantages: Flexible – potential to make any cell; Immortal – endless supply of cells;
Availability – from IVF clinics.
- Disadvantages: likely to be rejected; Tumorigenic; Destruction of developing human life.
- Use human embryos for:
- ‘cell-based’ therapies – replace or heal damage tissues.
- study the development of diseases.
- test drugs or trial new methods of reproductive technology.
- train laboratory technicians.
- New life-saving treatments – death-dealing to the human embryos.
CATHOLIC ANGLICAN
SUPPORTS: SUPPORTS A):
- Research and treatments involving - Adult stem cell research and the use of the
VEPERSPECTI
CATHOLIC ANGLICAN
- Opposed to most kinds of in-vitro - Differs depending on the diocese.
fertilisation. - The Bible tells of God’s work in
- The use of excess embryos and their assisting infertile couples to
PERSPECTIVE destruction are opposed due to the rights conceive (e.g. Abraham). Some
embryos receive as the earliest stage of life. fundamentalists interpret IVF as
intervening on God’s behalf and
therefore approve of the use of IVF
in God’s creation.
Catechism Of The Catholic Church: Anglican Primate, Peter Carnley, in
2375 – “Research aimed at reducing human 2002:
sterility is to be encouraged”. - Concern over the loss of fertilized
ova.
2376 – “… dissociation of husband and - Conception does not occur due to
wife…” a nature or God-given reason.
- We are co-creators with god
QUOTES/ 2377 – “…They dissociate the sexual act through IVF and stem cell
EVIDENCE from the procreative act…” research.
- Condemning the use of IVF for
Church Documents: same sex couples.
Donum vitae II – “…voluntary destruction of - The right of the child to have a
human embryos occurs too often.” mother and a father.
CLONING
- Precise genetic copy of a molecule, cell, plant, animal or human being is created.
- Reproductive cloning – is the creation of a clone for the purpose of allowing it to progress to
the birth of a living child.
- Therapeutic cloning – creates a clone and then destroys it at an early stage in order to
harvest embryonic stem cells from it or to use it to produce medicines or for research.
CATHOLIC
- Strongly opposed to any form of human cloning.
- Links to stem cell research – the creation of the embryos for the purpose of
PERSPECTIVE experimentation and their destruction are immoral acts.
- Right to be born of a father and mother.
- Separate the reproductive act from the sexual act is morally unacceptable.
Donum vitae I, 4 – “Medical research must refrain from operations on live
embryos, unless there is a moral certainty of not causing harm to the life of
integrity of the unborn child and the mother…”
QUOTES/
EVIDENCE Pope John Paul II – “…manipulation and destruction of human embryos, are not
morally acceptable…”
“None of us lives to himself, and none of us dies to himself… in life and death we
are the Lord’s” [Romans 14:7-9]
PERSPECTIVES:
ANGLICAN PROTESTANTS PRESBYTERIANS ORTHODOX
- Condemns human cloning. - Same views on - Generally - No situation in
cloning as the disapprove all which cloning human
Provincial Synod: Catholic Church. forms of cloning. beings would be
“… the creation of a human life, acceptable.
either by fertilisation or by any - An attempt to
other means of creation for the create human beings
purpose of destroying that life in in man’s image
research fails to recognise the rather than God’s.
value and purpose God assigns to
human life…”
EUTHANASIA
Euthanasia: is doing something (giving a fatal injection) or not doing something (not giving
necessary medicine, food or fluids) with the intention of killing another human person, in order
to end his or her suffering.
Voluntary Euthanasia: is the killing of a patient at their request
Involuntary euthanasia: the killing of a patient against their will
Non voluntary euthanasia: the killing of patients who are unable to give consent to be killed
Assisted suicide: helping someone to kill him/her self.
Passive euthanasia: the withholding of common treatments or the distribution of a medication to
relive pain, knowing that they may result in death.
Non aggressive euthanasia: withdrawal of life support
CATHOLIC ANGLICAN
No support No support
“You shall not kill” 5th commandment Life is a gift of god not to be
It is I who bring death and life – taken, and is therefore not
PERSPECTIVE Deuteronomy 32:39 subject to matters such as
Every human life has dignity. Life can freedom of choice.
never be deliberately destroyed
The church teaches that euthanasia is a
grave violation of the law of god.
1. The system that defines relationships 8. A major reason for the steep climb in
between members of Aboriginal societies is numbers of Australians affiliating themselves
known as: with no religion in census statistics since 1971
a) Territory is:
b) Kinship a) The provision of an 'other' category.
c) Country b) The prevalence of 'new age'
d) Totem religions.
c) The introduction of the instruction, 'if
2. Indigenous Australians acknowledge a no religion, writes none'.
______________ in their relationship to the d) A decrease in spiritual affiliations.
land.
a) Treaty 9. What observations about religion in
b) Ownership Australia are revealed by the National Church
c) Dependence Life Survey that is not found in census data?
a) Accurate data about what
3. The sophisticated network of relationships Australians believe.
that is the tangible expression of Dreaming b) Attendance and age profile data for
within Aboriginal societies is: the various Christian denominations.
a) Country c) The numbers of people adhering to
b) Kinship traditions other than Christianity.
c) Myth d) The numbers of religious Jews in
d) Totem Australia.
4. The first official policy after European 10. 'Denominational switching' refers to the
settlement concerning the place of the movement of adherents between Christian
Indigenous people in Australia was: churches. Which of the following churches has
a) Protection the greatest number of 'switchers' in?
b) Assimilation a) Methodist
c) Self-determination b) Jehovah's Witness
d) Expansionism c) Catholic
d) Pentecostal
5. The term 'stolen generations' has been
used to describe: 11. An example of an interfaith initiative is:
a) The adoption of convict children by a) The formation of the Uniting Church
Indigenous families. b) The Council of Christians and Jews
b) The forced separation of Indigenous c) The National Council of Churches in
children from their families. Australia
c) The imprisonment of Aboriginal d) The Salvation Army
elders.
d) The land rights campaigns of the 12. Which of the following is an example of
1970s. the changing relationship between Indigenous
peoples and churches in Australia?
6. The landmark judgment that acknowledged a) The complete acceptance of
the existence of Native Title in Australia was: Christianity by Indigenous Australians
a) The Native Title Act 1993 b) The incorporation of Aboriginal
b) The Mabo decision, 1992 ministers in mainstream churches
c) The Yirrkala Petition, 1963 c) The division of Indigenous spiritual
d) The Wik decision, 1996 practices and those of the mainstream
churches
7. When was the Aboriginal Embassy (or 'tent d) The assimilation of Indigenous
embassy') first erected on the lawns of spirituality by the Christian churches
Parliament House in Canberra?
a) 1976 13. Aboriginal people believe that death is the
b) 1972 end of life.
c) 1966 a) True
d) 1980 b) False
16. Recognition of Native Title has enabled all 26. The question on religion in the census is
Aboriginal peoples to make land claims. _________.
a) True a) mandatory
b) False b) suggested
c) not compulsory
17. Immigration after the Second World War
brought new religious traditions to Australia 27. The ________________ is the third
but had little impact on the Christian largest religious community in Australia.
denominations. a) Anglican Church
a) True b) Catholic Church
b) False c) Uniting Church
18. The Uniting Church in Australia was an 28. In what way is the use of the land
ecumenical initiative that unified the different in Aboriginal societies as opposed to
Methodist, Presbyterian and Congregational European land uses?
Churches in 1977. a) They share the same understanding.
a) True There is no difference.
b) False b) Aboriginal societies are concerned
with the ritual responsibilities for the
19. The relationship between Christianity and land, as opposed to the rights to use
Indigenous spirituality is often problematic. and occupy the land.
a) True c) Aboriginal societies acknowledge no
b) False land boundaries.
d) The Aboriginal concept is one of
20. Ecumenism and Interfaith dialogue are the exclusive ownership whilst the
same concept. European idea is concerned with rights
a) True and responsibilities for the land.
b) False