TAYLOR AND MACLAURIN

 how to represent certain types of functions as sums of power series

 You might wonder why we would ever want to express a known function
as a sum of infinitely many terms.

 Integration. (Easy to integrate polynomials)  e dx

2
x

ex 1 x
Finding limit lim
x0 x2

 Finding a sum of a series (not only geometric, telescoping)

TAYLOR AND MACLAURIN

Example: f ( x)  e x

e 
x
 n  c0  c1 x  c 2 x 2  c3 x 3  c 4 x 4  c5 x 5   
c
n0
x n

Maclaurin series ( center is 0 )

Example: Find Maclaurin series

f ( x )  cos x
TAYLOR AND MACLAURIN

Important Maclaurin Series and Their Radii of Convergence

MEMORIZE: these Maclaurin Series

TAYLOR AND MACLAURIN

Maclaurin series ( center is 0 )

Example:

Find Maclaurin series

f ( x )  tan  1 x
TAYLOR AND MACLAURIN

TERM-081
TAYLOR AND MACLAURIN

TERM-091
TAYLOR AND MACLAURIN

TERM-101
: TAYLOR AND MACLAURIN

TERM-082

cos 2 x  1
2
 12 cos( 2 x )
Sec 11.9 & 11.10: TAYLOR AND MACLAURIN

TERM-102
Sec 11.9 & 11.10: TAYLOR AND MACLAURIN

TERM-091
TAYLOR AND MACLAURIN

Maclaurin series ( center is 0 )

Example:

1
Find the sum of the series

n0 n!
TAYLOR AND MACLAURIN

TERM-102
TAYLOR AND MACLAURIN

TERM-082
TAYLOR AND MACLAURIN

Example: Find the sum 

(  1) n

1 1 1
 1   
n0 2n  1 3 5 7

Leibniz’s formula: 
x 2 n 1
tan ( x )   (  1)
1 n

n0 2n  1

1 x3 x5 x7
tan ( x )  x    
3 5 7
TAYLOR AND MACLAURIN

Important Maclaurin Series and Their Radii of Convergence

MEMORIZE: these Maclaurin Series

The Binomial Series

DEF:

Example:

 1/ 3  1 1 1
( 1)(  2 )
1 2 5
(  )(  )
   3 3 3
 3 3 3

5
3 3! 6 81

Example:

 1/ 2  1 1 1 1 1
( 1)(  2 )(  3 )(  4 )
   2 2 2 2 2

5 5!
The Binomial Series

binomial series.

NOTE:

k k k  k  k k ( k  1)
   1     k    
0  1  1!  2  2! 2!
The Binomial Series

TERM-101

binomial series.
The Binomial Series

TERM-092

binomial series.
TAYLOR AND MACLAURIN

Important Maclaurin Series and Their Radii of Convergence

Example: Find Maclaurin series

f ( x)  ln(1  x)
TAYLOR AND MACLAURIN

TERM-102
TAYLOR AND MACLAURIN

TERM-111
TAYLOR AND MACLAURIN

TERM-101
TAYLOR AND MACLAURIN

TERM-082
TAYLOR AND MACLAURIN

Important Maclaurin Series and Their Radii of Convergence

MEMORIZE: these Maclaurin Series

TAYLOR AND MACLAURIN

Maclaurin series ( center is 0 )

Taylor series ( center is a )

TAYLOR AND MACLAURIN

TERM-091
TAYLOR AND MACLAURIN

TERM-092
TAYLOR AND MACLAURIN

TERM-082
TAYLOR AND MACLAURIN

Taylor series ( center is a )

DEF:

Taylor polynomial of order n

TAYLOR AND MACLAURIN

The Taylor polynomial of order 3 generated by the function f(x)=ln(3+x) at a=1 is:

TERM-102

DEF:

Taylor polynomial of order n

TAYLOR AND MACLAURIN

TERM-101
TAYLOR AND MACLAURIN

TERM-081
TAYLOR AND MACLAURIN


f ( k ) (a)
f ( x)   ( x  a) k Taylor series ( center is a )
k 0 k!

n
f ( k ) (a)
Pn ( x)   ( x  a) k Taylor polynomial of order n
k 0 k!


f ( k ) (a)
Rn ( x)  
k  n 1 k!
( x  a) k Remainder

f ( x)  Pn ( x)  Rn ( x) Taylor Series

Taylor’s Formula f ( n1) (c)

Rn ( x)  ( x  a) k Remainder consist of infinite terms
(n  1)!
for some c between a and x.

REMARK: Observe that : f ( n1) (c) not f ( n1) (a)

TAYLOR AND MACLAURIN

Taylor’s Formula

f ( n1) (c)
Rn ( x)  ( x  a) k
(n  1)!
for some c between a and x.

Taylor’s Formula

f ( n1) (c) k
Rn ( x)  x
(n  1)!
for some c between 0 and x.
TAYLOR AND MACLAURIN

Taylor series ( center is a )

DEF:

nth-degree Taylor polynomial of f at a.

DEF:
Rn ( x)  f ( x)  Tn ( x) Remainder

 3
1
Example: f ( x)    xn T3 ( x)   x n  1  x  x 2  x3
1  x n 0 n 0


R3 ( x)   x n  x 4  x5  x 6  
n4
TAYLOR AND MACLAURIN

TERM-092
TAYLOR AND MACLAURIN

TERM-081