24 . Cheap Video for Your Heathkit H8 Don Lancaster 96 . Teletype's KSR·43. . ..... Clive M.

Pearson
40 Analog and Digital Interfaces ' Rod Hallen ~100 The One Percent Forecasting Method .. Stan Tishler
46 The "EI Cheapo" EPROM Programmer Dr. Ward J. McFarland, Jr. 104 Too Many Variables? . .... Robert C. A. Goff
52 Is Your Video Monitor Dangerous? . . . . Sherman P. Wantz 108 Kilobaud Klassroom No. 17: I/O V ...........•.... . Peter A. Stark
58 Thoughts on the·'SWTP Computer System... .. Peter A. Stark 114 The Electric Pencil ..... ... Rod Hallen
62 PET User Port Cookbook. . . . .. . . . . . .. . Gregory Yob 116 How to Talk to Your 8080... . Ken Knecht
76 Chess Pawn . . Edward E. Ewald, Jr. 122 Programming the 1802 .... Dr. Robert J. Cotter
80 Home Computer Exterior Ballistics. . David S. Dixon 128 Keyboard Interrupt for the TRS·80. . Paul Klinger
82 Heath·H9 Page Erase. .: .William C. Richter 130 The OSI Model 500. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . F. R. Ruckdeschel
84 The SKIP II Microcomputer . . Thomas G. Bohon 134 Sleep Better with a Microcomputer Phil Wilkinson
90 Ultra Banner . Jonathan Rotenberg 138 T,:lpar Thermal Printer Chuck Carpenter

Publisher's Remarks-6, Guest Editorial-> 7, Output from Instant Software-8; <;ontest!-8, Calendar-8, PET ·pourri-9, Books-l 4,
New Products-16, Letters 20, Classifleds=- 142, Corre~ctions-:::-142, Dealer Dire.ctory-l 74
Somedav all terminals will be smart. •.•...
• 128 Functions-software controlled .82 x 16 or 92 x 22 format-plus graphics
• 7 x 12 matrix, upper/lower case letters • Printer output port
• 50 to 38AOO baud-selectable • "CH E R RY" keyboard

CT-82 Intelligent Terminal, assembled and tested $795.00 ppd in Cont. U.S.

SOUTHWEST TECHNICAL PRODUCTS CORPORATION

219 W. RHAPSODY
SAN ANTONIO, TEXAS 78216
Here it is at last ... THE
FIRST
FLOPPY DISK BASED COMPUTER
FOR UNDER 51000
•

The C1P MF

S99S
Complete mini·floppy computer system
10K ROM and 12K RAM
Instant program and data retrieval
The Challenger 1P Mini-disk system features
Ohio Scientific's L~ltra-fast BASIC-in-ROM, full
graphics display a.apability and a large library
of instant loading personal applications soft-
ware on rniru-Itoppies including programs for
entertainment, education, personal finance,
small business and now home control!
The C1 P MF configuration is very powerful.
However, to meet your growth needs it can be
Or Start with the C1 P
CASSETTE BASED
Computer for just $349.
The cassette based Challenger 1P offers the
same great features of the mini-disk system
including a large software library except it has
4K RAM and conservative program retrieval
time. Once familiar with personal computers,
you'll be anxious to expand your system to the
more powerful C1P MF.
You can move up to mini-disk performance at
any time by adding more memory and the disk
drive. Contact your local Ohio Scientific dealer
or the factory today.
*Both systems require a video monitor, modified TV or RF
converter and home television for operation. Ohio Scientific
offers the AG-3 combination 12" black and white TV/monitor
for use with either system at $115.00 retail.
All prices, suggested retail.

directly expanded to 32K static RAM and a sec-

ond floppy by simply plugging these options in. It
also suports a printer, modem, real time clock
and AC remote interface as well as the OS-65D 1333 S. CHILLICOTHE RD., AURORA, OHIO 44202 (216) 562·3101
V3.0 development oriented operating system.
 lh.
C3·SI
by Ohio Scientific
Possibly the world's "..
mast papular
flappy disk basad
microcomputer.
•
Since its introduction in August, 1977, the Challenger III~h~a~s····· ••••••
gained tremendous acceptance in small business, educational
and industrial development applications. Thousands of C3-S1 's
and can make use of the tremendous amount of BASIC
have been delivered and today hundreds of C3-S1 demonstrator
programs offered by independent suppliers and publishers
units are set up at computer retailers around the country.
because it uses Microsoft BASIC, the standard of the industry.
Why has the Challenger III become so successful in the fiercely Complete turnkey and custom business packages are
competitive microcomputer industry? Here are just a few of available for the C3 from most OHIO SCIENTIFIC DEALERS.
the possible reasons.
• The C3 electronics and software are available in alternate
• The Challenger III is the. fastest microcomputer in BASIC mechanical configurations for special applications including
(see" BASIC Timing Comparisons," Kilobaud, October, 1977, the C3-0EM for volume users and the C3 letter series (C3-A,
where Ohio Scientific out benchmarks all competitors). C3-B) which are optimized for use With hard disks.
• The Challenger III is the only computer system with a • C3 systems are always delivered ready to use with 32K
6502A, 6800 and l-80 offering the programmer all popular static RAM, dual floppys for 500K bytes of on-line storage and
micros for maximum versatility. an RS-232 port strappable from 75 tb 19,200 baud all standard
• The C3 is backed by the largest base of systems level in the minimum configuration.
software for any microcomputer system including: • C3 systems offer the greatest expansion capability in the
For the 6502A: microcomputer industry. The C3 series supports OHIO
Microsoft 6 and 9 Digit BASIC SCIENTIFIC'S full line of over 40 expansion accessories. The
Assembler Editor maximum configuration is 768K bytes RAM, four 74 million
Word Processor byte Winchester hard disks (CD-74), 16 communications ports,
OS-65D Development DOS real time clock, line printer, Word Processing printer and
OS-65U End User DOS with Extended BASIC numerous control interfaces.
For Floppys • C3 systems have phenomenal performance-to-cost ratios.
Winchester Hard Disks The C3-S1 base price with 32K RAM, dual floppys, RS-232 port
Multi-users (Level 2) complete with 8K BASIC and DOS is under $3600 and expan-
Distributed Processing (Level 3) sion accessories are comparably priced. For example, the
For the 6800: CD-74, 74 million byte Winchester disk complete with interface
Floppy DOS and OS-65U operating system at about $6000.
Assembler Editor The C3 series is quite possibly so successful because it offers
For the l-80';' ..., the highest hardware performance, best software support,
Floppy DOS most versatility and greatest expandability in the micro-
Microsoft Disk Extended BASIC computer systems market at nearly the lowest price in the
Microsoft FORTRAN industry.
Microsoft COBOL For more information, contact your local OHIO SCIENTIFIC
Macro Assembler and Editor DEALER or the factory at (216) 562-3101.
And Much More
• The C3 supports OS-65U, the ultra high performance
"virtual data memory" DOS for floppys and hard disks which
makes complex file structures like multi-key ISAM easy to use.
• The C3 is backed by a large library of applications programs 1333 S. Chillicothe Road. Aurora, Ohio 44202

RULISHER'8
REMARKS
Help Your Library
Your local library subscribes to
magazines that are requested by
customers, so the next time you
are near a library, please stop in
and ask if they have Kilobaud
MICROCOMPUTING. If they
get a few requests we'll be hearing
from them with a subscription.
It is even more important to be
sure that the magazine is in as
many school libraries as possible.
What better way to help new-
comers to computing to get an
understanding of the field? You
can help bring enjoyment to a lot
of people (not to mention me) by
helping to get us into as many
libraries as possible.
Many schools are now exposing
kids to computers, so there is a
strong need for the information
in MICROCOMPUTING. Make
this information easy to get by
having it in your local library. If
you are a teacher, be sure to keep
after the school librarian.
What to Write
Programmers call up and ask
what kind of programs are need-
ed for microcomputers. In view
of the dearth of programs so far
being published, this is akin to
asking, "Gee, what can a com-
puter do?" Besides business, con-
trol, home, game, educational,
scientific and systems programs,
honestly I can't thing of much
that is needed.
Now that we have disks for the
TRS-80, is someone working on a
nice file-handling program? We.
do need a good operating system
for the 80, one that mijlht allow
us to set up any files we want in a
data-base manner and then access
them at will. We might want to
keep recipes-just to reach into
the cliche barrel-or a Christmas
card list, an index to ir teresting
magazine articles, a list of credit
cards or serial numbers of equip-
ment and appliances in case of
theft. The list of lists is fndless.
In the home we need lists of
books in our library, of music on
records, of friends, of things we
plan to do. We need help with our
6
Wayne Green
damned checkbook and with tax
preparation. We may like to have
a little program that will tell us
how much we actually net from a
salary increase, should such an
event threaten.
In the office we need programs
for showing sales, for projecting
inventory needs, for keeping
track of phone calls, for looking
up names and addresses or phone
numbers, for keeping a diary.
Almost any small firm would
rush out and buy a computer
tomorrow if it would keep track
of all of the phone calls made and
list the number called, the
amount of time talked, the exten-
sion originating the call ... and
then could check the number
against an authorized list ... all
for under $2000. That's equal to
about $50 a month, and most
firms would save far more than
that on non-business phone calls.
How about a program for a
two-terminal system ... one on
the boss's desk and one with his
secretary? This could provide the
boss with all that telephone-
number data and also act as a
private communication system
between them. The secretary
could list calls to be made, calls
waiting, appointments, things to
be done and meetings. You can
bet that a system like that would
sell zillions of systems, including
the software. Are you busy
writing yet? Let's say that the
program to allow a TRS-80 with
two terminals and a couple of
disks to do the above would sell
for $200. That would mean a
royalty of at least $20,000 per
month, if the hardware people
could keep up with the demand.
Hey ... where did you go?
Career Opportunities
The staffs at Kilobaud
MICROCOMPUTING and In-
stant Software are growing every
month, yet attractive career posi-
tions are still open. For instance,
we need a good microcomputer
technician-someone experi-
enced in working with a number
of different systems, who can
keep our many microcomputers
in good shape and set up new
ones as they come in. We have programming experience, the
piles of boards and all sorts of ac- better. What will the job pay? It
cessories and a shortage of people will probably start at around $250
to do all this. This type of
"work " should put a hobbyist in
. seventh heaven.
a week and go upward with the
sales of Instant Software.
Obviously, this is not a job that
As our data-processing needs can be handled remotely.
grow, so does our need for a data- People are also needed in
processing manager. This job marketing, advertising and other
would entail seeing to it that we aspects of Instant Software sales.
had the programmers needed to If any of these positions sound
handle all of the data processing made to order for you, and you
required for the magazines and don't smoke, write to me and
Instant Software. We'd be using convince me that I can't do
the Prime, if we could ever get it without you. I think we can make
to do more than one thing at a a lot of money, and I'm looking
time without bogging down ... for the people who can make this
and as many microcomputers as happen. If you are salary
we can put on line. You may be oriented, work-hours oriented,
sure that we will be making much title oriented, need close supervi-
ado over any systems that can be sion, prefer an IBM-style office,
used for work. then this will be a waste of your
In addition to a good micro- time and mine. If you are looking
computer technician to set up and for a place to grow, where the
test new hardware-and have it in possibilities are almost unlimited,
working order to check out sub- where you will be working with a
mitted programs-we also need group of other career-oriented
an editor-in-chief for the project. people, where the final result is
The editor would be responsi- what is important, then you really
ble for working with program- should write. If you are too im-
mers to help them develop needed portant to empty a wastebasket,
programs for publication. He to help carry some boxes of
would also be in charge of magazines, to write your own let-
checking submitted programs ters, try IBM.
and running them through the as- Write a letter in your own
sociate-editor system. His re- words and make it good. One of
sponsibility would end with the the first tests when you get here
acceptance of the finished and de- will be to make sure you are able
bugged program for publication. to read and write English. You'll
The job would be quite similar have to sit down at a typewriter
to that of a magazine editor who and answer a couple of letters of
had to work for the development complaint. This will tell me
of articles for publication. whether you have learned to write
The editor would have to make or not and whether you are used
sure that there was as little dupli- to a typewriter. How can a com-
cation of programs as possible, puter person or a journalist-or
that the best of each type was ac- even an executive-get along
cepted ... and that programmers without being able to write and
are made aware of what types are type?
needed. You already know that Peter-
A familiarity with BASIC, borough is a good place to live, so
assembly and machine language I won't dwell on that. The air is
would constitute a good back-
ground for such a job. The more (continued on page 22)
Reader Responsibility
One of your responsibilites, as a reader of Kilobaud MICRO-
COMPUTING, is to aid and abet the increasing of circulation
and advertising, both of which will bring you the same benefit: a
larger and even better magazine. You can help by encouraging
your friends to subscribe to Kilobaud MICROCOMPUTING. Re-
member: Subscriptions are guaranteed-money back if not de-
lighted, so no one can lose. You can also help by tearing out
one of the cards just inside the back cover and circling replies
you'd like to see: catalogs, spec sheets, etc. Advertisers put a
lot of trust in reader requests for information. To make it more
worth your while to send in the card, a drawing will be held each
month and the winner will get a lifetime subscription to
Kilobaud MICROCOMPUTlNG!
This time around, the winner of a lifetime subscription is
Norman Lingren of McGuire AFB.

Guest Editorial
"Review That Book!" is a guest editorial by Kilobaud MICROCOM-
PUT/NO Associate Editor Rod Hallen.
With the enormous number of
newly published books aimed at
the personal computer user com-
ing on the market, it is almost im-
possible to keep up with the titles,
let alone buy and read them all.
How can you determine which
ones are worth owning and which
ones to pass up?
You can, of course, browse
your local computer store book
rack. But unless you are prepared
to spend a great deal of time at it,
you can't possibly study many
books to any great depth. That's
where the book reviewer comes
into the picture. Let him do your
book-rack perusing for you. I say
him, but I really mean many hims
(or hers) because no one person
can do it all.
It is not so much my intention
to turn you on to book reviews as
a source of buying information as
it is to turn you on to them as a
source of knowledge and money.
This commentary's designed to
interest you in writing book
review~.
WhX should you consider a
career~?) as a book reviewer, and
what i~ in it for you? If you have
ever wanted to be a writer, here is
a way Ifor you to get started. It
won't take up a lot of your spare
time. Unfortunately, while it is a
paying occupation, you will never
get rich pursuing it. However,
there are other benefits you
should consider.
One of these benefits is free
books. Many publishers are quite
willing to provide sample copies
of their latest creations to
established reviewers. When I say
"established;" I mean a writer
who is objective and one who can
get his reviews printed. This
means that you can't just write to
a publisher and request a copy of
a book that interests you until
you first establish yourself. But
once you have had a few reviews
appear in the various computer
magazines, then you can point to
them as proof that you are
capable.
Another benefit is the number
of interesting and educational
books that you get to read. I have
never read a book that didn't
teach me something; therefore,
the more I read the more I learn. I
believe that in order to be a writer
you must be a reader, and I make
my living writing.
I also mentioned money.
Magazines pay money for book
reviews. I happen to know that
Kilobaud MICROCOMPUT/NO
needs book reviews right now.
They are also looking for reviews
of various hardware and software
items, but that is another story.
All right then, how do you get
started? That should be easy with
the information I'll cover before
we're through here. The first
thing most hobbyists do when
they become interested in a par-
ticular subject is to buy some
magazines and some books about
that subject. If you have any
computer-oriented books on
your home bookshelf, you are
halfway there. If you can borrow
them from your public library,
that is OK too.
What to Look for
What do you look for while
reviewing a book, and how do
you present what you want to say
about it? First, study some of the
reviews in the magazines that you
read. In each case the person who
wrote the review wanted to con-
vey his impression of the contents
and value of a book. Take one of
the books that you have in your
personal library and read it again.
Start with one you were satisfied
with and one you feel would be of
interest and assistance to other
hobbyists.
Do not pick a book that is way
over your head. While you might
get something out of it, it will be
difficult for you to effectively
evaluate it. I have an APL pro-
gramming manual that I think is
outstanding, but since I don't
have APL running on my SOL, I
don't really feel qualified to
judge the manual. By the same
token, if you are fairly well ad-
vanced you might find it hard to
read and review a basic
beginner's book because you no
longer have the point of view of a
novice.
As you reread the book, keep a
pencil and paper by your side to
jot down thoughts as they occur
to you. Indicate points where you
had some difficulty understand-
ing the author's meaning and
points where you feel he did an
especially good job of getting his
thoughts across to you.
Note anything that enhances or
detracts from the material that is
being presented. This could in-
clude poor reproduction
photographs, a book binding that
falls apart, language that is too
of
kliobaJd
, MICROCOMPUTlNG
sophisticated for the intended au-
Publisher/Editor
dience or superior graphics. Any- Wayne Green
thing that you feel weighs one Executive Vice President
way or the other should be men- Sherry Smythe
tioned. Assistant Publisher/Editor
Jeffrey D. DeTray
If the author champions some MaAaging Editor
particular point that happens to John Barry
be a pet peeve of yours, don't tear Editorial Assistants
Dennis Brisson
the entire book apart because of Susan Gross
it. Drop the book and try another Administrative Assistant
if you can't be objective. Dotty Gibson
Production Department
If it is a "read and do" type of
Manager:
book that requires you to per- Lynn Panciera-Fraser
form some function such as Staff:
creating programs to solve prob- Craig Brown
Gayle Cabana
lems, answering questions, etc., Robert Drew
then do it. Look at a book the James H. Gray II
Bruce Hedin
same way a first-time reader Dion Owens
would. Noel R. Self
You might also suggest possi- Robin M. Sloan
Typesetting
ble improvements. Remember Barbara J. Latti
that a book is only one author's Sara Bedell
and/or one publisher's opinion Mary Kinzel
Holly Walsh
on a given subject. However, Photography
don't try to give the impression Bill Heydolph
that you could have written a bet- Tedd Cluff
ter book on the subject yourself. Associate Editors
John Arnold
If you could have, why didn't Phil Feldman
you? Steve Fuller
Rod Hallen
Tom Rugg
Peter Stark
Sherman P. Wantz
The Manuscript Dick Whipple
Ken Widelitz
Bookkeeper
The mechanics of writing and Knud E. M. Keller
submitting a manuscript are Marketing/Circulation Mgr.
Robert LaPointe
relatively simple, but there is a set
Bulk Sales Mgr.
routine. Handwritten articles are Judy Waterman
frowned upon. Always type, dou- Ass\, Circulation Mgr.
ble spaced, on white 8Yz by 11 Mary Beth Stanek
Circulation
non-erasable paper. Minor pen
Pauline Johnstone
and ink corrections are OK as Customer Service
long as they are legible. Margins Joyce Tarr
of about 1Y2 inches left, right, Computer Programming
Richard Dykema
top and bottom leave the editor Instant Software
room to make notes or changes. Micro Lab
The first page should include William F. Gollan
Alan Anderson
the name of the book, the author, Shirley Mahoney
the name and address of the Scott Spangenberg
publisher or distributor and the Cida Teixeira
Palmer T. Wolf
copyright date. Give a physical Stan Wszola
description of the book and the Advertising
price-for instance, "softbound, Marcia Stone
Nancy Ciampa
9x 12inches, 301 pages, $12.95." Rita Rivard
Your name, address, the title of Bill York
your review and a page number European Marketing Dlr.
Reinhard Nedela
should appear at the top of every
Australian Distributor
page. Katherine Thirkell
Some editors desire or require a
count of the number of words an Cover: DISCUS/2D by Thinker Toys.
Berkeley CA. (Photo: H. Olson, P.
article contains, but I have never Gorchoz)
had one rejected because I omit-
Kilobaud MICROCOMPUTING (USPS ~90) Is pub-
ted that item. Almost all editors lished monthly by 1001001, Inc., Pelerbol'ough NH
03458. Subscription rates in U.S. and canada are $18
require that an SASE (self- lor one year and $45 for three years. In Europe: Kilo-
baud ersehelnt montatlleh bel Fachzeltschrlltenver·
addressed stamped envelope) ac- trleb Monlka Neoete, n18 Markdori, Mar1o;str.3. Aus·
company each manuscript you tralla: For subscriptions write-Katherine Thlrkell,
Sontron Instruments, 11 Arawatta St., carnegie, Vie.
submit. Otherwise, they are 3163 Australia. Please write for other foreign rates.
Second-class postage paid lit ~terborough NH 03458
under no obligation to return it to and at additional mailing offices. Publlclltion No.
346690. Phone: 603-924-3813. EnUre contents copyright
you if they decide not to use it. 1919 by 1001001, Inc. INCLUDE OLD ADDRESS AND
ZIP CODE WITH ADDRESS CHANGE NOTIFICATION.
Finally, a short cover letter in-
troducing yourself and your
7
 review would be appropriate.
Naturally, since I am a con-
firmed computer hobbyist, I do
all of my writing and rewriting on
the video screen. Then my Elec-
tric Pencil word-processing
system formats and prints the
final manuscript error free on my
Teletype Model 43 KSR. I don't
even own a conventional type-
writer.
How long should a review be?
As long as it takes to say what you
want to say. Don't try to cover so
We checked over the new
burglar-alarm system at our new
offices and felt pretty smug. But
before we could move all our
equipment to the new micro-lab,
someone entered the old lab and
stole our Jupiter Wave Mate with
two disks and our North Star
Horizon system. The crooks were
fast workers. They had to enter
through two locked doors, dis-
connect the equipment, re-lock
the lab and steal the stuff all in
less than an hour.
Instant Software is offering a
$1000reward for the return of the
equipment and information lead-
ing to the arrest and conviction of
the culprits. (The Jupiter serial
number is Q6ID4 5911-5; the
North Star serial number is
10-01319.)
Program Submissions
As predicted by just about
everyone so far involved in
publishing programs, a high
percentage of the material sub-
mitted is unusable. I have some
suggestions.
First, to save our time and
yours-plus some expenses on
your part-why not have one or
two friends check out your pro-
gram and make sure it seems
worthwhile to them? Try to get an
unbiased opinion. If they turn
thumbs down, perhaps you'll be
able to discuss it with them and
come up with some ideas that will
make the program better and win
their stamp of approval. This will
be worth a lot to you if it makes
your program acceptable for
publication.
8
much ground that there is no
reason for your readers to buy the
book, but don't be so brief that
you don't really say anything.
Conclusion
As a book reviewer it is your
right (and responsibility) to ex-
press your viewpoint. Also keep
in mind that it is not necessary or
honest to say a lot of nice things
about a book just because you
Sherry Smythe
Try to make your program as
complete as possible. Furnish as
much documentation as you can.
Be sure to put only one program
on a cassette and mark it with
your name and address, etc. Put
your name and address on the
back of every sheet of paper you
send.
If you come up with improved
versions of your program and
want to send them later, be sure
the new cassette and documenta-
tion are clearly marked as revi-
sions.
Some of the cassettes are either
difficult or impossible to load in
our systems. Be sure you clean
your recorder heads before mak-
ing the tape. Then, for heaven's
sake, check the cassette out on
your own system before sending
it to us. Cleaning those recorder
heads is extremely important,
believe it or not. We're used to
using an audio recorder for years
without cleaning the heads and
not suffering too much. With
digital material we find that we
must clean the recorder heads
every day or so in the lab.
What kind of programs are
needed? Home, scientific,
business of almost any kind,
math, educational. Until there is
a library of several thousand
published programs, it will be dif-
ficult to find computer applica-
tions where programs are not
needed. One thing to remember:
the first one in with a good
workable program will probably
be the one who makes the for-
tune; so those programmers who
procrastinate may have little to
eat other than their heart. It can
be very frustrating to see some
were given a free review copy. If chase or rejection. If you want to
it's not too good, don't be afraid qualify your reasoning in some
to say so. Honesty is an obliga- way-for instance, good buy for
tion: to the author, the publisher, an advanced hobbyist but too
your readers and above all to steep for the beginner-then by
yourself. all means do so. Above all, this is
The final part of a book review a personal opinion, say what you
should always include your judge- think.
ment as to its value. Don't count And just because you've seen a
on the comments you make during review on a particular book in
the review to completely clarify one of the magazines, don't let
your point of view. Recap your that stop you. Send yours to an-
reasons pro and con and then other. After all, two opinions
make a recommendation for pur- are better than one.
programmer raking in tens of improved. All the new labels are
thousands of dollars for a pro- brighter and make it much easier
gram that isn't nearly as good as for the customer to determine
yours ... just because he got which programs work with his
there a day earlier. How many computer. All the booklets have
hours late was Grey in trying to been updated to provide more in-
patent the telephone? Bell got formation and to be easier to
there first. That was several understand.
billion dollars' worth of too bad. We had been waiting for our
associate-editor program to be
debugged and put into operation.
Improvements, Problems Just when it was nearly com-
pleted ... it was stolen with the
Our bulk packaging has been North Star Horizon.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
8
KB
9 10 II 12 13 14 15
CALENDAR
Aggieland TX
Micro Expo '79 will be sponsored by the Texas A&M Micro-
computer Club. Place and time: Texas A&M University Mern-
orlal Student Center, Friday, March 2, 1 PM to 6 PM (setup only)
Saturday, March 3, 9:30 AM to 6 PM, Sunday, March 4, 9:30 AM to 3
PM. For additional information, contact: Larry Brown, Chairman
Micro Expo '79, Texas A&M Microcomputer Club, PO Box M9,
College Station TX 77844, (713) 693·5748.
Con,test!
Back in December, we printed a ballot listing the 12 articles
that had been voted "best of the month" for the preceding year.
The votes have been collected and tabulated, and now it's time
to announce the winner, who will receive a check for $500.
The article readers voted best was "The TRS·BO:how does it
stack up?" by Ed Juge.
Congratulations, Ed.
Meanwhile, the "best article of the month" contest con-
tinues. The winner for December 1978 was Barry A. Lewis,
author of "Deep, Dark Secrets of the TRS·80 (Level I)."
Congratulations to you, Barry.

PET-
POURRI
PET Accessories
The PET is rapidly becoming a
well-supported personal comput-
er, though not by Commodore.
Several companies have an-
nounced that they now are offer-
ing full-size plug-in keyboards; I
have not yet seen any of these.
PERK is available from George
Risk Industries (GRI Plaza, Kim-
ball NB 69145) for $229.95. It
shares the PET internal keyboard
interface, allowing both key-
boards to be used. More than one
PERK keyboard can be attached
to a single PET.
The BIG-KB Keyboard from
Skyles Electric Works (10301
Stonydale Dr., Cupertino CA
95014) also plugs into the PET in-
ternal keyboard interface, and
both devices can operate simul-
taneously. For $125 you get a
keyboard including a numeric
keypad.
As I mentioned in the January
issue, New England Electronics
(248 Bridge St., Springfield MA
01103) manufactures a full-size
keyboard. The announced price
is $139.95. Finally, Excel (2241
Tamalpais, EI Cerrito CA 94530)
markets a keyboard for $175.
Software Worth Mentioning
The Software Shoppe (PO Box
271, Berwyn IL 60402) has some
excellent software, using exten-
sive machine language for speed
and versatility. Having seen and
used their Extended Graphics
package, I rate it superb. Al-
though it doesn't add any graph-
ics, it allows you to use PET
graphics easily, for results not
possible with BASIC.
Channel 6 TV in Madison WI
recently had a one-hour special
presentation of computers in the
home. I was a guest on the show
and brought my PET and some
programs (including the Extended
Graphics package). It took me
less than five minutes to set up
and run an amazing animation of
the show's logo, using Extended
Graphics routines. Among many
other uses, these routines allow
you to animate a whole section of
Len Lindsay
any rectangular size on the screen.
The Software Shoppe also has
a resequence program using ma-
chine language. It renumbers
your program and changes all
your GOSUB, GOTO and IF-
THEN target lines accordingly.
Micro Software Systems (PO
Box 1442, Woodbridge VA 22193)
offers a Basic Utilities Program
called Micro-SET I. With this
program you can delete blocks of
lines, create ASCII tapes of any
program, add routines from tape
to the program in the PET and re-
number the lines. It renumbers
the lines only, but tells you which
lines have GOTO, GOSUB or IF
THEN and what to change the
target line to.
Cursor (Box 550, Goleta CA
93017) has my highest recommen-
dations. You subscribe to Cursor
like any magazine, $24 for 12 is-
sues. Each issue comes by first-
class mail on a cassette ready to
LOAD and RUN on your PET.
Each issue contains about six
good programs. I have received
the first four issues and have never
suffered a problem loading the
programs. It contains useful and
educational programs as well as
unique and fun games.
Program (Box 461, Philipsburg
PA 16866)also is a cassette maga-
zine, $27 for 12 issues. By all
means avoid it. I have heard com-
plaints that their tapes wouldn't
load and they would not refund
any money. (One person wrote to
the PET Gazette about this and
then supposedly got a refund.)
I had the opportunity to see
Program II. It was a complete
disappointment. The first "pro-
gram" was 12lines long (could be
condensed to seven lines) and did
next to nothing. The second
"program" was five lines long. It
showed (in one line) how to have
the PET pause a few seconds. The
third program was six lines long
and simply printed the PEEK
value of address 515 when you hit
a key. The last program was the
longest, 17 lines, but had prob-
lems causing it to work improper-
ly. Along with these four "pro-
grams" were a few editorial com-
ments thanking people for send-
ing in programs and asking for
more, among other things. Pro-
gram is put out by the same peo-
ple who publish PETABLE,
which I mentioned last month.
Last Minute Addition: I have
just received a complimentary
copy of Program II directly from
Program. The accompanying let-
ter asked that I not review their
products "until we can get things
under' control." I found it odd
that the tape they sent to me as
Program II was different than the
one sent to one of their subscrib-
ers. The programs on my copy
were: Memory Check, ZIP File
and Accounts Receivable. You
may draw your own conclusions
about that.
Software Survey
Topic: Fantasy Simulations
Each month I will choose a cat-
egory of program types and re-
view some ofthe best (and worst)
programs available. Companies:
Please send in your programs so
that they may be included in fu-
ture reviews. Users: Please send
in your recommendations for
good programs and warnings for
poor ones. Future topics will in-
clude: Card Games, Educational,
Board Games, Strategy Games,
etc.
I chose the simulations cate-
gory this time because I feel that
simulations are one of the best
recreational uses, and fantasy
types are very enjoyable. There
will probably be many more en-
tries in this area soon, especially
the dungeon and dragon types.
Devils Dungeon by Engel Enter-
prises (PO Box 16612, Tampa FL
33687) is a good example to begin
with. It comes as a small booklet
with the background story, sam-
ple run, program listing, flow-
chart, list of variables used and
possible modifications. If you
would like it on tape ready to run,
contact Jon Staebell, 5102 Arrow-
head Dr., Monona WI 53716.
In this adventure you move
about in a maze of caves, forever
descending into the earth. Some
caves contain drop-offs allowing
you to move to a lower level. You
never can move back up. There is
a lot of gold scattered throughout
the caves. As you try to collect as
much gold as you can, various
monsters attempt to stop you.
You may fight the monsters, run
away or use your magic wand.
For each monster you kill and
piece of gold you find, you are
given experience points. These
may be traded in to add to your
speed and strength. Encounters
with monsters, demons and poi-
sonous gas all reduce your speed
or strength. If either goes below
zero you are declared dead. This
exciting game is well worth
having. Jon's version has excel-
lent sound effects as well.
Wumpus might be considered a
primitive form of a hunt simula-
tion. Its program listing was
printed in Kilobaud No.2. It is
available from several sources in-
cluding Dr. Daley (425 Grove
Ave., Berrien Springs MI 49103)
and the PET Cassette Exchange
(1929 Northport Dr., Room 6,
Madison WI 53704). The Wumpus
lives in underground caves. You
enter their caves, try to find and
kill a Wumpus and escape alive.
Beware of pits and bats!
A step up from Wumpus is
Quest, available from the Com-
puter Project (Peninsula School,
Peninsula Way, Menlo Park CA
94025). Quest is a find-the-trea-
sure game that involves exploring
caves with hidden clues and
changing obstacles.
The August 1978 issue of Kilo-
baud had an article and program
listing for Swords and Sorcery.
This fantasy game was adapted
for the PET by Biosystems Re-
search (11550 SW 108 Ct., Miami
FL 33176) as a tape with agraphic
introduction and complete game
ready to run. The graphic intro-
duction is fantastic. The game is
very simple to play (the program
is complex). You wander through
the forest, try to reach the prin-
cess and find enough gold along
the way to be worthy to marry
her. You meet trolls and goblins
as well as fall into pits. Since it is
simple, children may enjoy it.
However, I felt it was boring, and
I never found the princess during
the several times I played it.
Swordquest by Fantasy Games
Software (PO Box 1683, Mad-
ison WI 53701) is the only fantasy
simulation I have seen with
graphics and animation (and
sound effects soon, too). The
program is complex and has sev-
eral machine-language routines.
It is well human-engineered and
easy to play, but challenging and
exciting at the same time. You
wander about a maze of tunnels,
trying to find the room with the
treasure. You can kill any mon-
sters with your arrows (except for
giant spiders; you need a magic
arrow to assure a kill). The maze
of tunnels is always shown on
your screen; there is no scrolling.
All monsters are invisible until
you come within four steps of
them. They then appear and
charge at you, moving three
spaces each turn. You can do two
things for your turn, including
move, shoot an arrow and change
weapons. You must decide to
carry either your bow or your
sword. You must use your sword
9
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 to fight any monster that attacks mediate access. I only have one
you. The intricacies of this game program per tape, with the origi-
75 ?"lIo you understand?
are explained in the accompany- nal version on side A and my im-
77 ?"If you say Yes everything you have jus t r e ad will be er-as ed ing manual. The manual also re- proved/modified version on side
lates the background story to the B. I use only highest quality Agfa
80 POKE 525,0:UAlT 525,1:GET OS:IF O$-(>Y THEN RUN: REM read "',ain
game. tape in a well-made cassette
89 REM erase lines LIp to 99 follows In addition, Fantasy Games housing.
Software has several other ex- Acceptable C-IO tapes are
90 POKE 59409.52 : F=l : L=99
cellent games that are almost available from Dr. Daley (425
92 B=92:?" [CLR. [lOUN, [lOWN J": FOR I=FTOF+8: IF I>LTHENB= 1 (10 ready for distribution. Grove Ave., Berrien Springs Ml
Last is Hunt by Mike Richter. 49103) for $1.25 each or 84 cents
: NEXT:?" POKE 5 9409,60: GOT 0600 40
It has been renamed since last each for 100 or more. The best
93 "1 :NEXTI :?"F="F+9" :L="L" :GOTO"B month when I mentioned it as tapes I have seen and used are
Hypergame 1. It is a game that from a store in Madison WI, Full
94 POKE 525,10: FORN=OT09: POKE 527+N, 13: NEXTN:?" [HOME J": ENII
really is a class in itself, a meta- Compass (55 N Dickinson, Wash-
100 REM your prograM s t ar t s here. game (in the sense of metaphys- ington Square Complex). Their
ics). The context is a search for a tapes are the best and cost only 47
Example 1. (Lines 75, 77, 80 are merely lead-ins.) defined object. The object, the cents each for 100 or more.
names and natures of the search- Always rewind your tapes after
ers, the names and effects of the each use before storing. For
antagonists and the properties of $2.59, Radio Shack sells well-de-
100 PRINPFil'st l e t s er~lse lines
r lip to 100 to"
110 f'RINTIII'IClke rOOM for r unn i nq the '3aMe." the space in which the hunt is con- signed cassette folders that look
120 REM CURSOR UP PRINTS AS A "1", SO ducted (up to 16 regions) are all like a book and hold 12 cassettes.
130 REM PART OF THE NEXT LINE SHOULD
variables defined by a data tape. I use over 60 of these folders for
140 REM BE KEYED AS:
150 REM 160 PRINT"HIT A KEY [UPJ" •••• Huntwriter, the second inter- my programs. If you have printed
160 PRINT"HIT A KEY ":GET AS:IF AS="" GOT0160 active program in this set, helps listings or instructions you would
170 REM"DYNAMIC KEYBOARD"
define and create data tapes to be like to keep with your tapes, you
180 REM NEXT INSERT THE FIRST AND
190 REM LAST LINES TO BE ERASED used with Hunt, which changes will be interested in a three-ring
200 FIRST LINE=l :LAST LINE=22 with each new data tape. With the binder with cassette folder built
210 REM***** **********:t*:~****:t***:I<***:I<*:I< into its inside front and back.
aid of Huntwriter, you can change
220 REM THE NEXT LINE NUMBER SHOULI'
230 REM BE THE FIRST LINE OF THIS or construct new worlds for Hunt. They are available from 20th
240 REM SUBROUTINE - USUALLY IT'S And no knowledge of any com- Century Plastics (3628 Crenshaw
250 REM OWN LINE NUMBER
puter language or adherence to Blvd., Los Angeles CA 9(016) for
260 BEGIN=260
270 REM*******:~* :f.::t:******** *** *********** the formalisms of programming $7.50 each or $5.50 each for 6.
280 REM THE POKE VALUE OF RETURN is required (although it does de- You also can get clear plastic pro-
290 REM IS 13
mand clear thought). tectors for your listings or docu-
300 CARRIAGE RETRN=13
310 REM*********,t::I:*:U******************* Firstworld, Filmworld of Oz mentation. They hold typing-
320 REM KEY NEXT LINE AS: and Haunted House are three of paper-size sheets and have three-
330 REM 350 PRINT"[CLR,DOUN,DOWNJ"
340 REM READY TO PRINT LINE NUMBERS
the data tapes available now for ring binder holes on the side.
350 PRINT" " Hunt and Huntwriter. Thus with They cost 20 cents each for 100 or
360 REI1* *:. ***** **:.**:~ **:t:*** **:+:****:f:***:~:f: less than 8K of RAM you can more from 20th Century Plastics.
370 REM I IS THE LINE NUMBERS TO
380 REM BE ERASED
travel with Frodo through Middle You may also want full-size cas-
390 FOR I=FIRST LINE TO FIRST LINE+S Earth or trace adventures of King sette labels so you can neatly type
400 REI1***** ***:f:***********:t,******:~***** Arthur's court. And the user can your program names. Ray Jacobs
410 REM IT STOPS ERASING AFTER I IS
420 REM GREATER THAN YOUR CHECK LINE set up this world without having Audio (1419 Santa Fe Ave., Long
430 REM SET BEGIN TO THE NEXT LINE OF to write a program. Beach .CA 90813) sells rolls of
440 REM YOUR PROGRAM TO BE EXECUTED Hunt is more than a fantastic 1000 cassette labels for $15.
450 IF DLAST LINE THEN BEGIN=1000
460 RE11**** ***** ********** ** ***********
interactive adventure. It is one
470 REM NEXT PRINT THE LINE NUMBER way to involve non-programmers
480 PRINT I in software. It also is educational,
490 REH******** **********:~*:~***:t:*****:Ic* Programming Hints
500 NEXT I both in the playing (map drawing,
510 REH******* **** *** *:II**:~'II*****:~*:t:**** organization) and in the creating.
520 REM DELETED, ALL VARIABLES ARE
The parent and child can create As promised last month, I will
530 REM SET TO 0 - NEXT WE PRINT THE
their own world, or a freshman explain how you can alter a
540 REM INFO NEEDED TO CONTINUE THIS
550 REM SUBROUTINE history project can 'recreate an era BASIC program while it is run-
560 PRINT"FIRST LINE=" FIRST+9; in history. ning. PET has a special buffer
570 PRINT" :LAST L1NE=" LAST" :GOTO" BEGIN
If you are interested in Hunt, (memory) for the keyboard. Last
580 REtt **** **** *** *** **~* **** *** ******* month we touched on this with
590 REM NEXT THE KEYBOARD BUFFER IS Huntwriter and any sample data
600 REM FILLED WITH RETURNS
tapes for them, please contact the the short routine:
610 REM THESE RETURN THE BLANI:
PET Gazette, 1929 Northport Dr., POKE 525,0: WAIT 525,1: GET A$
620 REM LINES NUMBERS WE JUST PRINTED
630 PoKE525,10:FoR N=O TO 9 Room 6, Madison WI 53704. Location 525 tells the PET how
640 POI:E527+N,CARRIAGE RETRN many keys have been hit since it
650 NEXT N:REH*********:~****:t:********** last looked. By POKEing a 0
660 REM KEY LINE 730 AS:
670 REM 730 PRINT"[HOMEJ":END there, PET thinks that no keys
680 REM THIS PUTS THE CURSOR TO THE Sidelines were hit. WAIT tells it to wait un-
690 REM HOME POSITION AND ENDS THE
til a certain condition is met, and
700 REM PROGRAM. THUS PET tloU LOOKS
710 REM AT IT'S KEYBOARD BUFFER TO You may not have almost 400 then to continue. Try this short
720 REM SEE WHAT KEYS HAVE BEEN HIT cassettes of PET programs to example:
730 PRINT"":END
store, as I do, but most PET users 10 POKE 525,0: WAIT 525.3 : INPUT A$
7 40 REM** **** *******:t:*:~:t:*:t::~**:u:.******
750 REM THE LINE ERASING ROUTINE should have an organized and ef- The PET won't do anything until
760 REM IS OVER NOU ficient method of storing pro- three keys are hit, but it remem-
1000 PROGRAM CONTINUES HERE
READY.
grams on cassettes. I recommend bers what those keys were.
using C-I0 cassettes (5 minutes The keyboard buffer is from
each side). Since rewind time is locations 527 to 536. By POKEing
Program A. Automatic line-erasing routine. minimal, you can keep one pro- the correct values into this buffer
gram on each side for almost im- and setting the counter at loca-

12
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V' Reader Service-see page 179 13

 tions 525 to the correct number of how to do just that without using
characters, we can trick the PET one extra byte of memory while
into thinking that keys were ac- your program is running.
tually hit. The POKE value of a There are two program listings:
carriage return is 13. one annotated with REMarks;
Now for an application that the other is as you would type it
you can use in most of your pro- in. If you begin your program at
grams. Many game programs use line 100 of the short uncorn-
arrays or many variables. Mem- mented version, it is ready for
ory has to be saved for this so that your use just as it is. Add your in-
when the program is run it will troduction and instructions using
not run out of memory. You can PRINT statements on lines I to
use the DIM command to reserve 89 prior to beginning your pro-
memory for use while running the gram at line 100 (see Example I).
program. Why not use this same To modify this to erase any
memory for your introduction speci fic block of lines, set F =
and instructions? We now will see first line to be erased and L = last
=-
=i!
~~~-B-O-O-K-S-
guage;" this book provides the
The BASIC Handbook key that can open your computer
David A. Lien to programs written in BASIC
Compusoft Publishing dialects supplied with more than
San Diego CA 92119 50 of the world's most popular
Softcover, 360 pp., $14.95 computers. Covered are language
variations used by Radio Shack,
Who among us computer hob- Commodore, Altair, Imsai,
byists hasn't felt totally Apple, SWTP, Heathkit, Ohio
frustrated when that "neat" pro- Scientific, Control Data, Digital
gram we copied from a magazine Group, North Star, DEC, IBM,
article failed to run in our own etc.
computers? The program was Two hundred seventeen com-
written in BASIC, wasn't it? Our mands, statements and functions
computer's language is BASIC, are described in detail. In addi-
isn't it? So why won't the pro- tion, the uses of 34 operators
gram run? (symbols such as the comma, co-
We'll assume that we entered lon and plus sign) are covered.
the program correctly. It prob- These explanations are intended
ably failed to work as predicted to supplement, not replace, those
by the magazine article writer contained in your computer man-
because his computer and ours ufacturer's instruction manual.
speak different BASIC dialects. Each BASIC word is described
Remember that over the years, in a uniform manner. The word
more than 100 such BASIC itself appears at the top right-
dialects-or variations-have hand edge of the page in bold let-
been developed. ters centered on the picture of a
The BASIC Handbook was video monitor. Since all words
written by Dr. David A. Lien are listed alphabetically, you can
(author of Radio Shack's popular quickly locate the particular word
BASIC primer, "TRS-80 User's you are seeking by riffling the
Manual For Level I") to help you edges of the book's pages.
translate BASIC programs from "ANSI" appears to the right of
one dialect to another. For exam- the word if it has been recognized
ple, if you wanted to translate a as being a part of the minimum
BASIC program written for BASIC vocabulary by the Na-
Radio Shack's TRS-80 computer tional Bureau of Standards'
to run on Commodore's PET American National Standards In-
machine, the Handbook would stitute. A notation appearing
help you do it. beneath the word identifies its
Subtitled "An Encyclopedia of purpose (command, statement,
the BASIC Computer Lan- function or operator).
14
line (line 90), and IF I>L THEN
B = starting line after lines are
erased (line 92). POKE 59409,52
in line 90 turns off your video.
Leave this out while you test the
program. POKE 59409,60, turns
the video back on (line 92).
Now you can add an introduc-
tion to all your programs. Simply
fill up all available memory, sav-
ing only a few bytes for variables
used in this routine and your in-
troduction. Yes-this routine
erases itself too! (See Program A.)
Ideas for this routine originally
came from Mike Louder and
Mike Richter. This concept has
After the word is described and
its use explained, a test program
(sometimes several) consisting of
from four to 12 lines is given. By
entering the test program
your computer and comparing
your results with the sample run
into
provided, you will be able to
determine precisely how your
machine's BASIC interpreter
responds to that word.
A particularly useful section
that appears under many BASIC
words is entitled: "If Your Com-
puter Doesn't Have It." As that
title implies, it is sometimes possi-
ble to achieve a desired pro-
gramming result by using a com-
bination of BASIC terms.
For example, under the MAT
PRINT statement explanation,
the author describes how you can
assign values to each element of
an array even if your computer
doesn't recognize "MAT
PRINT." His recommendation:
use FOR-NEXT loops in combi-
nation with PRINT statements.
A paragraph beneath each
word identifies (sometimes by
computer manufacturer's name)
"Variations In Usage" of the
word. For example, under the
SPACE function, used to insert a
specified number of blanks, you
are told that some BASIC inter-
preters require you to place a "$"
after SPACE.
Author Lien and Editor Dave
Gunzel admit to one important
omission. BASIC words used to
control peripheral devices such as
tape machines, disk drives and
printers have not been included in
this, the first issue of the en-
cyclopedia. They claim that at
this time so little uniformity exists
in the use of such words that their
inclusion would be premature.
Both author and editor expect
to enlarge the list of BASIC
words covered in future printings
of their encyclopedia. "BASIC
keeps expanding. We can only
chase it," they lament, "but
never catch it all."
In my opinion, they have
many more applications. Please
write if you use this concept in an-
other way.
Next month I will explain how
the PET stores a BASIC program
and how to protect as many lines
of your program as you wish
from being listed. You can write a
program that works but can't be
listed. It's easy using the method I
will explain next month.
Your letters are always wel-
come. Send to: Len Lindsay,
1929 Northport Dr., Room 6,
Madison WI 53704. Please ad-
dress letters to this address, not
Kilobaud MICROCOMPUTING.
"caught" enough
The BASIC Handbook
of it to make
puter enthusiast's library.
an in-
valuable addition to every com-
Sherman P. Wantz
Sebring FL
The Incredible Secret Money
Machine
Don Lancaster
Howard W. Sams & Co., Inc.
Indianapolis In, 1978
This is the first "nontechnical"
book by Don Lancaster that I've
ever seen, and it fully lives up to
his previous reputation. If you
want to make money from some-
thing that you like to do, run out
and buy The Incredible Secret
Money Machine now. You won't
regret it. Like his other work, this
book comprises solid informa-
tion at a reasonable price ($5.95
list). That may seem like a lot of
money for 159 pages, but remem-
ber-there's no nonsense in
Don's stuff.
Each chapter in Money Ma-
chine is dedicated to a particular
phase of establishing your own
"money machine" and keeping it
functioning. Don has covered not
just what you should do (along
with examples that are taken
from his own experience, or so it
seems) but also what you should
avoid like the plague. He tells you
the whys, too. Some of this ad-
vice seems to run counter to what
the local chamber of commerce
or business school might want
you to believe, but my own ex-
perience says that he's right every
time.
If you want to get into business
for yourself, this book is an ab-
solute must. You'll learn some
basic strategy and tactics and
then how to get things rolling in
the first three chapters. Chapters
4, 5 and 6 go into the nitty-gritty
of finding the information you
(continued on page 140)
 CompuSoft ™ Publishing Proudly Announces .

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From the author of the highly acclaimed TRS·80 Learner's Manual comes the
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reference and "idea" book which explains in detail the BASIC language as used
in over 50 micros, minis and mainframes.

Not a dictionary, not a text, it is a virtual ENCYCLOPEDIA of the BASIC

language. Explaining all you need to know about over 250 BASIC statements,
functions, operators and commands, it is the "missing link" needed to convert
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I understand my order will be shipped
promptly and there is a 30 Day
money-back guarantee. My computer is a

V" Reader Service-see page 179 15

 NEW
PRODUCT
Gimix Microcomputer
The System 68 Microcomputer
. from Gimix Inc., 1337 W. 37th
Place, Chicago IL 60609,
features: a ferro-resonant con-
stant voltage power supply, an
SS-50 motherboard (fifteen
50-pin and eight 30-pin gold-
plated slots) and a 6800 CPU
board that holds four 2708s and
three independent, program-
mable software timers. The
board also features the unique
Gimix 16K software readdress-
able static RAM boards orga-
nized into four separately con-
trollable 4K blocks, which allow
the user to have as much memory
as can be contained in the main-
frame. DIP-switch features allow
use of existing SWTP- and MSI-
compatible software.
The system is video-based us-
ing the Gimix video board and
GMXBUG 3K ROM monitor that
contains the standard utility
functions plus routines that
facilitate software development.
8080 Text Formatting System
A full-featured text processor
is now available to use with your
North Star System. TFS (text for-
matting system) works with vir-
tually any system configuration
and any terminal (you must have
RAM from 0 to 2000H).
Features of the text formatting
System 68.
16
Edited by Dennis Brisson
system include: left- and right-
margin justification, page output
(you determine page length),
automatic paragraph indentation
and reverse indentation, title
page and chapter headings (on
user command), auto list num-
bering, multi-copy capability,
macro capabilities (you can
define a macro format and then
simply "Call" it when needed),
auto page number and back space
command.
TFS supports a host of com-
mands to alter text, both by string
searches and substitution or by
editing any specific line. The in-
put line editor takes the worry out
of typing errors. TFS also sup-
ports file mergers and appending
two files together to yield one
larger file. This is especially
useful for form letters and other
standard setups.
TFS is written in 8080 machine
code and is completely "Load
and Go" with the exception of
the two-byte jump patch to the
user's printer drivers. The cost of
the system, which comes with a
complete user's manual, is $75.
Supersoft, PO Box 1628,
Champaign IL 61820.
TRS-80 Serial I/O Board
The TRS-80 Serial I/O Board
is RS-232 compatible and can be
used with or without the expan-
sion bus. It features on-board
switch-selectable baud rates of
Electronic System's I/O Board.
The Sol System III package.
110, 150, 300, 600, 1200 and
2400, parity odd or even or no
parity, five to eight data bits and
one or two stop bits. It also in-
cludes a DTR line. The board
costs $19.95, $59.95 with parts
and $79.95 assembled.
Electronic Systems, PO Box
21638, San Jose CA 95151.
Electronic Typing for Sol
Processor Technology Cor-
poration, 7100 Johnson Drive,
Pleasanton CA 94566, has put to-
gether a high -performance sys-
tem that combines the capability
of electronic typing with general-
purpose data processing. The sys-
tem is capable of other tasks such
as general ledger, accounts pay-
able and receivable, payroll and
office functions at costs substan-
tially lower than conventional
word-processing systems. The
computer system consists of a
Processor Technology Sol Sys-
tem III-A, the new Word Wizard
software package developed by
Basic Computer Group Ltd. of
Vancouver, B.C., and the new
Sol Printer.
Hardware for the system con-
sists of the Sol computer main-
frame with built-in keyboard, a
750,000 Helios II Disk Memory,
a video monitor and a high-speed
bidirectional daisy wheel printer.
Cost of the system is under
$10,000.
Digital Integrated Circuit Tester
ICTM-I allows any micro-
computer to be used as a digital
integrated circuit tester that per-
forms both functional and de
parametric tests on TTL, low-
power Schottky, Schottky,
CMOS and NMOS devices. It can
also be used to test small circuit
boards and subsystems with up to
22 I/O lines.
This peripheral module can
measure device fan out, fan in,
supply current and other parame-
ters. Active loads on output pins
ensure that devices with normal,
open collector and three-state
output configurations can all be
tested without any external com-
ponents. Tests can be performed
with power supply levels from 4.5
V to 5.5 V, allowing for worst-
case testing.
ICTM-I interfaces to the host
computer through one input port
and two output ports. Plug-in
personality modules with zero in-
sertion force sockets auto-
matically configure the tester for
14, 16, 18, 20, 22 and 24 pin
devices, with a user wirable
module also available. An op-
tional interface card and cable is
also offered for S-IOObus com-
puters.
Included with ICTM-l are the
software drivers necessary to use
tester functions in device test
plans. These drivers are provided
in 8080/80851Z-80, 6502 and

The ICTM-l.
M6800 assembly language. Also
available for 8080/8085/Z-80
users is TBASlC (Tester Extend-
ed BASIC), a high-level control
language.
The lCTM-l costs $349.95 kit,
$499.95 assembled and tested.
Each ICTM-l includes one per-
sonality module of the user's
choice; additional personality
modules are priced from $19.95
each. The S-100 interface
module, IF-I, is priced at $89.95
kit, $119.95 assembled and test-
ed. The TBASIC interpreter is
priced at $49.95. A complete set
of assembly, user and software
manuals is available for $15
(refundable with order).
Pragmatic Designs, Inc., 711
Stierlin Road, Mt. View CA
94043.
CP /M-Compatible ASI Software
Administrative Systems, Inc.
(ASl), announces its single-user
system software, OPUS/ONE,
OPUS/TWO, SOS and FORTE,
on CP/M-compatible diskettes.
This new format will allow users
with a 32K (minimum) CP/M-
based system to load and im-
mediately execute ASI's system
software packages.
Each package is structured as a
CP/M-compatible file, which,
when loaded, will execute, using
the device drivers already existing
under CP/M. Other files include
a System Generation routine,
which will allow the user to create
an ASI standard system diskette
with customized device drivers,
and a FORMAT routine, used to
set up data diskettes.
The new packages include
user's manuals, which may also
be purchased separately, and
their cost may be credited toward
the cost of the appropriate soft-
ware. The software is supplied on
soft-sectored IBM-3740 (eight-
inch) compatible diskettes, single
density.
Softape programs.
Administrative Systems, Inc.,
1642 South Parker Road, Suite
300, Denver CO 80231.
TRS-80, Poly and PET
Software
A large selection of original,
low-cost software is now avail-
able for the TRS-80, Poly and
PET microcomputers. The
following package of graphic
games is just a sample of what is
offered-WWIII Bomber, Lunar
Lander 5 and Biorhythm. Requir-
ing only 4K of memory, these
programs on cassette cost $9.96.
A free, complete catalog (please
specify computer type) is avail-
able upon request.
Software Industries, 902
Pinecrest, Richardson TX 75080.
8080 Assembler
Midwest Micro-Tek, Inc., PO
Box 29411, Brooklyn Center MN
55429, announces a new assem-
bier, SASSY, to replace and up-
grade the assembler in CP/M op-
erating systems. SASSY is com-
pletely compatible with Digital
Research's CP/M format and in-
cludes new features such as: cross
referenced table of symbols/la-
bels; linking up to nine source files
MMT's SASSY.
simultaneously for program as-
sembly; page length/width con-
trol and list/no list option. Also
included are standard Intel mne-
monics and pseudo-codes, sym-
bol table generation, automatic
page numbering, top-of-form
control, title block and user con-
trol of error and hex destination.
SASSY is available on hard-
sectored minifloppy disk or soft-
sectored full-sized single- or dual-
density disks in CP/M format.
SASSY runs on 16K systems and
is compatible with CP/M multi-
drive environment. Price (with
manual) is $75.
Apple II Software
Outfit your Apple II Computer
with a varied selection of cassette
tapes from Softape, 10756 Van-
owen, North Hollywood CA
91605. The selection includes:
Bomber!-a HIRES graphics
game with fast, detailed anima-
tion ($9.95).
Electronic Index-Card File-
uses the Apple Disk for storing
(in alphabetical order) and re-
trieving information such as tele-
phone numbers, recipes, etc.
($19.95).
Appletalker-with 16K of
memory or more, you can give
your Apple II the power of speech
($15.95).
SSG's applications software.
Music Kaleidoscope-uses in-
put (such as from your stereo) to
create a color light show ($9.95).
The Talking Calculator-
transforms the Apple II into a
talking 10-digit calculator
($12.95).
Apple-Lis'ner-make your
own programs with voice recog-
nition ($19.95).
Micropolis Floppy Disk
Software
Applications software for the
Micropolis Mod II floppy disk
system is now available from
Structured Systems Group, 5208
Claremont Avenue, Oakland CA
94618. SSG's software line, avail-
able on 8 inch disks, includes the
following business applications:
General Ledger, Accounts Re-
ceivable and Accounts Payable,
as well as NAD, a name-and-ad-
dress file that produces mailing
lists according to user-defined pa-
rameters, QSORT, a full-disk
sort/merge program for organiz-
ing computer files, and CBASIC-
2, the latest version of CBASIC,
an advanced, business-oriented
BASIC language specifically de-
signed for the CP/M operating
system.
The software runs on any
8080-based or Z-80-based micro-
computer with a minimum 48K
RAM memory and dual disks op-
erating under CP/M. The Micro-
polis Mod II system is a quad-
density unit, obtaining 630K
bytes of storage on two 5Y. inch
mini -diskettes.
Home Poison Control
and World Simulation
Two significant software prod-
ucts for the home computer have
recently been released by
Berkeley Medical Data Associ-
ates, Inc., PO Box 5279, Berkeley
CA 94705.
Home Poison Control is a disk-
based, medical application
17

The CIT-PME-16.
package by Roger O. Littge,
M.D., which provides emergency
advice in the event of accidental
poisoning in the home. Written in
BASIC, the program uses word
recognition to identify the names
of household products or sub-
stances, then provides instruc-
tions for essential emergency
treatment. The package comes
complete with two disk utilities to
enable expansion of the recogniz-
able vocabulary to 2400 names
(single density, single-sided
North Star diskette). Maximum
search time is 6 seconds. Annual
updates of the vocabulary will be
provided free of charge.
World Simulation is a popula-
tion and ecologic computer simu-
lation. The two versions included
on the diskette are completely in-
teractive and are suitable for sixth
grade through college studies in
ecology, economics, system dy-
namics or international policy.
Based on the user's suggested
changes in birth rate, food pro-
duction, etc., the model projects
the trends of 15 system vari-
ables-population, natural
resources, pollution ratio, quality
of life, capital investment, pollu-
tion generated, food ratio,life ex-
pectancy, birth rate, crowding
ratio, material standard of living,
natural resource usage, capital in-
vestment ratio, capital invest-
ment ratio in agriculture and
capital investment agricultural
fraction-from the year 1900 to
the selected endpoint and prints
any of three different graphs or a
tabular listing of all variables.
Home Poison Control is avail-
able on North Star diskette with
manual and complete source
listings for $28 (manual only with
source listings costs $8) or on
CBASIC version 8 inch diskette
with manual for $32. The World
Simulation program package is
provided in either North Star
BASIC on 5 y,. inch diskette, $28
(manual only with North Star
listings costs $8), or CBASIC on 8
inch diskette, $32. Both versions
require 16K of memory and are
supplied with complete source
files.
18
Intel/National SBC-80, DEC models: the LA34, which accepts
LSI-III2 and Motorola Exorci- either roll paper or individual
sor, feature memory-mapped ad- sheets, and the LA38, which uses
dressing, which allows the full conventional, tractor-fed print-
power of the processor's instruc- out paper. DECwriter IV models
tion set to be used for display include a choice of four character
data manipulation. The 12810ca- spacings and can output 132 col-
tion character generator features umns of type across an 8 \/, inch
the full ASCII set including upper wide piece of paper at the most
and lowercase characters as well compressed setting.
as limited graphics. A 5 x 7 dot DEC's high-speed terminal is
matrix in a 6 x 10 dot cell is used, the new DECwriter III, which
resulting in a non-interlaced, prints copy bidirectionally at 180
completely flicker-free display. cps, has a choice of eight charac-
All models operate from a single ter spacings, employs a lK char-
+5 V power supply. A compati- acter input buffer and has micro-
ble family of graphics controller processor-controlled logic to per-
16-Bit PASCAL Computer mit more than 45 settings by key-
cards with variable resolutions
ranging from 256 x 256 to board selection.
The CIT-PME-16 PASCAL 512 x 256 points is also available. Digital Equipment Corpora-
Microengine is the world's first Price is $295. tion, 129 Parker St., PK
16-bit PASCAL computer system Matrox Electronics Systems, 3-1/A4I, Maynard MA 01754.
that directly executes PASCAL 2795 Bates Rd., Montreal,
object programs. The system Quebec, H3S IB5, Canada.
comes complete with desktop
CPU, 64K of RAM memory, THE SYSTEM
dual 8-inch floppy disk sub-
system, 60 cps line printer, CRT DEC Terminals SYSTEM I features a custom
with upper and lowercase letters console, keyboard, S-100 bus
and the PASCAL Operating Sys- The DECwriter IV from Digi- motherboard, 16 Amp power
tem on diskette. Also included tal Equipment Corporation supply, fan, 64x 16 upper and
are complete documentation and (DEC) is the company's first lowercase video/graphics board
technical manuals. The UCSD table-top hard-copy unit. With and the MD-690A CPU board.
(University of California, San the look, weight and feel of an of- Besides combining the 6800 pro-
Diego) version of PASCAL soft- fice typewriter, the DECwriter IV cessor (6802) with the S-IOObus,
ware package includes the BASIC 30 cps terminal employs special- the MD-690A includes a 2400
and PASCAL compiler, file man- purpose microcircuitry to permit baud cassette interface and
ager, editor and debugging aid. the user to determine such re- interrupt-driven keyboard input.
If you don't want to order the quirements as the number of This CPU permits such options as
complete system, you can pur- characters per inch for each line, 8K BASIC in on-card PROM,
chase the PASCAL Microengine margin and tabular settings and multitasking and time-sharing.
as a complete computer without vertical spacing between lines. There is even 2400 real-time clock
peripherals. The computer costs DECwriter IV comes in two circuitry provided. The MD-
$2995; the complete system is
$8000.
Computer Interface Tech-
nology, 2080 South Grand,
Grand Centre, Santa Ana CA
92705.
Transparent Memory
Video Display Board
The ALTR-2480, a new 24 line
x 80 character alphanumeric
video interface card for the S-l 00
bus, features a new concept,
called transparent memory, that
solves the classic memory-
contention problem common to
all CRT displays. The CPU can
access the refresh memory at any
time, the display is completely
glitch free, and the CPU is never
interrupted. The method is com-
pletely general and does not rely
on the peculiar timing character-
istics of a particular CPU, so it
can be used with most micro and
minicomputers.
All cards, incorporated into
three industry standard buses be-
sides the S-I00 bus including the DECwriter IVs (background) and a DECwriter III (foreground).

THE SYSTEM from MicroDaSys.
690A is upwards compatible with
the third generation Motorola
6809 processor chip. The 6809 of-
fers 16-bit internal arithmetic,
hardware multiplication, 18 ad-
dressing modes and three times
the throughput of a 4 MHz Z-80.
SYSTEM I costs $549 (kit) or
$699 (assembled).
The SYSTEM 2 starts where
the SYSTEM I leaves off and
adds a 32K RAM card populated
with 8K of RAM. Adding mem-
ory to the SYSTEM 2 is as easy as
plf1gging. memory chips on the
32K static RAM card. Each 8K
additional RAM is $129. SYS-
TEM 2 costs $699, kit, and $899,
assembled.
!SYSTEM 3 combines a full
32K static RAM with a miniflop-
py disk drive, controller and
DPS, Cost is $1499, kit, and
$1799, assembled.
iThe I K PROM monitor
(MONBUG) at the heart of THE
SYSTEM is compatible with the
st~ndard 6800 ROM (MIKBUG).
I '
As a result, virtually all 6800 soft-
ware will run on THE SYSTEM.
But MONBUG outputs to mern-
ory-mapped video cards permit-
tirig graphics, animation and an
exclusive memory window.
MicroDaSys, PO Box 36051,
Los Angeles CA 90036.
The CPU-2.
Housing for the AIM-65.
AIM Enclosures
Top off your Rockwell
AIM-65 microcomputer with a
new housing unit recently
developed by the Enclosures
Group. The SAE I-I Enclosure is
thermo formed from Rohm and
Haas kydex 100 for durability
and safety. All mounting hard-
ware is provided, a~d assembly
takes only a few minutes using
simple hand tools.
All switches are easily accessi-
ble, and paper-tape replacement
is a cinch. A reset button actua-
tion is built in. This black and
gray enclosure retails for $43.75.
The Enclosures Group, 753
Bush St., San Francisco CA
94108, also manufactures and
sells housings for the KIM-I
SYM-I and Cherry-Pro 'key-
boards.
SS-50 CPU Board
The CPU-2 is an SS-50 bus-
compatible central processor
board 'that uses the Motorola
MC6802 Microprocessor IC,
MC6850 ACIA, MCI4411 baud
rate generator and a MOS Tech-
nology MPS6532 memory-I/O-
timer array. The board uses
separate crystals for the baud rate
generator ;nd the 6802, has
power-on reset, switch-selectable
baud rates, RS-232 and current
loop serial port and two 8-bit
parallel 110 ports.
There is a 128 byte RAM at
$F400 through $F47F for the
stack and registers, as well as a
128 byte RAM at $0000 through
$007F that can be used in small
systems or disabled when external
RAM at the same locations is
used. Provision is made for an
on-board 2708 or 2716 EPROM
to provide IK or 2K of ROM to
contain an operating program or
a monitor program.
This board can be used by itself
in small measurement and con-
trol applications requiring up to
16 parallel 110 lines and one
serial port. (The 14411, 6850,
crystal, etc., can be left off if no
serial port is needed.) The board
can also be used in a fully expand-
ed SS-50 bus system to address up
to 62K of external RAM (3K is
reserved for on-board uses). A
preprograrnmed monitor EPROM
(FADBUG) is available. Bare
board costs $35 each. Add $2.50
per order shipping and handling.
Documentation is $5 ppd. Ohio
The P178-1 wiring tool.
residents, add 4 percent tax.
F & D Associates, 1270 Todd
Rd., New Plymouth OH 45654.
Wiring Pencil Kit
A wiring pencil kit, Model
55X, offers a variety of tools and
breadboarding hardware with an
improved rPf Zd-I wiring pencil
with a 400-foot spool of 36-gauge
insulated wire. During, circuit
construction, the wire is routed
point to point, taking three turns
around each post or lead where
connections are made. When sol-
dered with a 750 soldering iron,
0
the insulation melts and a solder
bond occurs.
The tool is slim and lightweight
with a comfortable tip angle for
pencil-like wiring. Connections
are three times' faster than with
conventional cut, strip and solder
methods. The kit includes a wire-
cutting chisel tool and a terminal
installation tool as well as 120feet
,of bare 30-gauge wire. Bread-
boarding supplies consist of 100
terminals, 20 wire' spacers, an 8
inch by 4.5 inch Vectorbord, four
pedestal feet for the b~ard and a
rigid foam support for terminal
installation. The 55X kits are
priced at $13.90 each, or the
PI78-1 pencils may be purchased
separately for $7.95.
Vector Electronic Company,
12460 Gladstone Avenue, Sylmar
CA 91342.
TRS-30 Disk Payroll
Hebbler Software Services,
7142 Elliott Drive, Dallas TX
75227, announces a line of
business-related packaged pro-
(continued on page 22)
19

PET Peeve
I just received the January 1979
issue of KiiobaudMICROCOM-
PUTING arid wish to express my
appreciation for your continuing
high-quality. magazine. But I am
somewhat confused about your
editorial policy with the inclusion
of the first of a series written by
Len Lindsay and titled "PET-
pourri." As a biased and satisfied
owner of the TRS-80 computer
system, I think back to the July
1978 Editor'S Remarks, "Where
Have All the Forums Gone?" in
which John Craig noted that the
editors "decided to concentrate
on articles .for the variety of
systems and do away with col-
umns for certain ones" (p. 7).
Thus the TRS-80 Forum, as well
as columns focused on other sys-
tems, was discontinued.
Now don't misunderstand me.
I think that "PET-pourri" is a
well-written, interesting and im-
portant addition to the informa-
tion available for both owners
and non-owners of the PET com-
puter. It is my hope that this
editorial inconsistency will be
cleared up. One way is to rein-
state the TRS-80 Forum. The
TRS-80 is the most cost efficient
and widely owned microcomput-
er system and should be repre-
sented (as I said I am biased).
Alternati vely, the original
editorial decision should be
honored and a wide variety of ar-
ticles should be published with no
focus on anyone system.
David L. Whelchel
Pullman WA
Due to the continuing lack of sup-
porting documentation from
Commodore, we felt that some
method of disseminating the se-
crets of the PET was need-
ed. =Editors.
Making Contacts
An examination of the circuit
in Fig. 9 of "Baudot Interface
Cookbook" (September 1978, p.
72) by J.R. Haglund and W.B.
Reed revealed that a very low
voltage was imposed across the
contacts in the Teletype character
20
encoder. Operation from the key-
board was adequate, but when I
attempted operation from a tape,
the result was a complete muddle,
when any printout resulted at all.
I decided that the voltage was too
low for the sliding contact on the
commutator. I revised the input
circuit to a series connection to
the 37 volt supply througha 5.6k
Ohm resistor, with a shunt to
ground of lk Ohm across the in-
put filter: This inverted the
signal, so I added an extra in-
verter.
Gerald Matthews
.. Lanaka Harbor NJ
We feel that Mr. Matthews'
note is worth publishing. Al-
though we did not have any such
trouble with our tape reader, I
can see that a slightly dirty com-
mutator would cause input prob-
lems as mentioned by Gerald.
Our trouble was not too low in-
put voltage, but noise from the
selector magnets. I feel that you
should warn users to use the
higher-voltage scheme only if
they have problems with poor
contacts in the Baudot.
W. B. Reed
Redwood City CA
No North?
What has North Star done
wrong? They buy full-color ads in
almost every issue, don't they?
Look in the December issue. No
Instant Software· in North Star
BASIC. No "North Star" or
Heat sinks.
"Horizon" heading in the 1978
Index. I can only find two articles
that have "North Star" In the ti-
tle. I can only find two ads that
offer NS BASICsoftware.
I really do not regret having
plunked down money for a three-
year subscription to Kilobaud
M!CROCOMPUTING. It really
lives up to its motto. However,
we users of NS BASIC would ap-
preciate a little more attention.
Richard Kennon
Sunnyvale CA
Last month, we exhorted OS! and
Apple owners to let us hear from
them. (Oh, say, OS!-ers, see page
130.) Well-how about you North
Star owners? (Meanwhile, check
out Bob Goff's article on p. /00.)
-Editors.
Fresh Perspective
I'm II years old and I read my
father's computer magazines.
I've also read Jade's catalog. I've
drawn some pictures on what I
think they mean (see below).
Amy Dolcourt
Sunnyvale CA
Service Sought
The article "A Service Bureau
for Hobbyists" in the January
1979 issue of Kilobaud M!CRO-
COMPUTING caught my inter-
est. Because of it, I am seriously
considering starting such a ser-
vice. Initially, I plan to support
cassettes, paper tape and prob-
ably a few types of floppy disks.
Other initial services are likely to
include printed listings and
PROM programming.
I am interested in hearing from
people with ideas on what ser-
vices they would like. For exam-
ple, what data formats are widely
used? For cassettes this includes
Ribbon cable.
Number cruncher.
both recording format (Kansas
City, etc.) and data formats (In-
tel's object format, etc.). What
kinds of floppy disk systems
should I support? What kind of
services would be desirable?
Possibilities here include copying
from one medium to another,
printing listings from cassettes,
paper tape, etc., running
assemblies or disassemblies, sort-
ing data such as mailing lists and
programming PROMs and listing
their contents.
How much would people be
willing to pay for some of these
services? Would there be enough
people using these services for me
to stay in business? Is anyone else
considering starting a hobbyist
service bureau? Please let me
know about any ideas or sugges-
tions you may have.
James R. Howell
5472 Playa Del Rey
San Jose CA 95123
Cassette Tapes Revisited
I wish to clarify a point made in
my December 1978 article, "The
Care and Feeding of Cassette
Tapes," which was brought to
my attention by a Mr. B. Chud-
nor of Indiana. (I've misplaced
his envelope and, consequently,
his address; feel free to write me
again, sir!)
I mentioned that the quality of
remanence in tape is the same in
all brands. May I repeat the word
quality, for every tape brand has
differing levels of this quality
depending on how it is used.
I must also mention retentivity,
another term used in judging
magnetic tape, and its definition.
Retentivity is the ability of any
substance to retain a magnetic
charge. The soft iron core of a
transformer, for example, has
high magnetic properties when
current is flowing, but does not
remain magnetized after the cur-
HARDCOPY NOW!

TRS-80*
Why pay half the price of your computer for
hardcopy output? Keep cost down with GPA's
Hardcopy Interface! It plugs into the 40 pin
expansion connector provided with your TRS-80*
That's right, you don't need an expansion
interface. Ifyou have an expansion interface that's
ok. Our Hardcopy Interface works with or without!
You get a 3M' 40 pin connector with attached
ribbon cable, a OB-25 connector for your terminal,
and an internal power supply.
There is a simple software routine that we supply
to initialize the output port and get character.
Using Level II "Basic" Print & List commands you
are ready to print: Mailing lists, Form letters, Data
tables, Inventory reports, Manuscripts, etc.
RS-232-C or 20ma. current loop available.

Assembled and Tested $59.95

PET*
GPA's Hardcopy Interface for the PET* uses the
"IEEE-488" bus provided by Commodore.
Parallel signals are converted to serial signals by a
5v single supply UART (universal asynchronous
receiver transmitter). All logic signals are
converted to the proper levels. For output, you get
a standard OB-25 connector. All lines are tri-state
buffered for extra reliability. Best of all you still
retain the IEEE bus! GPA has provided you with
another "IEEE" edge connector that allows you to
extend the bus for additional devices.

GPA's Hardcopy Interface has selectable baud

rate (110,300,600,1200).
RS-232-C or 20ma. current loop available.
Assembled and Tested $59.95
'TRS·SO TRADEMARK OF RADIO SHACK
'PET TRADEMARK OF COMODORE
'3M TRADEMARK OF 3M

906 Blair Ave.

Oakland, Ca. 94611
(415) 654-3898

", Reader Service-see page 179 21

 rent has been removed ... low
retentivity. Remanence is the
magnetic induction remaining in
any substance after the magnetiz-
ing force has been removed.
Although tape remanence is
the same for all brands, retentivi-
ty and coercivity, the measure-
ment of the magnetic field
strength required to establish a
magnetic field in tape, are dif-
ferent for every brand.
It is all very simple, but sounds
complex. If you vary the record-
ing signal and its quality when
recording, a tape's retentivity can
affect playback; but by account-
ing for different tapes, the
remanence will remain the same.
I had no desire to confuse
anyone, instead I wished to men-
tion in passing that all cassette
tapes have something in com-
mon. The important point in my
article concerns quality in tape to-
day. Let me reiterate: Use a top-
quality (always the higher priced)
low-noise, high-output tape. The
oxide coating is more even, drop-
outs are fewer, head wear is
slower, flaking is less. The top-
of-the-line tapes are usually con-
tained in a better mechanical
package allowing for smoother
running tape and better tape-to-
head contact.
Always buy a quality cassette.
It will last longer and offer fewer
NEW
PRODUCTS
(from page 19)
grams on disk for the Radio
Shack TRS-80. The first release,
Disk Payroll, is an interactive
payroll system that handles any
number of employees. The pack-
age features completely auto-
mated file handling, output op-
tions for the TRS-80 line printer
and a comprehensive manual
containing step-by-step instruc-
tions. Disk Payroll sells for
$59.95.
Network Software
New software releases from the
Network, 495 Third Avenue, San
Francisco CA 94118, include:
CP/M for Cromemco Com-
puters-A CBIOS for Cromemco
4FDC controller allows you to
run all CP/M software on all
Cromemco computers. Supplied
on diskette with implementation
instructions for $50 or sold with
CP/M ready to run for $150.
22
hassles, both magnetically and
mechanically
Lewis Tarnopol
Los Angeles CA
New Formula
I received a letter from Grace
Taylor of Penn Valley PA cor-
recting my depreciation formula
in the December 1978 issue, p. 17
... the equation is wrong in the
magazine. I've checked my hand-
written copy of the letter and I
think the student who typed it
thought my "N" was a "2,"
since they do look somewhat
alike the way that I write them.
The equation should be:
D =N -t+ 12C
t N(N + 1)
This is my fault, since I didn't
check the letter closely before
mailing it.
Jack Purdum
Indianapolis IN
Code in His Mind
Usually your articles are good
and seem to be technically cor-
rect; but in Kilobaud Klassroom
Disk Utility Packages for
CP/M or Cromemco-includes
LISTF, which lists the directory
to a disk file in the form of a SUB-
MIT or BATCH file, COPY,
which copies and verifies an en-
tire diskette in less than one
minute on PerSci drives, TRAK-
TEST, which tests each track and
sector for reading and writing,
DISKTEST, which completely
tests a diskette by writing and
reading bit patterns, and COM-
PARE, which compares two
diskette files. The entire package
supplied on diskette complete
with documentation costs $50.
Bl ac k iack-c-in s t r uct s the
player on the basic strategy
originated by Professor Edward
Thorp against a single deck using
Las Vegas rules. Runs under
CBASIC or Microsoft BASIC
and is supplied on diskette or
listing for $25.
All programs are available at
Database, PO Box 22212, San
Francisco CA 94122.
Hard Disk from Imsai
HD-IO Hard Disk Systems,
featuring the CDC Hawk Model
in the November 1978 issue, you
allowed a bad situation to be
described and to propagate.
The code mentioned is official-
ly known as USASCII and has so
been for many years. (Note:
ASCII are people who cast no
shadow-Webster's Unabridged.)
[If anyone can translate this tran-
scendentally cryptic statement,
let us know.-Editors.]
The code is an eight informa-
tion bit code. In the early days,
only seven bits were used for in-
formation, and some manufac-
turers preempted-without
"standards approval" -one bit
for parity purposes. It is most im-
portant that users not believe that
"ASCII is really only a 7-bit
code." Such a belief makes use in
editing (and other modes) of
graphics currently available in
most, if not all, character-
generator ROMs unknown to the
owner ... and which number:
128 or more.
For instance, the TRS-80 will
display 128 symbols and 64 6-bit
blobs. To identify these, plus
control codes in seven bits, is a
mess of shifts and unshifts (don't
forget 5-level code); and text
editing with embedded shifts is
rough.
In closing-I urge that we all
forget this "bit eight is parity"
nonsense and that we equip all
9427H hard disk, provide 10
megabytes of formatted on-line
storage per unit. The 9427H is a
high-performance, random ac-
cess storage device that uses a
single fixed disk for 5 megabytes
of storage. An industry standard
5440-type removable disk car-
tridge provides an additional 5
megabytes of storage. This
removable media capability
allows for file backup and unlim-
ited off-line storage. Average
random access time is under 35
milliseconds.
HD-1O is compatible with all
Imsai 8080/85-based microcom-
puters. The system employs a sin-
gle S-JOObus 110 board to inter-
face with up to two external disk
controllers. Each controller sup-
ports up to four hard disks.
Therefore, any Imsai system may
be expanded to 80 megabytes of
hard disk storage with only one
110 card.
Included with the 'HD-IO sys-
tem is the new 1MDOS II operat-
ing system. Any applications
written under IMDOS will run
under IMDOS II with little or no
modification. Simply assign the
hard disk as the logical device
used by the application. All of
Imsai's utilities and languages
keyboards with an extended shift
key that enables bit 8.
Ancelme Roichel
Co-designer of the original
ASCII, now USASCII, code
Pennington NJ
Update:
"Update: Lunar Lander"
Mr. Shore's article in the
August 1978 issue (p. 69) needs
some sort of limit to the amount
of thrust you can use. To "win"
you merely have to coast (0
thrust) until the lander is almost
on the moon, then give a burn
equal to speed + 5, and you make
a landing at 0 ft/sec every time!
Try adding 515 IF B 25 GOTO
500.
David Conley
Santee CA
I must agree wholeheartedly
with Mr. Conley's comment
about the lunar lander. Also, I
suggest some other changes to
enhance the program:
525 IF 8<0 GOTO 500
604 LET C = V'2!3
606 PRINT "CRATER WAS ";C;" FT
DEEP"
Malcolm Shore
Wellington
New Zealand
will also run. IMDOS II is com-
patible with other versions of IM-
DOS and CP/M version 1.33.
Imsai Manufacturing Corpora-
tion, 14860 Wicks Blvd., San
Leandro CA 94577.
PuBLISHER'S
REMARKS
(from page 6)
clean ... not too cold in winter
and not too hot in summer. It is
beautiful up here in the moun-
tains. Peterborough is a small
town and it is going to stay a
small town. Most of the people
who work here live in neighbor-
ing communities where they have
plenty of land so they can live a
rural life instead of all piled
together in suburban tracts or
apartment houses.
Salaries? We'll pay enough for
you to make do, and when we
make money you'll share in it in
proportion to your contribution
to that prosperity.
 Level II TRS-80 + The LIBRARY 100
You shouldn't have one without the other!!
PAMIII ~!"I"'IlJIIIlY PRllllM.I!!IEirn
tUIIlR PRl!lI,,"-PII\'IlI!I f'IMIl!I PfI'IIU{I
III mes,] 353.58 58.57 2'1!.BI
I:M 37140.6 ;53.58 S'J.IH l'M,loI
135 31881.1 35J,:i8 ~.5 l'M.e8
136 lIW.2 353.:iII :;I.W
III 68.45
138 69,93
ll9 ~ .• 353.:.e
1'1& 36m.S l5l.58 ~I.~ 2'>1.\.8
t(l ~.1151.58 6l.l'l 291.1'
IQ 36657.2 lS3.58 U.1Il 19O.1
1(3 :lI.m.e ;53.58 6.).28 ~.1
1401 ~.i 15l.:.e (,3.811 m.7
ru«\fL~ 12 l~rlltlbil1Ulll!SR1!.~l
Plll:SSOOUtlOto!ln'LI10~lOI(tll'.

Finance: Present Value of a Future Sum-Simple Interest for Days-Future Value of a Present Sum-Amortization Schedule-Interest
Rate: Compound Interest-Interest Rate: Installment Loan-Days Between Dates-Term of an Installment Loan-Present Value of a
Seriesof Payments-Real Estate Capital Investment-Nominal and Effective Interest Rates-Internal Rate of Return-Future Value of
Regular Deposits-Regular Depositsfor Future Value-Depreciation Amount: Rate; Salvage Value; Schedule-Bond Present Value-
Bond Yieldto Maturity-Sale-Cost-Margin-Day of the Week-Moving Ad.
Education: Multiplication& Division-Add-Subtract-Fraction & Decimal-States & Capitals-States & Order of Entry-States & Ab-
breviation- Inventors & Inventions-World Capitals & Countries- Urban Areas& Population- Authors & Books- Presidents& Order-
States & Largest City-Basenum.
Graphics: Left Right- Random Ad-Graphic- Blocks- Fireside-Snow-Step Ad-Step Ad 2- Launch- Ratrace- War Game- Weird
- Herring- Blinker-Snoopy.
Home: MessageBoard-Expense Account-Nutrition-Mileage-Remember-Phone Codes-Night Check Off-Drunkometer-Perpet-
ual Calendar-Babysitter-Calculator-Bartender-Christmas List- Vacation Check Off-Conversion.
Games: Speedy-Odd One-R. Roulette-Star Blazer-Search-Spyship- Tiger Shark-Jumble 2-Sting Ray-Stars-Sketch-Flipper
-Scissors-Horse-Doomsday-Craps-Jumble I-Mem. Quiz Letters=Mem. Quiz Numbers-Wheel of Fortune-Decision-Un-
jumble- Fifteen- Towers- Life-Star Trek-Race Track-Count - Roachrace- Gypsy.

The Library 100 is the best buy in software history! We do have one problem, though. Some people cannot believe that we can
give you so much for only $49.50. We suggest that if you don't believe it, you ask your friends who have purchased this software
package or go to your local computer store and ask to see it.
The Library 100 is a collection of 100 original, quality programs, plus a new, easy programming language for your TRS-80,
Tiny PILOT (TPILOT).
It took us 37 pages in our manual just to say a little about each program, so we cannot describe them all here. We did list
them. How many can you use?
You've read the announcements in Kilobaud and Creative Computing. It is here and it is real. A value in excess of $500.00 for
only $49.50 plus $2.00 postage and handling (plus 4% for Georgia residents).
Watch for future software announcements. Hardware? Calculator? Business systems? Write and tell us what you want next.

Mail: $49.50 + $2.00 P & H + 4% if shipped to Call: 24-hour order service (404) 939-6031.
Georgia. See: Your local computer store or Radio
Shack Associate Store.

The Bottom Shelf, Inc.

P.O. Box 49104
Atlanta, Georgia 30359 vB44

V Reader Service-see page 179 23

Don Lancaster
Synergetics

Cheap Video for

Your Heathkit H8

Here's a first look at part of Don Lancaster's latest Sams book, Son of Cheap Video. The TV
6-5/8 he talks about is a full graphics update of the original TVT-6L we ran in the June 1977
issue of Kilobaud, is a PAIA kit and is detailed in Lancaster's Cheap Video Cookbook.

ou'll find things more chal- the hardware and software dif- is more important than mini- can change only once every two
Y lenging when
cheap video to an 8080 or Z-80
you add ferences will
check into a general-use
be. Then we'll
80801
mizing the total words of scan
coding.
microseconds. This is only half
as fast as we need for a reason-
system, compared to the easy Z-80 adapter that goes between Be forewarned that what we able number of characters or
6500 conversions. There are your computer and the TVT are going to look at has only chunks on a line.
several new hassles involved 6-518. Finally, we'll show you been tested on the Benton Har- 3. Clocking and timing signals
that will get in your way and the software you will need to bor 50-pin bus. While there is no are different.
somehow have to be resolved. put cheap video on a Heathkit obvious reason why you can't 4. Literal translation of scan
In most cases, these hassles H8. do the same thing on an 8-100 programs will be far too slow.
will take extra coding, more We'll assume your system is bus system or with a Z-80, we In general, we'll get around
low-cost ICs and very careful bus oriented and that your have not tried it just yet, and hassle #1 by latching and hold-
attention to your system timing. cheap video system is to be a neither should you ... unless ing both address and upstream
The bottom line is this: Cheap piggyback add-on to an exist- you have a good triggered scope tap data lines using suitably
video should go on most any ing RAM plug-in card. We'll fur- on hand and thoroughly under- spaced timing. We'll beat #2 by
8080 or Z-80 system, but it will ther assume the usual 2 MHz stand the 8080 CPU timing. adding a "speed doubling" cir-
take more effort, more code 8080 speed. Your RAM should Our main 8080 hassles are cuit that creates the illusion of
and more parts to get compara- be fast enough that it does not these: a once-per-microsecond pro-
ble results. use the READY command to 1. The address bus has gar- gram counter advance. This il-
Let's see just what these hold up CPU time. We'll also as- bage on it at times. lusion will appear only at the
hassles are. First, we'll look at sume your system is big enough 2. The program counter usually display memory and then only
an 8080 in general to see what that nonvolatile scan firmware

2p.SEC

FROM DISPLAY
MEMORY
(0) CPU STATES
UPSTREAM ------ ------+--l
TAP

AI2-AIS
(b) ADDRESS BUS RIGHT

(el RAM RIGHT

AO-A4 --+--+--
•...•... --------l
I ~
00-07
ACCESS
TIME

IdI OBIN
* SEE TEXT
14LSOO

(el MI

(I) MEMR

(gl ¢2 CLOCK
~~----x----~~ CUT FOIL

Fig. 1. The H8 is a typical 2 MHz 8080A system. Here are the Fig. 2. Minimum 8080A-TVT 6-5/8 interface is limited to 2 usec
waveforms involved in reading a NOP command out of RAM. character or chunk times.

24
 outputting valid data. The that gives us an external nega-
theory here is that output en- tive logic OR combination of
ables and bus access can take the old display memory chip
place during the same time that select and the one needed for
the memory is still accessing it- TVT scanning. A foil cut is in-
self, so long as everything ends volved here. The chip select in-
up stable by the start of DBIN put, CSI, is shown permanently
CALL RET time. A final waveform we will enabled. Depending on your de- ;
find useful is the 02 system code PROM, this can go to a
clock shown in Fig. 19. TVT enable switch, do nothing
A. JlJUl or be used as an internal chip
A8 500KHz A8 The least we can get away
A7 SQUARE A7
DISPLAY DISPLAY
A6 MEMORY
WAVE A6 MEMORY with and still get cheap video select combiner, eliminating
A5 A5
A4 A4 on an 8080 is latching the upper the external gate.
A3 A3
A2 A2 four address lines. If we don't The TVT is only allowed to
AI AI
AO
do this, all the commands out gain data bus control during a
AO
of our TVT instruction decoder scan and then only when the
(oj NORMAL 8080 OPERATION (b) A9 SWITCHED 8080 OPERATION PROM, including the row com- computer wants to read it. To
DURING A SCAN I ADDRESSES DURING A SCAN ,500 KHz CLOCK ON
ADVANCE ONLY ONCE EVERY A9 LINE PROOUCES NEW ADDRESS mands and the sync pulses, will do this, we use the computer's
TWO MICROSECONOS. TOO SLOW EACH MICROSECOND; CHARACTERS
TO OUTPUT CHARACTERS. OUTPUT AT PROPER RATE. have big holes chopped in memory read MEMR c?mmand
them. and NAND it with the decode
Fig. 3. A stock 8080 system can't change display memory ad- enable, DEN, to get a suitable
Fig. 2 shows a minimum 8080-
dresses each microsecond. Here's how to use A9 switching for
to-TVT 6-5/8 interface. In this scan enable SEI input.
speedup. .
?ircuit, + 5, ground, blanking, MEMR also goes to the clock
the upstream tap and the data input of the TVT 6-5/8. But,
during a TVT scan. Everything quarter of the time, the address bus are connected in the USUal since our load command in the
else stays the usual speed. bus has invalid information on way. Address lines A 12 through TVT is derived from the falling
Hassle #3 goes away when we it. Now, if we address a memory A 15 are connected to a latch edge of VCl, it is the trailing
solve #2. Finally, we can get with the wrong address, we will, that catches the valid ad- edge of MEMR that loads our
scan software that is fast of course, get the wrong infor- dresses. This is done on the video shift register. The time
enough by "using the powerful mation out of the memory. leading edge of the memory difference of about 750 nano-
register-to-register commands Worse still, since the memory read command, MEMR. seconds gives our character
. of the 8080 or by using brute has its own access time to con- Our chip select output CSO generator more than enough
force (all ROM, non-modifying) tend with, the amount of time is shown going to an AND gate time to produce a valid output.
coding. that useful information comes
On to the fine print. out of the memory is even
shorter than the time the ad-
Hardware dress bus is valid (Fig. 1c). So, A.
SOURCE
Suppose we have a normal, the bad news is that both data
functional H8 executing a string and address have all kinds of
A9 TO
DISPLAY
of no operations (NOP) from a holes in them and don't seem MEMORY
SE!

plug-in RAM card. What will directly usable. DEN

this timing look like? How can There are some system-level
MEMR
we trick the H8 into using the signals that may help us out of
same sort of timing-with add- this bind. Signal DBIN in Fig. 1d 52

ons-to run a TVT 6-5/8? Fig. 1 determines the time when the
gives us some clues. CPU must have valid data; but
Execution of a NOP takes this Signal is not available on
two microseconds (actually, the system bus ... for a very
slightly less than this on the good reason. Anyone who tries
H8). Four CPU states (Fig. 1a), to use this Signal will be cutting
each taking around half a mi- into the CPU's own processing
crosecond, are involved. The time and degrading perfor-
object of these four states is to mance. Instead, two signals are
put the program counter on the derived for bus use. These sig-
address bus, read an addressed nals occur early enough so that
!-------VDO-VD7
memory location, enter it into enables, decoding, settling
the CPU and then act on the times and so on are complete FROM
cs
command. When the CPU finds before the CPU needs" valid DECODER

out the command is a NOP, it data. These signals are called ~CS!
will spend the tail end of the M1 (Fig. 1e) and MEMR (Fig. 1f).
cycle essentially doing nothing. M 1 starts after the address is
Our first hassle appears in valid but ends before DElIN.
Fig. 1b. We see that the ad- MEMR includes both the M1
dress bus only has the correct and DBIN times. Unfortunately,
information on it three-quarters both M1and MEMR start before Fig. 4. Speed-doubling 8080A- TVT 6-5/8 interface gives 1 usec
of the time. For the remaining we are sure that the memory is character or chunk times.

25
 Now, this is a quick and dirty lusion of a microprocessor
circuit that you may want to try speedup at the display memory tc l CPUSTATE

just to get some video out of and in the adapter circuits.

your 8080 in a hurry. But, there Speedup may be easy for you (b) ADDRESS BUS tmii~iii•G.!H
.
are several problems we still if you have a Z-80, provided your
have to attack to get something display memory is also fast Ic) DISPLAY RAM

good enough for final system enough to not use the READY
use. command. If you do run faster, (d) MEMR

One minor hang-up is that you probably would like to latch

you may only have comple- the upstream tap data to make (e) ,2 CLOCK

ments of your data bus or ad- sure you have enough process-
dress bus available. We'll soon ing time for your character (f) 01

see how to change the coding generator. While a simple

in your Scan and Decode speedup will work in some sys- (g) QII

PROMs to get around this. The tems, there is a much better

coding, of course, has to be way called A9 switching.
changed anyway since the 8080 The object of A9 switching is
gets all bent out of shape when to create the illusion of a once-
it receives 6502 commands. In- per-microsecond address ad- TVT

verters or inverting gates can vance at the display memory. (k) ~~G~~TSEH~FT

LOAD
also be used to invert bus, Fig. 3 gives us details on how
clock, data or control lines as this works. We break our most (I) SET II
needed. significant display space ad-
The big hassle is that the dress line and connect it to a
Fig. 5. Speed-doubling waveforms.
character or chunk times will carefully timed 500 kHz square
be two microseconds each, wave during a scan. For a 16 x
For instance, say your dis- in Fig. 5 are as before. Wave-
rather than just one. This 64 or a 12 x 80 alphanumeric
play memory starts at 000 000. form (e) is a \1)2clock, which has
means that, so far, even a 32 display, this will be address line
The next character or chunk to be an inverted replica of the
character line won't run at nor- A9.
will be at 002000. Your charac- Heath bus 02 clock signal.
mal horizontal scan frequen- Now, a 500 kHz square wave
ters will follow in this order: waveform (f) shows us the 500
cies. Beating this particular is low for one microsecond and
1st character 000 000 kHz square wave that results
hassle soundly about the head high for another one. While all
2nd character 002 000 when we clock MEMR. Since
and ears is the key to practical the regular addresses below A9 3rd character 000 001
4th character 002 001 the clocking is delayed from
cheap video on the 8080. are changing at their usual two-
5th character 000 002 the MEMR leading edge, the
But how? microsecond rate, A9 is busy 6th character 002 002
flip-flop's output is wider than
addressing one character or
Speed Doubling MEMR and is almost a micro-
chunk location on the first rnl-
Via A9 Switching second long. This results in a
crosecond and another loca- 1022nd character 003 376
square wave that is low for one
We want to get our chunk tion on the second. Thus, we 1023rd character 001 377
1024th character 003 377 microsecond and high for the
and character times down to a get characters or chunks out of
next, locked to (but following)
decent rate of one microsecond. our display memory at a one- This seems awful, but it
MEMR.
We can either speed up the mi- per-microsecond speed. works. And it is a simple way to
croprocessor or else do some- But why on earth use A9? double the apparent memory This particular flip-flop is
thing else that creates the it- Wouldn't it be simpler to use AD access speed of an 8080 so we only allowed to run during a
instead? If we do this, we would can get information out of RAM scan. Otherwise, it is held high
have to add an address multi- once per microsecond under by DEN. The uppermost two
plexer to all inputs of the dis- block access. And all it takes to gates combine the old A9 Inter-
AVAILABLE FOR
NORMAL USE play memory-a 10-pole double do the job is' some simple hard- mation with the speed-doubling
throw switch or its Tri-state ware between computer and new A9 signal, acting as a single
340 000
equivalent. This is obviously TVT, a few software words and pole, double throw selector
something we want to avoid if one extra foil cut on the memo switch. During computer times,
300 000
RESERVED FOR we are piggybacking video onto ory. The hardware involved is the display memory A9 line is
TVT USE DURING
A SCAN OR WHEN an existing memory card. All A9 shown in Fig. 4, along with the connected to the computer.
TVT IS ENABLED
240 000
switching takes a single foil cut timing details of Fig. 5. During scan microinstruction
and some add-on wires to the Two new D-flip-flops are times, the display memory A9
200 000
memory card. added to our interface. The first line is connected so it is low for
There is a catch. It is a "yeah- delays and expands the MEMR one microsecond arid high for
140 000 but" rather than a "gotcha." signal to give us a controlled the next.
The characters and chunks are phase 500 kHz square wave we Waveform (g) shows us the
no longer in the display mem- can use for the speed doubling one megahertz clock we get by
AVAILABLE FOR ory in sequential order if you A9 address switching. The sec- dividing down \1)2.This clock is
NORMAL USE
use A9 switching. So, your cur- ond divides the system clock by used to sample and latch the
sor or controlling loader soft- two and is used to latch the display memory output immedi-
ware has to have a few words video data and to provide a TVT ately after the data is valid and
added to complement A9 each clock. then latch again one microsec-
Fig. 6. HB address map. successive location. Waveforms (a), (b), (c) and (d) ond later, well after the A9

26
 I 6SB-HOB I 0<"0" .<"1" Our speed doubling interface refer to the computer memory
PROM NUMBER I POSITIVE LOGIC) takes two foil cuts on the mem- map shown in Fig. 6. A block of
USE FOR TVT 6-5/8 ON AN 8080 SYSTEM WITH INVERTED ory board-one on the A9 ad- addresses from 6K to 60K is re-
AI2, A13. A14. AIS LINES. dress line and one on the chip served for TVT use when the
CG LINE "2" IS USED AS GRAPHICS "BLANKING" OUTPUT. select line. All other connec- TVT is enabled. On the H8, this
CG LINE "4" IS USEO AS GRAPHICS "UPPER-LOWER" CHUNK tions are add-ens derived from leaves Hie bottom 8K for the
SELECT OUTPUT.
signals available on a typical PAM monitor and operating
plug-in memory card. Five low- system and 16K for enough
INPUTS OUTPUTS
Q8 Q7 Q6 Q5 Q4 Q3 Q2 QI cost integrated circuits are in- RAM to hold a display memory
w u volved in this particular adapter. and run Extended BASIC at the
a:
.. .. ..
w z
w >-
WHAT DOES Q ..J <f) OJ - same time. The uppermost 4K
THIS WOAD
0
o
m Z
W
..J " Software of addresses are also available
~ DO? c, t-
:>
z
W W U
;;;
a:
w
Z
w
Z
w
Z
0 Q
;:: :::; :::; ..J
Q
0 z Let's take a look at the PROM as needed.
a:
0
;0
~
:z;
<f)
o
~ § ::;> ~ " " "
<f) Q U U U
firmware and some of the soft- Should you want more ad-
0
I
NORMAL
VERTICAL SYNC
C~
d~
•• •
••
0
0
0 0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
ware involved in getting cheap dress space for other uses, you
2
3
LINE
LINE
7
6
SCAN
SCAN
27
26
0
0
•
•
0
0
0
0
0
0
•••
•• 0
video on your 8080A system.
F·orright now, we'll stick to the
can use the TVT enable to free
addresses during non-display
4
5
LINE
LINE
5
4
SCAN
SCAN
25
24
0
0
•
•
0
0
0
0
0
0
• •
•
0
0 0 older address-mapped and sub- times. You can also go the
6
7
LINE
LINE
:3 SCAN
2 SCAN
23
22
0
0
•
•
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
••
•• 0
routine-scanned methods we Scungy Video route and use I/O

t-
> 9
B LINE
BLANK
I SCAN
SCAN
21
20
0
0
•
•
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0 0
used in the Cheap Video Cook-
book. Most likely you can sim-
instructions and a parallel port
instead of address mapping the
t-
10 NORMAL
NORMAL
CO
CO
••
••
•
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0 plify things a great deal by row commands. Yet another al-
"
12 NORMAL CO
• 0 0 0 0 0 0
going to the Scungy Video' ternative is to use further de-
13
14
NORMAL
NORMAL
CO
CO
••
••
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0 route of break-mapping and in- coding to activate the TVT only
15
16
NORMAL
NORMAL
CO
CO
••
••
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
terrupt-scanning. The strong In- during valid display memory
17
18
NORMAL
NORMAL
CO
CO
••
••
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
put/Output commands in the
8080A make this a very attrac-
addresses. For instance, if you
are only using 1K of display
19
20
NORMAL
NORMAL
CO
CO
••
••
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0 tive idea. memory, 3K of all the scan
§ 21
22
NORMAL
NORMAL
CO
CO
••
••
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
If you use address rnappmq, blocks can be used for other
'"
;;;
C
23
24
NORMAL
NORMAL
CO
CO
••
••
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
'Scungy Video is an alternate method and isdetailed in Chapter 1 of Son of Cheap Video.
t-.
>
25 NORMAL CO
•• 0 0 0 0 0 0
I- 26
27
NORMAL
NORMAL
CO
CO
••
••
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
I 658-HS64 I
PROM NUMBER
0:"0"
(POSITIVE
.~"I"
LOGIC)
28
29
NORMAL
NORMAL
CO
CO
••
••
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0 USE FOR TVT 6-5/8 ON AN 80S0 SYSTEM WITH TRUE AO-A7

30
31
NORMAL
NORMAL
CO
CO
••
••
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
LINES AND INVERTED DATA BUS. NO REPACKING

INPUTS OUTPUTS
08 Q7 06 05 04 03 Q2 QI
Fig. 7. Truth table for 8080 Decode PROM having inverted address
inputs (used on Heathkit H8). w
Q
WHAT DOES
0
THIS WORD u
~ co> d.
0

change has been accepted. The wrong times.

Q

a: x •.. ~ 0

'"'"
0
;0
w
:z; '"
Q Q
'" ~
~ " ~ ~
OJ
<D
Q
'"
a
first sample gives us an A9 = 0 We initialize this clock-divid-
data value, while the second ing flip-flop by inverting MEMR
0
I
NOP
NOP
FF
FF
••••••••
•••••• ••
handles the A9 = 1 case. The and using the leading edge to 2 NOP FF
••••••• •
TVT's video shift register is SET the divide flip-flop to· the
3 NOP FF
••••••••
- - -- ---- - -- -- --
•••••
••••••
4 NOP FF

clocked on the falling edge of

this one megahertz clock. Since
desired state. This initialization 5
6
NOP
NOP
FF
FF
••
•• •••
is very important since the
there is a one-half microsecond usual CALL instruction preced-
7
B
NOP
NOP
FF
FF
••••••
•• • ••
- - - - - ----
9 NOP FF I!II
delay between the leading and ing the scan microinstruction
trailing clock edges, enough has an odd number of clock
10 NOP
NOP
FF
••••••
• • ••
time is available for the charac- cycles in it.
"
12 NOP
FF
FF
••• ••
-- - ---- --- -- -- --
••••••••
13 NOP FF
ter generator or the data-to-
video converter to accept the
TVT scan enabling and the
display memory chip selecting
14
15
NOP
NOP
FF
FF
••
• ••••••
latched video data and process are done the same way as the
16
17
NOP
NOP
FF
FF
••••••••
•• •••••
it.

--.- - - --
18 NOP FF
slower interface of Fig. 2. We
Our A9-generating flip-flop enable the TVT Scan Enable In-
19
20
NOP
NOP
FF
FF
•••••
• •••••
~
automatically initializes itself put (SEI) only during MEMR
21 NOP FF
•••• ••
-- - -- --- -- -- -- --
••••••••
22 NOP FF
on MEMR since it is simply de-
laying this signal. But the clock-
time to give us data for a scan
microinstruction only when it is
23
24
NOP
NOP
FF
FF
••••••••
25 NOP FF
••• • ••
••••
dividing flip-flop can be in either
state at the beginning of a scan
microinstruction. Unless we
somehow initialize this flip-flop
to the right state, we'll get gar-
called for and only when the
computer will allow data bus
access. The display memory
chip select is a negative logic
OR of the computer's chip
26
27
28
29
30
31
NOP
NOP
NOP
NOP
NOP
RET
FF
FF
FF
FF
FF
36
- -- ------ - ---
•
• • •
•••••
0
•
•••
• ••
•

0 0 D

bage out of the display memory select and the CSOthat the TVT Fig. 8. Truth table for 8080 Scan PROM having no repacking, true
caused by sampling at the provides. address inputs and inverted data outputs.

27
 I 658-HS80 I 00"0" .0"1" PROM coding we might like to change once every two micro-
PROM NUMBER (POSITIVE LOGIC) use, depending on whether we seconds, and everything comes
USE ONLY FOR 80 CHARACTER REPACKED LINES ON AN 8080 are using "binary" line lengths out even.
SYSTEM WITH TRUE AO-A7 LINES AND INVERTED DATA BUS.
or are repacking "non-binary" This means that, in general
line lengths for maximum mem- on an 8080 system, the Scan
INPUTS OUTPUTS
Q8 Q7 Q6 Q5 Q4 Q3 Q2 QI
ory efficiency. Fig. 8 shows a PROM's inputs are usually con-
Scan PROM coding intended nected to one address line less
WHAT DOES
w
Q
for 64 character lines, but than usual for a 6502 system.
THIS WORD 8 usable for 32 character lines, Fig. 10 shows our address line
DO? .a.
'~" 0
t-, e eo most graphics and other management for an 8080 adapt-
0 ~ m '"
m '"
m m m
N
m a; 0
m
;0 I Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q
lengths without memory re- er. It also shows how two new
a
I
Nap
Nap
FF
FF
••••••••
••••••••
packing. This is numbered 658- switches can be added along
HS64. with a gate to let you use either
2 Nap FF
••••••••
3
4
Nap
Nap
FF
FF
••••••••
••••••••
We use a Nap to advance the a 658-HS64 or a 658-HS80 Scan
program counter in the comput- PROM on an 8080 system with-
5
6
Nap
Nap
FF
FF
•••••••
••••••••• er and an RET coding to return out needing any rewiring.
7 Nap FF
•••••••• from the called scan microin- Several examples will show
$
s
NOP
Nap
FF
FF
•••••
••• •••
••••• struction. Since we are output- how this address management
10 Nap FF
•••••••• ting complemented data, these works.
12
II RET
Nap
36
FF
0
•• ••
••••••
0

••
0 0
outputs are inverted. On the H8, 1. For 32 character lines using
13 Nap FF
•••••••••• address lines AOthrough A6 are
••••••
speed doubling, use PROM 658-
14 Nap FF
••••••••
15
16
Nap
Nap
FF
FF
••••
• ••• •
available in true form, so we do
not have to complement the ad-
HS64 and set your switches to
17
18
Nap
Nap
FF
FF
•••••
••••••••
••• dress inputs. Thus, our Scan
A4 =" +," A5 =" +" and "32."
2. For 64 character lines using
I.
20
Nap
Nap
FF
FF
•••••••
••••••••• PROMs run "frontwards" but speed doubling, use PROM 658-
21
22
RET
Nap
36 0
FF
••
•••••••
0

23
24
25
26
27
28
2.
30
31
Fig. 9. Truth table for 80 character 8080 Scan PROM (true address
inputs, inverted data outputs).
purposes if you add suitable
decoding.
A quick look at the H8-3 mem-
ory board shows that only some
of the address and data lines
are available in their true form;
most of them are inverted. The
data-out buffer on this memory
card must be disabled for the
upstream tap needed by cheap
video. This means that the out-
put of our Scan Microinstruc-
tion PROM has to directly drive
the system data bus and thus
must output inverted (negative
logic) data. We also see that ad-
•••
0 0 output complemented code.
We can use the 658-HS80
HS64 and set your switches to
A4 = "A4," A5 =" +" and "32."
Nap FF
••••••••
Nap
Nap
FF
FF
••••••••
••••••••
Scan PROM truth table in Fig. 9
for memory repacked scans of
3. For 80 character lines using
Nap
Nap
FF
FF
••••••••
•••••••• 80 characters per line, three
speed doubling and memory re-
packing, use PROM 658-HS80
Nap
Nap
FF
FF
••
••••••
••••
•••
•• lines per page. Once again, this and set your switches to A4 =
Nap FF
•••••••• PROM coding is driven by true "A4," A5 = "A5" and "64."
RET 36 0
•• ••
0 0 0
addresses and outputs comple-
In our first example, the up-
mentary data directly to the H8
per half of a Scan PROM is
data bus.
cycled through in 16 counts
Our address lines are con- lasting 32 microseconds. In the
nected differently on an 8080 second example, the entire
row commands of the charac-
system than on a 6502. Remem- Scan PROM is cycled through
ter generator or else routes
ber that we used every second in 32 counts lasting 64 micro-
blanking and selection com-
address change on the 6502 to seconds. In the final example, if
mands to a graphics data-to-
advance our Scan PROM one we wanted to, the entire Scan
video converter. The Decode
count. On an 8080 we use every PROM could be scanned in 32
PROM also outputs system
address change to advance the counts lasting 256 microsec-
controlling signals DEN, SEa,
Scan PROM one count, but use onds. But with memory repack-
CSO and the vertical sync VRF
A9 switching to get two charac- ing and A9 switching, we only
pulses.
ters out of memory per one use slightly under a third of the
Since we are using comple-
Scan PROM count advance. 80 line Scan PROM per scan,
mented address inputs, this
Either way, the Scan PROM re- ending up with ten counts per
PROM runs "backwards" from
sponds to an input address scan lasting 80 microseconds.
the earlier PROMs we looked at.
The net result of a "frontwards"
PROM with true address inputs ADDRESS 1321
LINES .I +
or a "backwards" PROM with A6 __ ~ ~I~IA~5~1 _

dress lines A13, A14 and A15 inverted address inputs is the A5--~------------~~~,~~--------~
i IA41
aren't avallabteexcept as com- same. I IA31
A4 --~----~~ I
plements. The simplest way out Holding the CSI line positive A3 __ ~ ~:~IA~2~1 ~
of this situation is to code our disables the TVT and frees I IAII
A2
Decode PROM to respond di- most all addresses for other I
I
rectly to complemented ad- uses. Grounding CSI enables I ( ).OLD TVT 6 5/8 CALLOUT. NOT
I MEANINGFUL IN 8080 SYSTEM
dresses. the TVT scanning and reserves AO I USE.

Fig. 7 shows us the H8 De- the needed address blocks for I

I
code PROM truth table, 658- TVT use. This particular PROM 8080 ADAPTER I TVT 6-5/8

HD8. We input lines A12, A13, coding needs an external AND I

A14 and A15, along with a TVT gate for chip selection and Fig. 10. The Scan PROM address inputs on the TVT 6-5/8 have to
enable using the old CSI line. combination. be redefined for 8080 use. The gate and switches let you run or-
This PROM outputs code to the There are two types of Scan dinary or repacked memory PROMs without wire changes.

28
 DATA-SCREEN® TERMINAL
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t/ Our Specifications Before You Buy

SPECIFICATIONS INTERFACE
DISPLAY
SCREEN CAPACITY, CHARACTERS .. 2000 DATA FORMAT
CHARACTERS PER LINE . . . . 80 DATA BITS . 7 serial, asynchronous

NUMBER OF LINES DATA BIT 8 . , . 0 or deleted

. . . . . . • . . . . 25
PARITY .. Odd, even or deleted
SCREEN P4 phosphor (white)
with error displayed as
TUBE SIZE(DIAGONAL) 12 inches (30.4 em) DLE
VIEWING AREA ........•.... 54 square inches (137.1 em) STOP BITS lor 2
CHARACTER SIZE . 0.20" high x .08" wide (5.08 DATA TRANSFER RATE 50, 75, 110, 134.5, 150,
mm high x 2.03 mm wide) 300, 600, 1200, 1800,
REFRESH RATE. 60 Hz (50 Hz available) 2000,2400,3600,4800,
7200, 9600 B AU D
SCAN METHOD. Raster
CHARACTER GENERATION. 5 x 7 character in an 8 STANDARD FEATURES
x 10 dot matrix INVERSE VIDEO· Operator or software
CURSOR .. Blinking block selectable

TRANSMIT MODES · .. Half or full duplex (switch

MEMORY
selectable)
TYPE ....... Random Access Memory
DATA ENTRY · .. Top or bottom line
CAPACITY 2000 characters
END OF LINE BELL .. Switch selectable
CURSOR POSITIONING ..... X-V
OPERATOR CONTROLS
CURSOR ADDRESS. · .. Load and read
POWER ON/OFF SWITCH .. On rear of unit
DISPLAYABLE CHARACTERS 126 (including space)
BRIGHTNESS CONTROL ... On rear of unit
CURSOR CONTROLS Up, down, left, right,
home, return
POWER REQUIREMENTS AUTOMATIC ROLL-UP Switch selectable
AUTO CARRIAGE RETURN
Model 501 - 115 volts, 60 Hz, 100 watts nominal AND LINE FEED . Switch selectable
Model 502 - 230 volts, 50 Hz, 100 watts nominal
MONITOR MODE ... Special "Monitor" Mode
allows display of control codes
(first two columns) of ASCII

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•.••
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918 - 622-1058
• Tulsa, OK 74145
OLDEST INDEPENDENT
COMMERCIAL CRT TERMINAL
MANUFACTURER

'" Reader Service-see page 179 29

Your turn: Show the Scan PROM once every two milliseconds. If into a single program. Just starts or the speaker won't quit.
truth table and switch settings we try to run scan software and turning the front panel off is far Thus, one properly placed soft-
for an HB Scan of 40 repacked the front panel at the same Simpler and usually all you will ware word is all you need to get
characters per line. time, the display will be badly need to do. full front panel and video dis-
torn up. So, we can either turn The H8 front panel monitor play compatibility.
Front Panel Interaction the front panel off during dis- does have a "turn the display
The H8 front panel works by play times or else combine the off" software word. But this Test Software
interrupting a running program front panel and the video scan won't help us. While this com- Two useful test routines are
mand shortens the interrupt shown in Fig. 12. Fig. 12a
and keeps it from lighting the checks Scan PROMaccess and
display, the interrupt still exists. operation. If this test fails, you
(a) SCHEMATIC
One hardware solution is are either incorrectly picking up
DISABLE
shown in Fig. 11. A new switch scan microinstructions or are
is added to the front panel that missing them entirely. Erratic
Ne
prevents timer-generated level switching between 311 (return)
470
(VADD SWITCH
10 interrupts from happening. and 000 (no operation) means
VF
This, in turn, keeps the panel you have speed-doubling prob-
display off and the video dis- lems. All ODDsmeans you are
play in one piece. This switch never activating the Scan
will be very handy during your PROM, while all 311s means
initial test and debugging of you are permanently trying to
video displays. You should only return from a Scan Microin-
(b) PICTORIAL turn off the front panel after struction call. This particular
you have a video display, and test works with either HS64 or
LED
101
LED
102
LED
103
turn it back on before returning HS80 Scan PROMs and can
to other uses. The RST/I')com- have the address switches in
mand does bypass this switch any position.
t xe FRONT PANEL)

[J 3

®ADD
RESISTOR
so that you can reset under any
conditions.
This switch will most likely
not be needed when your prop-
Your turn: Why?
Don't ever try going
this test if the test fails.
beyond
If you
cannot read the proper return
erly designed and debugged from a scan microinstruction, it
scan software is operational.
will not execute, and anything
You probably can eliminate it else you add in the way of soft-
~
(VADD SWITCH from the final use circuitry. ware or time or effort will only
The obvious question is how compound the felony.
to use software instead. We
Test sequence Fig. 12b lets
have a good old 01, or "disable
GND
you transfer control of the H8
interrupts," command in the
from computer to TVTscanning
+5V 8080 instruction set. Can't we
and back again. Note that the
simply use this?
Fig. 11. A switch to temporarily defeat the HB front panel display
test coding differs for each
Unfortunately, there is one
will be useful for TVT debugging and checkout. Scan PROMand that each Scan
very noisy gotcha that may
PROM has to have the address
keep you from doing this-
switches set as shown.
A. To verify that the Scan Microinstruction is alive and well: unless you are careful.
The scanning process is ad-
If you try an immediate 01
read justed to output a TV horizontal
command in an H8 program,
300 '376 for 000 (NOP) scan at normal scan frequen-
300 377 for 311 (RET) the speaker will latch on and
cies. In a completely working
301 000 for 000 (NOP) stay on. That little beep you get
system with a disabled front
Either the HS64 or the HS80 Scan PROM may be used. when you hit the GO key-or
The address switches may be in any position.
panel, you'll get a continuous
any other key-needs two more
series of vertical stripes. This
B. To pass control to and from the Scan Microinstruction at a TV Horizontal rate: interrupts after your program
corresponds to the seventh dot
For Scan PROM HS64 starts. No interrupts, no stop-
row of a random character load.
=" +" and A4 = "A4" ping. The two interrupts time
Set switches to "32"; AS A wildly wrong horizontal scan
START~040 100 CALL 315 010 320 Scan seventh dot row
out a four millisecond tic for the frequency usually means the
L040 103 JMP 303 100 040 Repeat horn circuit.
wrong switch settings or the
For Scan PROM HS80 The H8 front panel monitor wrong Scan PROM. Vertical
Set switches to "64"; AS = "AS" and A4 = "A4" needs a few milliseconds after stripes that have teeth in them
START ~040 100 CALL 315 030 320 Scan seventh dot row it is exited before you can dis- may be caused by erratic data
L040 103 JMP 303 100 040 Repeat able any interrupts, If you dis- latching or improper speed-
This will display continuous vertical stripes that correspond to the seventh dot
able an interrupt too soon you doubling operation.
row of a random character load. The front panel should be switch disabled will lock the speaker on. While these two tests appear
during viewing times.
You can use the 01 command trivially simple, don't overlook
H8 Scan time is 63 microseconds for a horizontal scan frequency of 1S.898 kHz.
to turn off the front panel, but them as major debugging aids.
There is no vertical sync.
you must delay at least five mil- If these two won't go, no other
Fig. 12. Two test routines useful in BOBO/TVT debugging. liseconds after your program software will run either.

30
Self-Modifying
vs Brute Force Scans
The obvious next thing to do
is take the old 6502 scan soft-
ware programs and literally
translate them, replacing a
CALL for a JSR and so on. But
we really get into trouble in a
hurry if we try this. First, some
commands will be longer or
shorter than their 6502 counter-
parts, messing up the critical
horizont aI-edg e-to-horizo ntal-
edge timing. Worse yet, the
execution time of an 8080 work-
ing with literally translated
6502 commands is pitifully
easier to write, modify and de-
bug. But, as usual, there is a
price. Brute force coding can
be much longer than self-modi-
fying coding . .On a one-line dis-
play, this turns out to be a no-
hassle 43 words versus the 30
words we needed on a KIM with
self-modifying code. But on a
long and involved program
such as a 24 x 80 double-
stuffed scan, it could take 600
or more words of code to get us
by. Still, that's only little over
half a 2708 or slightly over a
quarter of a 2716 EPROM and
no real big deal these days.
foot. Then we sequentially call
dot rows 1 through 7 of the
characters to be displayed.
This live scanning is followed
by a vertical sync pulse.
After this, a word that sets
the number of blank scans is
loaded in the accumulator (365).
As many blank scans as needed
are generated in turn. Each time
a blank scan is completed, the
accumulator word is decre-
mented till the word hits zero.
At that time, the program jumps
to the top line blank scan and
FLOWCHART:
repeats for the next field.
Unlike a 6502, an 8080 can
take an even or an odd number
of half microseconds to com-
plete an instruction. In most
scan programs, some equaliza-
tion will be needed to make up
for this half-microsecond jitter.
The command MOVAA, or
"move the accumulator to it-
self," takes 2.5 microseconds
and is a benign instruction.
This lets us shift timing by half
a microsecond if used once and
by one microsecond if used

slow-so slow that the critical Let's use this brute force ap- {040 1001

timing loop may take over 30 proach to generate a simple

microseconds, compared to one line display and then apply
the 21 used in the 6502. This it to a 12 x 80 scan program. (040 100-040 127)

makes the long horizontal lines

1 x 56 Scan Program (040 130-040 134)
so long we don't want to even
think about using them. Fig. 13 shows a brute force
One solution is to make the scan program for a one line, 56
8080 into an 8080 rather than an character no-interlace 8080/TVT (040135-040 141)

imitation 6502. You can do this 6-5/8 display. Each successive

using the fast register-to-regis- dot row is called by a scan sub-

(040 142-040 153)

ter transfer commands and get routine as it is needed. We start

your loop times down only in 040 100 with a short blank
slightly longer than those in the scan to get us off on the right Fig. 13a. Program flowchart.
6502 programs.
But is this really what we
want in an 8080 system? Re-
member that on a bare-bones uP·8080A Start·JMP 040 100 Displayed 340 004 to 340 037
System-He End·RST/O 342 004 to 342 037
KIM-1 our back was to the wall Program Space 040 100 to 040 152
in finding room for a scan pro- (43 words)
gram. We had to get by with the
START 040 100 CALL 315 017 140 Do short blank scan
absolute minimum-length scan 040 103 CALL 315 004 160 Scan Dot row #1
programs in order to get any 040 106 CALL 315 004 200 Scan Dot row #2
040 III CALL 315 004 220 Scan Dot row #3
video at all.
One result of this restriction 040 114 CALL 315 004 240 Scan Dot row #4
040 117 CALL 315 004 260 Scan Dot ro\y #5
was that our scan code was self- 040 122 CALL 315 004 300 Scan Dot row #6
modifying. This meant that the 040 125 CALL 315 004 320 Scan Dot row #7
scan program computed its next 040 130 LDA 072 000 340 Output Vertical sync pulse
set of memory locations rather 040 133 MVrA 076 365 Load # of blank scans

["
135 CALL 315 011 140 Do blank scan
than looking them up. This, in 040 140 DCRA 075 One less scan
turn, meant that the scan pro-
040 141 MOVAA 177 Equalize 2.5 microseconds
gram had to be in RAM during 040 142 JNZ 302 (135)(040) One more blank scan?
final operation, at least on a 040 145 MOVAA 177 Equalize 5.0 microseconds
040 146 MOVAA 177 con tLnu ed
·KIM.
Usually our 8080 systems 040 147 Dr 363 Shut off horn
~040 150 JMP 303 (100)(040) Go to live scans
have enough RAM and PROM
Mods:
available that we needn't worry To relocate display space, use program jumpers on memory card or else
too much about minimizing change starting address of dot scans.
To put both halves of display space closer together, use A4 switching rather
code. So, why not use brute than A9 switching.
force coding that calls each For double height characters, repeat scan of each dot row twice.
scan address as it is needed? Notes:
We can store the whole scan .TVT 6·5/8 must be connected via an 8080adapter, and both the 658·H08 and 658·HS64PROMsmust be in circuit for the program
to run.
program in ROM or PROM this • Horizontal frequency 15.174kHz; Vertical frequency 59.976 Hz. 2500 second hum bar.
way and never have to load it .Address switches must be in "32", AS=" + ", and A4 = "A4" positions.
• Character sequence goes 340 004; 342004; 340005; 342 005; 340006; 342 006; 340007.
again ... or worry about it
.() denotes an absolute address that is program location sensitive.
bombing when something bad • This program is not self-modifying and may be placed in PROM or ROM.
happens in RAM.
Brute force coding will also Fig. 13 Program for a one line, 56-character, no-interlace TVT 6-5/8 8080 raster scan.
be much faster. It will be much

31
Fig. 1.4. Program for a 12 line, 80-character-per-line, full-interlace, double-stuffed TVT 6-5/8 raster scan. twice. This is the purpose of
those strange "177" instruc-
uP·8080A Start·RUN 040 100
System-H8 End·RST/O tions in the program.
Displayed 340 010 to 343 377 In step 040 147, we disable
Program Space 040 100 to 042 007 (455 words)
the interrupts. This turns off
(even field) our front panel but does so late
START 040 100 CALL 315 023 140 Do short blank scan enough that we will not lock the
040 103 CALL 315 010 140 Scan dot row 0, character line 1 speaker on. Since the code is
040 106 CALL 315 010 200 2 1 not self-modifying, you can put
040 III CALL 315 010 240 4 1
040 114 CALL 315 010 300 6 1 it in your choice of RAM, ROM,
040 117 CALL 315 010 140 Do blank scan PROM, EPROM or E2PROM.
040 122 CALL 315 060 140 Scan dot row 0, character line 2 Naturally, you'll want to check
040 125 CALL 315 060 200 2 2 things out in RAM first before
040 130 CALL 315 060 240 4 2
040 133 CALL 315 060 300 6 2 committing yourself to perma-
040 136 CALL 315 060 140 Do blank scan nent code.
040 141 CALL 315 130 140 Scan dot row 0, character line 3 Your turn: Show the coding
040 144 CALL 315 130 200 2 3
040 147 CALL 315 130 240 4 3 needed for 1 x 32, 1 x 64 and
040 152 CALL 315 130 300 6 3 1 x 80 scans.
040 155 CALL 315 130 140 Do blank scan
As a hint that will save you
040 160 CALL 315 210 140 Scan dot row 0, character line 4 lots of trial and error or calcula-
040 163 CALL 315 210 200 2 4
040 166 CALL 315 210 240 4 4 tions, keep your blank initial
040 171 CALL 315 210 300 6 4
CALL 315 210 140 scan nine counts short of the
040 174 Do blank scan
live scans and keep the retrace
040 177 CALL 315 260 140 Scan dot row 0, character line 5
CALL 315 260 200 blank scans five counts short
040 202 2 5
040 205 CALL 315 260 240 4 5 of your live scans. A stationary
040 210 CALL 315 260 300 6 5
CALL 315 260 140 Do blank scan or near-stationary hum bar is
040 213
picked up by adjusting 040 134
040 216 CALL 315 330 140 Scan dot row 0, character line 6
CALL 315 330 200 as needed. A more obvious
040 221 2 6
040 224 CALL 315 330 240 4 6 route to shorter scans is to sim-
040 227 CALL 315 330 300 6 6
040 232 CALL 315 330 140 Do blank scan ply use the 1 x 56 and load
blanks as needed in unused
040 235 CALL 315 010 141 Scan dot row 0, character line 7
040 240 CALL 315 010 201 2 7
character locations.
040 243 CALL 315 010 241 4 7
040 246 CALL 315 010 301 6 7
040 251 CALL 315 010 141 Do blank scan TV Retrace Hassles
040 254 CALL 315 060 141 Scan dot row 0, character line 8 Calling and returning from a
040 257 CALL 315 060 201 2 8
040 262 CALL 315 060 241 4 8 subroutine takes around 13.5
040 265 CALL 315 060 301 6 8
CALL 315 060 141 Do blank scan microseconds on a typical
040 270
8080. Two of these microsec-
040 273 CALL 315 130 141 Scan dot row 0, character line 9
CALL 315 130 201 onds are spent on the live scan,
040 276 2 9
040 301 CALL 315 130 241 4 9 leaving us with a retrace time of
040 304 CALL 315 130 301 6 9
040 307 CALL 315 130 141 Do blank scan 11.5 microseconds. Since the
H8 is slightly faster than this,
040 312 CALL 315 210 141 Scan dot row 0, character line 10
040 315 CALL 315 210 201 2 10 our available retrace time is
040 320 CALL 315 210 241 4 10 around 11.2 microseconds.
040 323 CALL 315 210 301 6 10
040 326 CALL 315 210 141 Do blank scan Naturally, we would like to
keep our retrace times as short
040 331 CALL 315 260 141 Scan dot row 0, character line 11
040 334 CALL 315 260 201 2 11 as possible. This lets you put
040 337 CALL 315 260 241 4 11 more characters on the line for
040 342 CALL 315 260 301 6 11
040 345 CALL 315 260 141 Do blank scan standard horizontal rates or
lets you run long character
040 350 CALL 315 330 141 Scan dot row 0, character line 12
040 353 CALL 315 330 201 2 12 lines with more nearly normal
040 356 CALL 3f5 330 241 4 12 horizontal frequencies.
040 361 CALL 315 330 301 6 12
040 364 CALL 315 330 141 Do blank scan But 11 microseconds may
not be enough time for your
040 367 MVIA 076 006 Delay 48.5 microseconds
040 371 DCRA 075 continued monitor or TV set to cleanly get
040 372 JNZ 302 (371)(040) continued from the end of one line to the
040 375 LDA 072 000 340 Output //VERTICAL SYNC// pulse beginning of the next. For most
041 000 CALL 315 363 140 Do short blank scan monitors and some TV sets, 11
041 003 LDA 072 000 000 Delay 6.5 microseconds
041 006 MVIA 076 175 Load # of vertical blank scans microseconds will be just barely
enough.
g:i gi~ CALL
DCRA
315 015 140
075
Do //BLANK
One less
VERTICAL
blank scan
SCANS//
If you are having trouble dis-
[ 041 014
041 015
MOVAA
JNZ
177
302 (010)(041)
Equalize 2.5 microseconds
Repeat blank scans if not done
playing all the characters, here
are some hints that may help
041 020 MOVAA 177 Equalize 5 microseconds you:
041 021 MOVAA 177 continued
041 022 DI 363 Shut off horn • Your simplest out is to adjust

32
 the display centering so that
the first character is always
legible. Always stop short of
the maximum display length on
[::: 023

041 100
JMP

CALL
303 (100)(041)

026 to 041 077 are spares)

(odd field)
315 023 140
Jump

Do short
to odd

blank
field

scan
your statements. 041 103 CALL 315 010 160 Scan dot row 1, character line 1
041 106 CALL 315 010 220 3 1
• Use the maximum possible 041 III CALL 315 010 260 5 1
041 114 CALL 315 010 320 7 1
width. Raising the width coil in-
041 117 CALL 315 010 140 Do blank scan
ductance (see Cheap Video
041 122 CALL 315 060 160 Scan dot row 1, character line 2
Cookbook, Fig. 3-33)can length- 2
041 125 CALL 315 060 220 3
en the needed retrace time. 041 130 CALL 315 060 260 5 2
041 133 CALL 315 060 320 7 2
• Use a longer-than-needed 041 136 CALL 315 060 140 Do blank scan
character line and put perm a-
041 141 CALL 315 130 160 Scan dot row 1, character line 3
nent blanks where they are 041 144 CALL 315 130 3 3
220
called for. 041 147 CALL 315 130 260 5 3
041 152 CALL 315 130 320 7 3
• Add equalization to lengthen 041 155 CALL 315 130 140 Do blank scan
each CALL sequence. While
041 160 CALL 315 210 160 S"an dot row 1 , character line 4
this is the obvious and cleanest 220
041 163 CALL 315 210 3 4
route, it can add many words to 041 166 CALL 315 210 260 5 4
041 171 CALL 315 210 320 7 4
a brute force scan program. 041 174 CALL 315 210 140 Do blank scan
.If you thoroughly understand
041 177 CALL 315 260 160 Scan dot row 1, character line 5
TV horizontal scanning and 041 202 CALL 315 260 3 5
220
have a decent scope and full TV 041 205 CALL 315 260 260 5 5
041 210 CALL 315 260 320 7 5
documentation, modify the fly- 041 213 CALL 315 260 Do blank scan
140
back capacitor value as needed
041 216 CALL 315 330 160 Scan dot row 1, character line 6
to get a faster retrace. But, be 041 221 CALL 315 330 220 3 6
careful to not exceed the peak 041 224 CALL 315 330 260 5 6
041 227 CALL 315 330 320 7 6
allowable horizontal output 041 232 CALL 315 330 140 Do blank scan
transistor voltage when you do
041 235 CALL 315 010 161 Scan dot row 1, character Lf.n e 7
this. 041 240 CALL 315 PI0 221 3 7
041 243 CALL 315 010 261 5 7
041 246 CALL 315 010 321 7 7
More Characters 041 251 CALL 315 010 141 Do blank scan
Our 1 x 56 scan has several 041 254 CALL 315 060 161 Scan dot row 1, character line 8
obvious limitations. From this 041 257 CALL 315 060 221 3 8
041 262 CALL 315 060 261 5 8
starting point, we'll want to add 041 265 CALL 315 060 321 7 8
interlace, double stuffing and 041 270 CALL 315 060 141 Do blank scan
041 273 CALL 315 130 161 Scan dot row 1, character line 9
lots more characters. 041 276 CALL 315 130 221 3 9
The optimum number of char- 041 301 CALL 315 130 261 5 9
041 304 CALL 315 130 321 7 9
acters or chunks per line seems 041 307 CALL 315 130 141 Do blank scan
to be 56 for an H8 system using
041 312 CALL 315 210 161 Scan dot row 1, character line 10
A9 switching for speed dou- 041 315 CALL 315 210 221 3 10
bling. This 56-character length 041 320 CALL 315 210 261 5 10
041 323 CALL 315 210 321 7 10
lets you use a standard horizon- 041 326 CALL 315 210 141 Do blank scan
tal frequency. You can display
041 331 CALL 315 260 161 Scan dot row 1, character line 11
on either a color or a black and 041 334 CALL 315 260 221 3 11
white set. 041 337 CALL 315 260 261 5 11
041 342 CALL 315 260 321 7 11
But there seems to be some- 041 345 CALL 315 260 141 Do blank scan
thing magical about 80 charac-
041 350 CALL 315 330 161 Scan dot row 1, character line 12
ter lines that appeals to people, 041 353 CALL 315 330 221 3 12
even though this many charac- 041 356 CALL 315 330 261 5 12
041 361 CALL 315 330 321 7 12
·ters are hard to read and are 041 364 CALL 315 330 141 Do blank scan
rarely, if ever, needed. So, to
041 367 LDA 072 000 340 Output //VERTICAL SYNC// pulse
prove it can be done, we're 041 372 MVIA 076 175 Load # of vertical blank scans
going to show you how to dls- 374 CALL 315 015 140 Do //BLANK VERTICAL SCANS//
play 80 character lines on your [041
041 377 DCRA 075 One less blank scan
042 000 MOVAA 177 Equalize 2.5 microseconds
H8 and then put those lines on 042 001 JNZ 302 (374 )(041) Repeat blank scans if not done
a TV with unmodified video
042 004 MOVAA 177 Equalize 5 microseconds
bandwidth or over an rf modula- 042 005 MOVAA 177 continued
tor. Remember, though, that 042 006 Dr )6) Shut off horn
042 007 JMP )0) (100)(040)
we'll have to run at a reduced
horizontal. rate, which will take Notes:
width and hold modifications eTVT 6·518must be connectedviaan 8080 adapter,and boththe658·HD8 and 658·HS80 PROMs must be incircuit
fortheprogram
to run.
to your small-screen, trans- eAddress switchesmust be in"64";A5 = "A5";and A4 = "A4" positions.
former-operated, Photofact- e Horizontalfrequency= 11.191kHz Vertical
frequency= 60.006Hertz.166 second hum bar.
eThis program Isnotself-modifyingand may be placedinPROM or ROM.
available, black and white set.
e Charactersequences goes 340 000;350 000;340 001;350 001;340 002;350 002;340 003.
Furthermore, your wrong choice o denotes an absoluteaddressthatisprogram locationsensitive.
33
 FLOWCHART:
040 100
040 100-
040 366
040 367-
041 007
041 010·
041 014
041 015-
041 025
(EVEN FIELDI
Fig. 14a. Program flowchart.
of set could sing objectionably.
12 Lines of 80 Characters
A brute force, interlaced,
double-stuffed 12 x 80 scan
program appears in Fig. 14.You
can easily modify it for 24 x 80
or even 36 x 80 displays if you
like. With the double stuffing,
ttie 12 x 80 display uses slightly
less than one-third of the H8
throughput time. By going to
suitable transparency tech-
nlques, you can save two-thirds
of the computer time to trans-
parently run other programs
such as Extended BASIC.
We've shown you this scan
program with its memory space
at 340010 to 343 377. This as-
sumes you have at least two
RAM cards in your H8 and have
put this particular one "out on
top" with the-"56K" jumper on
the memory card. You may
want to relocate things later,
but this is a handy place to
start.
The TVT 6-5/8 is attached to
the memory card by way of an
8080 adapter similar to Figs. 4
and 10.The TVT does place cer-
tain use restrictions on the 340
000 to 360 000 computer ad-
dress space, since any activity
here also gives you a vertical
sync pulse that might disrupt
an enabled display. You can
use this space for a display
memory RAM; you should not
use this area for the scan pro-
gram or the computer stack. If
you do use this page for display
memory RAM, you will have to
watch your cursor program
carefully if transparent charac-
ter entry is important to you.
34
two 60 Hz fields of 186.5 lines PROM compatible. Try: (1) using
each. only one vertical blanking se-
The 658-HS80 Scan PROM quence and minimizing blank
lets you repack the 80 charac- sequences and unused code
041 100- ter lines so you can use your words; (2) using 110commands
041 366
display memory space effi- to free address space; (3) using
ciently. Fig. 15 shows how the interrupt rather than subrou-
041 367-
041 373 characters are arranged in tine mapping.
RAM. While this looks like a Note that you'll use the HS64
royal mess, a few extra cursor PROM for 64 and shorter char-
041 374· words are all we need to acter lines and most graphics,
042 000
straighten things out. This is while the HS80 PROM is usually
often a reasonable trade-off for reserved for 80 character lines.
042 001·
042 all letting us do long lines with an You can do 40 character 'lines
(ODD FIELDI
8080 in the first place and free- with the HS64 without repack-
ing up 600 or so words of sys- ing, or else you can use your
tem RAM for other uses. memory more efficiently by
Your turn: Show the coding for going to a specially coded
24 x 80, 32 x 80, 16x56,32x56, HS40 PROM that uses repack-
You'll find the 12x80 pro- ing. Repacking saves you RAM
16 x 64 and 32 x 64 scan pro-
gram shown in two separate grams. Show ways of signifi- space but heeds a few extra
fields. We have an even field cantly shortening the 12 x 80 words in the cursor program
that puts down the even dot and takes a special Scan
scan program while staying
rows of all the characters and
an odd field that puts down the
odd dot rows of all the charac- •..
0 0 s o 0 0 •..
ters. When combined, these 0
0 s 0
0
'" 2 N ~ ~ ~
fields form an interlaced and 340
IHim;1 10 20 30 40 50 60
double-stuffed frame. Having :
the two fields separate is handy
for debugging. By jumping a 341
Il!ilWi 70 Bo 90 100
i 110 120
field back on itself, you can dis-
play all-even or all-odd fields to
fix coding errors or make for-
342
ill'i!i!j Ib 2b 3b 4b 5b 6b
mat changes. : :
The scan program runs just 343
IlilJllj 7b Bb 9b lOb lib 12b
about the same way the earlier '----------' '----..---J
ONE CHARACTER LINE UNUSED
1 x 56 program did. First, there
CHARACTER SEQUENCE IS obobob ...
is a short blank scan; then we
put down the even dot rows of Fig. 15. Display memory map for 12 x 80 scan.
all the characters. Then we
equalize, followed by a late ver-
tical sync pulse, at the same FROM PARALLEL ASCII KEYBOARD
time taking up one entire extra
horizontal scan time. Then we
run the usual blank vertical
scans, completing the field.
When the field is finished, we
jump to the odd field, run a
short blank scan and put down
all the odd dot rows of all the
characters. After this, we run
an early vertical sync pulse and
go on to the usual number of
vertical blank scans. The scan
sequence repeats by jumping
to the start of an even field.
The early and late vertical
sync pulses differ by half a hori-
zontal line. When you combine
this half a line With the extra
horizontal line picked up only in
the even scan, you end up with TO HB-5 OR OTHER
SERIAL INPUT PORT
an interlaced scan of 373 whole
lines taking one 30 Hz frame. Fig. 16. This keyboard serial adapter lets you connect a keyboard
This 30 Hz frame consists of to a serial computer input.
 the $988 Surprise
If you haven't looked carefully
at the Level-II 16K TRS-80,
you're in for a big surprise!
Level-II BASIC gives TRS-80
advanced features like com-
prehensive string handling,
multi-dimension arrays,
multi-letter variable names,
named cassette files, full edit-
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single (6-digit) and double
(Io-digit) precision arithme-
tic, formatted printing,
memory-mapped video (print
directly at any of 1024 screen
positions), 128x48 video
graphics (may be intermixed
with text), error trapping, auto
line numbering, TRACE,
PEEK and POKE ... to name
just a few. Because Level-II is
in ROM, TRS-80 powers-up
ready to go with the full 16K
RAM available for your use.
This means TRS-80's memory
is equivalent to a 28K RAM-
based system.
New for 1979- TRS-80's
numeric (calculator) keypad
included on every 16K com-
puter, and available as an
add-on for present owners.
TRS-80's modular design
allows easy expansion. Add
up to 48K RAM, Expansion
Interface, printers, 1 to 4
Mini-Disks, RS232C, tele-
phone acoustic couplers,
Voice Synthesizer, dual cas-
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Desk and Printer Stand. Sur-
prisingly, these are not prom-
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software being added
monthly,
V' Reader Service-see page 179
•••
Radio Shack's 58 years of con-
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So if you haven't seriously
looked at TRS-80 yet, ask
your local Radio Shack for our
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and be prepared for a $988
surprise. Surprising power-
features-price-support!
Level-II 16K systems include
everything pictured, plus the
manual. Better to be surprised I
now ... before you choose
the wrong microcomputer
system.
35
PROM. the Cheap Video Cookbook, but encoders provide only a parallel you how to connect, both pic-
the H8-2 card is an expensive (all-the-bits-at-once) output. To torially and schematically, your
A Keyboard Serial Adapter option and you might hot al- enter a serial port, we have to adapter to your H8-5. You can
If you have an H8-2 parallel ready have one on hand. More convert this parallel word into a either hard-wire these connec-
interface card, it should be fair- likely, you'll be using the H8-5 serial (one-bit-at-a-time) se- tions or add a new connector of
ly easy to interface almost any serial interface card instead, quence. A simple adapter to do your own.
old ASCII keyboard and en- since you need this one for the this is shown in Fig. 16. On your H8-5 board, inte-
coder. You could do this essen- usual cassette and remote ter- The circuit can use the trans- grated circuit IC122 is removed
tially the same way we did it on minal uses; mitter half of nearly any old and replaced with two jumpers
the parallel KIM inputs back in Most ASCII keyboards and UART (universal asynchronous inserted in the socket as
receiver-transmitter). We first shown. The pin-11-to-pin-13
looked at UARTs back in Chap- jumper gives you direct access
(0) SCHEMATIC
ter 7 of the TVT Cookbook. to the serial input on the UART
- '8 -------------- BUS PIN 2 You'll find this circuit easier present inside the H8-5. The
GND ---------,------ BUS P'N D.' and more inexpensive when ptn-s-to-prn-z jumper lets you
....------..., IN-SOCKET JUMPER you use a modern, single-supply use the keyboard in a polled
FROM
KEYBOARD
CMOS chip such as an Intersil rhode. This polled operation
SERIAL
ADAPTER
IM6402 or IM6403. gives you a transparent scan
The keyboard serial adapter program and frees the inter-
BAUD ------------_- PIN9 lell6 works by borrowing power from rupts for other uses.
(l6X. GOD BAUD)

+5V
------------_-+5V SOURCE
the H8-5 serial interface and The H8 has to be software-
ICl33 feeding + 5 volts and optionally programmed to use your new
+5V -12 volts to your existing key- adapter. A simple test sequence
~-- ••••
\ 6
board. Your existing keyboard that will enter the last-pressed
__ ~_tl~I~2~/-
OINT
OFF
outputs are most likely avail- key into the accumulator and
(REMOVED)
able in parallel or "all-at-once" display it for you is shown in
(b) PICTORIAL form. These parallel outputs Fig. 18.
and a normally-high keypressed The H8-5 is first initialized
strobe are routed to the trans- with a mode instruction. You
mitter side of the UART in the can use 312 and output it to
adapter. This UART also bor- port 373. This picks two stop
rows a 16X baud clock from the bits, ignores parity, uses a
H8-5. seven-bit word and runs with a
When you press a key, a serial 16X clock. Next, you continue
output is generated by the to initialize the H8-5 by giving a
UART.This serial output is then command instruction to the
routed to your computer's serial same port. This time, use 004
interface and received just as if and once again output it to port
it came from a terminal. 373. This command instruction
HB-5 SERIAL You may need as many as will enable only the receiver in
I/O CARO
five leads between your adapter the H8-5 interface.
and the H8-5. One is ground, After the mode instruction
300 •••
two are for power, one is the and the command instruction
85- 2026
16X baud rate clock that goes are routed to the interface, you
to the adapter and the final is are free to read characters. You
Fig. 17. Connecting your keyboard serial adapter to an H8-5 inter- the serial output that comes do this by inputting from port
face. from the adapter. Fig. 17 shows 372. The final loop in the test
program does this continuous-
ly.
uP·8080A Start·JMP 040100 As you press a key, its ASCII
System·H8 + H8/5 End·RST/O value will appear in the left
Program Space 040 100to 040 113(13words)
three digits of the "AF" Regis-
ter display. For instance, a
~040 100 MVIA 076 312 Initialize mode instruction
040 102 OUT 323 373 continued lowercase "b" will read 142,
040 104 MVIA 076 004 Initialize command instruction while an uppercase "8" will
040 106 OUT 323 373 continued
read 102.
040 110 IN 333 372 Read Keyboard There are a few gotchas in
L 040 112 JMP 303 (1l0)(040) Loop
this simple test program, so
you'll want to improve it for ac-
Notes:
• This test program displays a pressed key received via the Keyboard Serial Adapter. To run the program, use:
tual use as part of a cursor. Note
RST/O·REG·PC·Al TER·0·4·0·1·0·0·Al TER·REG·AF·GO. that this simple program con-
• ASCII characters should appear as the three leftmost digits on the display. For instance, '"A'" = 101, "a" = 141, "6" = 066, and tinuously rereads characters
'"CR" =015.
• ( ) Denotes an absolute address that is relocation sensitive. instead of reading each one
just once. To beat this, there is
Fig. 18. Keyboard serial adapter test program. available a "character ready"
(R x ROY)flag that is set when
36
 the character first arrives and is uses two stop bits and has an RS-232or Teletype current loops computer end.
reset as soon as the computer eight-bit word length. You can for a short interface connection.
uses the character for the first change any or all of these by re- If you really want to get fancy,
time. programming the hard-foil con- Your turn: Show how to use use ultrasonic or infrared trans-
To use a character only once, nections of pins 33 through 39 your keyboard serial adapter ducers to give you zero connec-
input from port 373, AND what of the UART. Our circuit as- with only two wires between tions between keyboard and
you get with 002 and test the re- sumes the keyboard outputs computer and keyboard, includ- computer. This will, of course,
sult. A nonzero result means positive logic and uses a nar- ing al/ power supply connec- take batteries inside the key-
you have a new character ready row goes-to-ground-from-posi- tions. Hint: Use the IM6403 with board, or will it?
to enter. A zero result says you tive-high strobe that is low only a crystal and a CMOS-encoded
have already used the charac- when data is valid. The output keyboard. Change the current 8080 Cursor Software
ter on-hand and should ignore is a simple TTL logic level. when you want to send a zero Many of the ideas we have al-
it. We'll see an example on this There is no need to convert to and sense this current at the ready used for our previous cur-
shortly.
The UART doing the trans-
mitting (in the adapter) and the
Fig. 19. Program for a one-line, 56-character TVT 6-5/8 8080 raster scan integrated minimum cursor.
one doing the receiving (in the
H8-5) must agree on the baud
uP·SOSOA Slarl-JMP 040100 Displayed 340 004 10 340 037
rate and the baud clock factor.
systern-Hs End-RSTIO 342 004 10 342 037
Usually, the H8-5 will be set on Program Space 040 100 to 040 341
600 baud and 16X clocks with Registers Used - B. H. L

internal jumpers. If not, or if you Main scan sequence:

are on a different system, be
sure that the transmitting UART ~040 100 MVIA 076 312 Initialize MODE for H8-3
and the receiving UART are on 040 102 OUT 323 373 continued
040 104 MVIA 076 004 Initialize COMMAND for H8-3
speaking terms with each 040 106 OUT 323 373 continued
other. 040 110 CALL 315 017 140 Do short BLANK SCAN
Note that your initialization 040 113 CALL 315 004 160 Scan Dot row #1
040 116 CALL 315 004 200 Scan Dot row #2
of the mode and command 040 121 CALL 315 004 220 Scan Dot row #3
words should be done only
040 124 CALL 315 004 240 Scan Dot row #4
once after reset and before any 040 127 CALL 315 004 260 Scan Dot row #5
inputloutput activity. If you 040 132 CALL 315 004 300 Scan Dot row #6
040 135 CALL 315 004 320 Scan Dot row #7
don't initialize, you'll get no
characters at all, and if you 040 140 MVIB 006 364 Load number of blank scans in B
040 142 IN 333 373 Is a new key pressed?
continuously re-initialize, char- 040 144 ANI 346 002 Mask kepressed bit
acters will get dumped before 040 146 JZ 312 (154)(040) No, continue scan
you can use them. ~040 151 CALL 315 (220)(040) Yes, go to cursor
Your keyboard serial adapter 040 154 CALL 315 015 140 Do equalizing BLANK SCAN
040 157 LDA 072 000 340 Output vertical sync pulse
is very flexible. For instance, go 040 162 MOVBA 170 170 Get number of blank scans back
over the data sheets to find a
040 164 CALL 315 011 140 Do BLANK SCAN
whole unused UART receiver on 040 167 DCRA 075 One less scan
the low number pins. The -12 [ 040 170 MOVAA 177 Equalize 2.5 microseconds
040 171 JNZ 302 (164)(040) Do another blank scan?
volt supply is an option. You 040 174 MOVAA 177 177 Equalize 5 microseconds
can eliminate it if you already
040 176 01 363 Shut Off Horn
have -12 on hand or use a key- 040 177 JMP 303 (110)(040) Go to new field
board that doesn't need it. You
can also use the old-style CURSOR
RETURN
UARTs that need -12 by re-
Cursor Processing Subroutine:
moving the connections on pin
#2 and jumpering to -12.
~040 220 MOVAH 174 Get upper cursor address
Should you use the IM6403, (Enter) 040 221 ANI 346 375 Mask A9 out
you can eliminate the 16X baud 040 223 CPI 376 340 Is upper page address valid?
040 225 JZ 312 (233)(040) Yes, OK to continue
rate line by connecting a 3.58
MHz color TV crystal between ~040 230 CALL 315 (260)(040) No, clear screen via subroutine
,040 233 MOVAL 175 Get lower cursor address
pins 17 and 40 while grounding . 040 234 ANI 346 037 Put it on the screen
pin 3 of the IM6403. This will 040 236 MOVLA 157 Replace lower cursor
output characters for you at 040 237 IN 333 37!\l Get character
110 baud. Your computer's 040 241 CPI 376 015 Is it Carriage Return (Erase)?
040 243 JZ. 312 (260)(040) Yes, clear screen via subroutine
serial input will also have to be ~040 246 CALL 315 (300)(040) No, enter character via subroutine
jumpered or programmed to
040 251 RET 311 Return to scan program
use this new data rate.
As shown, the keyboard seri-
(040 251 through 040 257 are spares; not used)
al adapter is programmed to
provide a permanent one in the ~040 260 CALL 315 (320)(040) go to clear screen subroutine
040 263 MVIB 006 331 Equalize # of blank scans remaining
transmitted ASCII bit #8, is con- ~040 265 RET 311 Return to Processing
tinuously enabled, has no parity, (Exit)

37
 Enter Character and Increment Subroutine: 2nd character . 342 004
3rd character 340 005
4th character 342 005
~040 300 MOVMA 167 Store character at cursed location
040 301 MOVAH 174 Get upper cursor word 55th character 340 037
040 302 XRI 356. 002 Change address A9 56th character 342 037
040 304 MOVHA 147 Replace upper cursor word
Now every time we enter a
040 305 ANI 346 002 Is address A9 now zero?
307 RNZ 300 No, return character, we want to go on to
~040
040 310 INXH 043 Yes, increment HL (cursor address) the next one. So, we first change
@!2)---040 311 RET 311 Return to Processing
A9. To do this, we use an exclu-
LXIH 041 (004)(340) Home Cursor sive OR 002 of the H register.
~g:g ;;~
040 325
MVIA
CALL
076 040
315 (300)(040)
Load Space
Enter space via ECI subroutine This will automatically make
040 330 MVIA 076 040 Is it the end of the screen? A9 a one for a particular charac-
CMPL 275 continued ... ter, a zero for the next charac-
040 332
040 333 JNC 302 (323)(040) No, add more spaces ter, a one for yet the next char-
040 336 LXIH 041 (004)(340) Yes, home cursor
RET 311 Return to Processing acter and so on.
~040 341
If A9 goes from a zero to a
Notes: one, we need do nothing fur-
• TVT 6·5/8 must be connected via an 8080adapter and both the 658·HD8and 658·HS64PROMs must be in circuit for the program to ther. If A9 goes from a one to a
run. Character entry via keyboard, a keyboard serial adapter and the H8·3 serial interface card.
• All characters and all control commands are entered on the screen, except for carriage return (CR),which clears the screen. zero, however, we need to move
• Horizontal frequency is 15.174 kHz;Vertical frequency is 59.976 Hz. 2500 second hum bar. onto the next pair of character
• Address switches must be in "32"; A5 =" + "; and A4 = "A4" positions.
slots in memory. To do this, we
• Character sequence goes 340004; 342 004; 340 005; 342005; 340 006; 342 006; 340007 ..
.This program is not selt-rnodityinq and may be placed in PROM or ROM. Register "8" is used for temporary storage; Registers increment the HL register that
"HL" are used to hold the cursor address. contains the cursor.
• To aid in debugging, replace 040147 with 000 and manually defeat front panel interrupt. To shorten number of characters dis-
played for a tv with limited width, use 040 337 value of 005 or higher.
So, we change A9 every new
• () denotes an absolute address that Is program location sensitive. character but increment our HL
cursor only every second char-
acter. All the A9 switching
sors will carryover to 8080 cur- as needed to give us a line of ment, or ECI, subroutine. This mess is magically eliminated
sor design. One new hassle characters. ECI subroutine is fancier than with nothing but eight or so pro-
we'll pick up is the straighten- After the characters are the ones we used before, since gram words.
ing-out process needed to undo down, we test to see if a new we have the A9 switching to Your turn: Show en all-the-bells-
the A9 speed doubling. But this key has been pressed. If not, we contend with. Some new rules and-whistles cursor for a
is more than offset by the easier output a vertical sync pulse, and a few extra code words 24 x 80 display, including a visi-
and simpler code using all the run the blank vertical retrace take care of this for us. ble cursor, full equalization and
available 8080 registers, partic- scans, and then jump up and re- Remember that the A9 transparency, all cursor mo-
ularly the 16-bit wide HL regis- peat everything for the next switching was used to let us tions and the usual goodies.
ter that is ideal for cursor loca- field. Note that we do not re-ini- get characters out of the 8080 As with the 6502 systems,
tion storage. tialize the serial interface each fast enough to be useful. To do there is virtually no limit to how
Let's look at a simple cursor time. We simply loop back to this, the display characters are fancy your cursor programs
that ties the keyboard input to the start of the next field. out of order. Specifically, for can become. All it takes are ex-
an 8080 display. We'll use the Now, if a key has been our 1 x 56 display, the charac- tra words of machine-language
1 x 56 display to keep things pressed, we jump to the new ter sequence goes like this: code to do almost anything you
simple. The program and a Cursor Processinq subroutine 1st character.... 340 004 can dream up.•
flowchart are shown in Fig. 19. at 040220 through 040 251. This
For convenience, we've left cursor processing subroutine (MAIN SCAN) (CURSOR PROCESSING)

this program in several pieces, first checks to make sure the

omitted a visible cursor and HL register is holding a valid
done only "good enough" cursor location. If it isn't, the
equalization. While you can use screen is erased and the cursor (100-106)

this program for a one-line fixed before anything happens

point-of-sale terminal, as a deaf
communicator or in a prompting
environment, chances are that
you'll want to pick up these bits
and pieces and then combine
them with the best of the earlier
cursors to do your own thing.
Our main scan sequence is
to other programs in the ma-
chine.
We then get a character and
test it to see if it is a CR, or car-
(142- 146)
riage return. If it is a CR, we
erase the screen and home the
cursor. CR was chosen over
CAN in this example as it (157-161 )

about the same as the old 1 x 56 seems more appropriate for a

scan program of Fig. 13. We've one-line display. You can, of
added some words at the start course, use any decoding you (164-167)

that initialize our H8-5 serial in- like. (320-341)

terface so it will accept a key- If any key but the carriage re- ALL LOCATIONS PREFIXED 040- XXX
board input by way of the key- turn is pressed, the character is
board serial adapter. Our brute entered. This is done by way of
force scans are called for next an enter-character-and-Incre- Fig. 19a. Program flowchart.

38
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r/ Reader Service-see page 179 39

 Learn with Me:
Analog and Digital Interfaces

When he wrote this, Rod said: "My latest interest is digital and analog interfaces. This
two-part article tells the story of my education and application of these interfaces. "

Rod Hallen In other words, the digital levels to digital Signals and vice Opening S1 and closing S2 will
Road Runner Ranch computer recognizes two versa. This is the purpose of the cut the circuit resistance in half
PO Box 73 states, 0 (or ground or low) and analog-to-digital converters (64 Ohms instead of 128 Ohms),
Tombstone AZ 85638 1 (or +5 V or high), while the (AOC) and the digital-to-analog twice as much current will flow
level of an analog signal can be converters (OAC) that we will and the voltage out of IC1 will
any value. At first the two don't discuss in this two-part article. double.

O ne thing

interface your
you quickly
cover when attempting
personal
dis-
to
com-
seem compatible.
trying to use a digital
parallel port
For example,

to directly
serial or
mea-
These converters

both directions
can be com-
bined to provide translation
or can be used
in
Closing bofh S1 and S2 will
triple the current
pared to S1 closed
flow as com-
by itself,
puter with its surroundings is sure the voltages in a power separately. since 128 Ohms and 64 Ohms in
that this is an analog world we supply would not work. How- parallel equal 42.67 Ohms,
live in, and analog is a language ever, if you wanted to speak to Theory- Digital-to-Analog which is 1/3 of 128. In fact, the
that is foreign to a digital com- someone from a foreign country Conversion current will continue to in-
puter. In the digital' concept and neither of you spoke the Fig. 1 is the schematic of a crease in a binary fashion as
everything is yes or no, on or other's language, you would simplified digital-to-analog more switches are closed. Add
off, black or white, while the get an interpreter to translate. converter. Closing S1 will cause the binary values of the closed
analog world allows for an in- What we need is an interpret- a current that has a value deter- switches and you will know
finite number of shades of gray. er that will translate analog mined by the resistor in series how much the current has in-
with it to flow. Operational am- creased as compared to S1
plifier IC1 will convert this cur- closed by itself. See Table 1a.
rent flow to a voltage level. You can see that 256 steps are
REFERENCE
VOL TAGE
III

~'I S8
2ll VOL TAGE OUT Switches Decimal Binary
Value Value
4ll
S1 1 00000001
8ll lei =LM3QI OR SIMILAR
S2 2 00000010
R " 3000 TO 50Dan. TYPICAL S3 4 00000100
16ll S4 8 00001000
S5 16 00010000
32ll S6 32 00100000
S7 64 01000000
64ll
S8 128 10000000
12SfI.

SI
Table 1a. Binary and decimal value of the switches in Fig. 1. Clos-
ing any switch will multiply the output voltage of IC1 by the output
Fig. 1. A simplified digital-to-analog converter. The voltage at the when only S1 is closed. If S1 closed equals .01 volts output, then S5
output of IC1 is dependent upon the binary sum of the switches closed equals .16 volts output. If more than one switch is closed,
that are operated. The reference voltage is usually taken from the the values of all the closed switches are added together and then
+ 5 volt supply and is fed through a variable resistor for calibration multiplied by the base value (S1 only). OperateS2, S4 and S7, and
purposes. the output will be .74 volts ((2 + 8 + 64) *.01) = .74.

40
possible (1 + 2 + 4 + 8 + 16 + 32 amp IC1. Most op amp data TO PARALLEL OUTPUT PORT

+ 64 + 128 = 255 + 0 = 256), sheets give this information.

since 0 counts as the first step. See the references.
CURRENT OUT
Of course, since the op amp Fortunately for us, many REFERENCE
will increase its output voltage semiconductor manufacturers VOL TAGE

in proportion to its input cur- produce an integrated circuit

rent, the voltage will always be digital-to-analog converter on a
Fig.2a. Block diagram of the MC1408 digital-to-analog converter
IC. This circuit produces essentially the same results as Fig. 1
directly related to the binary chip. Motorola calls theirs the
using all solid-state components. The MC1408 comes in three ver-
sum of the switches. In effect, MC1408, and at less than $5 it is
sions, suffixed L8, L7 and L6. The only difference between them is
we have converted from digital quite a bargain. One advantage
the degree of accuracy possible. The maximum error with the L8 is
(the switches) to analog (the op of putting all circuit elements ± .19 percent, the L7 is ± .39 percent and the L6 is ±. 78 percent.
amp output voltage level). on.a single chip is that they are This makes the L8 the most desirable version; however, all three
Let's take an example. Sup- closely matched during the are quite suitable for personal computer use.
pose 1 microamp of current manufacturing process. For you
flows with S1 closed and IC1 to try to create the same match-
rc 2 '" LM301 OR SIMILAR R'" 3000 TO 5000 OHMS TYPICAL
converts that current flow to .01 ing with discrete components
volt. Then opening S1 and clos- would be difficult and expen-
ing S2 would cause 2 uA to flow sive.
and our output voltage would A simplified block diagram of
be .02 volt. Closing S1 and S2 the MC1408 is shown in Fig. 2a.
would give an output of .03 You can see that it contains the
volts. See Table 1b. With all of switches and resistors of the
the switches operated, 255 simple DAC in Fig. 1. It con-
times the base current (1 uA), or nects directly to a parallel out- Figs. 2b and 2c. The MC1408 is a current output device. IC2 con-
255 uA, would flow, and the out- put port. The reference voltage verts this current flow to a voltage level. Fig. 2b produces a voltage
put voltage would be 255 X .01, is usually fed through a potenti- referenced to ground, such as a to + 2.5 volts. Fig. 2c puts out a
voltage that ranges both sides of 0, such as + 2.5 to - 2.5 volts.
or 2.55, volts. ometer for calibration purposes.
Linear IC and op amp data books give much more information on
If we could operate the eight The only thing that we need to
circuit configuration and component values.
switches of our simple digital- add is a circuit to convert the
to-analog converter with the output current to a voltage.
eight bits of one of our micro- Figs. 2b and 2c show two a second. If the voltage is being We saw how the 1408 con-
processor parallel output ports, methods of doing this. The uni- changed more than once or verts from digital to analog, but
we could cause any voltage polar approach (Fig. 2b) would twice a second, then refreshing how does it convert back? Ac-
from 0 to 2.55 (in .01 volt steps) give us a voltage referenced to is usually not necessary. tually, it can't, but we can still
to appear at our analog out port ground, such as 0 to + 2.5 volts. use it to help us. The first two
by placing the proper digital The bipolar circuit (Fig. 2c) Theory-Analog-to-Digitai methods are software inten-
byte in that parallel port. While would give a voltage that Conversion sive; that means that most of
this would not be a true analog ranged both sides of zero, such OK, now we can take a digital the conversion is handled with
signal since it would change in as plus or minus 2.5 volts. byte and put it out as an analog programming. The third method
.01 volt steps instead of contin- After the processor has set a (voltage) level. How about the is completely implemented in
uously, it would be a fair ap- given voltage at the output of other way around? Can we con- hardware and requires no soft-
proximation. the op amp, that voltage will nect a voltage to an input port ware at all.
The actual voltage range of slowly bleed off due to circuit and have the processor see the Fig. 3 is a basic analog-to-
the output Signal can be deter- losses. If it is desirable to hold equivalent digital word? Yes, digital converter. (ADC) that
mined by the value of the com- the voltage steady, then it there are many methods to ef- we'll use in the first two meth-
ponents used to bias the op should be refreshed a few times fect this conversion, and we'll ods. IC3 is our MC1408 DAC,
look at three, all of which will and IC4 is the op amp that con-
Binary Decimal Voltage make use of the MC1408. verts from current to voltage.
Value Value

00000000 0 0 REFERENCE
VOLTAGE
00000001 1 .01
00000010 2 .02 rC3'" MCl408
!C4=LM301 OR SIMILAR
00000011 3 .03 IC5-LM311 OR SIMILAR
00000100 4 .04 R '" 3000 TO 5000 OHMS TYPICAL

01111111 127 1.27

FADM
10000000 128 1.28 PARALLEL
OUTPUT
10000001 129 1.29 PORT

11111101 253 2.53

11111110 254 2.54
11111111 255 2.55

Table 1b. Binary-and-decimal-to-voltage conversion table for the

simple DAC in Fig. 1. Each switch is considered to be binary a
when open and binary 1 when operated. 81 is the least significant
(right hand) digit and 88 is the most Significant (left hand) digit.
10000001 indicates that 81 and 88 are closed and their total value
of 129 (1 + 128) times .01 equals an output of 1.29 volts.
Fig. 3. A basiC analog-to-digital converter. The processor puts out
trial bytes, and the result out of IC4 is compared with the analog
voltage at IC5. When we have a match, the output of IC5 will go low
and the processor will know that the last byte sent to the parallel
output port was greater than the analog value we want to measure.

41
 Voltage Decimal Binary
Equivalent Equivalent 18 REN~RANP METHOD OF AID CONVERSION
01111111
28 LET X=Il
+2.54 127
38 LET X=X+I
+2.52 126 01111110 48 IF X>255 THEN PRINT "VOLTAGE TOO HIGH I": GOTO 108
+2.50 125 01111101 58 OUT 24,X
6" LET Y=INP(24)
78 IF Y=I THEN GOTO 38
88 IF X=I THEN PRINT "VOLTAGE TOO LOU I": GOIO 108
+0.06 3 00000011 98 PRINT X*.81;"VOLTS DC"
+0.04 2 00000010 18e END
+0.02 1 00000001
0.00 0 00000000 Program A. Written in Processor Technology's Extended
-0.02 255 11111111 Cassette BASIC to implement the ramp method of analog-to-
-0.04 254 11111110 digital conversion. Line 30 steps the variable X by 1, and if X ex-
-0.06 253 11111101 ceeds 255 without a match being made, the out-of-range
message in line 40 will be printed. Line 50 sends the value of X
to the parallel port, and lines 60 and 70check to see if we have a
match. If not, we go back to line 30, increment X and try again.
-2.52 130 10000010 When Y goes to 0 in line 70 (indicating a match), the value and
-2.54 129 10000001 message in line 90 is printed unless X = 1, in which case the er-
-2.56 128 10000000 ror message in BOis printed. With a fast BASIC and a slow OIA
converter it might be necessary to insert a short pause between
Table 2. Voltage-to-binary-and-decimal conversion in the 0 + 7A lines 50 and 60 to allow time for the conversion process to take
110board. The voltage shown on the left when applied to one of the place.
AID ports produces the decimal or binary equivalent shown on the
right. When the decimal value is sent to one of the OIA ports, the
voltage shown results. The table runs in .02 volt steps from + 2.54
to - 2.56 volts. Most of the intermediate values have been omitted, plied to the negative input, the when we output 169 (1.69 volts
but they can easily be found by multiplying positive decimal values output will be a logical 1. When to the comparator is greater
by .02. Negative voltages can be figured by using the formula the voltage at the negative in- than 1.687); the output of the
(256 - 0) *.02, where 0 is the decimal value. put exceeds that of the posi- comparator will change to 0,
tive, the output will be a logical and the software knows that we
O.'in other words, the compara- have a match. If we multiply the
So far this is the same as the . DAC is tied to negative input tor is comparing the two volt- digital output of 169 by .01, we
circuit we discussed in Fig. 2. and the output of the compara- ag~s and letting us kriow which get 1.69,which is close to 1.687.
However, if we add a compar- tor is tied to one data line (DO) is greater. The answer should always be
ator (IC5, an LM311, for in- of a parallel input port. Let's look 'at the first soft- within .01 since we are compar-
stance), we have a whole new A comparator looks like an ware intensive analog-to-digital ing in .01 volt steps.
ball game. The analog voltage op amp but has an unusual conversion method. It is called A BASIC program to imple-
we want to convert to digital is property. As long as the voltage the "tamp" method. For conti- ment the ramp method of ana-
tied to the plus input of the applied to the positive input is nuity we'll use the same current log·to-digital conversion might
comparator, the output of the greater than the voltage ap- ~nd voltage values that we look like the listing in Program
used to explain tlie DAC in Fig. A. Using 1.687volts as our ana-
TO PARALLEL INPUT PORT 1.Say that the Voltage we've ap- log value, the program would
:----------r------------l plied to the analog input is print 1.69 volts dc.
: ic 8 1 tt 1 t Ie 9 I 1.687 volts dc. 0f course, we The ramp method is easy to
j -L~¢1~!¢1¢1¢141 i don't know that it is 1.687 yet! use, requires minimum soft-
L_____ _1___ __ _J Basically, the ramp method ware and is accurate, but it has
says: Output a. digital value; one serious drawback-it is
07 read the input port, if it's not 0 slow. Depending upon the value
Me 1408 AM 2502
06
then increase th-eoutput value; of the voltage that we want to
DIGITAL
ANALOG
TO
05
SUCCESSIVE read the input port, if. it's not 0, measure, it could take as many
APPROXIMATION
CONVERTER
04
REGISTER increase the output value, etc. as 255 tries before we got a
Specifically, what we'll do is match. A better method, called
D3
output a 1, which the DAC con- :'successive approximation,"
02
verts to .01 volt. This is com- can use the same hardware as
01
I---- FROM CPU CLOCK pared with our; analog voltage above, and all we have to do is
DO
(is .01 greater than 1.687?),and write a little more software.
I we know it isn't greater be-
.
~R
1 - rc 6=-LM301 OR SIMILAR
Ie 7 =LM311 OR SIMILAR cause "'!,es~e a 1 at the parallel
The successive approximation
method always requires seven
ANALOG
INPUT
. IC7
z
tc 8 8 9" SN74125
R 3000 TO 5000
TYPICAL
OH MS input port. 50 we output a 2 (.02 times through a trial loop.
volts to the .cornparator), com- In successive approximation
pare (we're still low), output a 3, we divide our range in half,
Fig. 4. The successive approximation method of analog-to-digital
conversion in hardware. The SAR (successive approximation reg- compare (we're still low), etc. compare our midpoint with the
ister) feeds the OAC trial bytes and reads the results in the same This goes on and on until the analog voltage and, if our mid-
way that Program B does with Fig. 3. When a match is made, the output ~f the DAC does exceed point is higher, discard the up-
SAR gates (lCB and 9) the digital information to the parallel input the analog voltage we are try- per half of our range. If the mid-
port for the processor to read. ing to measure. This will occur point is lower, we discard the

42
 118 REM-SUCCESSIVE APPROXIMATION METHOD OF ADC 2811 REM-STEP VOLTAGE GENERATOR
1211 DIt! V(8) 298 FOR 1=/28 TO 255
1311 FOR J=1 TO 8 ~II" OUT 25,1
1411 READ V(J) 318 FOR J=1 TO 6.11
158 NEXT J 3211 NEXT J
160 DATA 128,64,32,16,8,4,2,1 338 NEXT I
178 LET X=128 3411 FOR 1=11 TO 127
1811 FOR 1=1 TO 7 3511 OUT 25,1
19" OUT 24,X 3'8 FOR J=1 TO '""
208 LET Y=INP(24) 3711 NEXT J
210 IF Y=1 THEN LET X=X+V(I+l) 3811 NEXT I
228 IF Y=8 THEN LET X=(X-V((I»+V(I+l) 39" END
238 NEXT I
248 IF X=255 THEN PRINT "VOLTAGE TOO HIGH I": GOTO 270 Program C. DIA output demonstration program. The output of
25" IF X=1 THEN PRINT "VOLTAGE TOO LOU I": GOTO 270 DIA port 1 Will start at - 2.56 volts and each second will in-
2'" PRINT X*.01;"VOLTS DC" crease its output by .02 volts. The J loop in lines 310-320 and
27" END 360-370 ceuses the one-second delay, and the value of J can be
increased or decreased as desired.
Program B. A successive approximation analog-to-digital con-
version program used in conjunction with Fig. 3. This method
divides the range in half seven times to find the digital equiva-
lent to an analog value. Lines 120 to 160 load the values of each The most significant bit (D7) is and then call them from BASIC.
of the eight digital bits. Line 170 sets the first midpoint, and As mentioned, any of the pro-
zero for positive values and 1
lines 180 to 230 put out the trial, check the result and then
for negative values, The other grams in this article could have
select either the upper or lower half of the test range. After
seven bits (D6 to DO)are com- been written completely in as-
seven trials, X is determined to be the closest digital byte to the
analog value and is multiplied by .01 and printed. If X is too high plemented (inverted) for nega- sembly language.
or too low, then the error message in line 240 or 250 will be tive values. An OUT 25, 127 (127 = binary
printed. This is much faster than Program A. As in Program A, a Processor Technology's Ex- 01111111) wi II cause AID port 1
short pause might be needed between lines 190 and 20P (195 tended Cassette BASIC, and to go to + 2.54 volts, OUT 25, 0
FOR J = 1 TO 2: NEXT J). many others also, allows direct will cause it to go to zero volts
access to'-the input and output and OUT 25,128 (128=binary
ports with 'th~ INP and OUT 10000000) will cause it to go to
statements. Y = INP(24) says to - 2.56 volts. Program C will
lower half of the range. Now we significant bit (D7) until a match assign whatever value is read cause the voltage to change in
take the midpoint of the re- is made, and then the digital re- at input port 24 to the variable .02 volt steps from - 2.56 to
maining half and compare sult is fed to the parallel input Y. OUT 25, ,127:~eans send 127 + 2.54. With a voltmeter con-
again. Doing this seven times port to be read. (in digital form) to output port nected to AID port 1, you can
will zero right in on the analog 25. watch the voltage increase
value, just as the ramp method Hardware- If your E}ASICdoes not allow step by step.
did, only much faster. The Cromemco D + 7A I/O such direct access to I/O ports, What can we use these ports
Program B is tlie successive I am using the Cromemco it will be necessary to write I/O for? Sound for one thing ... or
approximation method written D + 7A I/O board in my SOL, and routines in assembly language better yet, music. In Part 2, un-
in BASIC. When we run,this pro- from now on allreferences will
gram with 1.687 volts applied to pertain to that piece of equip- OUTPUT D/A PORTS
PORTS
our analog input, the answer ment. The D + 7 contains a par: 25

that is printed on the screen is allel output port, a parallel tn- 26

1.69 volts de, which is within .01 put port, seven digital-to-ana- OUTP!.!T
PORT 24
27

28 4 ANALOG OUTPUT
volts of the actual value': This log output ports and seven ana-
29
readout compares extremely log-to-digital input ports (see 30
well with most VOMs and Fig. 5). Quite ,a handful for a 31

VTVMs. In fact, it is almost im- board that retails for $145 in kit PARALLEL DIGITAL TO
OUTPUT PO RT ANALOG CONVERTER
possible to read a mechanical form! It is a g'reat value and a
meter that closely. Either of the great addition to any micropro-
previous BASIC programs could cessor system. See~,he refer- INPUT
PORTS AID PORTS
just as easily have been imple- ences for a review of this kit. 25

mented in assembly language. The digital-to-analog' ports. 26

INPUT
The third method of analog- The D + 7 I/O board" uses. the PORT 24
27

28 4 ANALOG INPUT
to-digital conversion that w~'11 MC1408 DAC arid the, bipolar
29
discuss also uses successive approach in its analog port 30
approximation but is all done levels, and the swing is from 31

with hardware. Fig. 4 is a sim-
ple AID converter using a spe-
cial IC called a successive ap-
proximation register (SAR). An
SAR, such as the AM2502, does
just about the same thing that
Program B does. It tries one bit
at a time st<jrting with the most
+- 2.54 to -:-2.56 in .02 volt PARALLEL ANALOG TO
INPUT PORT· oml TAL CONVERTER
steps, Table 2 compares the a!'jc
alcq voltage with its decimal
Fig. 5. A block diagram of the Cromemco D + 7A liD Interface
a~d bina'ry equivalents; At first
Bqard. f,ight 8080 input and output ports are used. These are
glance the negative bytes seem shown as ports 24 to 31, but provision is made on the board to
to be listed backwards until you strap in other addresses if required. Since all conversion is
realize that two's complement handled in-herdwere, it is only necessary to output to the board or
signed bytes are being used. input from it in' order to implement AID or DIA conversion.
'J

43
der applications, we will dis-
cuss a programmed function
generator that will produce tri-
angle, square or sine waves at
any frequency we choose. Two
D/A ports could be used to feed
the X and Y axes of an oscillo-
scope for high resolution
graphics. Motor control, light
level; temperature manipula-
tion for a home heating, cooling
or solar energy system and
data transmlsston over phone
lines are some other possibili-
ties.
The analog-to-digital port~.
The D + 7 AID inports have the
same range and voltage to digi-
tal conversion as shown in
Table 2. The D + 7 AID ports use
the SAR hardware conversion
The S·100 Bus
Computer
44
method of analog-to-digital con-
version as discussed in Fig. 4.
The only software requirement
is to read the desired AID port.
If you ground AID port 1 and
command X= INP(25):PRINT X,
you should get 0 printed on
your screen. If you tie port 1 to a
+ 2.54 volt source and run the
same program again, you
should get 127 on the screen. A
- 2.56 at port 1 would give 128
on the screen. This is in itself a
+ 2.54 to - 2.56 volt high im-
pedance voltmeter, and with
the proper scaling resistors
and program any range can be
measured, as we shall see.
In Part 1 of this article we
have learned how the conver-
sion from a digital byte to an
analog voltage level is accom-
plished. We've also discussed
the same process in reverse. As
a practical implementation of
these conversions, the Cro-
memco D + 7A 1/0 board has
been introduced. If you still
have any questions about these
processes, it might be advis-
able to go back and study Part 1
again while waiting for Part 2.
In Part 2 applications for D/A,
AID and parallel digital ports
wi II be presented and ex-
plained. These will include
sense switches, joysticks for
variable input, light and tem-
perature sensors, a ± 250 volt
digital meter and the control of
external devices. See you next
month .•
By Richard Rodman, 1930 Kennedy Dr., T-3. McLean VA 22102.
References
Linear IC Data Book, Nation-
al Semiconductor Corporation,
2900 Semiconductor Drive,
Santa Clara CA 95051.
Linear IC Data Book, Fairchild
Camera and Instrument Cor-
poration, Semiconductor Com-
ponents Group, 464 Ellis Street,
Mountainview CA 94042.
"MC1408 speclttcatton Sheet,"
Motorola Semiconductor Prod-
ucts, Inc., PO Box 20912,
Phoenix AZ 85036.
"AID Conversion," Byte, May
1976, p. 70.
"Analog World," Byte, May
1977, p. 56and June 1977, p. 54.
"Interfacing Analog," Kilo-
baud, April 1977, p. 90.
"D + 7A 1/0 Review," Interface
Age, July 1977, p. 59.
oP c01>E
~ Osborne & Associates v06

An Introduction to Microcomputers: Volume 2 and Volume 3

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S1002
t/ Reader Service-see page 179 45
 The "EI Cheapo"
EPROM Programmer

Another EPROM programmer-but wait a minute; check out how little you'll have to spend.

Dr. Ward J. McFarland, Jr. permanent storage. amperes) is available. A maxi- ble programming pulse to an-
31 High Street The Intel 2758 offers many mum read access time of 450 other pin are required for each
New Haven CT 06511 advantages over other erasable nanoseconds allows full speed location you want to program.
read-only memory chips. The operation with a one megahertz In addition, single locations
device has a capacity of 8192 clock. may be easily programmed in
bits, configured as 8 bits x What really sets this device any desired sequence without
o you believe that you can 1024 bytes. Except while pro-
D make an EPROM pro- gramming, only a single +5
apart from the 2708 and other
similar devices is its ease of
the need to cycle through
entire memory. Both hardware
the

grammer using only two inex- volt supply is needed for opera- programming. No pulsed high and software requirements are
pensive integrated circuits ... tion. A standby mode that al- voltage supplies are needed; minimal and should require
and without using any output lows operation at reduced sup- only 25 volts dc applied to one only a few hours' work.
ports? Until Intel released the ply current (typically 10 milli- pin and a single TTL-compati- Fig. 1 shows the pin configu-
2758 erasable programmable
read-only memory (EPROM),
DATA BUS
this idea would have been
laughable. Now, for as little as
\..-
11.
ADDRESS BUS
$5, you can beef up your system ~
by adding this simple circuit for
putting programs or data into AO- A9 00--07
lC
AD -A9 00- 07

AIO-A05
RAM SELECT
I RAM
TO BE COPIED .25v +5V
ROM TO BE
PROGRAMMED
2758 I AIO -AOS I
ROM SELECT

Lt
DECODING DECODING
ss Vpp pgm cs
A7 2'
vcc
1 l
A6

AO
A8

A9 ~
111 ... 1 CHIP WRITE
ENABLE 111···1
~
j
TO OTHER J K TO OTHER IK
A4 Vpp RAM BLOCKS ROM BLOCKS

A3
ICI rc 20 JL+'IO~SO
IC2b
A2 AR r-<
L.. a L.. T
AI

AD
PD/PGM

07
+ 5V

~E
PROGRAMMER

r ~ 70mS
ONE-SHOT u., IO~S
ONE-SHOT
50mS
ONE-SHOT
~~
50mS

DO 06

01 05 ADDRESS PROGRAM
SETTLING PULSE
02 04 DELAY TIMING
~OCESSOR WAIT LINE
COM 03

Fig. 1. Pin configuration of In-

tel 2758 EPROM (top view). Fig. 2. Block diagram of 2758 programmer.

46
ration of the 2758, and Table 1
shows its available operating
modes. Pin 19 (AR)has no func-
tion but must be grounded.
With Vpp (pin 21) at + 5 volts,
the device operates as a read-
only memory (ROM); normal or
power-down operation can then
be selected with PdlPgm (pin
18). In battery-powered sys-
tems or applications where cur-
rent must be minimized, the
power savings using this mode
can be substantial.
Pin 20 (CS) serves as a chip
select line, with the 2758 en-
abled when this line is low. The
data lines float when the device
is not being read or pro-
grammed, allowing direct wired-
or connections with the system
data bus. During reading and
programming, the data and ad-
dress lines present MOS-type
loads (about 10 microamperes),
which you should be able to
drive without additional buff-
ering.
The 2758 is put into a pro-
gramming mode by raising Vpp
(pin 21)to + 25volts. Applying a
50 millisecond, +5voltpulseto
PdlPgm (pin 18) programs the
data present on the data bus
into the location selected by
the address bus. One pulse is
sufficient to program any loca-
tion, and data can be pro-
grammed into any location at
any time; all 1024 bytes can be
programmed in less than a
minute.
Although data can be read
from the 2758 with Vpp at + 25
volts for verification, Intel ad-
vises against leaving this line
high for prolonged periods.
Note that CS (pin 20) must re-
main high during programming.
Table 2 summarizes some of
the electrical specifications of
the 2758. Initially and after

Photo 2. Bottom view of 2758 programmer. Use of special plastic

guide rails (Vector) makes routing wires much more organized. All
wiring was done directly on ordinary tc sockets using Vector
wiring pencil with solderable insulated wire.

erasing, all bits are set to "1."
Data is programmed by storing
a "0" in each appropriate loca-
tion. A "0" can only be reset to
a "1" by erasing the entire 8192
bits. Erasing the device is sim-
ply a matter of providing suffi-
cient exposure to shortwave ul-
traviolet light (the kind that is
dangerous to unshielded eyes
and skin).
If you do not have access to a
.commercial eraser, you can
purchase a shortwave UV min-
erallamp from a local scientific
supply house for $50 or $60.

Vpp Pd/Pgm CS Data

(pin 21) (pin 18) (pin 20) Bus Mode
+5V +5V don't float Standby
care
+5 don't +5 float Deselect
care
+5 0 0 Dout Read
+25 0 0 Dout Program
Verify
+25 0 +5 float Program
Inhibit
+25 +5 +5 Din Program
(pulsed)
Photo 1. Top view of the completed 2758 EPROM programmer. AR (pin 19) at 0 V
Space is available for six 2758s (four are shown). DIP switch is
used to enable the programmer and select the device to be pro- Table 1. Operating modes for Intel 2758 EPROM.
grammed.

47
 The most inexpensive approach the 2758-whenever a location
~~ ~~ I could find was to use a germi- in that area of memory is read,
TM cidal UV lamp (Sylvania G8T5or the processor is forced into a

I~IIAMSYMKM
equivalent) obtained at a local wait cycle until the data is pro-
lighting distributor for $12, plus grammed into the correspond-
$9 for a socket and starter. A ing location (same AO-A9)in the
T~r~~I~II~~~~~~~~~~~®~~ 30-minute exposure with this 2758.
lamp at one inch from the 2758 The sequence of operations
©@[MJ~(VJlJ§~O§lJ ~
11 ~
erases the device easily. occurring during programming
is outlined in Table 3, and a de-
INC

How to expand your system four ways with one multi-

- Circuit Design

Fig. 2 shows a block diagram

tailed schematic of the pro-
grammer circuitry is shown in
purpose of a simple but effective 2758 Fig. 3. IC1 is a one-shot multivi-
programmer. The 2758 is wired brator used to pull down the
directly to the address and data WAIT line of my 6502-based
buses just as any other memory system and to initiate the 70
• 8K Power STATIC RAM device, with appropriate high- millisecond programming cycle.
• 8K EPROM logic (INTEL 2716/TI 2516)
order address decoding to gen- WAIT can be used with a Z-80-
• EPROM PROGRAMMER
• I/O - Versatile Interface Adapter: 2 timers erate CS. based system and READY can
+ 2 8-bits ports + serial/parallel shift register The circuit design takes ad- be used with an 8080. IC1 is trig-
• All ICs are socketted vantage of the fact that many gered only when both the pro-
• AIM 65/ SYM-I/ KIM-l Compatable .' microprocessors have a mode grammer enable line is high
• Assembled - Tested - Burned In $245 where the data and address (pin 5 of IC1)and when the chip
buses can be "frozen" for a suf- select line for the prepro-
How to add the most complete video, keyboard and light ficient length of time to pro- grammed area of memory to be
pen with gram the word on the data bus copied goes low.
VIDEO PLUStm $245
into the 2758. The "el cheapo" As the WAIT line goes low,
• Up to 4K Display RAM with Hardware Scrolling programmer forces this to oc- IC2 is triggered to provide a 10
• 128 UPPER/lower case ASCII characters in 7 x 9
cur whenever the processor microsecond delay for the ad-
matrix
reads data from a pre pro- dress and data buses to settle
• 128 User Programmable characters in up to 8 x 16
grammed block of memory; completely prior to pro-
matrix for special characters, graphics, symbols, gray
otherwise, the processor oper- gramming. After this delay,
scale ...
• Programmable Screen Format: Up to 100 char/line, ates normally. Thus, data from IC2b provides the 50 millisec-
24 lines this preprogrammed area of ond + 5 volt pulse for actually
• ASCII Keyboard Interface and Light Pen Interface memory is directly copied into programming the 2758. These

How to power your AIM/SYM/KIM system with

POWER PLUStm
Vcc=+5V±5%
• POWER PLUS 5tm +5V@ 5A, ± 12V@ IA $75 Ic = 50-100mA (read or program)
• POWER PLUS SUPER 5tm: + 5V @ lOA, ± 12V = 10-25mA (standby)
@ IA $100 Voo = Nee ± 0.6 V @ 5 mA (read or standby)
• POWER PLUS 5124tm: + 24V @ 2.5A, + 5V @ 5A, = 25 ± 1 V @ 30 mA (program)
± 12V @ IA $100 Read Access Time = 450 ns max
• 8 5/8 x 6 3/4 x 5" metal case, ON/OFF switch, Address Setup Time (programming) = 2 !As
pilot light, grounded AC input, IIOV @ 60Hz or 220V Program Pulse Width = 50 ± 5 ms
@50Hz Input load = 10 !AA@ 6 pF
Output Drive = 1 TTL equivalent load
How to interconnect and buffer your expanded system with Input and output levels TTL and CMOS compatible

MOTHER PLUStm $80 Table 2. Electrical specifications of Intel 2758.

• Full Address Decoding and Signal Line Buffering
• Room for your AIM/SYM/KIM and five additional
boards
• Provision for Power, Audio Cassette, and TTY
connections 1. CPU starts read cycle to read data from buffer RAM area.
2. IC1 is triggered when buffer RAM select line goes low.
We stock the AIM 65, SYM-I and KIM-I, and can help 3. IC1 pulls CPUWAIT line low, "freezing" the address from the
you determine which system is best suited to your particular CPU and the data from RAM on the appropriate buses.
requirements. 4. After time for address and data to settle, a 50 ms pulse is ap-
plied to program the 2758.
The COMPUTERIST® is a leading producer of products 5. After a total of 70 ms from the start of the WAIT mode, IC1
for the AIM/SYM/KIM (ASKtm) family of micro- completes its cycle and the CPU resumes processing with
computers. Send for your copy of our catalog which the new word programmed into the 2758.
describes our current products in detail. VC94
PO Box 3. So. Chelmsford, Mass. 01814·6171256-3649 Table 3. Sequence of operations during programming of a new

,------------------------------~~ word into the 2758.

48 t/ Reader Service-see page 179

three one-shots and a + 25 volt already in your system and cost
supply make the simplest 2758 only about $5 (exclusive of

~*****
programmer. sockets, switches and address
If you only need 1K or less ~f decoding).
permanent memory, simply Photo 1 shows the complet-

lBS-80
leave the 2758 in the same ed programmer. Besides the
socket you used for pro- programmer circuitry, sockets
gramming. If you already have for six 2758s are provided,

1ftdSfOBMtD
sockets available for 2708 pro- along with an address decoder
grammable memory chips, for decoding up to E:Jlght1K
simply rewire pins 19 and 21 blocks of memory. Everything

·W\l"
(and pin 18 if you want to pro- is mounted on a 4 1/2 x 6 1/2
gram them in these sockets) to inch (11.4 x 16.5 ern) V~ctor pro-
substitute the 2758. The two totyping plugboard hand-wired
les and the few discrete com-
ponents should easily fit in an
unused corner of a board
with a Vector wiring pencil
(wire-wrap would also work
'BOftss\O"ll
soflWlftt
nicely). A DIP rocker switch

(ADDRESS
DECODING)

AI5

AI4

AI3 'lcUG~{ .
dlS' sottwa<'
s ecialists \0 mlcrocomp ed language and
Li'eboat f>.sso~lat~~~,frst pro'essiona\~~~~Scomputer. Written
AI2
is proud to 0 er ne Radio Snack ackage runs on
All

AID 0'
utilitv package 'or { rs le'Jel \I 6f>.SIC,tne ~ore dri'Jes and
TO
bV Microsott. crea 0 'tn 321<.Rf>.M.one or nd consists ot
SYSTEM
ADDRESS
iRS-SO sVstem WI. upplied on dIskettes a
BUS
~RSOOS,ine so\tVoJareIS S
Ie machine code
Ol11l1 a true rel~<f~a~N)(39 (except
A9
A8 f uer lor ANSI FO
A7
comp PLE)( variables}
AS
A5 COM "'B'11 . K-based
A4
A3
".'&80
111M
lSSEn.. lloglifo~~nemonics
bIer uti\l'lln
macro assem relocatable code
A2
AI
AO oo prodUCing d
a dtandloa.
19 18
I 11."
lUG
101 ,l\ln
lOlOfn D
to lin\<.~d~leslor execution
d assembler m
+5 -.l70mS t- FORIRANan .
TO PROC_ES'-'S-'-OR
O~
--, U81l11 a complete
WAIT LINE
SU81~~!!~tines eoxi~t;.n~:~~~I~~:!~~er
librarYlo modules lor F cision Square
lOmS O.S. 50mS O.S.
+5V \in\<.abe s-eg, double p~eentalS,etc
'-AI program I log transcen
z.. _ o x root. natura ' d modily
FROM
RAM
+5V
CS
A2
lei
74121
0'S11E11 EOnOI to c;~~~~~ as dis\<.
~ 58
5 B
FOR1~A~;~%:~~~~~} ~~~~~~ ~~~~~se
ENABLE
PROGRAM- liles adstOrlor correspon e
MER ·text e 10 .
IK
documents so\tware pac\<.-
ered pro\eSSlonal avaIlable at the
"ThIShlgh-f~Wdocurnentatlon
age WIth u
OISCOutn PRICE OF $ 325 ISEll. COMPU1ER S~S1EM
P

••••
L16

Fig. 3. 2758 programmer schematic.

-------------.
Dealer Inquiries invited.

PIN 21 OF 2758

IOV
(Vppl
ZENER
LIFEBOAT ASSOCIATES ••
164 West83rd StreetiNewYork'. NY 10024 (212) 580-0082

~~~~~
lRS-80 FORlRAN
~ .-
Package @ $325.00 Address •
(plus $2.00 shipping or

.;';.__.=;_------~
I $5.00 foreign) City, State,Zip •
PIN 18 OF 2758 o Check enclosed
PINIOOFIC2 0 C.O.D. ($1.00 add'l) AC.
ct. No. plres__ •
(PROGRAMMING PULSE)
(PD/PGM)
I [j Master Charge

Fig. 4. Proposed power-down logic for 2758 programmer.

V' Reader Service-see Page 179 49

with seven SPST switches is
used to enable the programmer 0100 A600 LOX Length location 00 contains block length
and to connect the + 25 volt 0102 CA OEX
0103 next BO 00 10 LDA 1000, X RAM buffer starts at 1000
supply to the particular 2758
0106 CA OEX
being programmed. 0107 10 FA BPL next loop until done
With the decoding scheme 0109 00 (60) BRK (RTS)

shown in Fig. 3, the 2758s are

located between location 8000- Fig. 6b. Simple 6502 program for programming the 2758 with
up to 256 bytes at a time.
97FF; in my system, a block of
volatile programmable memory
(RAM), arbitrarily placed at
1000-13FF(hex), is used as a 70 millisecond delay used in Vpp back to + 5 volts to protect
buffer for stori ng the data to be Figs. 2 and 3 is more than suffi- the 2758, and remember to dis-
copied. I have not included any cient. able IC1 so as not to slow pro-
provisions for using the power- The specttlcattons require cessing time. A simple soft-
down mode in this design, but that the + 25 volt supply be reg- ware routine for reading (and
this can be accomplished easi- ulated to ± 1 volt accuracy; the therefore programming) up to
ly with a few additional gates Fig. 6a. Simple routine for pro-
simple zener regulator with 256 consecutive locations from
as outlined in Fig. 4. Remember series pass transistor shown in the buffer RAM area is shown in
gramming the 2758 with a large
that the power-down logic must block of data (up to 256 bytes Fig. 3 should be sufficient, but Fig. 6; note that only nine words
be disabled while programming. for 6502). check the voltage as zener tol- of 6502 assembly language are
Output ports could be used in- erances can be ± 10 percent. If necessary for this routine.
stead of switches to enable the multiple programmable mem- If you have been intimidated
programmer or connect the regarding switching speed, and ory chips are to be programmed by the complex design of most
+ 25 volt supply to the desired CMOS was chosen over TTL simultaneously, a more power- home-brew PROM programmers
chip (using relays or transistor here because of lower power ful supply should be considered. or by the expense of buying a
switches). consumption and more conve- The diode clamp on pin 21 commercial unit (which might
nient configuration. keeps Vpp at about 4.5 volts or might not really be compati-
Modification The 50 millisecond pro- when. the + 25 volt supply is ble with your system's bus
A few comments about cir- gramming pulse has been given switched out of circuit. The In- structure anyway), then per-
cuit requirements are in order if only a ± 5 millisecond tolerance tel 8205 three-ta-eight decoder haps the 2758 is the answer for
you are considering modifying by Intel, and this interval should shown in Fig. 3 for high-order you, too. As this device has
the design. To halt the proces- be set accurately with potenti- address decoding may be re- only been available for a few
sor reliably, the WAIT line must ometer R4 using a calibrated placed by any other suitable ad- months, the price is still rela-
go low quickly after the RAM oscilloscope, a frequency dress decoder (such as the 74 tively high; single quantity
CS goes low (in the same clock counter or perhaps a software LS138). prices seem to run about $38 as
cycle); therefore, nothing slower timing routine. The delay of IC1 Fig. 5 shows a flow diagram of mid-November. However,
than TTL should be used for should always exceed the sum of the operations necessary to since competition seems to
IC1. IC2a and b are not critical of the delays of IC2a and b; the program a block of N bytes into abound in this industry, I ex-
the 2758 (N';;1024). After the pect the pric~ to come down
data is loaded into the memory rapidly to a level competitive

Enter data to be programmed buffer (with the eight low-order with the 2708, which is now
into RAM buffer area addresses corresponding to available for under $15. (Re-
N';;1024 bytes those desired for the final ROM member its price a year ago?)
location), it should be verified So far, I have used this circuit
and double-checked (unless you to program over 9K bytes for my
+ like reentering all the data after system and others with no
Verify data in RAM erasing the entire chip just for copying errors. As you might
DOUBLE-CHECK! one wrong entry!). suppose, I have been thorough-
Next, the programmer is en- ly sold on the simplicity and re-
~ abled by raising pin 5 of IC1 to liability of the ~~758. Anyone
+ 5 volts, and + 25 volts is ap- ready for the 16K version?
Enable Programmer (S8)
Raise Vpp to +25 V (SO-S7) plied to pin 21 (Vpp). The data to
be programmed is then simply
read from the RAM byte by For those interested in ob-
~ byte; each of these read opera- taining a 2758 to experiment
tions initiates a 70 millisecond with, Applied Autonomics
Read each byte to be
programmed from RAM wait cycle and triggers the pro- Corporation of 31 High
N';;1024 bytes gramming circuit, which pro- Street, New Haven CT 06511,
grams one location of PROM. wil! make the chip available
When all locations are entered, (unprogrammed) for $32.50
+ the data may be read directly plus $1 postage and han-
Return Vpp to + 5 V (SO-S7) from the 2758 to verify ac- dling (Connecticut resi-
Disable Programmer (S8) dents, add 7 percent sales
curacy.
When you are finished pro- tax).
Fig. 5. Flow diagram for programming Intel 2758. gramming, remember to lower

50
 ~
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V Reader Service-see page 179 51

 Is Your Video
Monitor Dangerous?

If you've ever worried about frying your eyes while you're staring at your CRT, run those
same eyes over this article and see what some ~xperts have to say about the subject.

Sherman P. Wantz may be injurious to the eyes, With encouragement from lished X-radiation Iimits for
424 NW Lakeview Dr. they had claimed, adding that Kilobaud's editors, I re- television receivers under the
Sebring FL 33870
an entire generation was searched that question. In ad- Radiation Control Act of

A .
s is usual each time I
get a new toy, I overdid
it the first time I got my
endanqerinq

viewing.
its sight because
of a daily diet of television
dition to contacting
identifiable U.S. manufactur-
er of television sets and com-
every 1968. This limit is 0.5 rnilli-
roentgens per hour, measured
at a distance of five centi-
SWTP 6800 up and running. I remembered, too, a more puter monitors listed in Stan- meters from any surface of
For five hours I slumped over recent government agency's dard and Poor's Register, I the television receiver." (A
my terminal's keyboard, warning that parents shou Id wrote to several universities roentgen (pronounced rent-
focusing my attention on the not allow their children to lie and federal agencies seeki ng . gan) is a un it of radioactive
s cr e en of my converted on the floor watching TV information on the question dose of exposure; a rnilli-
19·inch television set. The with their legs stretched out of radiation leakage. roentgen is 1000th of a
strain was enough to irritate beneath the television set's roentgen.) 'i

anyone's eyes, and mine felt cabinet. Some sets, the warn- TV Manufacturers Respond "The limit," Aram said,
dry and drawn. ing stated, allowed X rays to Replies from manufac- "was selected on a very con-
I had been sittlnq four feet escape downward from the turers of television sets and servative basis such that the
from the monitor, staring receiver's high voltage power monitors arrived promptly. a ve r age television viewer
directly down the electron supply and could damage Typical of the television using a receiver operating at
gun of its cathode-ray tube those young legs. industry's position was that the limit would receive 5 per-
(CRT) - a tube that used I'm a worrier by nature so expressed by the General cent as much radiation from
15,000 volts to accelerate its I was not too surprised to Telephone and Electronics the television receiver in one
beam of charged particles find myself considering giving Corp., makers of Sylvania year's time as he would re-
directly at my eyes. Little up my new and fascinating equipment . ceive from the natural back-
wonder, then, that my eyes computer hobby. My fears . In a bulletin issued in ground radiation at average
felt tired. intensified when I considered 1969, Sylvania's medical sea-level conditions."
Then, an alarming pair of that X rays are produced director, Harry E. Tebrock, Zenith Radio supplied me
questions came to mind. (1) when electrons, accelerated MD, reported: "Sylvania sub- with a technical paper that
If I continue staring at my by high voltages, strike an jects its television production had been prepared by its
monitor night after night, will obstacle while traveling in a lines to exacting scientific radiation safety officer,
those electrons damage my vacuum - as they do when tests fo rem i ssion and Stanley D. Savic. The paper
eyes permanently? (2) they impinge on the coated X-radiation .... These tests has since been distributed by
Does that electron stream in screen of a CRT. employ stringent government- the U.S. Department of
the CRT pose any other There must be many thou- accepted and industry- Health, Education and Wel-
threat to my health? sands of computer terminal accepted methods of mea- fare.
I recalled the dire warnings monitors in use across the surement. rr Savic's paper described a
that several ophthalmologists country. Hasn't the question Zenith Radio Corp.'s vice- test program conducted in
had issued during the early of potential radiation hazard president for consumer 1968 in which each of 15,157
days of television. Looking to those who work continu- affairs, N. W. Aram, pointed employees working on
intently at a TV picture for ally in front of such monitors out that: "The Bureau of Zenith's television receiver
an extended period of time occurred to others? Radiological Health has estab- production and test lines at

52
 three separate plants wore from CRTs." tion and then surveyed the plays, when tested,emit no X
X-ray film badges for ten After having received terminal for X-radiation using rays above normal back-
wor k days. Inspection of the those and similar replies from a Victoreen Model 440F-C ground level X-radiation
film badges at the end of the members of the TV industry, radiation rate meter. (X-radiation present in the
test period showed that I began to feel better about "The results of th is X- environment). which varies
" ... not any single badge my converted television set radiation test showed that on between 0.05 to 0.1 milli-
showed any radiation at or monitor. But, I still had a the zero-to-one milliroentgen roentgens per hour."
above the minimum detect- nagging feeling that there per hour scale, there was no I BM's CRT displays use
able exposure." might be more to the story. indication of any X-radia- high-voltage power supplies
Following that test, 162 Would a TV manufacturer tion," Haeseker reported. that produce up to 16,000
Zenith color-television pro- be likely to admit that his set Hewlett-Packard Com- volts. Even if a circuit failure
duction-line repairmen were produced radiation at levels pany's B_ M. Oliver, vice- were to raise the CRT's anode
provided thermoluminescent harmful to users of his equip- president for research and voltage to 25,000 volts,
ring badges, which they wore ment? An innate skepticism development, pointed out Hamer said, other component
for six months. The object of warned against my accepting that " ... the penetrating failure would result, disabling
this test was to determine that answer. power of an X ray depends the unit rather than increas-
whether any hazard existed on the energy of the electrons ing its X-radiation.
from hand exposure to mal- What Computer Terminal that are stopped at the target,
functioning TV sets. Makers Said in this case the (CRT) screen. Tests by the Bureau of Radio-
Typically, Zenith found Comments received from For 30 kilovolt electrons, a logical Health
that a factory repairman producers of computer fraction of an inch of lead A fter reading Hewlett-
worked on 30 malfunctioning terminals were even more glass provides ample shield- Packard and IBM's replies, I
sets per day, conside rably reassuring than those received ing. Cathode-ray tubes do not became aware that X-radia-
more, the study concluded, from television set manufac- produce gamma rays," he tion in a computer display
than a field serviceman might turers. added. terminal unit is associated
experience in repairing tele- Robert J. Duggan, vice- IBM's Martin J. Hamer with the high-voltage power
vision receivers. Of the 162 president for engineering stated that all of his com- supply as well as with the
ring badges worn during the development, Information pany's CRT displays are CRT itself. This fact was con-
half-year test, only 13 Systems Division, Bunker tested for compliance with firmed by the response I
showed any indication of Ramo, supplied a May 1975 the federal Radiation Control received from John C. Vill-
radiation. Since the test sub- Underwriters Laboratories, for Health and Safety Act of forth, director of the Bureau
jects had been allowed to lnc., (UL) report on one of 1968. of Radiological Health,
wear the ring badges at home his company's terminal units. "Those standards specify Department of Health, Edu-
as well as at work, no scien- Senior project engineer for that X-radiation levels shall cation and Welfare.
tifically acceptable explana- U L, Charles Haese ker, ex- not exceed 0.5 milliroentgens "The X-ray emission of a
tion for the 13 cases of plained in the report that he per hour when measured CRT is strongly dependent on
measurable radiation was had adjusted the Bunker approximately two inches the value of the electron
presented. (All but one Ramo monitor's brilliance from the surface of the unit," accelerating voltage," Vill-
exposure reading was 20 control to its maximum posi- Hamer said. "Our CRT dis- forth said. "The CRTs in the
mi IIiroentgens or less.)
As a result of his test
program, Savic concluded:
"The potential for an acci-
dental overexposure to low
energy X-radiation from
home television receivers to
television assemblers and
repairmen is negligible and
virtually nonexistent."
John Blair, Raytheon
Company's director of re-
search, addressed his remarks
directly to computer terminal
monitors rather than com-
menting on TV sets converted
by hobbyists for use as video
display terminals. "The oper-
ating voltage of CRTs used
for computer displays is
much lower than in color TV
tubes; therefore, X-ray
emission is not any kind of
potential hazard. Conversely,
there is no ophthalmological
evidence of eye damage asso--
ciated with light emission

53
 few terminals we have investi- "What's being done about X versitv, the surgeon who Video Display Terminals,"
gated have been operating at rays from home TV sets," operated on the former describes methods and pro-
voltages considerably lower published by the U.S. Depart- airman's eyes, Towne won an cedures used by its engineers
than the voltage at which the ment of Health, Education out-of-court settlement of who tested video terminals at
tube is designed to operate in and Welfare, states: "The $50,000 from Lockheed, the New York Times' offices
a television receiver, and we Surgeon General of the Public company that developed the under conditions of actual
h av e observed no X-ray Health Service has said he equipment Towne had use.
emission." Villforth then believes that TV X rays do worked on. Since most regions of the
introduced a point that is not have much potential for Although Lockheed electromagnetic spectrum
significant to us computer biological damage. In fact, settled the claim, the com- have been suspected of pro-
hobbyists. there is no evidence that TV pany denied any liability for ducing cataracts, the NIOSH
"We recognize," he said, receiver X-radiation has re- Towne's eye condition. It is field team attempted to mea-
"that hobbyists may use and sulted in human injury." significant that the radiation sure all radiation emitted by
adapt color television re- That statement by the blamed for Towne's cataracts the VDT s selected for test.
ceivers for use as CRT mini or Surgeon General should just was microwave, not X rays. To document levels related to
microcomputer terminals." about end our worries that In his program, Wallace eyestrain, luminance measure-
"Of course," he continued, CRT monitors pose a par- also revealed that the Depart- ments were also made.
"it may be possible for ho b- ticular cause for alarm. ment of Labor had paid six
Readings of radio frequen-
byists to modify and redesign Right? disability claims submitted by
cies, infrared, visible light and
the electronic circuits of a Well, not quite. air traffic controllers who had
ultraviolet em issions were
color television receiver so The collective oprnron d ev e loped cataracts. The
taken on the three types of
that they will no longer result among experts in the field claimants and Dr. Zar at, who
terminals used at the New
in a safe situation." "This," today is clear insofar as X-ray supported them, pointed to
York Times.
Vi Ilforth warned, "wou Id hazards are concerned: no nearby radars, not to
have to be done deliberately problem with properly oper- cathode-ray tubes, as the No X-ray measurements
and should be discouraged." ated CRT monitors. principal producer of their were taken by NIOSH be-
According to Villforth, But what about potential eye disorders. cause, earlier in the year, the
strontium and lead have been eye damage? That was my The "60 Minutes" report New York Times' insurer had
added to the glass panels used initial worry - and is yours was directed at exploring the tested 67 of the publisher's
in TV sets and in most moni- too if you've given it any effects of microwave radia- ter m inals for X-radiation
tors to reduce X-ray emission. thought. Until recently, the tion that produces an entirely levels and had found no
"Many, though not all, com- same confident response to different array of problems measurable leakage. Since the
puter terminals use CRTs the question of possible from the ones we computer insurance company's findings
designed for use in television hazard to humans might have hobbyists face in our homes. coincided with NIOSH's pre-
receivers'," he said. been given by the. experts: vious tests made on simi lar
The Bureau of Radiolog- not to worry. NIOSH Field Team's Survey 'terminal devices, NIOSH felt
ical Health conducts and no need to repeat the X-ray
Early in 1977, the Na-
supports studies to evaluate Mike Wallace Investigates tests.
tional Institute For Occupa-
the effects of exposure to Alleged eye damage result- tional Safety and Health The NIOSH evaluation
ionizing radiation. These ing from radiation received (N ros-n. Cincinnati OH, concluded that ••... the
include studies that examine national attention on June entered into a controversy VDTs surveyed do not appear
the delayed effects of ex- 19, 1977, when Mike Wallace between the Newspaper Gui Id capable of producing cata-
posure to low levels of radia- examined the problem on and the New York Times. racts or even present an occu-
tion. CBS's "60 Minutes." I ob- NIOSH agreed to conduct a pational ocular radiation
The Bureau's investiga- tained a transcript of that field survey to evaluate condi- hazard."
tions, thus far, have identified particular program after tions faced by Times em- Of particular significance
increased childhood leukemia several friends told me that ployees who use computer to microcomputer hobbyists
as a risk associated with su b- experts interviewed by monitors. is a section of the NIOSH
jecting the embryo and fetus Wallace had linked cathode- N I 0 SH recogni zed the survey team's report that
during pregnancy to levels of ray tube viewing to eye dis- significance of the Newspaper links video terminal use and
the order of 0.5 to 2.0 RAD orders particularly Guild's complaint. "Video the incidence of eye fatigue
(Radiation Absorbed DOSe). cataracts. display terminals (VDTs) are to the user's age, posture,
The Bureau's studies have Wallace interviewed Joe making inroads into office wearing of eyeglasses and
also revealed an increased risk Towne, a former air force managerial procedures with time spent staring at the ter-
of delayed thyroid neoplasm sergeant, who had developed their ability to rapidly display minal's CRT. The report also
(tumors) when the thyroid cataracts in both eyes. Towne letters, numbers and other links eyestrain with the posi-
gland is exposed to radiation claimed that his cataracts had symbols," the NIOSH survey tion of the monitor and re-
levels of about 6.5 RAD. been caused by extended reported. "Although exact flections produced by over-
But those levels of X-radia- exposure to low-level micro- figures on the numbers of head or other background
tion intensity are far above wave radiation received while such devices are not available, lighting found in the vicinity
the levels we are concerned he served as a technician it is estimated that between of the monitor.
with as we pursue our micro- aboard an air force EC-121 five and ten million units are
computer hobby. flying radar station. currently in use." Not All Fears Allayed
Backed by Dr. Milton N IOSH's . final report, en- Even after the NIOSH
The Surgeon General Speaks Zarat, professor of ophthal- titled "An Electromagnetic report is published and dis-
A brochure entitled mology at New York Uni- Radiation Survey of Selected tributed, doubts are sure to

54
continue. News media revela- posures to X rays involve Summary able to do the same for moni-
tions of scientific experts' only a fraction of a RAD, Dr. The experts' opinions that tor viewing.
inability to predict the long- Silverman notes that there is video terminal viewing is not Positioning the monitor to
term effects of numerous generally a cumulative effect injurious to our health has to reduce or eliminate reflec-
potential dangers from from ionizing radiation (i.e., be regarded as reassuring. tions from competing room
artificial sweeteners to the radiation level tends to But, as usual, not all experts lights, adjusting the monitor'S
insecticides - adds to the build in our bodies as our agree - so we are left in contrast and brightness con-
feeling of unease. Insufficient exposure continues). limbo. Even though it appears trols for comfortable viewing,
evidence exists at present to that we need not be unduly equipping the terminal's CRT
Dr. B. M. Oliver of Hew-
settle the eye-damage ques- worried over X-ray emissions with a glare-reducing filter, if
lett-Packard Company claims
tion. from our CRT monitors, we necessary, and reducing the
that fears about CRT view-
should continue to be con- period during which our eyes
Dr. Charlotte Silverman, ing's effects on the eye are'
cerned about eyestrain. are focused on the screen can
deputy director, Division of misplaced. "With regard to
Considering that most of help to lessen eyestrain.
Biological Effects, Bureau of eye damage, obviously the
Radiological Health, claims ophthalmologists of yester- us have adapted to reading So let's get back to our
that ionizing radiation such as year overstated the hazard," books and magazines and to computers, make those ad-
X rays can cause cataracts if he said. "They were as para- typing - all of which require justments to our terminals to
the exposure involves high noid then as some other focusing our eyes for ex- ease eyestrain, and resume
doses of at least 200 RAD. doctors are today about other tended periods of time at a writing those useful programs
Although most controlled ex- forms of radiation." fixed distance - we should be we all need so desperately. •

1114F4f#!!! 111#4Nf??1!! !#4F4F??? Iijiiiiiiiii-A nENTION iiiiI Iijiiiiiiiii-A nENTION .•••••

.••••• iiiiI
? DISK DRIVE WOES? 1 NORTH STAR USERS NORTH STAR USERS
MEMORY LOSS?
TFS-
ERRATIC OPERATION? Text formatting system. At -last a powerful, full-
• ARIAN: 8080IZ·80 Operating System. Assembler. Text
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# 'Curb damaging Surges & Hash with our ISOLA· 4J: terminal'. (Note: Uses RAM from 0 to 2000H). Justifies left
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• load, 1 KW any socket. $49.95 70-page user's manual complete with examples, plus a much more.
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41= bank $49.95 # management system for Northstar. Access time of less =. = =» $30.00

# 'Suppressor/Filter (SFK·31) s-orono socket; 1 KW
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• -=-
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1
111#4N1=!
Dept.KB

v'E36
!111###111! !###111
_

1 IUP~~/Off ~v'S61 IUP~~/Off ~v'S61

Datapoint CRT Terminals

RADIO SHACK/TRS-80
..., 1Jianta.6t1 ~am.e.6 ~
16K MEMORY PACKAGE
(JIll!. @lnftwar.e J.fIIlj
This package includes all that is neces- P.O. Box 1683
v'F13
sary for a very easy expansion of the Madison, Wisconsin 53701
memory 4K to 16K bytes. All you have
to do simply is: take the 4K Chips
N EW fO~~he PET
out and plug in new chips in the same Full scale role·playing adventure
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Suddenly, out of the darkness hurtles a nightmarish form. Red
2 plug-in DIP Shunts and a complete • Add $15 packing. refurbished eyes gleam and fangs seek your throat as you put all your
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set of instructions. Expansion Unit Own- • Shipped FOB Washington, D.C. Terms check, M.O.
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or charge.
ers can fill empty sockets with 16K • so-day guarantee • Sqrolling version $695.00 You seek the jewels and holy sword in the demon-haunted
tomb of a long-dead wizard-can you survive? A unique ap-
or 32K RAM. It is easy! It is fun! It is Model 3360 speeds from 300-4800 Baud, numeric plication of the PETgraphics.
keypad, cursor controls, Edit, Block- Transmit, search Cassette and InstructIon booklet. . $12.95
a smart way to save money! modes. ASCII Keyboard with codeable options.
Green phosphor, 24 80 ch lines, addressable cursor; ESCAPE FROM THE DEATH PLANET The air
crackles with laser beams as you burn down another armored
No. 786·R 16K RAM Package $ 74.95 RS-232C serial interface; other speeds available.
storm trooper and dodge into a side passage a split second
Manual $10; cable kit $9.95. Datashare/IBM-2260 ahead of the energy bolts slamming into the bulkhead behind
No. 786·Z 32K RAM Package $149.95
compatible version $1,100.00 .• Model 3000 $825.00. you.
M-33 ASR Teletype $895, KSR $725; All M-28, 35 Can you escape the Imperial Stormtroopers and the Killer
components available, also Modems, readers Robots with turret-mounted laser cannon? VIVID GRAPHICS!
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8~:~~~~~~~~r~e:ep~~al~lg~o~~~!IZot~~~~~~~~'11 ~K
Box 4117, Alexandria, v«. 22303 v'T26 memory might be utilized for the games.
~ (404) 458-4690 ~ Both cassettes for $21.95
703·683·4019 / TLX 89·623

", Reader Service-see page 179 55

 ,OUR VISIBLE MEMORY AODS ,FUNCTION
AND FUN TO YOUR 6502
Seethe
This DOT MATRIX display
You can use it as a display,
board doubles
memory expansion
graphic and text display software available.
as an 8K MEMORY.
or both with
You get resolution
BrlghterWriter™
at these stores.
graphics with no wait states, no snow, and no processor
overhead. K·100B ASSEMBLED and TESTED $240.00, BARE
BOARO $40.00 K·l008·1 GRAPHICfTEXT UTILITY SOFTWARE
LISTING $20.00.
Computerland
At most stores. nationwide.

Arizona
Byte Shop: Phoenix. Tempe. Tuscon
California
Byte Shop: Lawndale. San Jose. Citrus
Heights
Capital Computer. Davis
Computer Demo Room: San Rafael.
Sunnyvale
Computer Store. Santa Monica
Computer Merchant. San Diego
Jade Computer Products. Hawthorne
Colorado
As a dot matrix formatted 200 high by 320 wide, it allows high
resolution patterns to be displayed and evaluated. It enhances Computer Tech ..Denver
system performance for data acquisition displays, math equa- District of Col umbia
tion plotting, etc.
Georgetown Computer. Washington
Florida
Computer Age. Pompano Beach
Micro Computer. So.Dtrvtono
Professional Computing. W. Palm Beach
Georgia
Roy Abell & »ssoc .. Columbus
HawaII
MicroComputer Systems.Honolulu
Illinois
lllini Micro. Naperville
Indiana
Data Domain. Bloomington
Iowa
Memory Bank. Davenport
Kansas
For charts and graphs, it is valuable in the educational, Computer System.Wichita
research and business fields. Shown to the right is a single
period of a complex frequency waveform and Its frequency Kentucky
spectrum chart. Pragma Tech. Louisville
Louisiana
Micro Computer. New Orleans
Massachusetts
Computer Mart. Waltham
CPUShop. Charlestown
Michigan
Computer Mart. Royal Oak
Hobby Elec.. Flint
Newman Computer. Ann Arbor
Tri-Cities Computer Mart. Saginaw
United Micro Systems.Ann Arbor
Nebraska
Omaha Computer. Omaha
New Hampshire
Computer Mart. Nashua
For text display, dot matrix is the ultimate. Any character set New Jersey
the user desires is possible. Even subscript and superscript in Computer Mart. Iselin
the same column, and-mixed text and graphics. The improved
man-machine interface for an unskilled operator Increases pro- New York
ductivity. Computer Mart. New York
CompuWorld. Inc .. Rochester
Mini-Micro Mart. Syracuse
Ohio
Cybershop Micro. Columbus
Dayton Computer. Dayton
21st Century Shop. Cincinnali
Oklahoma
Vern St.Products. Papulpa
Oregon
Computer Pathways. Salem
Real Oregon Computer. Eugene
Pennsylvania
Microtronics. Philadelphia
Texas
Byte Shop. Richardson
Graphics allows you to program games with much more ac- Interactive Computer. Houston
curate representation of your game because YOU DETERMINE Micro Mike's. Amarlllo
THE SHAPES on the display, not a ROM character generator.
Our LIFE program allows tremendous creativity in creating Micro Mart. San Antonio
complex colonies for observation of generation growth and Vermont
decay.
Computer Mart. EssexJunction
Virginia
Computer Place. Roanoke
~~f:~~!~~~hael~~~~~~~~U~~f
The K-100B requires only the processor
~crs
;ynS~~a~~ (~8J~~~~,
fAl~T
card and Its power sup-
Computer SystemsStore. McLean
ply to function as a memory. Add a monitor and you have
Computers Plus.A1exandrta
~:~~!c~.1atodo ~e;!:rI~I~~li:~~i~~~6~5 FTI~;~~~~~g~
~~~~o :~~ Washington
Empire Electronics. Seattle
Music Systems (with advanced software), K-1020 Regulated
Wire Wrap card, K·1012 IOlCOMM/PROM/2708 Programmer West Virginia
card, K-1016 16K Memory, all sold assembled and tested or as
bare boards. Write for technical information, prices and terms. Micro Data Systems.Osage
Wisconsin
Overseas orders-include $3.00 for shipping.
Byte Shop. Greenfield

Micro Technology
po. Box 4596 Manchester NH
Unlimited
VM44

03108
@) Integral Data Systems, Inc.
14 Tech Circle, Natick. MA 01760
(617) 237-76tO "...135

56 j/ Reader Service-see page 179

 Pay a liHIe·bit more
and get a printer that's
brighter than your computer.
. The BrighterWriter~M
When a few dollars more buys Picture your page as thou- button to turn it on. A test button to
ou a first-class impact printer, sands of dots. The BrighterWriter self-testyour printer, A paper feed
zhy settle for a toy? The Brighter- can fill in the dots, plot them con- button to advance the sheets or
Vriter gives you quality to start t!guously; stack them, or scatter forms. A line feed button to
vith.And versatility that stays them. And its special set of gra- , advance the paper a line at
rven if you outgrow your ,,-. .;••
... : phic characters a time.
iresent personal computer. I· •••••
i"! -:::-
.~~~
- ':...
:.•~
simplifies
'. ~.
the ·!:n:i. :i:;;;i:.:!~i
..:i:;i;i: Prints
luilt smart like the big ones. •••••.....: process, any-which way. M

The BrigpterWriter's smart a L C .u Ci Prints any char- The BrighterWriter comes in

irinter There's a microcomputer
nside. It outwits even the bigger,
F ·r
E:(.,::: acter a typewriter two models. The IP-225,at $949,
gives you a BrighterWriter witn
can. Faster ...
tigher-priced printers. Soyou The BrighterWriter can print tractor-feed drive for precision
ret versatility to do all kinds of plain and simple. With 7x7 dot forms control. This one can.
)rinting. Arid power to grow on. matrix clarity You get all.the let- handle everything from lqbels to
Prints fat, skinny, ters; numbers, and standard 8%" paper widths.
tall, small.* '. symbols of a It has eight torm lengths and
This printer can regular gives you all the features of our
:

socoer
: 1\

be as creative IP-125,
l\
·!::::i: as your imag- A"!T~_'~" A brighter' ..:: : : : :..
i"! ~:~bcd~;:fination. Stretch buy. ·::ii:i.. ::=,:. ~,:;;:,. ":;;:"

out your char- Our IP-125,

rcters. Squeeze them close.
v1qke them high. Low.
301d.Banner. You nome it. .
?lugs into your computer.
Most popular personal
computers interface to the
3righterWriter, Simply and.
=Iuickly Hundreds of
3righterWriters are working in
1\.pple,TRS~80,Heathkit S-100
and many other personal com-
outer systems right now.
~icturesand fancy
;ymbols.*
f."."..",":""'",JiljU·
••:::::::::::::::::::: ••• s-
friction -feed ,Brighter Writer
a 96 character set and
on 8W' wide paper.
and lowercase, It prints
expanded characters, too,
You can choose a RS-232serial
typewriter. At up or parallel interface. $799
to 80 cps throughput. Lots of gopdies.
Ordinary paper. There's more. Choose all kinds
Fancy or plain, the Brighter- of options for your BrighterWriter,
Writer prints on ordinary paper. Up 10132characters per line, var-
Betteryet it prints on many iable character densities, larger
shapes of paper. Single sheets. buffers, special graphics pack-
Roll. Fanfold. ages, interface cables, and more.
Want more copies? The

The BrighterWriter Give us a call or write. Integral

drcws out your cre- :;,!f.;: ,,·ii,,· () BrighterWriter prints multiple Data Systems,14Tech Circle,
·:E···· copies without extra adjustments.
::xtivityYou can print Natick, MA01760, (617) 237-7610,
:::~!'.:;~:::' .nnm~~H Better yet, see the Brighter-
drowincs, graphs, Four easy buttons.
jiagrams, bold symbols, or just Operating the BrighterWriter Writer at the store nearest you,
about any graphic you can
lmagine.
'Some of these advantages
couldn't be simpler. Up-front con-
trols are easy to get to. A power '
require extra-cost options. 'J" 135
t) Integral Data Systems, Inc.

57
 Peter A. Stark
PO Box 209
Mt. Kisco NY 10549

.Some Thoughts
on the SWTP Oomputer System
Pete has lots of thoughts written on this system-' five installments so far. Here's P?rt 1.

A
I've
fter owning
computer
come across
my SWTP 6800
for over a year,
several im-
number
lamps,
fluorescent
of other
one of which
fixture
germicidal
may fit a
you already
The basic supply
a power
secondary
transformer
windings.
consists
with
The main
two
of goes on.
The problem
nized for some time. For exam-
has been recog-

provements, chanqss, add-ons have. For instance, the G15T8 .winding provides about 7 volts ple, Smoke Signal Broad-
and just plain ideas that may be is a 15-Watt bulb that fits a rms, which is it.ectified by a casting sells a PS·1 Power Sup,
useful to other SWTP owners st~ndard fluorescent desk diode bridge and then filtered ply rnodlflcation kit for $24.95,
as well. lamp. The bulb costs about $13. by a 91,000 uF capacitor to pro- which changes the power sup-
This is the first of several ar- In use, the EPROM must be vide about 7-8 volts dc under ply to provide plus and minus
ticles that will be devoted to placed one inch from the bulb load. This is then supplied to 16 voltsInstead of 14 and add
this popular system. In addi- for about 30 minutes. The ger- each board, where an on-board about a volt to the 7-8 volt sup-
tion, I will also include product micidal bulbs are made of clear regulator reduces this to the ply. This is a modification that
reviews of several pieces of glass and emit strong and +5 volts needed by the ICs on they strongly recommend if you
hardware and software that I dangerous ultraviolet light. that board. buy their EPROM board, which
have used. Since this is a con- Hence you must take some The second winding provides uses 2708 EPROMs that use
venient way of spreading the precautions before you use about 22 volts center-tapped, current from the plus and
news to other SWTP computer them for erasing EPROMs. Re- which is rectified by four minus 14-yolt supplies. Their
users, if you have some other member: They are intended for diodes on the power supply power supply kit avoids a lot of
piece of information you think killing germs; they will also kill printed circuit board. Since the problems in that case.
ought to be covered, please living cells in the eye or on your center tap is grounded, two of Other manufacturers avoid
send it to me for inclusion in my skirj if you let them. the diodes provide about + 14 the problem in other ways, For
future articles. I use mine in a room that has volts, and the other two provide instance, Percom's LFD-400
a lock on the door. I prop up the about -14 volts. This is also . disk system uses a special
Erasing Your EPROMs EPROM on a few small boxes distributed to the boards; each 12-volt regulator using four
Do you have any 2716s for on the desk, directly under the board that needs positive or transistors, rather than a stan-
your CPU board, or are you us- bulb, Then I close my eyes and negative voltage then has an dard IC regulator, to provide
ing an EPROM board? If you turn on the lamp. I can tell by additional 12 volt requlator that good regulation even with low
use EPROMs, then you will the buzzinq when it goes on. reduces the 14 volts to 12 volts. input voltage.
probably need a way of occa- Then I leave the room and lock The problem is that each of For most SWTP systems,
sionally erasjng them. Com- the door behind me so no one these regulators needs an input however, the standard power
mercial EPROM erasers cost else can accidentally go in. A voltage about 2 or 3 volts higher supply has been quite satisfac-
about $45, but ther.e is a way to half hour later, with my eyes than its rated output voltage. In tory ... until recently, SWTP
make your own much more closed, I reenter the room arid other words, providing, 7 volts has recently started selling- a
cheaply. turn the power off before open- to a 5 volt regulator or 14 volts 32K memory board that uses
Erasing an EPROM requires ing IfIY eyes. If you decide to to a 12 volt regulator is margin- the + 14 volt suppty. Even in its
a strong source of ultraviolet use the same method, it may be al. It can be done if there is no 16K form, the board's perfor-
(UV) light. Commercial erasers wise to use a box of some kind ripple on the input yoltage, but mance with the standard power
use a UV fluorescent bulb, to cover the lamp when in use. if there is pgwer supply ripple, supply is rnarqinal: with the full
ballast, socket and other Above all, do not look at the then the voltage will fall below 32K expansion it is downright
assorted 'hardware, plus a bulb or at anything that might the 7 or 14 volt level. terrible.
case. But if you buy your own - reflect light from the bulb. If When that happens, the I played with- it for several
bulb you can make your own. you have any doubts about the board regulators stop regUlat- days before I narrowed the
The bulb used in most setups safety precautions you can ing and their output voltage problem down to the power
is a G4T4 germicidal lamp, observe, buy a commercial also drops. Unfortunately, the supply. Just as I was about to
which is intended for killing eraser instead of trying to make output often drops by more start testing to see which sup-
germs. In the' symbol, the G your own. than the input. Hence a volt of ply it was, SWTP carne out with
stands fqr germicidal, the digit ripple can appear as two or a modification.
.4 means it is four Watts, the T Power Supply Problems more volts of noise on the out- The original SWTP power
stands for tubular and the sec- The power supply on the put. This can be disastrous to supply used 1000 uF capacitors
ond 4 gives the diameter ofthe ~WTP system is capable of run- the proper operation of the in the plus and minus 14-volt
bulb in eight~s of an inch. - ning the entire system, but in system. This also happens dur- supplies for filtering. In most
If you look at the last page of some cases it may become ing summer brownouts or when systems this resulted in ac-
the General Electric small marginal. There are some easy the ac line voltaqe momentarily ceptable ripple levels on both.
lamps catalog, you will see a solutions. drops as a nearby appliance But now, when the 32K board is

58
installed, the ripple on the its voltage adds to the 110·volt then ups the secondary by memory board (which, by the
+ 14-volt line is close to 2 volts. line voltage. (If you find that the about 10 percent, giving closer way, is made for SWTP by
The latest SWTP systems use output is smaller than the in- to 8 volts on the 7-8 volt line. Motorola), .have you wondered
about 30,000 uF on this supply, put, simply reverse the connec- I suspect that Smoke Signal what chips it uses? That's an
and SWTP recommends that at tions to either the primary or Broadcasting uses a similar interesting question, because
least 4000 or 5000 uF be added secondary, not both.) modification in their supply you might then buy only the
to existing systems. When this Although Fig. 1 shows a modification kit; they probably 16K version and get the addi-
is done, power supply ripple switch that can select either substitute a 24-26 volt trans- tional 16K of ICs elsewhere for
drops a lot and memory prob- the normal line voltage of 110, former for the 22 volt winding less.
lems disappear. 116 or 122 volts, depending on and use that winding to up the Actually, there are two ver-
In my unit, I have mounted whether only a half or the entire 7-8 volt power line. In the long sions of the 32K board. The first
the power supply board upright secondary is added, in my run, though, I think my modifi- boards had thirty-two 8K x1
on small L-brackets and system I have the switch per- cation is as good and less ex- ICs; the newer boards will have
mounted an 18,000 uF can-type manently wired to the 122-volt pensive. only sixteen 16K x 1 Motorola
capacitor on the bottom of the position since I have found this There is one thing to watch 6116 chips.
case in the place formerly oc- necessary. With this change, out for. Although raising un- If you call up a Motorola
cupied by the board. Although the line voltage is raised about regulated supply voltages does sales office, they will tell you
this reduces the ripple, the 10 percent and the 7-8 volt sup- not affect the output of the that Motorola does not make
power supply voltages are still ply provides about 7.7 volts in· regulators, which' still provide an 8K x 1 memory IC! That's
marginal, especially if your stead of its former 7.1 volts. The + 5, + 12 and - 12 volts, it does true. The 8K IC is really a defec-
local power company has a 14-volt supplies are also now increase the voltage drop tive 16K x 1 chip, the same 6116
tendency to deliver low voltage. as is used on the newer boards,
For best operation, further except that part of it is bad. The
modifications should be made. 6116 is actually the same as In-
The best solution is to buy a tel's 2116 or Mostek's 4116. The
constant voltage transformer; same 4116 is also used in the
unfortunately, this costs $100 Apple II and the TRS-80 and
and up. Sola Corp., 1717 Busse now sells in the $10 range.
Road, Elk Grove Village IL Rather than throw them
60007, is probably the largest away, Motorola uses these bad
Fig. 1. Boosting the line Voltage.
and best-known maker of such ICs as 8K memories. The same
transformers. They make two idea is used also in the S.D.
models specifically designed closer to 15 volts, whereas across them. This also raises Sales Ex p andor arn board.
for mini and microcomputers; before they were less than 14 the power they must dissipate. Mostek supplies this IC under
their model 63-13-114 will han- volts. Except for the regulators on the number 4116 when it is
dle up to 140 Watts, and model The extra transformer can 4K memory boards, most other perfect and as a 4108 or 4115
63·13·125 will handle up to 250 handle 3 Amperes, so that the regulators run cool enough so when it is partially bad. But
Watts. My fully loaded system circuit can easily handle the en- that the slight extra heat is no Motorola doesn't sell their bad
(not including terminal and 110 tire computer, less printer and problem. But if you have sever- ICs, and so the question is: Can
gear) uses under 100 Watts, so other external 110. My extra al 4K boards, monitor their you expand the SWTP/Motorola
the 140-Watt model would be transformer is temporarily sit- regulator temperature carefully board by stuffing it with Mostek
OK. ting behind the SWTP case but after raising the Voltage. ICs?
These units have very irn- eventually will be mounted on it This is where the difficulty
pressive specs - input voltage or in it. More Power Supply Problems starts. Motorola does not ap-
can vary as much as 15 percent, There are other solutions as This fix was suggested by parently sell their bad chips
output will remain usable even well. Harold Mauch of Percom Tom Quay of Lehigh Computer and so they do not tell you
if the input drops below 75 Data Co. showed me his modifi- Works, Allentown PA. Some which half is bad. Mostek does,
volts, the output will continue cation. He has added a new PR-40 printers give trouble but this is not the whole
even if the input disappears for transformer, about 30 volts because of high ripple on their answer. There is a jumper on
as long as 3 milliseconds, etc. center-tapped, just for the plus power supply. As a result, they : the SWTP/Motorola 32K board
Unfortunately, the cost of the and minus 14 volt supplies, print a checkerboard pattern on to allow 'either half of the IC to
114 and 125 are expensive - which provides close to 20 top of the desired characters, be good; from this we can
$160 and $190, respectively. volts; he then pre-regulates this which makes the printout figure out which half we need,
Another solution is to adjust to about + 15 volts and sends messy and hides the actual but there is more to the prob-
a variable transformer as that to the 14 volt line. Thus he text. lem.
needed to get the proper power has double regulation. Tom has found that the Suppose that the Motorola
supply voltages. This is feasi- Since this frees up the 22 volt power supply filter capacitor chip is divided internally into
ble, but if you accidentally turn 'center-tapped winding on the sometimes increases its series two halves and that the ad-
the knob to maximum, you can main power transformer, he resistance and lets through dress bit A3 is used to select
damage the system. has then connected half of it more ripple. His recommended one half or the other. Mostek's
On my system, I have added (11 volts' worth) in series with solution is to add a few thou- equivalent chip, which may be
a 12.6 volt 3 Amp center-tapped the 110 volt primary winding (in sand more microfarads in par- built differently, may use bit
filament transformer from. series opposing) so that it allel with C1. . A 10 to select one half or the
Radio Shack in series with the would only need 99 volts for other.
input line as shown in Fig. 1. normal operation. Connecting The 32K Memory Board Now even if you know which
The secondary is wired so that it to the full 110 volt line voltage Talking about the SWTP 32K half of the Mostek chip is OK,

59
you may still not be able to tell
whether it will work in the
Motorola board unless you
know specifically which byte is
bad. And if there are two or
more bad bytes, the chip may
be completely useless unless
you change the board wiring.
This is because the two bad
bytes may both be on the same
half of the Mostek chip but may
appear to be on different halves
when put into the 32K board.
In any case, it's a moot point.
Both Motorola and Mostek, and
others as well, are improving
their memory production to the
point where bad chips are get-
ting rare. I have mostly good
chips on my 32K board simply
because there were not enough
bad ones to go around. If you
have an older board with only
16K of ICs, you may be able to
buy 16 more good 2116/41161
6116 ICs by the time this article
appears for a lot less than
you'd suspect.
In any case, Motorola is
changing the design of the
board to use only 16 good
chips, and SWTP will only sell
the board with a full 32K on it.
Hence you will not have the op-
portunity to expand it yourself.
But at least you now know
where to get a replacement
memory chip if you ever need it.
Cure for Sudden Death
If you have the older MP-A
processor board, this may
sound familiar. Does your
system sometimes die and
refuse to come back to life?
Pushing RESET does nothing,
and the only way you can bring
it back is to turn off the power,
thereby killing your program.
Here is the solution, courtesy
of Tom Quay.
During a WAI (wait for inter-
rupt) instruction, the CPU
board releases the bus and
disconnects itself from it. This
is so the bus can be used by
other devices, such as a DMA
device. When the interrupt
comes, it then reconnects itself
again and continues.
But the SWTP system does
not generally use interrupts. If
a program goes crazy - not at
all unusual, right? - and hap-
pens to execute a WAI, then the
computer will stop and wait for
60
an interrupt. Of course, one as unplug everything to get the
never comes. Unfortunately, motherboard out. It also leaves
the RESET signal from IC11 pin the baud rate signal unbuffered
3 goes through a gate in IC15, as it goes through the mother-
which is Tri-stated during this board, which is .not the way to
time. Hence you can push do the job right.
RESET for a week and nothing If you need only one or two
will happen, because the baud rate signals, the easier
RESET pulse can't get to the way is to substitute it for
6800 through IC15. something you are not using.
Tom's solution is simple. For instance, very few of us use
There is an extra inverter in 150 or 600 baud. If you need
IC10, a 7404. Tom connects its 9600 baud, break the land from
input, pin 9, to pin 2 of IC15 and the MC14411 pin 8 to the 74L04
its output, pin 8, to pin 3 of IC15. buffer and substitute pin 1 in-
This parallels that part of IC15 stead.
Now the 9600 baud signal is
being buffered and is traveling
Baud Rate Pin No_ to the serial iriterface along the
150-baud line. No jumpers on
75 9
200 6 the motherboard are needed,
1800 5 and on the serial board you
2400 3 simply jumper to the 150-baud
3600 16 pad, which has 9600 baud in-
4800 2 stead. This also leaves the UD
7200 17 lines for some other purpose.
9600
New Motherboard
Tab/e 1.
Have you noticed that SWTP
is now using a new rnother-.
with an inverter that is always board, the MP-B2? It features
on, and so the RESET signal some interesting changes that
can get through even if may be indicative of things to
everything else is Tri-stated. come.
Neat. The motherboard basically
has some buffering for the data
Faster Baud Rates bus on its way to and from the
Do you want to use your 1/0 boards and also has the ad-
serial interface at a rate faster dress decoder for the eight 1/0
than 1200 baud? Then read on. ports. This decoding is where
The baud rate generator on the changes are.
the CPU board generates baud As you know, port 0 is ad-
rate signals up through 9600 dresses 8000-8003; port 1 is
baud, but only the rates from 8004-8007, and so on. But ac-
110 through 1200 are brought tually, the address decoding is
on the motherboard to the 1/0 not completely done, and so
boards. Where and how do you each port .really has a whole
get the others? batch of addresses. For in-
SWTP Newsletter 1a gave stance, port 0 is also 8040-8043
the pins on the MC14411 baud and 8080-8083, and so on. On
rate generator that provide the the old MP-8 motherboard, all
other baud rate clock Signals the locations from 8000 to 9FFF
(see Table 1). The problem is were used up for the 1/0 ports.
how to get these from the CPU This took up a full 8K of
board to the I/O boards. memory space.
The customary way is to use The new MP-B2 board
the UD (user defined) lines on releases the space from 9000 to
the motherboard. For instance, 9FFF and uses up only
to get 9600 baud to a port, you 8000-8FFF ior 110. Within that
jumper pin 1 of the MC14411 to space, there is still much
the UD1 pin on the CPU board, duplication, but now on.ly 4K of
then jumper UD1 to UD3 on the memory is used up; This means
motherboard and take the baud that you could now add a 4K
rate Signal from UD3 on the 1/0 memory board from 9000-9FFF,
board. This requires that you which could not be done with
put in several jumpers, as well the old motherboard.
If you have the older MP-B
motherboard, you can make the
change by breaking a PC land
and adding a jumper. On this
board, pin 5 of IC3 is grounded.
This is an enable pin that must
be low to permit 1/0. If you
break this ground con flection
and instead connect this pin to
address bit A 12, then this bit
must be a 0 for the 1/0 to work.
This will happen on addresses
starting with an 8 (or 1000 in
binary) but not on addresses
starting with a 9 (1001).
But the new motherboard
has other interesting changes
as well. It has several extra
unused pads on its address
lines; it is designed so that
some time in the future you can
cut a few lands, put in some
jumpers and move the 1/0 out of
8000 altogether up into high
memory.
This is a change that's being
contemplated for some time
next year when the new
Motorola 6809 processor is
available. This will be a 16-bit
processor that will still have an
external 8-bit bus but will have
16-bit internal operations. I
have been told by SWTP that
they plan to offer an updated
CPU board for older systems to
allow us all to switch. Of
course, that will involve some
new software as well.
When all the software is be-
ing changed, it will be a good
idea to make some other im-
provements at the same time,
such as 'adding a new monitor,
new monitor addresses and
new 1/0 addresses.
One of the changes being
considered is to move 1/0 up in-
to the high addresses and open
up the entire space from ad-
dress 0000 up through BFFF for
memory. This would allow a
total of 48K of contiguous
memory, up from the present
32K. This seems to be one
reason for the new mother-
board deslqn - just plain plan-
ning ahead. These updates will
probably be possible for older
boards as well, but they may be
a lot messier to implement.
There will be some more
hints, as well as reviews of
some of the equipment I have
run across and used, in my next
article on the SWTP systerri .•
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V" Reader Service-see page 179 61

Gregory Yob
Box 354
Palo Alto CA 94302

PET User Port

Cookbook

This is a sneak preview of part of The PET Manual by author/publisher Greg Yob. Greg is tak-
ing pre-publication orders now and says the book will go into printing on April Fool's Day.

ist to use in his experimental larization key in your connec- Since this article is con-
Note: Pre-publication orders for The
PET Manual are $16. plus $2 for sntp- projects. Commodore has not tor; I found that it was easy to cerned with the mechanics of
ping; and can be sent to Mind's Eye released much information re- misalign a sawed-off connector using the user port, most of the
Software, PO Box 354, Palo Alto CA
94302. No checks will be cashed until garding the user port, and the with the PC edge, causing vari- examples will be in BASIC.
the book is printed; price will increase ous mysterious glitches. Also, Table 1 shows the memory lo-
after printing.
object of this article is to ex-
plain the user port and its use. be sure that the top and bottom cations for the 6522 in the PET.
Fig. 1 shows the location of connections are really separate At this point I must warn you:
he PET personal computer the user port on the back of the -the upper edge has a variety all 'of the other VIA lines are
T has several expansion ca-
pabilities, including one known
PET and the pin-out of the PC
edge. If you do not have a 12-po-
of signals that will interfere
with the correct operatlon of
used within the PET for internal
uses. If you fail to restore the
as the user port. This is a set of sit ion, 24-contact edge connec- the user port. VIA to its original state when
eight bidirectional lines and tor, use a larger one and cut it The pin designations corre- you are finished, you will find
two handshake lines intended off to the 12-position size. If you spond to those on a MOS 6522 that the PET behaves strangely,
as a parallel port for the hobby- do this, be sure to insert a po- VIA (Versatile Interface Adap- especially when dealing with
ter), which is a complex LSI 1/0 the tape drives.
chip produced by MOS Tech- When I wrote the program for
BACK OF PET
nology. (Write MOS Technology, ,display of the VIA registers
o
950 Rittenhouse Road, Norris- (which you will see later on), I
town PA 19401, for the specifi- didn't save it until I had it de-
cation sheet.) The user port is bugged. The PET wouldn't veri-
connected directly to the VIA fy or even find the copy I had
SCREEN
@ BRIGHTNESS
CONTROL
within the PET, and the lines tried to save, and after hand-
are capable of sourcing or sink- writing the program, I realized
ing one TTL load. If your appli- the next morning that the VIA
cation calls for a high data rate, registers were not in their orig-
note that your cables should be inal states. Fortunately I had
o
USER
IEEE-488
INSTRUMENTATION
short or some buffering will be
required.
left the PET on overnight, and
when I restored the registers, I
As with all of the 650X micro- was able to save the program.
computer systems, the input
and output appear to the micro- The Blinkin' Lights Machine
processor as a group of mem- For experimentation with the
ory locations. PET's BASIC does user port it is convenient to
not have any PRINT or INPUT build a miniature "front panel"
statements for the user port, to indicate the state of each
which requires you to use the line and to control the lines via
PEEK and POKE statements. manual switches. A breadboard
Fig. 1. The user port-location and pin-out. The user port pin-out
This also places another limita- and some $20 worth of parts
as seen from the top. The user port pins are on the bottom of the
tion, that is, BASIC's speed, (bought at the local costly retail
PC card edge. The pins on top carry a variety of signals that are not
related to the user port. Electrically, the lines correspond to one
which limits 1/0 through the outlet) provided a handy "Blink-
TTL source or load, depending on whether the line is in output or in- user port to around 50 charac- in' Lights Machine" that hooked
put mode. Use buffering or short cables if high data rates are re- ters per second. If you want to to the user port and used the + 5
quired. The CB2 line does not have a pull-up resistor, so you may use a more rapid rate, you must volt supply from the second
have to provide one if you are using CB2 in input mode. use machine language. cassette drive.

62
 Name Address(hex) Address(decimal) Function

10 REM SIMPLE OUTPUT EXAMPLE ORB E840 59456 ## (internal to PET)

20 REM SET DATA DIRECTION REGISTER TO OUTPUT ORA E841 59457 Data with Handshake
30 POKE 59459,255 PDRB E842 59458 ##
40 REM COUNT FROM 0 TO 255 DDRA E843 59459 Data Direction
50 FOR J =0 TO 255 T1L-W E844 59460 ##
60 REM POKE TO OUTPUT REGISTER
T1C-H E845 59461 ##
70 POKE 59471,J
80 NEXT J
T1L-L E846 59462 ##
90 REM DO IT AGAIN T1L-H E847 59463 ##
100 GOTO 50 T2L-W E848 59464 ##
T2C-H E849 59465 ##
Example 1. Simple output example for user port. SR E84A 59466 Shift Register
ACR E84B 59467 Auxiliary Control
PCR E84C 59468 Peripheral Control
IFR E84D 59469 Interrupt Flags
Note that the circuit draws IER E84E 59470 Interrupt Enable
ORA E84F 59471 Data (no handshake)
200 mA, which is close to the 10 POKE 59459,255
maximum you can steal from 20 K=1 Table 1. PET VIA register addresses. The named registers may be
the PET. If you have other PET 30 POKE 59471,K used to work with the user port. Some of the settings used may dis-
40 FOR J = 1 TO 200 : NEXT
extensions that use the PET able other PET functions, such as tape 110, so you should restore
50 K=K'2
supply, power the Blinkin' 60 IF K = 256 THEN 20 the original settings when you are done. The registers with H##" in
Lights externally .. 70 GOT030 the Function column are used internally by the PET. If you are bold,
there are two other 110 chips in the PET. These are MOS 6520s, with
Fig. 2 shows the circuit for
Example 2. Another simple one starting at $E810 (59408) for internal uses and one at $E820
the Blinkin' Lights Machine.
output example. (59425) for the IEEE-844 bus.
The extra inverter and capaci-
tor on the CB2 line are for an
audio output to attach to your
hi-fi set for some simple music (pulled up by the 7404s), turning 30 POKE 59459,15 50 K=K.2:L=U2
making. One of the best ways on the LED for the line. Now the lines PAO-PA3 will (Just change these lines and let
to build this device is on a Vec- When the program (Example count, and lines PA4-PA7 will the others remain the same.)
tor breadboard, which has the 1) is RUN, the data lines show remain lit (recall that an uncon-
fingers for an edge connector. that a binary count appears, nected line will float to high
This permits putting the Blinkin' Simple Input
which cycles through about with the Blinkin' Lights).
Lights in series with a device once every three seconds. To Example 2 shows another To see simple input, POKE
under test to help with de- slow the rate down so that the short program. Try it and see the Data Direction register to
bugging the interface software least significant bits (PAO and what it does! Note that in PET input mode and connect the
and hardware. PA1) will change state, add: BASIC the NEXT statement may switches to the PAO-7 lines.
Most of the examples shown omit the loop counter if the in- Note that the Blinkin' Lights
65 FOR K= 1 TO 50: NEXT
below make use of the Blinkin' nermost loop is being termi- has some DIP switches to iso-
Lights Machine, so building This will slow the counting loop late the manual switches from
nated. Another diversion is to,
one might be handy. down to around 10 Hz.
change the program in Example the data lines. This is because
To see the effect of changing 2. if they were always tied in, the
the Data Direction register, 20 K=1: L=128 switch setting would force the
Simple Output
change line 30 to: 30 POKE 59471, K OR L line to the switch's state.
The simplest thing to do is
output bytes to the user port.
CAI
To do this, you must first set PAO
;::::.
the Data Direction register to >-
PA I
w "1..? PA2
255 (all bits set) and then set ~ ~C>----------------~t-~-------t--------------~~_+~------4-c>PA3 w
u
the Output register to the o
<r
~ PA4 ;;;
w

byte(s) that are to be output. Ex-

u,
~ PA5 0

"1..? PA6
0
ample 1 is a short program that PA7 f-

CB2
. counts from 0 to 255 and out- GNoC>----~--_+_+~~+-t-~----_+_+----_+_4~~+_+_~_+_4----+_~'_?r>GNO
puts the count to the user port. ----1
I 2
The Data Direction register 1-8 POSITION
DIP SWITCH
,-
i
-- -- -- -- ---- -- --, r----1
~ I I
,\7 '\7 7 U U ,\7 '\ 7 U U tJ '\7 INVERTORS
TWO 7404s
ARE

controls the PAO through PA7 2-112 OF A

4 POSITION
.i \ \\\\ ,*: :
lines' data direction. If the bit is DIP SWITCH
: 1 I l

set for a given line (i.e., bit 0 is

IL ....J: IL oJ
[
for line PAO),the line will be an
output. If the bit is zero, the line
will be an input.
When the PET is turned on PA7
+5V
II II II II II r IA j
PAD CB2 CAI

'Lff.'r..•...•.
IOO"Ft j OATA DISPLAY HANDSHAKE
with the Blinkin' Lights at-
+5vc>--~f r...•......• J r~1J--...I
DISPLAY

tached, all the LEOs will be lit. f-4-+-r

The PAO-PA7 lines are initially FROM
PET z ne TAPE PORT DATA SWITCHES HANDSHAKE SWiTCHES
set for input, and the Blinkin' OR EXTERNAL SUPPLY (SLIDE SWITCHES) (MOMENTARY
TOGGLE
CONTACT
SWITCHES)
*rSOLATlON SWITCHES
Lights will see lines in the high-
impedance state as "high" Fig. 2. Blinkin' Lights-PET user port switch register and indicator.

63
 Shown What It Represents Line 260 fetches the data register.
from the user port. Since the To detect a condition, such
b SPACE character (when not clear)
o A lowercase character in a square box represents joysticks ground the lines to in-
dicate switch closures, the byte
as the transition of the CA1
line, PEEK the Interrupt Flag
the corresponding graphics character. For example,
@] is the spade graphics character, or SHIFT-A: is complemented. It is then register and AND for the de-
Clear Screen ANDed with 255 to return to sired bit. The bit in the Flag reg-
Home Cursor eight bits, as the integer opera- ister will remain set until other
Cursor Up tions of the PETare 2's comple- actions are taken, usually the
Cursor Down ment for 16 bits. reading or writing of data
Cursor Right In Line 2010, the value for Z through the Data Handshake
Cursor Left
must be shifted right by four register.
INST key
bits. This is done by dividing by If the above sounds confus-
DEL key
16 and truncating. ing, that is because it is confus-
Table 2. PET program listing special characters. Lines 3020 and 3140 place a ing, and with this in mind, you
blank and the cursor, respec- should attempt the examples in
tively, on the screen. The multi- the following sections when
Data Register DATA 59471 plication by 40 for Y is because you try to use the PETuser port.
Data Register, Handshake HDATA 59457 the PETscreen is 40 characters
Peripheral Control Register PCR 59468 wide. If you delete line 3020,the Using CA1
Auxiliary Control Register ACR 59467 motions of the joysticks will The CA1 line is an input-only
Interrupt Flag Register IFR 59469
leave trails and let you draw line usually used to detect the
Table 3. pictures. handshakes for data transfers.
For example, if a device is send-
Transferring Data.
Then, PEEKthe Data register debugging. with Handshakes
and display the result on the The CA1 and CB2 lines per-
PETdisplay screen in a loop. As Joysticks mit data transfer with full hand- 5 REM BY GREGORY YOB, MAY 1978
10 REM DUAL CURSORS FOR JOY-STICKS
you change the switches, the A Simple and enjoyable way shaking for input and output. 20 REM ATTACHED TO USER PORT Ii I TH
30 REM 81 TS AS FOLLOWS,
number displayed will change. to use the user port is to attach The 6522 VIA has a variety of 40 REM LI NE GROUNDED I'EANS SW I TCH IS

Example 3 is a program that a switch-operated pair of joy- options, and these are con- 50 REM CLOSED AND TO MOVE CURSOR
60 REM BIT 7 = LEFT STICK UP
does this. (Note: Table 2 shows sticks to your PET. Each joy- trolled by the registers in Table 70 REM 11 6 = OOWN
80 REM 11 5,= RIGHT
how this article represents PET stick has four switches-one 3. In the 6522, the Peripheral 90 REM 4 = LEFT
100 REM 3 = RIGHT STICK UP
listings.j Line 70 homes the cur- for each direction-that are Control register and the Auxil- 110 REM " 2 = OOWN
120 REM 1 = RIGHT
sor and prints the value of the closed when the stick is pointed iary Control register select the 130 REM
It

" 0 = LEFT
Data register. It then prints a that way. Fig. 3 shows a joy- various options for the opera- 140
150
REM DISPLAY
REM
IS WRAPAROUND

CURSORLEFTand three blanks. stick circuit. tional modes for the VIA. Some 160 REM PUT YOUR OliN CURSORS HERE
170 PRINT"© [!i]"; ,CI=PEEK(32768)
The reason for the CURSOR The program in Example 4 of these bits affect the CA1 and 180 PRINT"© 0"; :C2=PEEK(32768)
190 REM INITIALl2E SCREEN ~ POSITIONS
LEFT is that the PET has an sets up the screen with a solid CB2 lines and will be described 200 PRINT"©";
210 Xl=4,Y1=12,X2=35,Y2=12
oddity when it prints numbers and hollow ball. Each joystick in detail later. 220 POKE 33252,Cl,POKE 33283,C2
onto the screen. When a num- controls one of the balls, and The Interrupt Flag register 230 REM SET UP DATA DIRECTION REG
240 POKE 59459,0
ber is printed, the format is: both balls may be in motion at has bits for the detection of 250 REM LOOK AT PORT
260 P=NOT(PEEK( 59471 I lAND 255
(SPACE or + )(Digits of Nurn- the same time. The switches several conditions that may be 270 REM CHECK RIGHT ~ LEFT
280 IF P AND 15 THEN GOSUB 1000
ber)(CURSORRIGHT). and bit settings are the same as used for interrupts. In the PET, 290 IF P AND 240 THEN GOSUB 2000
300 GOTO 260
When a short number is in Fig. 3. the use of the interrupts is a 500 REM ROUT I NES 1000 ~ 2000 SET UP

printed over a longer one, the
printing stops after the CUR-
SOR RIGHT. It is necessary to
erase the old numbers with
some blanks, so the cursor is
Lines 170 and 180 clear the hazardous affair, as the PET 510
520
REM X,Y = POSIT'ION
REM Z = SWITCH SE-TTINGS
screen and print the character has a 60 Hz internal interrupt, 530 REM C = CURSOR CHARACTER
540 REM FOR ROUT I NE 3000 WH I CH
for the right and left joysticks. which handles various house- 550 REM OOES MOV I NG & WRAPAROUND
560 REM
The PEEK sets the cursors (C1 keeping tasks such as scan- 1000 REM RIGHT STICK
1010 X=Xl ,Y=Yl ,Z=P AND 15,C=Cl
and C2) to the value needed for ning the keyboard and main- 1020 GOSUB 3000

moved left once and three use by POKE later. The value taining the internal clock. Since 1030
2000
Xl=X,Yl=Y,RETURN
REM LEFT STICK
blanks are printed. This pre- 32768 is the first address in these functions can only be 2010 X=X2,Y=Y2,Z=INT((P AND 240)/161
2020 C=C2,GOSUB 3000
vents spurious numbers, such memory in the display, which handled in machine language, 2030 X2=X,Y2=Y,RETURN
2500 REM
as "328," appearing on the dis- occupies memory locations this article will not discuss how 3000 REM fIOVE CURSOR
3010 REM ERASE OLD ONE
play. (Try it, you won't like it!) 32768 to 33767. to handle the Interrupt Enable 3020 POKE 32768+40'Y+X,32
RUNthis program and try the 3030 REM FIND NEW POSITION
3040 IF Z AND 8 THEN Y=Y-l
manual switches one at a time. 3050 IF Z AND 4 THEN Y=Y+l
3060 IF Z AI~D 2 TIiEN X=X+l
You should see the sequence 0, 3070 IF Z AI~D 1 TIiEN X=X-l
10 REM SIMPLE INPUT EXAMPLE 3080 REM I~RAPAROUND CHECK
1,2,4,8 ... 128 appear on the 20 REM SET DATA DIRECTION TO INPUT' 3090 I F X >39 TIiEN X=O
31001FX(O THENX=39
PET screen. 30 POKE 59459,0
3110 IF Y >24 TI,EN Y=O
40 REM CLEAR SCREEN
If you set all the manual 3120 IFY<.O THENY=24
50 PRINT" © "; 31 30 REM POKE I N NEW CURSOR
switches to zero and discon- 60 REM PEEK DATA REGISTER & SHOW IT 3140 POKE 32768+40*Y+X,C
3150 RETURN
nect one of them with the DIP 70 PRINT" ® "PEEK(59471)" © bbb";
80 REM DO IT AGAIN
switch, the line will go high and 90 GOTO 70 Example 4. Program to
the PET will see the bit as set. move two cursors with the
Be careful of this when you are Example 3. Simple input example for user port. joysticks in Fig. 3.
using the Blinkin' Lights for

64
ing data to the PET, the CA1
line will be used to say that the
data is now valid. If the PET is
sending data, the CA1 line is
used by the device to signal
that it is ready for the data.
Using the CA1 line involves
these steps:
1. Select the options you
want and POKE the Peripheral
Control register (PCR)and Aux-
iliary •Control register (ACR)
accordingly.
2. In a loop, check the CA1
Flag bit in the Interrupt Flag
register (IFR) until it is set.
3. PEEKor POKEthe HDATA
(Data with Handshake) register
with the data. This will reset the
CA1 bit in the IFA.
Your options are as follows:
1. Positive or negative tran-
sition. CA1 will set its flag bit
when the line goes high or low,
depending on bit 1 in the PCA.
For a negative transition,
use:
POKE (59468), PEEK(59468)AND
This is the value the PET initial-
izes to when it is powered up.
The reason it uses a PEEK in-
stead of just POKEing to a 1 is
that the other bits in the PCR
should not be changed be-
cause they control other
things.
For a positive transition, use:
POKE (59468), PEEK(59468)OR
2. Latching of the input data.
If the input data is latched, the
values present on the data lines
will be latched when the CA1
line makes the correct transi-
tion. If the data is not latched,
the values in the HDATA regis-
ter will change as the data lines
change. It is safest to use the
latched mode when handshak-
ing your data.
To enable latching, use this
statement:
POKE (59467), PEEK(59467)OR
To disable latching, use:
POKE (59467), PEEK(59467) AND 254
To detect the Flag bit in the IFR,
use a statement of the form:
IF PEEK(59469)AND 2 THEN --
or
WAIT 59469,2
If you use the WAIT state-
ment, note that the STOP key
will be ignored by the PET,
which means you must be sure
that the CA1 line will make a PA 7 UP
transition-otherwise your PET PA6
will be hung up. For debugging, PA 5 LEFT
use the IF-THEN form. For read- PA4 C>-
ing or writing the HDATA regis- PA3
DOWN
ter use: PA2 ~
PEEK (59457) PAl
~
or PAO ~
POKE 59457, --
GNO
At last it is time for some ex-
amples. First, let's try counting
from 0 to 255,with a wait for the
~lc ~ ~J''-
1
CA1 Iine to be togg led before
.[
the next value is sent to the
user port. Enter the program
in Example 5, recalling Exam-
Fig.3a. Joysticks for the PET. The switch arrangement for my PET
ple 1. joysticks is shown here. The switches are normally open.
When this program is run, the
data lights will go out and will
stay out until the CA1 switch is
FORMAT OF THE BYTE INPUT VIA THE USER PORT:
toggled. (If it doesn't, be sure MSB {PAn LSB (PAD)
that your DIP swichhas been 1 UP I DOWN I RIGHT I LEFT UP I DOWN· 1 RIGHT I LEFT
closed for CA1.) The first light
(PAO)will then light, and as you LEFT JOYSTICK RIGHT JOYSTICK
toggle the CA1 swich, the Fig. 3b. The byte input from the user port is shown here. This
Blinkin' Lights will count in design exploits the fact that the PET lines PAO to PA 7 will float to
binary. high when they are disconnected. When a line goes low, the cor-
254 Two things should be noted. responding switch is closed.
First, the bounce of the CA1
switch will guarantee that both
transitions occur, so the setting
of the transition bit doesn't
matter. Also, the speed of
BASIC is slow enough that the
bounce of CA1 doesn't cause
double or more rapid counts. (If
you try the equivalent program
1 in machine language, your CA1
will count 10 to 25 times each
time you flick the switch unless
you have debounced it.)
BOTTOM VIEW
Second, you can shorten
your program by using the in-
verse condition in line 110,
eliminating line 120:
110 IF(PEEK(59469)AND2)=OTHEN 110
Beware of the precedence of
operators. If you tried:
110 IF PEEK(59469) AND 2 =OTHEN 110
your lights would have counted
up ignoring the CA1 line. The
1
reason for this is that the oper-
ator = is evaluated before AN D
is. So, the sub-expression 2 = 0
is evaluated, giving a - 1,
which is ANDed with the IFR Fig.3c. The Wobbilator-a low-cost alternative to joysticks that is
with the result that any bit will easier to use as well. Eight low-cost miniature push buttons are
make the relation true. In this used to build two of these units. Either normally open or normally
closed push buttons may be used. (If normally closed, change
case, no other bits are set; the
lines 260 in Example 4 accordingly.) The push buttons should not
program then thinks that the
he "snap action" or "detent" or go "click" when depressed, and
CA1 line had toggled; and it
should only move about 118inch for closure. Use a bit of ribbon
drops through the loop. cable to attach the connector for the user port to the Wobbilators.
Try it out-this error is quite Mark each WobbiJator with a dot for "Up" and "Right" and "Left."
common, and that's the reason Choose a dish that fits your hand comfortably.
65
 for this lengthy explanation. Be there was a 2-key rollover.
sure your expression is doing The keyboard was then at-
10 REM SIMPLE OUTPUT WITH HANDSHAKE
20 REM SET DDR TO OUTPUT what you want it to, and if you tached to the PET, and the Sim-
30 POKE 59459,255
aren't sure, use parentheses or ple Input via Handshake pro-
40 REM SET POSITIVE TRANSITION FOR CA1
try trial variations and print the gram (Example 6) was tried with
50
60
POKE 59468,PEEK(59468)OR
REM COUNT 0 TO 255
1
.. results on your screen. line 50 changed to a positive
70 FOR J= 0 TO 255
The next thing to try is enter- CA 1 transition. After a short
80 REM OUTPUT TO PORT
90 POKE 59457,J ing a value on the data switches warm-up, each keypress
100 REM WAIT FOR FLAG BIT with the Blinkin' Lights and showed a value, and the roll-
110 IF PEEK(59469)AND 2 THEN 130
120 GOTO 110
have the PET accept the data over worked just fine.
130 NEXT J when the CA1 line is toggled. Now that the keyboard was
140 REM DO IT AGAIN
The program in Example 6 working electrically, a dilemma
150 GOTO 70
shows how. appeared: How can you emu-
Example 5. Simple output with handshake for PET user port. When the program is run, you late all the PET keyboard func-
This program waits for a strobe on CA 1before sending the data may set the switches to a value tions? A careful study of the
from the PET. (be sure your DIP switches are PET keyboard, character set
closed or you will just get 255s), and cursor control functions re-
and when you toggle the CA1 veals that there are 138 func-
10 REM SIMPLE INPUT VIA HANDSHAKE
switch, the count and value will tions and that the ASCII code
20 REM DDR TO INPUT
30 POKE 59459,0 appear at the top of the PET dis- has only 128 characters in it.
40 REM NEGATIVE CA1 TRANSITION play. The count is used so you The solution I chose (feel free
50 POKE 59468,PEEK(59468)AND 254
can tell when you reenter the to choose one of your own) was
60 REM CLEAR SCREEN
70 PRINT" © "; same data value. Though the to let the control character rep-
80 REM WAIT FOR CA1 desired transition for CA 1 is not resent the various non printing
90 IF (PEEK(59469)AND 2) =0 THEN 90
100 REM FETCH DATA & DISPLAY
important in this example, line keys (cursor movements, RVS
110 C=C+1 50 shows the opposite direc- and so on) and to convert all
120 A = PEEK(59457) other characters from the key-
tion from the preceding output
130 PRINT" ® bbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbb ® ".
140 PRINT"COUNT"C"DATA"A example. In line 140, the de- board to uppercase. Since the
150 GOT090 limiter ";" is ignored because high bit for a given PET charac-
PET BASIC will permit this. ter is set if the character is a
Example 6. Simple input with handshake for PET user port.
graphics character, I decided to
This program waits for a Iowan CA 1 before accepting the data A Keyboard Via the User Port have a Mode flag-if you
and then displays the decimal value of the data on the PET
As an example of a useful pressed ESCAPE, all further al-
screen.
project for the user port, I inter- phanumeric keys would show
faced an ASCII-encoded key- their graphics character, and
REM INPUT ASCII FROM KEYBOARD
board to the PET. Since I am a when you pressed LlNEFEED,
10
20 REM CONVERT & DISPLAY ON SCREEN fair typist, the PET keyboard is the mode would be "normal,"
30 GOSUB 1000: REM INITIALIZE
frustrating for program entry and the character would ap-
40 GOSUB 2000: REM GET CHAR AS A$
50 PRINT A$; and debugging. The following pear.
60 GOTO 40 example is specific to my key- It should be noted that the
1000 REM INITIALIZE PORT & TABLE
board, but almost any full ASCII PET character set is not ASCII
1010 POKE 59468,PEEK(59468)OR 1
1020 POKE 59467,PEEK(59467)OR 1 keyboard and mo~t "Dumb but is similar to ASCII. This re-
1030 DIM TB(31) Teletype" keyboards can be in- sulted in some further transla-
1040 FORJ=OT031
1050 READ TB(J): NEXT J
terfaced in a similar way. tion steps, and the entire con-
1060 MD = 0: RETURN The pin-out for the keyboard version routine used these
1100 OAT A 0,0,0,0,19,145,29,0,0,18,0,0
was determined and wired to steps:
1110 DATA 0,13,0,146,0,147,0,157,0,20
1120 DATA 0,0,17.148,0,0,0,0,0,0
the PET user port as shown in 1. Get the character from the
1130 REM Table 4. Since the keyboard user port and remove the Parity
2000 REM FETCH CHAR & CONVERT
drew 500 mA, it was connected bit.
2010 IF(PEEK(59469)AND 2) =0 THEN 2010
2020 CH = PEEK(59457)AND 127 to a separate 5 volt supply. 2. If it was a control charac-
2030 REM TEST IF CTRL CHAR At this point, the card edge ter (0 to 31), do the following:
2040 IF CH>31 THEN 2130
2050 REM MODE FLAG TESTS
on the Blinkin' Lights was very (a) Find a value in a
2060 IFCH=10THENMD=0 handy. The keyboard was con- 32-element translation array
2070 IFCH=27THEN MD=128 nected to the Blinkin' Lights for the correct PET charac-
2080 REM CONVERT VIA TABLE
2090 CH =TB(CH) and the Blinkin' Lights not con- ter.
2100 IF CH =0 THEN 2010 nected to the PET. Some inves- (b) If the table value is zero,
2110 GOTO 2160
tigation revealed that the key- ignore and go. to step 1.
2120 REM CASE CONVERT
2130 IF CH>95 THEN CH =CH -32 board did encode the parity bit (c) Print the character on the
2140 REM MODE CONVERT and that it had a 2-key rollover. screen and go to step 1.
2150 CH =CH OR MD
2160 A$ = CHR$(CH): RETURN
The CA1 LED would turn on 3. If the character is in the
when a key was depressed and range 96 to 127, subtract 32.
Example 7. Input ASCII from keyboard, convert for all PET keys when a second key was de- (Converts lowercase to upper-
and display on PET screen. This program will accept the ASCII pressed, it would flicker when case.)
codes from the user port and follow the convention in Table 5 the first key was released. This 4. If the Mode flag is set (for
and in the text. indicated that the strobe was a graphics), OR with 128 to set
positive transition and that the highest bit.

66
 ~OSBORNE & ASSOCIATES, INC. ",06

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J/ Reader Service-see page 179 67

 5. Print the character on the
PET.
6. Go to step 1.
Note: in step 2, if the character
was an ESCAPE or a LlNE-
FEED, the Mode flag would be
set or reset, respectively, and
the table entry for these char-
acters would be a zero.
The next thing to do was to
10 REM •••• PET MACHINE CODE LOADER •••• 700 D=ASC(H$ )-48
20 REM BY GREGORY YOB, 1978 710 HEX=HEX'16 + 0
30 REM READS DATA STRINGS IN FORMAT 720 NEXT H
730 RETURN
40 REM IDENTICAL TO PET MCNITOR AND
50 REM LOADS INTO INDICATED MEMORY 900 PRINT"~@ 11111111 BAD VALU.E IN DATA 11111111"
60 REM LOCATIONS. FIRST NUI'8ER IS 910 PRINT" 0 LOAD ABORTED" :END
70 REM START ADDRESS, NEXT 8 VALUES 950 PRINT" 0 @ LOAD FINISHED":END
80 REM ARE BYTES TO LOAD. 1000 DATA"0338 XX XX 78 A9 75 8019 02" (Note: all 0
90 REM IF A BYTE IS 'XX'. IT WILL NOT 1010 DATA"0340 A9 03 80 lA 02 A9 00 80" are zeroes)
100 REM BE LOADED, AND MEMORY CELL WILL 1020 DATA"0348 43 E8 80 C7 03 AD 4C E8"
110 REM BE UNCHANGED, AND NEXT BYTE 1030 DATA"0350 09 01 80 4C E8 AD 413 E8"
120 REM LOADED I NTO NEXT CELL. 1040 DATA"0358 09 01 80 413 E8 58 60 78"
130 REM IF A BYTE IS , ••• OR AN ADDRESS 1050 DATA"0360 A9 85 80 19 02 A9 E6 80"
140 REM IS •••••• , THE LOAD WILL STOP. 1060 DATA"0368 lA 02 58 60 A9 00 48 48"
150 REM LINE 20000 GUARANTEES END IF 1070 DATA"0370 48 48 4C 85 E6 AD 40 E8"

choose the meanings for the
control characters. Some con-
trol characters, such as CTRL-M
and CTRL-J, were already used
for RETURN, LlNEFEED, etc.
Keys were chosen for their con-
venience on the keyboard in
Table 5.
The appropriate PET charac-
ter values were then placed in a
32-value table for lookup by the
translating routine. A BASIC
program was written to test
this scheme out (see Example
7). Note that RETURN is the
same value, 13, as the value
fetching it (i.e., CH is 13 also). In
line 2020, the masking is done
to remove parity when the char-
acter is read from the user port.
The Mode flag is set to 0 or 128,
which permits the use of OR in
line 2150.
Though this program is suit-
able for entering data into a
BASIC program, the keyboard
cannot be used in direct mode,
that is, entering BASIC state-
ments or LIST, etc. Example 8
shows a BASIC program which,
when run, will load a machine-
language program into the sec-
ond cassette buffer. When this
machine-language program is
Keyboard Pin
1 INT Key
2 RPT Key
3 No connection
4 No connection
5 GND
6 + 5 Volts (separate supply)
7 Strobe
8 Parity
9 Bit 4
10 Bit 3
11 Bit 1
12 Bit 7
13 Bit 2
14 Bit 6
15 Bit 5
Table 4. ASCII keyboard to PET user port wiring list. Your key-
board will, no doubt, have a different pin-out-just notice the data
and handshake lines. If your keyboard requires an acknowledge,
connect your ACK to CB2.
160 REM '**' OR '*.... I S NOT FOUND.
170 REM
180 REM NOTE: TH I S PGM MORE USEFUL IF
190 REM EXTENDED TO DATA TAPE FILES.
200 REM
300 PR I NT"© bPET LOADER PROGRAM"
310 READ A$: IF A$="END" THEN 950
315 PRINT" @ @ "A$"@"
320 GOSUS 400 : REM GET ADDR
330 IF ADDR <0 THEN 950
340FORB=IT08
350 GOSUB 500 : REM GET BYTE
355 I F BYTE = -2 THEN 380
360 IF BYTE < 0 THEN 950
370 POKE ADDR,BYTE : REM 00 THE DEED
375 PRINT ADDR;TAB( 10) ; BYTE
380 ADDR=ADDR+1 : NEXT B
390 GOTO 310
400 REM •• PARSE ADDRESS ••
410 B$=MID$(A$,l,4)
420 IF B$=" •••• " THEN ADDR=-l
430 GOSUB 600 : REM HEX CONVERTER
440 ADDR=HEX
450 RETURN
500 REM •• PARSE BYTES ••
510 B$=MID$(A$,B'3+3,2)
520 IF B$="XX" THEN BYTE=-2 : RETURN
530 IF B$=""" THEN BYTE=-l :RETURN
540 GOSUB 600 : REM HEX CONVERTER
550 BYTE =HEX
560 RETURN
600 REM HEX CONVERTER
610 HEX=O
620 FOR H=l TO LEN(S$)
630 H$=MID$(B$,H,l)
640 IF H$ <"0" THEN 900
650 IF H$ >"F" THEN 900
660 IF H$ <":" THEN 700
670 IF H$ <"A" THEN 900
680 D=ASC(H$)-55 : GOTO 710
executed (by SYS(826)), the
keyboard attached to the user
port will operate "in parallel"
with the PET keyboard. If you
follow the cautions indicated in
Example 8, you will be able to
use the auxiliary keyboard for
PET User Port
CB2
GND
CA1
PA7
PA3
PA2
PAO
PA6
PA1
PA5
PA4
1080 DATA"0378 29 02 DO 07 20 6C 03 EA"
1090 DATA"0380 4C 7E E6. AD 41 E8 29 7F"
1100 DATA"0388 C9 IF 10 30 C9 OA DO 07"
1110 DATA"0390 A9 00 80 C7 03 FO E5 C9"
1120 DATA"0398 113 DO 07 A9 80 80 C7 03"
1130 DATA"03AO DO DA AA BD C8 03 FO 04"
1140 DATA"03A8 EA AE 00 02 90 OF 02 E8"
1150 DATA"03BO EO OA DO 02 A2 00 8E 00"
1160 DATA"03B8 02 4C 7C 03 C9 60 30 02"
1170 DATA"03CO E9 20 00 C7 03 DO E2 00"
1180 DHA"03C8 00 00 00 00 13 91 10 00"
1190 DATA"03DO 00 12 00 00 00 00 00 92"
1200 DATA"03D8 00 93 00 90 00 14 00 00"
1210 DATA"03EO 11 94 00 00 00 00 00 00"
1220 DATA"03E8 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** **"
20000 DATA"END"
Machlne·Language Source
! FOOL THE PET INTO READING THE USER PORT AS THE
! COMM'lND KEYBOARD I N PARALLEL WITH THE NORMAL
: RETURN
! KEYBOARD BY READI NG THE USER PORT WHEN THE 60 HZ
! INTERRUPT IS SERVICED. IF A CHARACTER IS
! PRESENT, TRANSLATES ACCORDI NG TO SCHEME DESCRI BED
! IN USER PORT ARTICLE AND PUTS CHARACTER INTO
! THE PET INPUT BUFFER.
! THIS CODE TAKEN FROM AN IDEA BY RICHARD
! TOBEY. I MPLEMENTED BY GREGORY YOB.
!
! •••INITIALIZATION CODE •••
! TURN OFF INTERRUPTS, AND SET THE PET
! "I NTERRUPT VECTOR" TO POI NT TO THE ACT I VE CODE.
! SET UP THE USER PORT TO READ THE KEYBOARD, AND
! SET THE MODE VARIABLE TO "CHARACTER MODE" (0)
!
! NOTE'" TH I S CODE RES I DES I N THE SECOND CASSETTE
("0" is zero) ! BUFFER ( 033A TO 03FF )
!
033A 78 XON SE I oI SABLE INTERRUPTS
03313 A9 75 LOA 11$75 SET UP NEW
0330 80 19 02 STA $0219 " INTERRUPT
other programs, etc. program contain the object
The first program, A BASIC code for the second command
Machine-Language Loader, will keyboard program described in
load any machine-language the text. To start the machine
code in this format: AAAA HH program, enter $YS(826) and
HH HH HH HH HH HH HH. press RETURN. The PET tape
AAAA is the starting address 110 will not work while the ma-
for the first hexadecimal value, chine code is running! Use
HH. Eight hexadecimal values SYS(863) to stop the machine
are permitted per DATA string. code and make the tape 110
Each string must begin with the workable.
address, and a space must sep-' Input from the second key-
arate the values. board follows the rules in Table
If the characters in an HH 5 and as described in the text.
fielc!.are "XX," the program will It is beyond the scope of this
not load a value into the corre- article to describe the details of
sponding byte (skipping it). The the machine-language program.
characters " ••" in an HH field, A source listing is provided in
or " ••••" in an AAAA field, will Example 8 for those who wish
end the load. to puzzle it out.
This data format (except
"XX" and "**","****") is identi- A User Port Monitor Program
cal to the one used by the PET When you are attempting to
TIM monitor, so at a later time interface to the user port, it is
you can easily use the PET often necessary to write several
monitor to directly load this small programs to set and dis-
code from the DATA state- play the VIA registers. The pro-
ments. gram in Example 9 performs
The DATA statements in this these functions and will often

68
 0340 A9 03 LOA #$03 VECTOR" 038A 10 30 BPL NCTR IF POS ITI VE, I SN 'T A CONTROL CHAR
0342 80 IA 02 STA S021A 038C C9 OA CMP #$OA
! 038E DO 07 BNE NLFD CHAR ISN'T A LINEFEED
0345 A9 00 LOA #$00 SET UP USER PORT s MODE 0390 A9 00 LOA #$00
0347 80 43 E8 STA $E843 DATA DIRECTION REGISTER 0392 80 C7 03 STA MlDE SET MlOE TO CHARACTERS
034A 80 C7 03 STA MlDE ! MODE CELL 0395 FO E5 BEQ FINISH BEQ SAVES A BYTE
0340 AD 4C E8 LDA $E843 ! PERIPHERAL ca<TROL REGISTER
0350 09 01 ORA #$01 0397 C9 IB NLFD CW #$IB ! ESCAPE?
0352 80 4C E8 STA $E84C ! PeR 0399 DO 07 BNE CTRL ! OTHER CTRL CHARS
0355 AD 4B E8 LOA $E84B ! AUXILIARY CONTROL REGISTER 039B A9 80 LDA #$80 SET MlDE TO
0358 09 01 ORA #SOI 0390 80 C7 03 STA MlDE ! GRAPHICS
035A 80 4B E8 STA $E84B ! ACR 03AO DO DA BNE FINISH ! SAVE ANOTHER BYTE
0350 58 CLI ! ENABLE INTERRUPTS !
035E 60 RTS ! AND RETURN TO CALLER ! PROCESS CONTROL CHARS BY TABLE LOOKUP

••• RESTORAT I ON CODE ••• o 3A2 AA CTRL TAX

RESTORE THE" INTERRUPT VECTOR" SO THAT TAPE 03A3 BD C8 03 LDA TABL, X
I/O CAN WORK PROPERLY. 03A6 FO 04 BEQ FINISH! IGNORE IF TABLE RETURNS ZERO
03A8 EA NOP
035F 78 XOFF SEI 01 SABLE INTERRUPTS !
0360 A9 85 LOA #$85 SET UP OLD ! ••• STASH CHARACTER INTO INPUT BUFFER •••
0362 80 19 02 STA $0219 " INTERRUPT NOTE THAT BUFFER PO I NTER MUST BE CHECKED s
0365 A9 E6 LOA #$E6 VECTOR" ! CORRECTLY ADJUSTED.
0367 80 IA 02 STA $021A
036A 58 CLI ! ENABLE INTERRUPTS 03A9 AE 00 02 STASH LOX $0200 ! PET I NPUT BUFFER PO INTER
036B 60 RTS ! AND RETURN TO CALLER 03AC 90 OF 02 STA S020F ,X ! BASE OF INDEX IS START OF BUFFER
! ••• STACK ADJUSTMENT ROUT I NE ••• 03AF E8 INX
0380 EO OA CPX #$OA ! CHECK I F FULL
036C A900 STAX LDA #$00 ! OUM\1Y PUSHES TO PET STACK FOR 03B2 DO 02 BNE '+4 SHCRT JUW (SKIP ONE INSTR)
036E 48 PHA ! CORRECT OPERA T I ON OF THE 03B4 A2 00 LOX #$00
036F 48 PHA ! RESTORA T I ON CODE 0386 8E 00 02 STX $0200 SAVE NEW POINTER
0370 48 PHA 0389 4C' 7C 03 JMP FINISH I KNOW, I COULD HAVE SAVED A BYTE.
0371 48 PHA I
0372 4C 85 E6 JW $E685 JUMP TO PET I NTERRUPT HANDLER 038C (;9 60 NCTRL CW #$60 CONVERT TO UPPER CASE
TO CONT I NUE PROCESS I NG 03BE 3002 BMI NCASE
03C0 E9 20 SBC #$20
••• ACT I VE GOOE •••
03C2 00 C7 03 ORA MlDE ! CONVERT TO GRAPHIC IF
CHECKS USER PORT I FR FOR CHARACTER. I F NOT 03C5 DO E2 BNE STASH ! MlDE ) 0
PRESENT, RETURNS TO PET INTERRUPT PROCESSOR. !
I F PRESENT, TRANSLATES ACCORD I NG TO SCHEME ! ••• DATA STORAGE AREA •••
AND PUTS INTO THE INPUT BUFFER.
! 03C7 00 MlDE ! MlDE BYTE = 0 I F CHARACTERS
0375 AD 40 E8 PCOOE LOA $E84D INTERRUPT FLAGS REGISTER ! 128 IF GRAPHICS
0378 29 02 AND #$02 03C8 TABL ! CONTROL CHARACTERS CONVERS I ON TABLE
037A DO 07 BNE KEYS DETECTED CHARACTER 03C8 . BYTE . 00,00,00,00,13,91,10,00
037C 20 6C 03 FINISH JSR STAX SET UP TO CALL THE 03DO •BYTE . 00,12,00,00,00,00,00,92
037F EA NOP ! PET RESTORATION CODE 0308 .BYTE. 00,93,00,90,00,14,00,00
0380 4C 7E E6 JMP $E67E ! WHICH IS FROM HERE 03E0 .BYTE. 11,94,00,00,00,00,00,00
!
! CHARACTER PROCESS I NG 03E8 ••• END OF CODE •••
!
0383 AD 41 E8 KEYS LOA $E841 ORA HANDSHAKE DATA REGISTER
MASK OFF PAR I TY
Example 8. PET machine code program for a second command
0386 29 7F AND #$7F
0388 C9 IF CMP #$IF keyboard.

save some time and trouble. right and printing the sign of Using the User 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
DDRA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Some comments concerning the result (line 1030). Port Monitor Program
ACR 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
the code are in order: Subroutine 2000 is required After you have tried out the PCR 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0
Lines 70 to 90 hold the reg· to permit you to choose the various commands and are
lFR 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0
DATA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
ister names, which are similar time to access the Handshake familiar with them, attach the
to, and in the same order as, Data register. The reason is Blinkin' Lights to the user port
those in Fig. 2. that each access to this regis- and run the Monitor program.
Line 210 puts a colon and ter will reset the Interrupt Flag Close all of the Data Isolation
some blanks at the end of each bit. The D (DATA)command will switches and set the Data D=DATA P=POKE S=SHOW
register name for display pur- read this register. H=HELP Q=QUIT T=TOGGLE
switches to low. If you are start-
poses. Subroutine 3000 lets you ing from a reset PET (you The "1" bits are aspects of
Line 250 sets the Flags array change the registers you want haven't changed any of the the registers used internally by
to display the most commonly to see displayed. If you forget user port registers), the PET the PET for its housekeeping
used registers when the pro- the names (I often do), enter a display will look like this: functions. If you set the low
gram starts. meaningless name, such as
Notice the three blanks be- "XXX," and all the names will
tween the 4 and the 3 in line be shown.
310. Since the display is in binary, Character + CTRL PET Function
Line 320 moves the menu to a so is the input (see subroutine Q Clear Screen
position that will not be over- 4500). D Home Cursor
written when the program is Subroutine 4990 provides a E Cursor Up
displaying all 16 registers. "False Cursor," which is handy S Cursor Left
Cursor movements are used in many programs. F Cursor Right
extensively to control the dis- When the CB2line is toggled, X Cursor Down
play. Be sure to count them the original values of the PCR Y INST
carefully. U DEL
and ACR are saved, and after
I RVS on
Lines 1000 to 1050 display a toggling, restored. CB2 is forced
number in binary by moving a both high and low to guarantee
o RVS off
mask bit (variable Z1) to the a handshake pulse. Table 5. Control characters for PET special keys.

69
 transition) The CB2 Line
ACR set to 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 (Enable
10 REM CB2 BLINKER
latching) the CB2line is the most com-
20 POKE 59467, PEEK(59467) AND 227
30 POKE 59468,(PEEK(59468) AND 31) OR 192 When you return to the dis- plex of the user port lines. It can
40 FOR J = 1 TO 300 : NEXT be operated in a variety of
play, the IFR may look like:
50 POKE 59468, PEEK(59468) OR 244
60 FOR J = 1 TO 300: NEXT 011 0 0010. If it does, press D modes, including the provision
70 GOTO 30 and then press any key. The IFR of an output handshake and the
will now return to: 0 1.10 0000, serial transfer of data. As most
Example 10. CB2 Blinker program. The CB2 LED in the Blinkin' of the CB2 modes can only be
indicating that the Flag bit was
Lights will blink at about 1Hz.
reset,when the Data with Hand- controlled from machine lan-
shake was read. guage, this article will cover
Set the Blinkin' Lights Data only the two modes that are
four bits on the Blinkin' Lights the DDRA to 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1. The switches to some value and usable from BASIC.
Data switches to high, the DATA: is now 000 0 000 O. watch the DATA: on the dis-
CB2 as an Output or Handshake
DATA: line will become. 0000 This is the initial value stored in play. The value will follow the
1 11 1.As you change the switch the PET.Using P again, change switch settings. Now, flick the The CB2 line may be turned
settings, you will notice that the DATA register to some CA1 toggle switch (be sure the off or on directly to provide
there is a lag of about one sec- other value and watch it appear isolation switch is closed), and either a handshake line ora 9th
ond before the display on the LEDs on the Blinkin' the IFR will show bit 1 as set. If output bit for the user port. In
responds. Lights. This illustrates data you now change the Data either case, the shift register
This ilhlstrates how the Mon- output. switches, the DATA: value will modes must be disabled by set-
itor program can show the data If you close the Data Isola- not change. It will remain ting the Auxiliary Control regis-
'you input to the user port. Now tion switches and change these latched until you do the D com- ter (ACR) as follows:
disconnect the Data switches registers with the P command, mand. This illustrates input
POKE 59467, PEEK(59467) AND 227
by opening the Data Isolation you can demonstrate input via with latching and handshaking.
switches-the DATA: Will now handshake with the CA1 line: Feel free to experiment with (In most cases the ACR is al-
become all ones. DDRA set to 0 0 0 0 00 0 0
other settings for the user port ready zero, so this may be ig-
With the P command, change PCR set to 0 0 0 0 1 10 0 (Negative with the Monitor program. nored. However, safety first!)

10 REM 6522 VIA DISPLAY AND MJNITOR 3000 PRINT"© bb 6522 REGISTER DISPLAY AND CHANGE @Q)
20 REM PROGRAM 3010 PRINT"THIS SHOWS THE VALUES FOR THE PET'S
30 REM 8Y: GREGORY Y08, 1978 3020 PRINT"VIA REGISTERS. YOU CAN LOOK AT ALL OF
40 REM SET UP R$= REGISTER NAMES, 3030 PRINT"THEM. THOSE USED FOR THE USER
50 REM A( )=REGISTER ADDRESSES, 3040 PRINT"PORT ARE SHOWN WHEN THE PROGRAM·
60 REM F( )=SHOW REGISTER IF)O 3050 PR I NT"STARTS. @ C!XbXD THE D I SPLAY I S REFRESHED ABOUT ONCE
70 DATA "ORB", "ORA!I, "DORB" ,I'DORA" 3060 PRINT"PER SECOND. PRESS A KEY TO 00 A COMMAND
80 DATA"T1LC-L","T1C-H","T1L-L","T1L-H" 3070 PR I NT" @ bbbD=oATA RE,~0S ORA WITH HANDSHAKE
90 DATA"T2LC-L", "T2C-H", "SR", "ACR" 3080 PR I NT" P=POKE LETS YOU POKE A REGI STER
100 DATA"PCR"," IFR" ,II IERII,"DATA" 3090 PRINT" S=SHOW SELECTS REGISTERS TO DISPLM
110 REM 'DATA' IS ORA WITHOUT HANDSHAKE 3100 PR I NT" Q=QUI T STOPS PROGRAM
120 DIM R$( 16),A(16) ,F( 16) 3110 PRINT" T=TOGGLE TURNS C82 ON, THEN OFF TO
200 A=59456: FOR J=1 TO 16 3120 PRINT" FORCE HANDSHAKE & THEN
210 READ A$:R$(J)=LEFT$(A$+"bbbbbbbb",6)+";" 3130 PRINT" RESTORES TO PRIOR STATE
220 A(J )=A:A=A+l 3300 PR I NT" @Q)" ; : GOSU84990: RETURN
230 NEXT J 3500 REM CHANGE DISPLAYED REGISTERS
240 REM SET FLAGS FOR INITIAL DISPLAY 3510 PRINT"© SHOW REGISTERS®QXQ)
250 F(4)=1 :F( 12)=1 :F( 13)=1 :F( 14)=1:F< 16)=1 3520 GOSU8 4000
300 REM SET UP DISPLAY 3530 PR I NT"S=SHOW, E=ERASE ,X=F I N I SHED"; :GOSUB 5000
31 0 PRINT'~ (6'bbbbbbbb 7bb6bb5bb4bbb3bb2bb 1bbO" 3540 IF A$="S" THEN F(Z)=1
320 PRINT" 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0101010 0 ODD 0 0 0 "; 3550 IF A$="E" THEN F(Z)=O
330 PR I NT"o=DATA P=POKE S=SHOW" 3560 IF A$="X" THEN RETURN
340 PR iNT"H=HELP Q=QUI T T=TOGGLE" 3570 PRINT"~";
400 REM DISPLAY LOOP 3580 GOTO 3520
410 PRINT"®@@ "; 4000 REM GET REG I STER NAME, RETURN Z= INDEX
420 FOR J=1 TO 16 4010 PRINT"®® REGISTER NAME:bbbbbbbbbbbb~";
430 IF F( J)=O THEN 450 : INPUT A$
440 Z=PEEK(A( J) ): PRI NTR$( J); :GOSU81000 4020 RESTORE: FORZ= lT016: REA08$
450 NEXT J 4030 I F8$=A$THEN RETURN
460 REM IF NO INPUT 00 LOOP AGAIN 4040 NEXTZ:PRINT"®QXQ) THE REGISTERS ARE CALLED:
470 GEtA$: IFA$=""THEN 410 ( "" is a null string) 4050 FOR J=lT016:PRINT LEFT$(R.i(JJ,6)"libbb"; :NEXT J
500 REM 00 COMMANDS 4060 PRINT" U U U U U U U U U U U ";: GOTO 4010
510 IF A$="D" THEN GOSU8 2000 4500 REM - GET B I NARY NUMBER
520 IF A$="P" THEN GOSU8 2500 4510 PRINT"8INARY VALUE: ";: INPUT A$ :ZI=128:8=0
530 IF A$="S" THEN GOSU8 3500 4520 IF LEN(A$) < 8 THEN PRINT "@";: GOTO 4510
540 IF A$="H" THEN GOSUB 3000 4530 FOR J=lT08
550 I F A$="T" THEN GOSUB 5500 4540 IF MID$(A$,J,1 )="I"THEN 8=8 OR 21
560 IF A$="Q" THEN END 4550 ZI=ZI/2:NEXT J
700 GOTO 310 4560 RETURN
1000 REM DISPLAY IN 81NARY 4990 PRINT"PRESS A KEY";
1010 ZI =128 5000 GET A$: PRI NT" 0@'; :FOR K=1 TO 20: NEXT K
1020 FOR Z2=1 TO 8 5010 PRINT"b(D"; :FOR K = 1 TO 20: NEXT K
1030 PRINT SGN(Z AND Z1); 5020 If A$=""THEN 5000 ( '''' is a nu I I s+r inq )

~~;g~~=~~/~ ~~~x~R~~; ~~';~T : RETURN

5030
5500
RETURN
REM TOGGLE C82
2000 REM DISPLAY HANDSHAKE REGISTER 5510 A=PEEK(59467) :8=PEEK(59468)
2010 Z = PEEK(59457l :PRINT"@'!R$(2); GOSU8 1000 5520 C=8 AND 131 OR 192
2020 PRINT"@"; : GOSUB 4990:RETURN 5530 0= B OR 224
2500 PRINT"© POKE REGI STER®:QXQ) " 5540 POKE 59468,C
2510 GOSU8 4000 5550 POKE 59468, D
2520 GOSU8 4500 5560 POKE 59468,8
2530 POKE A(Z) ,B 5570 POKE 59467,A
2540 RETURN 5580 RETURN

Example 9. PET user port display and monitor program.

70
 Then, the CB2 line is set high
by:
POKE 59468, PEEK(59468) OR 224
and it is set low by:
POKE 59468,(PEEK(59468)AND 31) OR 192
The parentheses are required
to ensure that the operations
AND and OR are done correctly.
Example 10 is a short "CB2
Blinker" that blinks CB2 at
about 1 Hz.
Interfacing the Writehander
The Writeharider is a one-
handed input keyboard manu-
factured by the NewO Corn-
pany, 246 Walter Hays Drive,
Palo Alto CA 94303 (see Kilo·
baud No. 23, p. 9, for a descrlp-
tion of the Writehander).
The Writehander is a gray
plastic ball about six inches
across with switches placed so
that the fingers and thumb may
touch them. By altering the tln-
ger arrangements, you can
send any of the 128 ASCII codes
to the computer. When the byte
is ready, the Writehander pro-
vides a strobe and then reo
quires an acknowledge Signal
before it sends the next byte.
The wiring to the PET user
port Is shown in Table 6. The
grounds were connected to-
gether for the power supply, the
PET and the Writehander. The
Writehander has several jumper
options that were wired as:
1) Strobe goes active low + to - L
2) Acknowledge active low + to - L
3) Parity (Bit 8) set low Gnd
This means that the follow-
ing steps are required to talk
with the Writehander.
1. Poke the DDR to all in·
Line Color Function
1 Brown Bit 1
2 Red + 7 to + 23 V power (unused)
3 Orange Bit 2
4 Yellow Ground
5 Green Bit 3
6
7
Blue
Violet
+ 5 V (separate power supply)
Bit 4
8 Gray
9 White Bit 5
10 Black
11 Brown Bit 6
12 Red
13 Orange Bit 7
14 Yellow Strobe
15 Green Bit 8
16 Blue Acknowledge(ACK)
Table 6. Writehander wiring list.
puts
2. Set CA1 to detect the Hi
to Low transition
3. Disable the CB2 Shift
Register mode
4. Enable latching with CA1
5. Turn CB2 on (high)
6. Wait for the Interrupt flag
in the IFR
7. Read the Data with Hand-
shake
8. Mask off the parity bit
and display the data (or
whatever)
9. Turn CB2 off (low)
10. Go to step 5
These steps were Incorporat-
ed into a program, Example 11,
which was only intended to ac-
cept characters from the Write·
hander and display their values
on the PET screen. See the pro-
gram in Example 7 for a more
complete processing of the
characters. (If you are a real
diehard, modify the assembly
program in Example 8 to pro-
vide the required CB2 logic.)
Lines 30 and 40 can be corn-
bined, but this program keeps
them separate to show the dlt-
fetent things being done. If you
want to show the character
rather than the value, use:
90 PRINT CHR$( X AND 127);
I encountered several trus-
trating experiences during the
development of the above
(simple!) program:
1. The Writehander would
work perfectly when attached
to the Blinkin' Lights by itself,
and the program would work
perfectly when it was attached
to the Blinkin' Lights ... and
(guess), when the Writehander
PET
PAO
PA1
GND
PA2
PA3
PA4
PA5
PA6
CA1
PA7
CB2
5 PRINT" © ";
10 POKE 59459,0
20 POKE 59468, PEEK(59468) AND 254
30 POKE 59467, PEEK(59467) AND 227
40 POKE 59467, PEEK(59467) OR 1
50 POKE 59468, PEEK(59468) OR 224
60 IF (PEEK(59469) AND 2) =0 THEN 60
70 X = PEEK(59457)
80 POKE 59468, (PEEK(59468)AND 31) OR 192
90 PRINT X AND 127;
100 GOTO 50
Example 11. Writehander input program.
was attached to the PET, it in the Auxiliary Control register
wouldn't work! After much tlo- (ACR). Only one of these modes
dling, I discovered that the is usable from BASIC. The
Writehander required that the others require the use of ma-
ACK (CB2) be high before it chine language to be controlled
would bring the Strobe (CA1) properly (see the 6522 VIA spec-
low. Thus CB2 had to be set ification for details).
high before trying to look for a One nice way to experiment
character. with this is to use the PET to
2. The parenthesis around make "square wave music."
the PEEK in line 80 is required Fig. 4 shows two ways to attach
for the CB2 to be set low due to an audio extension to the PET.
the precedence relations of Each of these simply uses the
AND and OR. CB2 line for the audio signal.
3. PET ASCII isn't ASCII, so
the "wrong" character would Checking It Out
be displayed (see A Keyboard
Once you have your audio ex-
Via the User Port section for a
tension together, one way to
detailed discussion).
check it out is to toggle CB2 in
Handshake mode as fast as
CB2as a Shift Register
BASIC will go:
The CB2 line may be made to
10 POKE 59467,PEEK(59467)AND 227
act as a shift register by setting 20 A = 59468:X = PEEK(A)AND 131OR 192
a combination of bits 2, 3 and 4 30 Y = PEEK(A) OR 224
~ 220n LED,... +5V
C82 LC:~@~'2~~F ~~
~. ~ TO AUOIO
AMPLIFIER
Fig. 4a. Add the inverter and capacitor to the output of the CB2 in,
verter in the Blinkin' Lights. Fig. 2 has this addition indicated.
+5V
47n
C82 ANY HANDY
200 mA
NPN CAPABLE OF SINKING
GROUND
Fig. 4b. This circuit lets you add sound effects, etc., for you PET
without any additional equipment. Take the + 5 volts from the
second tape port. (That's the top or bottom pin, second in from the
side of the PET. Check your first tape recorder to find whether it is
on top or bottom-Commodore makes both kinds!) Find a 2 or 3
inch speaker and any handy NPN transistor capable of 200 mA cur-
rent. The 47 Ohm resistor should be 112Watt or larger and should
not be omitted. My unit was put on a 3 x 5 inch perfboard with con-
nectors glued to one edge, which makes it easy to hook to my PET.
71
 Data Directions Register dresses are now of interest:
POKE 59459, 255 Set user port to 8 bits output. SR Shift Register 59466
POKE 59459, 0 Set user port to 8 bits input. T2L·W Tlrner-Z 59464

Simple Input and Output (no handshakes) At a rate determined by the con-
(value) = PEEK(59471) Input (value) from user port. tents of Timer-2, the contents of
POKE 59471, (value) Output (value) to user port. the shift register are placed on
the CB2 line. When eight bits
Input and Output with Handshaking
have been shifted out, the shift
POKE 59468, PEEK(59468) AND 254 CA1 will trigger on falling edge.
register is again shifted out.
POKE 59468, PEEK(59468) OR 1 CA1 will trigger on rising edge.
This creates a continuous
POKE 59467, PEEK(59467) OR 1 Data is latched when CA1 triggers.
stream of bits that repeats
POKE 59467, PEEK(59467) AND 254 Data is not latched.
every eight Timer-2 cycles.
IF PEEK(59469) AND 2 THEN - Three ways of detecting the CA1 Flag Bit.
Be careful with using WAIT. Timer-2 accepts a number
WAIT 59469,2
=
nnn IF(PEEK(59469) AND 2) 0 THEN nnn from 0 to 225 and counts it
(value) = PEEK(59457) Reads from user port, resets CA1 flag bit. down to zero at the PET clock
POKE 59457, (value) Writes to user port, resets CA 1 flag bit. rate. When it reaches zero, the
POKE 59468, PEEK(59468) OR 224 Set CB2 line high. shift register is shifted and the
POKE 59468, (PEEK(59468) AND 31) OR 192 Set CB2 line low. least significant bit (bit 0) is
placed on the CB2 line.
Shift Registery
POKE 59467, PEEK(59467) AND 227 OR 16 Sets shift register to free running mode. By placing an appropriate
POKE 59467, PEEK(59467) AND 227 Disables shift register modes. number into Timer-2 for the
POKE 59466, (value) Puts (value) into shift register. pitch and a 15 into the shift reg-
POKE 59464, (value) Sets timer 2 to (value) ister, square waves at audio fre-
quency will emerge from CB2.
Miscellany
Here is the world's clumsiest
(value) = PEEK(515) Reads matrix value of key pressed.
musical instrument (see Ex-
255 = no keys pressed.
ample 12). Try it and you will
(value) = PEEK(516) Reads shift keys. 1 if pressed, 0 otherwise.
know why. Line 50 inputs a
Table 7. Summary of BASIC statements used to control the PET user port. waveform to be put into the
shift register when a key is
pressed. Line 60 guarantees
40 POKE A,X:POKEA,Y: GOTO 40 Try changing line 40 to: on to the shift register is to that the waveform will result in
Line 10 disables the Shift 40 POKE59468,X:POKE59468,Y:GOTO 40 change the above program as a sound (a 0 or a 255 will come
Register mode, and line 40 follows: out as a dc voltage).
and you will notice that the
turns CB2 on and off. The rea- pitch of the buzz is much lower. 40 Z=515
50 POKE A,X:FOR J = 1 TO PEEK(Z):
Line 90 detects the state of
son that variables are used in (Note:You will also hear a varia- NEXT: POKE A,Y: GOTO 50 the PET keyboard matrix. When
line 40 for the addresses is that tion in the pitch of the buzz.
Pressing different keys will no key is depressed, the value
BASIC runs much faster when This is caused by the PET's in-
vary the rate of clicking. (Note: in this address is 255. Line 100
variables are substituted for terrupt routines "beating" with
Location 515 indicates which puts a zero into the shift regis-
constants. the execution of the BASIC pro-
key is depressed on the PET ter, turning the sound "off."
RUN the program, and a buzz gram.) Then the keyboard is checked
keyboard. This is not in PET
will emerge from your speaker. A last variation before going again.
ASCII but represents·the matrix
position of the key.) If a key is depressed, the
"pitch," or the matrix value of
Shift Register Mode the key, is put into the timer and
10 REM CLUMSY MUSIC MACHINE When the ACR bits 4, 3 and 2 the timbre is put into the shift
20 REM SET S.R. MODE IN ACR register. Now a sound is heard
are "100" the shift register is in
30 POKE 59467, PEEK(59467) AND 227 OR 16
40 PRINT"TIMBRE :"; "free running mode." Two ad- (for most of the keys; some will
50 INPUTTC
60 IF TC<1 OR TC>254 THEN 40
70 REM CHECK FOR KEYPRESSES
80 PRINT"PRESS KEYS FOR TONES"
90 K=PEEK(515) 30 FOR J = 10 TO 255 STEP 10: POKE 59464,J: NEXT
100 IF K = 255 THEN POKE 59468,0: GOTO 90 40 FOR J = 255 TO 10 STEP -10: POKE 59464,J: NEXT
110 POKE 59464,K: POKE 59468,TC
120 K = PEEK(515): IF K = 255 THEN 100 Example 14. Changes in Example 13 for effect 2.
130 GOTO 120

Example 12. A clumsy music machine.

30 FOR J = 1 TO 100: POKE 59464, 240·RND(1) + 10: NEXT

10 POKE 59467,PEEK(59467)AND 227 OR 16 Example 15. Change in Example 13 for effect 3.

20 POKE 59468,15
30 FOR J = 0 TO 2515;POKE 59464,J: NEXT
100 GET AS: IF AS = "" THEN 30 30 FOR J = 1 TO 30: POKE 59464,100: POKE 59464,200: NEXT
110 POKE 59466,0 40 FOR J = 1 TO 30: POKE 59464,150: POKE 59464,250: NEXT

Exemple 13. Program for effect 1. Example 16. Changes in Example 13 for effect 4.

72
make inaudibly high notes).
line 120 waits until the key is
released before starting over at
10 REM BEITER WOLF
20 REM GREGORY.YOB
30 REM CB2 ON USER PORT & AMP
100 POKE 59467,16 :POKE 59466,15
110 FOR L; 180 TO 50 STEP -3:POKE 59464,L:NEXT
111 FORJ;1T06:NEXT
112 POKE 59466,0
115 FOR J; 1 TO 150: NEXT
117 POKE 59466,15
120 FOR L; 150 TO 80 STEP - 2: POKE 59464,L:NEXT
130 FOR L ;90 TO 190: POKE 59464,L
132 FOR J; 1 TO 1170:NEXT
134 NEXT
135 POKE 59467,0
140 PRINT"PRESS KEY TO DO IT AGAIN"
150 GET A$: IF A$; ••••
THEN 150
160 GOTO 100
.Example
line 100. about two octaves of pitches
Some time spent with a cal- that are reasonably close to the
culator or scope will yield musical scale(s). Feel free to
write your own musical pro-
grams.
Since the CB2 line, once in
Shift Register mode, will run in-.
dependently of the PET's other
activities, other computations
may be done while a tone is
sounded.Anotheraspectisthe
making of sound effects for
games. See Examples 13-17
and try them out to find out
what they do.
Lines 100and 110 in Example
13 provide a way of turning the
sound off. If you don't do this,
the PETwill squeak at you after
17. you press the STOP key-and
only a direct version of line 110
will turn the squeak off! Exam-
ples 14-16show changes to Ex-
ample 13.
Summing Up
The PET user port is a versa-
tile way with which to commu-
nicate between the PETand the
rest of the world. This article
has shown you the "nuts and
bolts" required to interface
many devices, including joy-
sticks, keyboards and music
makers, that add to the capabil-
ities or your PET.
For your convenience, Table
7 summarizes the various
BASIC statements used to con-
trol the user port. Now let me
see ... robots, turtles, printers,
my lawn sprinklers ....•

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j;' Reader Service-see page 179 73

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74 Y'" Reader Service-see page 179

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V' Reader Service-see page 1,9 75


Pawn strategy in chfJSS is often overlooked. Look over this article and improve yours;
Edward E. Ewald, Jr.
2708 Sterling Dr.
Zephyrhills FL 33599
C hess Pawn, based on the
standard moves of the
pawn during the game of chess,
is a fun game for two players. It
was written in Benton Harbor
extended BASIC.There are only
a few changes from other ver-
slons of BASIC; with minimal
work the program can be adapt-
ed to most other computers.
The most notable change is
Heath's use of LINE INPUT for
string functions and INPUT for
variables only (not including
strings, unless the input is
enclosed in quotation marks).
On lines 20010, 21130 and
21140, Heath's string concat-
enation has been used.
The program can easily be
expanded to a complete chess
game with a little imagination;
sufficient space has been left
R1 N1 B1 K Q B2
-- -- -- -- --
*P1 *P2 *P) *p4 *P5 *p6 *P7 *P8
P1 P2 P) p4 P5 p6
R1 N1 Bl K
Q B2
76
Chess Pawn
between the lines to allow for
additions. For those adept in
the game of chess it provides a
good experience in pawn strat-
egy, which is frequently over-
looked by most players. The
game is not as simple as it
looks; one player will eventual-
ly get in a position where he
cannot move. At that point the
player who has captured the
most pieces wins.
At first I attempted to use
standard chess notation for
moves, but I 'found that the
game became extremely com-
plicated and slowed down by
the difficulty in thinking upside
down for the black pieces. If
one player could have been
situated upside down above
the CRT display, it would have
worked just fine.
I took a modified approach,
with all pieces referenced from
the "whites" position (refer-
ences are printed on the top
and bottom of the display, and numbers are printed on the are the name of player #2 and
right side). The program allows the pawns that he has captured.
for all standard chess moves The next line includes the top
for the pawn, including moving eight squares of the board, fol-
N2 R2 name pieces captured
two spaces on the first move lowed by a "1," indicating that
-- -- and capturing "en passant." it is line 1. The line number
2 The board is printed in the be- along with the column heading
) ginning of the game and before is.used to indicate a move. Line
4
each player's turn. It appears 2 is the starting position for the
as shown in Fig. 1. The top line black pawns. The asterisk be-
5
is the designation of the col- fore the pawn number indicates
6 umn that must be used during that it is black. Line 7 is the
P7 P8 7 the game. From left to right, it starting position for the white
8 reads: rook #1 (R1), knight #1 pawns. White pawns have no
(N1), bishop #1 (B1), king (K), asterisk. At the bottom of the
N2 R2 name pieces captured
queen (Q), bishop #2 (B2), board are the column headings
Fig. 1. knight #2 (N2) and rook #2 (R2). followed by the name of player
Following the column headings #1 and the black pawns that
 CHESS-PAWN *P2 4
FIRST PLAYER? TED P2 5
SECOND PLAYER? STAN 6
BOARD IS AS FOLLOWS. P1 P3 p4 P5 p6 P7 P8 7
Rl Nl Bl K Q B2 N2 R2 STAN 8
Rl N1 B1 K Q B2 N2 R2 TED
*Pl *P2 *P3 *p4 *P5 *p6 *P7 *P8 2 IT IS TED'S TURN

3 MOVE WHICH PIECE? E2

4 TO? (EXAMPLE N1) ?N2

5 POSITION? (EXAMPLE 5) 7,,2

6 Eventually that game evolved into the following.
PI P2 P3 p4 P5 p6 P7 P8 7 R1 N1 Bl K Q B2 N2 R2 STAN P5 P7
8 1
Rl Nl Bl K Q B2 N2 R2 TED *Pl *P3 *P7 2
IT IS TED'S TURN *p6 *P8 3
MOVE WHICH PIECE? P2 *P2 4
TO? (EXAMPLE Nl) ?Nl P2 *P5 p6 5
POSITION? (EXAMPLE 5) ?,,2 6

Rl Nl B1 K Q B2 N2 R2 STAN PI P3 p4 P8 7
8

*Pl *P2 *P3 *p4 *P5 *p6 *P7 *P8 2 Rl Nl .Bl K Q B2 N2 R2 TED *p4

3 IT IS TED'S TURN

4 MOVE WHICH PIECE? PI

P2 5 TO? (EXAMPLE Nl) ?Rl

6 POSITION? (EXAMPLE 5) ?£

PI P3 p4 P5 p6 P7 P8 7 At the end of the game the board looked like this.

8 Rl Nl B1 K Q B2 N2 R2 STAN P5 P7 p6 P3 p4 P8 P2 PI

Rl Nl Bl K Q B2 N2 R2 TED
IT IS STAN'S TURN 2

MOVE WHICH PIECE? P2 *P7 .-- 3

TO? (EXAMPLE Nl) ?Nl *P1 4

POSITION? (EXAMPLE 5) ?!! *p6 5

R1 Nl Bl K Q B2 N2 R2 STAN *P2 6

7
*P1 *P3 *p4 *P5 *p6 *P7 *P8 2 8

-- -- -- -- -- -- 3 Rl Nl B1 K Q B2 N2 R2 TED *p4 *P8 *P5 *P3

Fig. 2. Sample run.

have been captured. Program listing.

The object of the game is for
player #1 to capture as many of 10 PRINT ' CHESS--PAWN'
the black pawns as possible. 20 DIM C$(8,8),El(9),E2(9)
30 FOR I~lTO 8:FOR J=lTO 8
Rarely is it possible to get all
40 C!H I ,J)'~'------
your pawns across the board. 50 NEXT J:NEXT I
The game ends when one play- 60 C$(2,1)='*Pl ":C$~2,2)='*P2 ":C$(2,3)='*P3 ' C$(2,4)='*P4 '
er cannot move. The player with 70 CS(2,5)='*P5 ':C$(2,6)='*P6 ':C$(2,7)='*P7 ' C$(2,8)='*P8 '
80 C$(7,1)=' PI ":C$(7,2)=' P2 ':C$(7,3)=' P3 ' C$(7,4)=' P4
the most pawns captured wins. 90 C$(7,5)=' P5 ':C$(7,6)=' P6 ':C$(7,7)=' P7 ' C$(7,8)=' P8 '
A recent game I played went 100 LINE INPUT 'FIRST PLAYER? ';A$
along as shown in Fig. 2. The 110 LINE INPUT 'SECOND PLAYER? ';B$
120 PRINT :PRINT 'BOARD IS AS FOLLOWS:'
defeat was my fourth loss in a 1000 GOSUB 10000
row. 1010 PRINT 'IT IS 'A$"S TURN'
1020 LINE INPUT ·MO~E WHICH PIE~E? 'iPS
I'll put the H8 in the pro- 103() P=l :R'''O
gramming mode and start pro- 1()40 LINE INPUT 'TO? (EXAMPLE: Nl) ?';M$
gramming another game. I 1050 INPUT "POSITION? (EXAMPLE: 5) 1';M
106() IF M>8THEN 1020
hope everyone has better luck 1070 GOSUB 20000:IF R=lTHEN 1000
than I.. 2()00 GOSUB 10000

77
2010 PRINT 'IT IS 'BI"S TURN'
2020 LINE INPUT 'MOVE WHICH PIECE? ";PS
2030 P=2:R=0 -0
!
•
t8.:
ci
~ 0 E : 0
2040 LINE INPUT 'TO? (EXAMPLE: Nt) ?"IMS ;g-u -;.gUE . D. III
2050 INPUT 'POSITION? (EXAMPLE: 3) ?';M m - III
2060 IF M>8THEN 2020 ~o~(j §'~§c ~E~.E 'f I ~m
2070 GOSUB 20000:IF R=1THEN 2000 g~:t;':oo1:8.~.E ~~1:~ ~ U ~ l!!
2080 GOTO 1000 w~~~C!C!]~E5
>~"'<:Il0 E<:-"C
~~%~
<~ .•. m
g. w- ~
10000 PRINT "Rl Nl B1 K o £<2 N2 Fl2 "H$,Z~; c<o~;:
o~ot;:~ •• :l:~O(j"
B ~ i· v;cX.~
!!!"&.~-.:;
i •..~
10010 FDR I=1TO 8:FOR J=lTO B ~Zo..~E
-0. e -a-E~~E~=>-g~
... ~0 5
10020 PRINT CI(I,J);
oul?~:c=<l~>-g
~oC)Q.V)-OO

c6§g ~II
U
5l-
0 ¢
III III
10030 NEXT J:PRINT I:NEXT I ~><~~o!i1'l:tO::t z_o o QI
10040 PRINT 'R1 N1 Bl K 0 B2 N2 R'J 'AS,YS o..v>v>~Eo.. u_ _0 _-aU E
~..9~g, q
0
9Ci63g~ Q.EU:] ~ .£ liE III
10050 RETURN !!o8:I: ;;;o~,,~g,::~_Cie 1:l1li::IIII'
20000 REM "* FIND POSITION OF PIECE *** z->< c~'O;~~~-~C Q.
1: I'l UI
20010 ES=" "tPSt' ':FI=','tPSt' ':FOR I=ITO 8:FOR J=1TO 8 ~x~~';:~8§~E~3~";c
wCl><'3"6 ;;;<3£ ~ 5 E ~-:g 5 ~ OJ x ~
..
co V) wu!;?>G.I..t:
20020 IF P=lAND CS(I,J)=ESTHEN A=I:B=J:GOTO 20060 •• 0. u..~-£ •.. Q. f'f' 0 UI
20030 IF P=2AND CS(I,J)=FSTHEN A=I:B=J:GOTO 20060 •• 11 0
••. Ill- ~
20040 NEXT J:NEXT I
u~1Il
,&ow 0mo'
~ ~ l'J ~ CJ .!!!
20050 PRINT "CHESS PIECE NOT FOUND REPEAT MOVE':R=I:RETURN •. 0-
0: c
.2 .2
a.
c
~ U ~
UJ~o- 0..
O o 0-
20060 REM "* EVALUATION '**
20070 REM *** FIND POSITION OF MOVE '"
20080 C=M
20090 IF MS='R1'THEN D=1:GOTO 20180
.
.-
.1-
_U1'"

p ;:
o 0

m~~ .J
N ~~
~~
s
\

W ~ ><~
w
20100 IF MI='Nl"THEN D=2:GOTO 20180
20110 IF M$='Bl"THEN D=3:GOTO 20180 D.(j
;t Wii ~
20120 IF M$='K'THEN D=4:GOTO 20180
20130 IF M$='O'THEN D=5:GOTO 20180 0. '"
~
20140 IF MI='B2'THEN D=6:GOTO 20180
20150 IF M$="N2'THEN D=7:GOTO 20180
20160 IF M$='R2'THEN D=8:GOTO 20180
2 ''""
i
20170 PRINT 'INVALID MOVE':R=I:RETURN
20180 REM *** FIND PIECE BEING MOVED ***
110 .~'"
20190 IF LEFT$(P$,1)='P'THEN 21000
20200 PRINT 'INCORRECT CHESS PIECE INDICATED! ":R=1:RETURN
21000 REM *** EVALUATE PAWNS MOVE *'*
0-
ILUJ §
::w::: .E a. e
5 - l!
0
tl
~
'"'"
0::
21010 IF P=1AND A=7AND C=5AND D=B AND LEFT$(C$(C,D),l)='-'THEN 21300 5 & ~8 {.~ ~£ \
21020 IF P=2AND A=2AND C=4AND D=B AND LEFT$(CS(C,D),1)='-'THEN 21320
21030 IF C=A AND D=Bt1THEN 21400
21040 IF C=A AND D=B-ITHEN 21400
~2 '>
~
o
u:o
-£
0,1

•
J'0 ~
V> 8
c,

v; 6
'0 '::::::-
0i:
0..

21050 IF P=IAND C=A-IAND D=B-ITHEN 21130

21060 IF P=1AND C=A-1AND D=B THEN 21200
21070 IF P=lAND C=A-1AND D=Bt1THEN 21130 rg~ ~
..oQ"Z.~c
~
~ ~ ~ ~ ~
g :c g>

21080 IF P=1THEN PRINT 'ILLEGAL MOVE":R=1:RETURN

21090 IF P=2AND C=At1AND D=B-1THEN 21130 oX ~ g- (5
2 u:: ~ .~ "0~
0..
V'l.s:
G.I

.... x
""0

I:
tJ

C
IV "-
21100 IF P=2AND C=AtlAND D=B THEN 21200
21110 IF P=2AND C=At1AND D=Bt1THEN 21130
21120 IF P=2THEN PRINT 'ILLEGAL MOVE":R=1:RETURN >w eo::
o
U~EIlIC>
E
g ~
~

~
0

g,
~ ~ .~
Q)

-E
Q)
;

tI "E
(3 ]:
0_

21130 IF F~'lAND LEfTI(CI(C,D),1)="*'THEN YS'YStCI(C.D):GOTO 21160

21140 IF P=2AND LEFTI(CI(C,D),I)=' "THEN ZS=ZStCS(C,DI:GOTO 21170 0.0 ~
III
~ :;;
! ~~] ""~
0
G.I
>
0
•..
>
•• 0
~ t;~
IV'"

21150 PRINT 'INVALID MOVE":R=1:RETURN

21160 C$(C,D)=ES:CI(A,B)='--
21170 C$(C,D)=F$:C$(A,B)='--
':RETURN
':RETURN
0.0 > 0
~ ~ ~g ~ ~ .,g~
0
« _
c ~

c,
Q)
E
IV
.E

a.
Q)Q)

;~
~E
tD 0
21200 IF P=IAND LEFTS(CS(C.D),1)="-'THEN 21160

9fii
~
~
8 >-
~
-"
-:
=< ~~ -'"
p.;
21210 IF P=2AND LEFTS(C.~C,D),I)='-'THEN 21170 ~ E ~ -e c ~.~
21220 PRINT 'POSITION TAKEN BY OPPONENT':R=I:RETURN
21300 REM *** SET UP EN PASSENT FILE ***
5c~j~ :g
~
21310 IF LEFTS(CS(A-1,B),I)='-"THEN [1(B)=1:GOTO 21160
21320 IF P=2AND LEFTS(CS(At1.B).I)='-'THEN E2(B)=1:GOTO 21170 ILl 0-

21330 PRINT "POSITION TAKEN BY OPPONENT":R=1:RETURN W

0..

21400 IF P=lAND E2(D)=lTHEN 211bo

21410 IF P=2AND El(D)=lTHEN 21110
21420 PRINT 'EN-PASSENT INVALID':R=l:RETURN co
I'-
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own computer. I Clty/State/Zlp
Accredited by the Accrediting Commission of the National Home Study Council 172-039

79
 Exterior B'allistics
with the Home Computer
Don't ,ban guns or computers, says Dave. Use them in conjunction with each other.

David S. Dixon run. deceive you. It produces sur- program: The input and out-
1810 Flora Circle The program has run on prisingly accurate results. The put dimensions for the
Las Cruces NM 88001
my SWTP 6800 using both program is based' on the McGehee functions used in
version 1.0 and 2.0 of the McGehee Ballistic functions 1, this program are velocity in
SWTP 8K BASIC and 12K wh ich are maxicomputer thousand feet/sec. (3000 fps

I f you have friends orre-

lations who are hunters or
bytes of RAM. I think that a
slightly abbreviated program
solutions of the more com-
plex Mayevski Ballistic func-
= 3.0), range in hundred
yards (100 vds, = 1.0) and
target shooters, you will could run in 8K bytes and tions2. So your microcom- drop in inches.
probably want to add th is not sacrifice more than a lit- puter is working on a prob- You will have to remem-
exterior ballistics program to tle elegance in I/O operations lem that has been predigested ber the conversions to and
your program library. The if the version 1.0 BASIC were for it by the larger system. from these dimensions in any
program will calculate the used. To use the program In 1966, I had the oppor- changes to the program. The
remaining velocity, sight cor- with another BASIC, the tunity to observe a large IBM execution time of the pro-
rections and point of impact BASIC will have to provide system running an exterior gram can be significantly
versus line of sight. Since I addition, subtraction, mul- ballistics program based on improved by moving lines
first wrote the program, I tiplication and exponen- the Mayevski functions. Even 2000, 2100, 2200, 2600 and
have had frequent requests tiation to perform the cal- though it was running it as a 2700 to locations between
for a demonstration run or a culations. compiled program as opposed 400 and 700. The above lines
phone call from a friend with Don't let the brevity and to an interpreter, the exe- are withi n a loop where they
a new pet load requesting a simplicity of the program cution speed was at least 50 are unnecessarily evaluated
times slower than the pro- with each pass through the
gram in this article; this loop. These lines were placed
should give you some idea of where they are in the listing
0090 LJ NE= 80 how much the solution has to simplify blocking out the
0100 DIGITS= 3
0101 INPUT "BALLISTIC C",C been simplified by the functions of each portion of
OliO INPUT "MUZZLE VEL.",VO McGehee functions. the program. You can move
0120 VO = VO/IOOO
0200 K=I/(C*VOf.75) The program Iisti ng is in- them and rewrite the subrou-
0300 INPUT "NO. OF RANGES",L cluded. I have left REM state- tine entry locations, or leave
0400 DIM X(L) ,
0500 INPUT "ZERO RANGE",X(I) ments out and will comment them as they appear. The
0510 X(I) = X(I)/IOO about the program in the
0600 I= I program will work either
0700 GOSUB 2000 following text instead. way.
0800 D=Y Program lines 90-400 and
0900 FOR I= I TO L The inputs to the program
1000 PRINT "RANGE",I 1000-1100 are input and are the ballistic coefficient of
1050 INPUT XU) machine setup (number of
1060 XCI) = X(I)/IOO the bullet, the muzzle veloc-
1100 NEXT I digits, etc.). Only line 200, ity, the range at which the
1150 FOR 1=1 TO L
1200 GOSUB 2000 where the coefficient K is rifle is zeroed and the ranges
1300 U=(Y-D)*X(I) calculated, pertains to the at which the trajectories are
1400 GOSUB 2600
1500 V=VI*IOOO actual ballistics calculation. to be calculated.
1600 R=X(I)*IOO Program lines 500-800 and
1610 J = -U/(X(1l*1.05) The ballistics coefficient is
1700 PRINT "RANGE",R,"DROP",U 1150-1610 calculate the a measure of the bullet's per-
1710 PRINT "VELOCITY" ,V, "CORR. IN MOA.",J trajectory and sight cor-
1720 PRINT formance compared to a
1800 NEXT I rections. standard projectile. The
1900 STOP
2000 BI=17.6/VOf2 Lines 2000-2500 are a sub- common manufacturers of
2100 B2= .05*K*( 1- .6/VOl*B I routine that calculates the
2200 B3= .1815*K* (1-1 .2/VO)*B2
bullets, Sierra, Speer,
2300 Y I= «B3*X (I )+B2)*X U )+B Il*X <I H2 total drop at range X( I). Hornadv, Nosier, etc., all pro-
2400 Y=-(YI+I.5)/X(1l Lines 2600-2900 calculate
2500 RETURN vide for the bullets they
2600 AI=.0823*K*(I-.45/VO) the remaining velocity at manufacture ballistic co-
2700 A2=.198*K*(I-I.65/VO)*AI range X(I).
2800 VI=VO/«A2*X<I )+AIl*X(I )+1.003) efficients that are appropriate
2900 RETURN Lines 1700-1720 are out- for use with this program.
put. These coefficients can be
Program listing_ A special note to anyone found in the manufacturer's
rewriting portions of the reloading manual.

80
 RUN
BALLISTIC C? .409
MUZZLE VEL.? 3000
NO. OF RANGES? 5
ZERO RANGE? 300
LINE OF SIGHT 300 YO ZERO RANGE 1.000
500 600 ? 100
YDS YDS
RANGE 2.000
? 200
RANGE 3.000
? 300
RANGE 4.000
-58.404" ? 400
RANGE 5.000
? 600
RANGE 100.000 DROP 3.8n
VELOCITY 2764.456 CORR. IN MOA. -3.654
RANGE 200.000 DROP 4.622
VELOCITY 2538.608 CORR. IN MOA. -2.201
RANGE 300.000 DROP 0.000
\
\
VELOC !TY 2320.837 CORR. IN MOA. 0.000
\
\
\ RANGE 400.000 DROP -11.121
VELOC !TY 2115.855 CORR. IN MOA. 2.648

Fig. 1. RANGE 600.000 DROP -58.404

VELOCITY 1753.003 CORR. IN MOA. 9.270

STOP 1900
The various reloading
manuals are also sources of
400 and 600 yards (Fig. 1).
The only restriction on the
,
READY

good estimates for the muzzle
velocities of the various re-
loads.
The program outputs are
the ranqe, the drop below line
of the rifle's sights, the re-
maining velocity and the
corrections in minutes of
angle, which is the angular
value to correct from the
initial zeroing range to impact
at point of aim for the range
calculated.
The sample run shows a 30
cal., 150 gr. Sierra bullet
fired at a muzzle velocity of
3000 ft/sec, rifle to be zeroed
at 300 yds., and trajectory
calculated for 100, 200, 300,
use of the program is that its Sample run.
accuracy deteriorates rapidly
for remaining velocities below
1300 ft/sec. you do not have a published sporting magazine as well as a
I have not covered exterior value for the ballistic co- personal computing publi-
ballistics in detail. That is efficient. Reference 2 covers cation, . and also can afford
beyond the scope and intent this process in detail. the author a great deal of
of this article. I would like to Exterior ballistics is a fer- pleasure and recreation in
point out some areas not tile territory for the hobby their generation. -
touched upon. First there are computerite. I have started
a number of adjustments to some work on a program for
Refer~nces
the ballistic coefficient to optimum projectile selection
1. Ralph M. McGehee, PhD,
correct for changes in at- for lonq-ranqe competition
"Practical Ballistics," The Rifle
mospheric conditions. Refer- shooting, and there are topics Magazine, Number 9, May-June
ence 3 has a very good sec- of stability or wind drift that 1970, PP.
40-45.
tion on this. can be handled by a small 2. Julian S. Hatcher, Hatchers
Notebook, 1962, pp, 549-632.
Also, I have not men- system. Solutions to prob-
3. Robert Hayden, Sierra Bullets
tioned now you could lems like these can form the Reloading Manual, 1974, pp.
evaluate a bullet for which foundation for articles in a 231-246.

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V Reader Service-see page 179 81
 Heath H9 Page Erase
Since the H9 doe$n't have inherent screen erase under program control, add it yourself.
William C. Richter
1001-140 Evelyn Terrace East
Sunnyvale CA 94086
he Heath H9 video terminal
T has many features, but it
does not include the ability to
erase the screen under pro-
gram control. Since I wanted
this feature, I set out to see if
Heath's omission could be eas-
ily corrected. The result is a
low-cost (under $5) peripheral
that requires only six connec-
tions to the terminal and no ma-
jor modification of any of the
boards. If you have built the H9,
this little add-on should not pre-
sent any construction or wiring
problems.
In the past, there have been
magazine articles describing
methods of decoding the con-
trol characters and uSing them
for external control. In the H9,
the decoder is already present
on the 1/0 board and detects
back space, bel], line feed, ?ar-
riage return and space.
I added an additional NOR
gate to the decoder to detect
CNTRL-E (for ERASE) and to
use the output of the gate, with
a little more circuitry, to "push"
the ERASE PAGE key on the
keyboard. I chose CNTRL-E be-
cause it was the first control
code not used or reserved by
Heath; any other unused control
code could be chosen by proper
connections to the pins of IC614
and IC623. IC623 decodes the
units of the octal character
code, and IC614 decodes the
tens, or eights, if you prefer.
The Circuit
The add-on circuit (see Fig. 1)
consists of some logic gates
driving a one-shot multivibrator
82
which turns on a transistor to
electrically push the ERASE
PAGE key. U1A detects the
presence of octal 05 at the I/O
decoders to produce a logic 1,
which is then inverted by U1B.
U1D inverts the logic 1 from the
PLOT key, and U1C combines
this with the logic 0 from U1B to
trigger the one-shot.
When the PLOT key is de-
pressed, U1C is disabled, and
the one-shot is not triggered.
This enables the use of CNTRL-
E in the plot mode of operation,
without screen erasure. C1 fil-
ters out glitches that seem to
occur while data is settling in
the decoders. I was getting
screen erasure on random char-
acters before C1 was added.
When U2 is triggered, its out-
put is a pulse about 5 ms wide,
controlled by timing cornpo-
nents C2 and R1. The H9 man-
ual states that a screen erase
takes about 1 ms, so anything
over that time will do the job.
The output of U2 controls Q1,
,-
I
I (ERASE PAGE 5W)
P403-4-------------------,
I 74LS02 NOR GATE
QUAD 2-INPUT
I rc614-1--"-8..--
I .....
"In-a---"-..--- <,
I IC623-6
I Benton Harbor BASIC, a PRINT
I
CONNECTIONS
TO H9
I the screen and home the cur-
I
I P403-1 -------1'-"-{'----:--
(PLOT SW)
.5V ---.-----.-----;
IP402-9)
Fig. 1. Modification of Heath
screen under program control.
which is in parallel with the
ERASE PAGE push button ..
Construction
I constructed the circuit on a
1 1/8 by 3 inch piece of perfo-
rated board using "stick-on"
copper-printed circuit pads for
the ICs and point-to-point
wiring. With so few parts, con-
struction is relatively easy.
The board is mounted under
the right-hand side of the key-
board by replacing the 4-40 nut
on the keyboard support brack-
et with a 4-40 1/2 inch threaded
spacer and then fastening the
board to the spacer. The four
jumpers to the keyboard are
soldered to their proper places
in the circuit; although I have in-
dicated the connector pin num-
bers on the schematic, the
wires can be soldered to traces
much closer to the board. Refer
to your circuit board X-ray
views.
To preserve the "plugability"
of the boards, I used spare plug
C3
.1,u.F
CER. DISK
H9 video terminal to erase the
and socket connections for the
two jumpers to the I/O board.
On the I/O board, jumpers from
IC6t4-1 and IC623-6 were con-
nected to unused pins 24 and
25 of P602.Two 18 inch lengths
of wire are needed with a small
spring connector (Heath part
#432,&66)on one end of each
and a large spring connector
(Heath part #432·753)on the reo
maining ends. There should be
connectors left over from the
terminal construction project.
Insert the small clips into
positions 24 and 25 of S602,
route the wires to the keyboard
and insert the large clips into
positions 10 and 11 of S402.
FinallY,add jumpers from
P402-10 and P402-11 to pins 8
and 9 of U1A. It makes no dif-
ference which wire connects to
which pin; the end result is the
same.
Testing
Now you are ready to test
your modification. With the ter-
minal connected to your com-
puter, enter a program to write
some characters on the screen,
erase the screen and write
some more. With Extended
CHR$(5) statement will erase
sor. For other versions of
BASIC, or even other lan-
guages, use whatever is neces-
sary to output a CNTRL-Eto the
terminal.
If you find you are missing a
couple of characters after a
screen erase, add a short delay
loop to your program after the
CNTRL-Eis sent. In conclusion,
if you like to erase your screen
under program control, this is
an easy and inexpensive way to
do it..
w~·rne
p..OO{ess
c\\'/
 Thomas G. Bohon
2215-A Walker Dr.
Omaha NE 68123

SKIP II:
A Very Inexpensive
Microcomputer

"SKIP II, my low-cost introduction to microcomputers. "-Author.

W hen I first began to look

at home computer sys-
tems with the idea of actually
buying one, it wasn't long be-
fore I had to decide exactly
what I wanted. Did I want a sys-
tem that you take home, un-
pack, plug it in and begin pro-
gramming? Or would it be more
fun-and would I learn more-
if I bought a basic, single-board
system that could be expanded
at a later date? A trip to my
local computer store made the
decision for me-the ready-to-
run systems were simply out of
my price range. Therefore, it
would have to be a single-board
computer.
Once I made that decision, I
was faced with another: which
single-board system should I
buy? There were, and still are,
many of these on the market,
and it's no easy task to decide
which one best suits your pur-
pose. After reading literature
The SKIP II kit as it arrived in the mail. The black object in the center is the 40-pin socket for the on the more popular and well-
SCIMP-II microprocessor chip, shown wrapped in foil just below the socket. known systems (such as the
84
 terfacing with almost all of the
NWDS v"
NRDS NADS peripherals available today, the
NENIN XOUT
NENOUT XIN SC/MP-II is ideally suited for
NBREQ ADII
NHOLD ADIO the hobbyist.
NRST AD9
CONT AD8 The Simple Cost-effective Mi-
087 AD7 cro Processor, version II is ca-
086 AD6
DB5 AD5 pable of addressing up to 65K
084 AD4
DB3 AD3 of memory, contains both serial
08 Z ADZ
OBI ADI and parallel data transfer in-
DBO ADO
SENSE A SIN structions as well as its own
SENSE 8 SOUT
FLAG a FLAG 2
timing circuitry and is designed
GND FLAG 1
for low power consumption. It
requiresasingle +5voltpower
Fig. 1. Pin-out information. supply (unlike the original
SC/MP, which required both a
KIM, the COSMAC Elf and the + 5 and a - 7 volt supply). The
E&L MMD-1), I found what I was pin-out information is shown in
looking for in a kit manufac- Fig. 1, while a typical applica- Final stages of construction of the PC board. The SCIMP-1/ socket
tured and sold by NBL in tion utilizing the SC/MP-II is is in the upper left with the memory sockets to its right.
Richardson, Texas. shown in Fig. 2. Note that the
Basically, I was looking for SC/MP and the SC/MP-II are
quired to install breakpoint livering my SKIP II kit, my elec-
three things. First, I wanted to software compatible but not
halts or to address a specific tronics experience was con-
learn as much as I could about pin-out compatible-several
memory location anywhere fined to building several simple
the hardware end of microcom- signals changed from active
within the memory. This very Heath products.
puters, both the design phase low on the SC/MP to active high
simple procedure is explained Thanks to the excellent pack-
and construction techniques. on the SC/MP-II or vice versa.
in detail in the programming ing by NBL, even the postal ser-
Second, I wanted a kit that NBL interfaced a keyboard
guide accompanying the kit. vice COUldn't damage the kit
could be expanded to a maxi- and an array of LEDs to the vari-
More information on the SKIP II components. It arrived in excel-
mum configuration system at a ous chip inputs, providing a
may be obtained by writing lent condition (see "arrival"
reasonable cost and on a way to input and output data. A
NBL, Box 1564, Richardson TX photo). Note that in my kit the
"money available" basis. Final- complete 1K of RAM was added
75080. only IC included was the
ly, I didn't want to have to mort- along with the required control
SC/MP-II chip itself. I elected to
gage my house and car to buy circuitry. The entire computer Constructing the SKIP II save a few dollars by utilizing
the basic computer. consists of two parts: the print-
Now that we know a little some chips already in my parts
The SKIP II kit from NBL filled ed circuit board containing 27
about the SKI P II and the bin plus a few purchased
the bill perfectly, and I would integrated circuits and a screen-
SC/MP-II chip itself, let's turn through surplus sources. NBL
like to tell you about both the printed front panel containing
our attention to building the kit. offers all ICs as part of their
kit and my experiences in con- the keyboard, control buttons
I'd like to discuss my experi- package.
structing it. Please bear in mind and LED readouts.
ences during kit construction, I was immediately impressed
that I had never worked with The keyboard is interfaced
followed by a critical analysis with the quality of the kit, es-
printed circuits before this and directly to the CPU without use
of both the kit and my experi- pecially the printed circuit
knew very little about hardware of a ROM. Several control but-
ences, and end with some en- board. Approximately 9 x 11
or digital design. My knowledge tons are provided.
hancement ideas I've been con- inches in size, all of the traces
was confined to software de- RESET aborts any program
sidering. Again, bear in mind were cleanly etched with only a
sign and systems programming in progress and sets the pro-
that prior to the postman's de- single copper "splatter," which
on large, multi-user systems. gram counter to zero so that the
first instruction will be read +5VDC

The SC/MP-II Chip and SKIP II from memory location 001. It

5K

The heart of the SKIP II mi- also puts the computer under
crocomputer is the SC/MP-II mi- the control of the buttons on
r-------~---+---I NENIN
croprocessor chip manufac- the front panel, where it re-
tured by National Semiconduc- mains until the EXECUTE but- lOOK

tor. This little known but quite ton is depressed. While the
~27PF
powerful processor chip is computer is in this manual
gaining in popularity among mode, data can be read into or ADII 10 CHIP
SELECT I ENABLE
hobbyists. Constructed as a out of sequential memory loca-
standard n-channel, 8-bit mi- tions by contacting the READI ADO

croprocessor in a 40-pin DIP, WRITE button. To debug pro-

the SC/MP-II was originally in- grams, they may be executed
TO ADDRESS/CONTROL BUS
tended for use in general-pur- one step at a time by use of the
pose applications such as-test ADVANCE EXECUTE button. In
systems, process controllers, fact, you can execute a pro-
word-processi ng systems and gram you are loading one step
the like. However, because of at a time by use of this AD- GND
its low cost, strong instruction VANCE EXECUTE button.
set, versatility and ease of in- A bootstrap program is re- Fig. 2. A generalized SCIMP-1/ application.

85

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* Franchise .opportunities a
I easily removed with an x-acto
knife. There was also evidence
of a quality-control type of in-
spection prior to shipment-
one of the traces had .been re-
paired by bridging a small gap
with a piece of wire. I feel that
this speaks highly of NBL and
their concern for their finished
product, since the first step in
the construction process is to
visually check the PC board for
gaps, shorts, splatters and
other defects. Even though
NBL knows the customer is
going to inspect the board him-
self, they still make that final
check prior to shipment.
After carefully reading over
all of the instructions several
times, I began the actual con-
struction by separating the var-
ious resistors, capacitors and
diodes according to values.
This, I reasoned, would make it
easier to find the various parts
during the soldering process.
Besides, NBL furnishes a resis-
tor value table that I wanted an
excuse to use!
The next step was to cut the
leads from most of the discrete
components. It began to appear
that this would take at least a
week, until I realized that I could
make a simple jig and not have
to measure each lead individu-
ally. After measuring the vari-
ous distances on a piece of
paper taped to my bench, I fin-
ished the rest of the parts in
less than 15 minutes.
Next, following instructions,
I used the cut leads (where pos-
sible) or insulated hookup wire
to insert the jumper wires into
the PC board. There were quite
a few, but the illustrated in-
structions made it easy. I
the placement of the wires,
then soldered them into place
and checked the solder joints.
Everything appeared to be OK,
so I continued on to the next
step: installing the resistors, di-
odes, capacitors and transis-
tors.
Again, the clearly illustrated
instructions made it easier
than I thought it would be. The
only problems I encountered re-
sulted from my own errors-I
installed one of the diodes
backwards and had to replace
it. Fortunately, I hadn't gone
too far before discovering the
error, so the board was relative-
ly uncluttered. Things were
really going smoothly, and the
computer began taking shape
before my eyes.
Next came the SC/MP-II
socket. This was the only area
in which I had problems with
my soldering-those solder
pads are so small! Diverging
from the instructions just a bit,
I also installed sockets for the
rest of the ICs. These aren't
called for by NBL-indeed, you
could probably do without
them and save a few dollars-
but I wasn't too experienced in
soldering and didn't want to
take a chance on ruining the
components. After soldering all
the sockets into place-there
are a lot of leads on that board
-I inserted all the ICs except
the SC/MP-II chip. I only bent
one lead over-not too bad,
considering all of the opportu-
nities I had! The PC board was
now complete. On to the front
panel!
The unique keyboard arrange.
ment is one that I personally
like. It consists of 20 thumb
tacks for keys and a probe wltr
which the operator contacts
the desired key when entering
data or instructions. Granted, i1
is such a novel approach that i1
looks a little strange when YOl
first see it, especially when YOl
compare it to the fancy front
panels on the higher-priced rna
chines. However, it works well
and is extremely easy to use.
The cost savings realized by
using the thumbtack-probe as·
sembly instead of an expensive
hex keyboard were used to lm-
prove the overall performance
of the computer, making the
SKIP II the only computer with a
full 1K of RAM selling for less
than $100.
The reverse side of the front
panel contains solder pads for
connection with the data, con-
trol and address lines, the LEOs
(all 20 of them) used for display
of the data and address bus
contents, and the keyboard
probe assembly. Following in
structions, I soldered the LEOs
and their associated current·
limiting resistors into place,
then connected the various bus
wires from the PC board to the

The completed SKIP /I kit with allies
data and control buses in place. The box at the bottom of the photo
is the 5 volt power supply.
front panel. The only problems I
encountered here were caused
by a basic lack of coordination
on my part-I could have used
at least three hands! Fortu-
nately, my wife was willing to
assist me, and we finally got
everything soldered into place.
Once the front panel was
complete, it was time to apply
power to the circuit. Connect-
ing a regulated 5 volt power
supply to the board (I used a
Radio Shack project board, but
NBL furnished complete in-
structions for scratch-building
a suitable power source), I
made one last visual check of
both the. board and the front
panel. Not finding any obvious
errors, I applied power and, 10
and behold, it worked! Not only
did the lights come on, but
there was neither smoke, nor
flames nor strang.e noises!
The instructions say to let
the system "burn in" for a few
minutes. I left it powered up for
V' Reader Service-see page 179
A
UNIQUE PROFIT
OPPORTUNITY
FOR
Com)?uter
Retailers
Systems
installed and the address,
Houses
about 15 minutes, then pow- Software
ered it down to insert the
SC/MP-II chip. One more visual Companies
check, and I powered it up
again with identical results-
no surprises at all.
The construction manual also
contains a preliminary system CCM's * Dealer/Affiliate Distributor Program features the
checkout guide that allows you Data General microNOVATMcomputer line. It also fea-
to exercise each portion of the tures established professional business applications
circuit and test the function of software for resale to the explosive small business com-
each key. While performing this puter market. Sales and technical training included.
preliminary check, I discovered
For details: call Bob Washburn (617) 272-0018.
that the READIWRITEkey didn't
function properly. Trying to uti-
lize this opportunity for learn-
ing to the fullest, I got into the
final portion of the manual- Consumer
troubleshooting.
I traced the circuit through comcut:er
from panel to board, comparing
the readings from my VTVM to
rnarl-let:lnQ
the chart of pin voltages sup- Inc. V' C112
plied in the troubleshooting see-
"a subsidiary of the Computer Store," Inc.
tion of the manual. Everything
120 Cambridge Street, Burlington, MA 01803
seemed OK. I was just about to
throw up my hands in despair
CCM is the nation's largest Data General microNOVA '" distributor
when I realized that the signal
at that last pin was high when it TTY with their Kitbug monitor commentary in the construc- In addition, the folks at NBL
should have been low and that routine stored in ROM. tion manual. However, a quick tell me that they are working on
it had remained low for an extra The NBL programming guide letter to NBL resulted in a clari- what I call "variations on a
cycle. Stepping back to the pre- takes each of the SC/MP-Il's 46 fication and corrected page in theme," i.e., they are designing
vious component, I discovered instructions and three address- all cases. If asked whether I a series of kits and games to
that I had inadvertentlyInsert- ing modes and explains each would purchase another kit utilize the various sense inputs
ed the two transistors back- one in detail. A simple program from these folks, I would have and outputs currently unused
wards! centered around each instruc- to answer resoundingly, "yes!" in the SKIP II. They are also
After unsoldering the con- tion is introduced with a full ex- Speaking of other kits leads working on TV and cassette in-
nections, I re-oriented the com- planation of what the system is me into the last topic of this ar- terfaces and considering the
ponents and re-soldered them doing at each step. The pro- ticle. What enhancements to possibility of offering compati-
to the board. I then ran through grams progress in complexity the basic system are planned? ble memory boards, games and
the preliminary check again from an easy "2 + 2 = 4" to the Obviously, with only 1 Kof RAM, related products.
and discovered that everything point where, as N BL states, a 20-key hex keyboard and a
worked exactly as advertised. "the only limitation is the imag- string of LED readouts, the sys- Conclusion
My computer was finished! ination of the programmer." tem is limited to somewhat sim- Well, there you have it. I hope
Now came programming- After covering the program- pler tasks. In order to increase you found my experiences with
my favorite activity, I might add ming guide, I struck out on my the usefulness of my system, I the SKI P II kit interesting and
-and here again NBL was pre- own and to date have written have planned, and am currently informative. I believe that I ac-
pared with a complete, easy-to- several programs that, al- working on, the following: complished what I originally
understand programming guide. though they solve no earth- 1. A full ASCII keyboard-pos- set out to do: I have a system
I had previously joined a users' shattering problems, allow me siblya kit (such as the one from that I built (and thus under-
group sponsored by National to develop a feel for the way my Radio Shack) or perhaps a stand the operation of), that is
Semiconductor for those own- new computer system operates. scratch-built unit. expandable to as large a sys-
ing systems based on the 2. Conversion of the 20 sepa- tem as I wish and that taught
SC/MP (both I and II), IMP and rate LEOs to the popular 7-seg- me a tremendous amount about
Evaluation ment readouts. digital design and construction
PACE products, and had read
everything available on pro- Overall, I have to say that the 3. Installation of PROM (at techniques utilizing printed cir-
gramming the SC/MP. I had SKIP II kit is great. The printed least 8K) to contain the monitor cuit boards.
also purchased National's pro- circuit board is quite well done, and service routines I currently I hope that those of you who
gramming guide, which, with the components are of the high- have and those I will develop. are in the position I was in be-
my experience in programming, est quality and the documenta- 4. At least 8K of RAM. Of course, fore I built the SKIP II will seri-
would really have been suffi- tion is superb. Although I did this will entail building a larger ously consider this fine kit as a
cient for me to start program- have a few problems during power supply, designing a suit- low-cost introduction to the
ming my SKIP II. However, the construction, the majority of able cabinet, etc. fascinating world of microcom-
NBL programming text had a them were as a result of my own 5. An experiment to attempt to puters. I really enjoyed building
basic advantage over the Na- errors or lack of knowledge. I re- interface a scientific calculator the system, and am having
tional text because it was writ- ceived one of the first kits off of chip to the system. I'm not en- even more fun "playing" with it.
ten specifically for the system I the assembly line and, as a re- tirely sure this is practical, but I It was, in short, a valuable
had. National's book assumes sult, found a few errors in the can't find anything that says learning experience for me-I
that you have, as a minimum, a diagrams, instructions and it's impossible! think it will be for you, too .•

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Back in January, we ran an article about the Boston Computer Society and its 15-year-old
president, Jonathan Rotenberg. We said we'd be bringing you his banner program. Here it is.
Jonathan Rotenberg, President
Boston Computer Society
17 Chestnut St.
Boston MA 02108
B anner programs fall in be-
tween being a game and a
practical application. They
print large letters on paper and
may be used to make signs,
messages or, as the title sug-
gests, banners. Banner has ap-
peared in many forms on many
computers, printing letters of
all shapes and sizes. The pro-
gram presented herein, "Ultra
Banner," is what I consider the
ultimate-a program that
prints letters of any reasonable
size, horizontally or vertically,
and gives the user the flexibility
to define new letters or symbols.
Different Techniques
Many of the larger banner
programs that print the most
beautiful letters are quite
PRINT" A"
PRINT" AAA"
PRINT" AA AA"
PRINT" AAAAAAA"
PRINT" AA AA"
PRINT"AA AA"
Fig. 1. The direct approach
used by many large-banner pro-
grams.
90
Ultra Banner
straightforward. If the user
entered an "A" on such a pro-
gram, for instance, it might
have a corresponding series of
PRINT statements, as in Fig. 1.
Although this type of program
can produce elegant character
sets, such as script and italic, it
is generally very long and lacks
the flexibility to print different
character sizes.
A largely used technique is
to have a series of subroutines, " select different character sizes;
each one defining a segment of
a letter. For instance, an "0"
can be thought of as a square
that can be broken down into a
vertical line, two horizontal
lines and a second vertical line.
If you square off a "C," it can be the same used by many impact
thought of as a single vertical
line and two horizontal lines.
Thus, all that would be nec-
essary to print a big "0" or "O"
would be a short program con-
taining two subroutines: one to
print a vertical line, the second
to print two horizontal lines.
When the user enters an "0,"
Figs. 2a and 2b. The letter
the first subroutine is called,
then the second, then the first
again. For a "O" the first sub-
routine is called only once, fol-
lowed by the second.
This technique, although
simple with "O"s and "C"s,
gets very complicated with let-
ters like "K" and "Z." The "seg-
ment definition" technique
does produce a fairly nice char-
acter set and allows the user to
however, it is generally quite
lengthy and still lacks the flex-
ibility to easily define new let-
ters or symbols.
The method I use in "Ultra
Banner" is called dot matrix-
and all thermal printers. Essen-
tially, it generates all of the
characters on a five by five
matrix. By filling in dots on this
matrix, the alphabet, numbers
and punctuation, plus other
symbols, may be produced. For
instance, to make an "A" on a
five by five matrix, you might fill
in the squares (or dots) as
shown in Fig. 2a. By replacing
each "dot" with the letter "A,"
you get a "big A" (Fig. 2b).
AAA
A A
AAAAA
A A
A A
"A" on a five by five matrix.
Some of the advantages of
dot matrix over other methods
are: dots may be any size (to
produce any sized letter); the
matrix may be turned to sit on
the paper in any direction; new
matrices may be easily speci-
fied (or defined); and the final
program is relatively short.
The Program
"Ultra Banner" prints all of
the printable characters of the
64 character ASCII subset (up-
percase, numbers and punctua-
tion) from a five by five matrix. It
will print "big" letters horizon-
tally of regular or double width,
"big" letters vertically of any
size, messages (standard-sized
letters) of normal or double
width, and it will allow you to
specify matrix patterns for new
characters or symbols.
Horizontal printing is accom-
plished by directly assigning a
single letter to each dot on the
matrix. For instance, printing a
horizontal "A" would produce
output identical to Fig. 2b.
Double-width characters may
also be specified, assuming
your printer is capable of print-
ing them. For an aO-column
printer, the maximum number
of horizontal double-width
characters is five; the max-
imum number of regular char-
acters is 11.
Vertical printing is accom-
plished by turning the matrix on
 I..lLTF.:A BAHNEr:: IS FLD< I BLE
'-I L 'T r-:~ f:::a E: &-7."-1 t-.JIII"-001 E u:=:: ·=
I -" FLE:=<I E:L.E:

U LI L TTTTT F-:n=::: F:~F~: Q:::~a=:=tlA

CI CI L T f;;~ '=1 A
CI I_I L T F::a:;:.;:F-:F-: AI=tAFaf=t
c:••
CI LI L T ro_ A A
LII_II_I LLLLL T c:-
1'00;;_ F-~F-: 1-41 A
Sample from Fig. 4 at full size.

its side and making the "dots" computer encounters the char- (e.g., V for Vertical). must be split up over two or
any square or rectangular for- acter defined in user mode, it If you request Horizontal, the more lines.
mation of letters. The size of will ask for the matrix code sup- computer will ask if the mes- Requesting Vertical printing
these dots is determined by the plied by the matrix mode. At sage should be printed in wide will cause the computer to first
program; you merely enter the this point the code is entered or regular print. If your printer is ask for the dlrnenslons, in
size, in inches, of the charac- and the matrix will be enlarged not capable of printing wide let- inches, of the desired letters in
ters. The program will also print or turned appropriately to ters, type R. Remember to type your message. Enter the height,
a left-hand margin of select- match the other letters. only the flrot letter of the de- a comma and the width. The
able size, in inches. Because The message option of "Ultra sired option (i.e., W or R). The computer will now ask for the
thelletters are printed vertically Banner" will print a message computer will now request the left-hand margin in inches. If no
doWn the page in this mode, the horizontally of normal-sized let- word you want printed. You margin is desired, enter 0 (zero).
sizJ of the message is limited ters. Double-width letters may may enter as many words, Finally, the computer will ask
l also be specified with this punctuation marks or numbers for the message which is to be
onl to the maximum variable
len· th in your BASIC and how option. as desired if the total length printed. "Ultra Banner" will not
mu h paper you have left. does not exceed 11 characters check the length of this
'efining new characters has How to Use It for regular print or five for wide. message.
tw modes: the matrix mode After you have entered the Longer horizontal messages Because the computer must
an the user mode. The matrix program, made appropriate
m0t:e allows you to enter a changes (see the Making
ma rix pattern (like Fig. 2a) that Changes section) and typed ULTRA BANNER PROGRAM LISTING
the computer will code for later 'RUN' the computer will give
use. The user mode allows you you a choice of five options: '10 orn H$(ii),H(5),D$(7;"UHDTH 80·E$~CHR$(0)
to tlell the-computer with which Horizontal, Vertical, Define, 20 D${:1)=" *.,'t:'";'*/4.~'~>9:$+36€1-2-~. 0(1(1
20 D:t(2)="5*?*5$$?$$ #!? ##!A'f.(a. 1:59. t,$$. :1~~(?:ua.
cha racter the defined pattern Message or Stop. To select an 40 D$(3:)=",~<*?!1A?(1)!>('·G):1. ?A$$$.1.1. /1/1!" J J,'.'.' ,$8&!t~8 ? ?
50 0$(4)="# ..0,#. :1,~~$7??7?1?1.1)1)1>. :l01. ):l11)?0)(J??0)00.133:1.
will be printed. Whenever the option, type only its first letter 60 D$ (5) =" 1:l?11?$$$??$$4 <
12<21~H3(1'i:1?1.: 55119531 ?111 ?)1)00. 112 -"
70 ():t(6)==")1)4:}:. (1, 1. ?$$$$1111.1***$1155*1*$*11*$$$?A$C?·f'! ! !?"
J :30 [)$(7)="0($A!?000?$*1
90 INPUT"HORZ.)
"
VERT .. , DEFINE., ~lESSAGE OR STOP (H.·... V/D/t'VS)".:Q$
1.00 I F O$~ '''·r THEN 260 ELSE I F O$~" D" THEN 450
1.10 IF O$~"S" THEN Et·ID
~ ORZ., VERT., DEFINE, MESSAGE OR STOP (HIVIDIM/S)? D 1.20 INPUT"l-HDE OR F~EG. ('VR)" J 01$· IF 01$~"W THEt1 C~5 ELSE C~'11
[EFINE USER CHARACTER OR DEFINE MATRIX (U/M)? U 1.30 IF Q$~"r1" THEtI 43:(1 ELSE IF O$~"V" THEN 260
1.40 INPUT"l·IORD" ..l-l$· IF LENU·I$J>C THEN 14(1
V HAT IS THE CHARACTER? * 150 FOR )<~'1 TO LEt·I'::t·I$)· T=RSc(I'lID$(fl$, x. 1.» ..J1
~ ORZ., VERT., DEFINE, MESSAGE OR STOP (HIVIDIM/S)? D 1.60 IF T~ASc(En ..J1 THEN HWUT "1'lRTRD': CODE".' H$OO· GOTO 1:::("
170 5= INT( (T-1)/10) : rU(~::)=t-1I(;r$(D$(S+~)., 5*T'''5*50-4, 5)
[EFINE USER CHARACTER OR DEFINE MATRIX (U/M)? M 1.8" NE~:T X· LPRItH· LPRJlH CHF:$(C-4);
E N'I'ER MATRIX USING ts AND Os 190 FOR )<~1 TO 5· FOR 2=1 TO LEt·1(,j$)
200 B=RSC(f'1ID$(H$(Z),~:,1)-3:2·IF 8~33 THEN 8~2
? 00100 21t1 FOR u=a, TO 5 IF 8(2"t(5-l·1) THEt·1 LPRlNT" "; ·OOTO 2J0
? 01010 220 LPRINTtlID$O·!~~}Z ..1») :8;;:::8-2-f(5·-t·j):GOTO 230
2313 NDn ,j·LPRlNT" ".' ·NEl<1 Z·LPRltH
? 10001 240 FOR Z~4 TO 0 STEP -1
? 01010 250 LF'PINT CHR$(C-4).' •NEl<T :.:. LF·RltH' DOTO 91"
26(1 INPUT"HEIGHT .. ,IIDTH (Jt'l INCHES)" ..G..I··I·G~G*2
? 00100 270 FOR ~:=1 TO 5: HOO=0: NE~<T >::
280 INPUT"LEFT HAtjD ~lAROIN ON JtKHES)".:r·I·t·'1~rl·'·10
~ATRIX CODE IS ?!.? 290 PRaH" EtHEF: rlESSAGE"· mpUT ~1$
HeRZ., VERT., DEFINE, MESSAGE OR STOP (HIVIDIM/S)? H :l00 FOR X~1. TO LHI(f'1$)' T~ASC(f'lID$(!'l$, ;':.,1) ..31.
310 IF T~ASC(E$) -3:1 THEt1 It1PUT"rlATRIi<: CODE" .. 1$. OOTO :n0
WIDE OR REG.? R 320 S= I NT ( (T -1.) /10) : I $=t'l I D$ (D$ (5+1) .':,'+:T-5:+::,O -4, 5)
'JI,IORD?* . 330 H(1)=0'H(2)=0:H(3)=0:H(4)=O:H(5)=0;FOR Y=l TO 5
J40 D=ASC(!'1ID$( 1$, v, 1)) -:;2· IF D":;:: THaI D~2
tv ATRIX CODE? ?!.? 350 FOR Z=4 TO 0 STEF' -'1
* 16(1 IF D)=2"tZ THEN H(Z+1)=H(Z+1)+2'r'<'y'-1); [)=[) .. 2lZ
370 NE~<T z NE~<T v.FOR ',.'=5 TO 1. STEP -1: FOR Z::::l TO ~'l:D=H(V)
330 LPRINTTA8(m;. FOR U~4 TO IJ STEP-1.' IF D>~2'tU THEtI 40(1
3913 FOR V~1 TO G· LPF:INT" "." t·IEin· DOTe: 41.0
400 FOR V~1 TO G·LPRan I'1ID$(f'1$ ..)·;,1)., •t·IEi<T·[O=[O-2lU
410 NEi<T U· LF'RI NT •NEin z NEi<T •.•. '
420 FOR Y~1 TO W·LPRINT'NEi<)T ';'NEin :<·DOTe' 91"
430 PF:aH"MESSRGE"· n~PUT ~l$·IF LEtl(f"i$»INHC:/~3).q[1 TH[t'1 4:1:0
HORZ., VERT., DEFINE, MESSAGE OR STOP (HIVIDIM/S)? 44'3 LPR I NT CHR$0:: C -4) ; ~1$•GOTO 90
450 It'IPUT''DEFH~E USER CHF,RACTEF:OF.:[)EFHlE t·lfITRD·: Wit·'!)"., 0$'

FJ 3. The procedure for defining a new character: Define the

ustr character, then the matrix. The computer supplies the me-
460 IF Q$~"W THEN 480
470 INPUT",jHAT
480 PRINT"e:NTER ~lAmli<
IS THE CHARRCTER"; E$· GOTO 91)
usmD l.·'S AND ,,"5"
490 FOR ~:~1. TO 5. INPUT H$ C,) •NEi·;T :;
trit code. Use the horizontal or vertical modes. When the user 500 PRINT"~lATRI:~ CODE 15 "; ·FOF~ ~:~1 TO 5·C"O·FOR \'~1 TO 5
510 IF NIO$(H$O<),'/ ..l)="l" THEN C=C+2'r'(5-V)
ctierecter is encountered, the matrix code is requested by the 520 NE~:T ,>,' I F C~2 THEN C~3::;
computer. 530 PRINT CHR$(C+:JZ») •NEi;T ~;. PRltH' [JOTO 90

91
 E:ANt·jEI<:
I..lLTPR IS FLEX I8LE perform thousands of compu-
ULTRA BANNER IS FLEXIBLE
tations between printing letters
u TTTTT F.~F.~
RF.: Af'1A
U L
F.: F:
in the vertical mode, a pause of
U U L T A A
U U L T F.:F.:RF.: AAAAA several seconds is normal. This
U U L T F.: R A A
1,_11_11_1 LLLLL T F.: F.:F.: A A pause is due to the process of
turning the matrix on its side.
8BE:E: AAA t< I·j I, I, EEEEE I"PF'R Once in the Define mode, you
8 8 A A NN I, t<N N E R j;~
8888 AAAAA N N I, t<I·jN EEEE REI<'R are given the option of defining
8 8 A R t< Nr, I, 1m E c' "
BBDB A A ,.j ,j I, N EEEEE I": Rf;:
a matrix or defining the user
character. Defining a matrix is
IIIII 55:=: the process of entering a pat-
I s
I sss tern of dots using ts and Os.
I s
IIIII sss Fig. 2a illustrates the pattern of
f'FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF dots for the letter "A." Defining
FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF
<OFFF FFFF the user character is how you
FFFF FFFF'
FrfT FFFF tell the computer of what char-
FFFf' FFFT'
FFTF FFH' acter the matrix pattern will be
Fr-rF FFFF
FFFF printed. If you were so inclined,
FFFT for example, you could use this
option to print a big "A" made
LLLL.LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL
LLLLLLLL up of "8"s. Fig. 3 illustrates the
LLLLLLLL complete procedure for defin-
LLLLLLLL
LLLLLLLL ing and printing a diamond pat-
€EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE!:':EEEEEEEEE tern composed of asterisks.
EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE
EEEEEE EEEEEE EEEEEE When the computer gives
EEEEEE EEEEEE EEEEEE you the matrix code (see Fig. 3)
EEEEEE EEEEEE EEEEEE
EEEEEE EEEEEE EEEEEE in the matrix mode, be sure to
EEEEEE EEEEEE EEE£EOE
EEEEEE EEEEEE EEEEEE record it on paper (assuming
EEEEEE EEEEEE
EEEEEE EEEEEE you are not using a hard-copy
terminal). If during either the
horizontal or vertical options
the computer encounters the
xxxx ;<~::>::i< user character (* in Fig. 3), it
~<~<~C< ~<;<>=:~<
X>c::=<~< ~<>::;x:;< will ask for the matrix code.
Enter the code supplied by the
;<:>::><>-:
~<>';i<:X xxxx matrix mode.
~<~<~<:>::>.:~<~<X If desired, you may print sev-
~';~:~:l: xxxx
eral defined matrices in one
message all composed of the
same character. To do this, use
11111111111111 11111111111111
the matrix mode to get as many
1IIIIIIIlIIIlI IIIlIlIIIIIIII matrix codes as needed. Wher-
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I III I I I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I 1111111111111 I I I I I
II I I I I I I I III I I I III II I HI I I I I ever you would like one of the
11111111111111 11111111111111
matrices to appear in your hori-
8E:E:E:8E:88E:E:
BE: 8E: E:8 zontal or vertical message,
E:E: 8E: BE: enter the user character (* in
8E: [:8 B8
88 BE: the example). Every time the
LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL computer comes to one of
LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL these, it will request the code.
LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLl.LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL
LLLLLLLLLLLL You may enter a different code
LLLLLLLLLLLL
LLLLLLLLLLLL each time, thus producing as
LLLLLLLLLLLL
LLLLLLLLLLLL Fig. 4. A sample run illustrating the message mode with wide many matrices as desired. It is
LLLLLLLLLLLL easiest to understand this con-
LLLLLLLLLLLL characters, the message mode with regular characters, horizontal
LLLLLLLLLLLL with wide and regular characters and the vertical mode with cept by experimenting with it.
LLLLLLLLLLLL
LLLLLLLLLLLL characters of many sizes. The Message option is par-
LLLLLLLLLLLL ticularly useful if the program
is run on a CRT with a separate
€EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE printer. After you select this op-
EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE
EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE tion, the computer will ask
EEEEEE EEEEEE EEEEEE whether wide or regular print is
EEEEEE EEEEEE EEEEEE
EEEEEE EEEEEE EEEEEE desired. Type R orW. When you
EEEEEE EEEEEE EEEEEE
EEEEEE EEEEEE EEEEEE press 'RETURN' a message of
EEEEEE EEEEEE EEEEEE
EEEEEE EEEEEE EEEEEE up to 80 characters may be
EEEEEE EEEEEE EEEEEE entered for regular print or 40
EEEEEE EEEEEE EEEEEE
EEEEEE EEEEEI" for wide. The message will then
EEEEEE EEEEEE
EEEEEE EEEEEE be printed directly.

92
 To stop the program, the
Stop option should be selected.
This option will return you to
the BASIC command mode.
Making Changes
I developed "Ultra Banner"
using TDL 8K BASIC, Version
1.1. With this BASIC, the pro-
gram and variables occupy less
than 2K bytes of memory. I took
advantage of several TDL fea-
tures that are not available on
all BASICs. Most of these are
minor, though, and should be
fairly easy to convert for com-
patibility.
LWIDTH in line 10 specifies
the width of the printer line.
This statement was necessary
because TDL BASIC assumes a
printer width of 72 columns. In
most cases this statement may
be omitted.
Many INPUT statements
have messages in quotations.
With some versions of BASIC,
statements such as INPUT
"MARGIN"; M would have to be
changed to PRINT"MARGIN";:
INPUT M.
The ELSE statement is used
at lines 100, 120and 130.If your
BASIC is not equipped with this
statement, replace it at lines
100 and 130 with colons (:) and
change the end of line 120 to:
THEN C=5: GOTO 90. It will
also be necessary to add a new
line: 125C=11.
LPRINT is used whenever
banner output (versus a ques-
tion) is printed. With TDL
BASIC, this statement diverts
output from the CRT to the
printer. Some versions of
BASIC use statements such as
SELECT,SWITCH or LPRINTER
to perform this function. Check
your BASIC user manual.
If you are using the program
from a teletypewriter-type ter-
minal with no CRT, change all
of. the LPRINTs to PRINTs.
When "Ultra Banner" asks a
question, roll the paper down
so that all of the questions
and answers will be at the top.
Roll the paper up for banner
output so that questions won't
mess it up.
Expanded (or wide) print is
accomplished in a rather
sneaky way in "Ultra Banner." I
use the program with a Practi-
cal Automation DMTP-6 uP
printer (the same used by The
Digital Group), which expands
the current line of print upon
receiving an ASCII 1 (SOH).
When you select wide or regu-
lar print, the computer deter-
mines the maximum number of
horizontal characters that may
be printed (five for wide print, 11
for regular). It will always start
a line by printing the ASCII
value of this number minus
four. Since the printer ignores
ASCII 6 (ACK), this technique
works efficiently. If your printer
handles expanded printing in a
different way, changes must be
made at lines 180,250 and 440.
To separate multiline state-
ments, some BASICs use the
backs lash (\) rather than the
colon (:). Unlike some banner
programs, "Ultra Banner" was
designed to be usable with a
minimum amount of effort with
versions of BASIC that don't of-
fer multiline statements. To do
this, divide all of the multiline
statements as you type them
in. For instance, line 380
presently reads: 380 LPRINT
TAB(M);:FOR U =4 TO 0 STEP
-1:IF D>=2tU THEN 400. This
line would have to be changed
to:
380 LPRINT TAB(M);
383 FOR U = 4 TO 0 STEP -1
386 IF 0> = 2tU THEN 400
Conclusion
"Ultra Banner" offers an ex-
tremely high degree of flexibil-
ity. As you use it, you will dis-
cover interesting ways to com-
bine the different character
sizes to produce output like
that in Fig. 4. You should also
find many applications for this
all-purpose program.
If you don't have access to a
machine with BASIC, but do
have access to a Texas In-
struments SR-52, you can still
enjoy a banner program. "Ban-
ner for the PC-100" is a short-
ened version of "Ultra Banner"
available from Professional
Program Exchange 52, PO Box
53, Lubbock TX 79408, for $3.
Order number 900052.A similar
program is also available for
the TI-59.•

You can use the versatile new BETSI

to plug the more than 150 S-100 bus
expansion boards directly into your PET*!
On a single PC card, BETS) has both interface circuitry and a 4-slot S-IOO motherboard. With
BETSI, you can instantly use the better than 150 boards developed for the S-I 00 bus. For
expanding your PET's memory and I/O, BETSI gives you the interface. The single board
has both the complete interface circuitry required and a 4-slot S-IOo motherboard, plus an
8o-pin PET connector. BETSI connects to any S-IOO type power supply and plugs directly
into the memory expansion connector on the side of your PET's case. And that's it. You
need no additional cables, interfaces or backplanes. You don't have to modify your PET in
any way, and BETSI doesn't interfere with PET's I EEE or parallel ports. And-when you
want to move your system-BETSI instantly detaches from your PET.
BETSI is the new Inlerface/MotherboardJrom Forethought
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BETSI is compatible with virtually all of the S-IOO boards on the market, including memory and Commodore's PET Personal Computer 10 instantly work
I/O boards. BETSI has an on-board controller that allows the use of the high-density low-power with the scores of memory and I/O boards developed/or the
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"Expandorarn" dynamic memory board from S.D. Sales. This means you can expand your on a single 5!11"x /0" printed circuit card.
PET to its full 32K limit on a single S-IOO card! Plus, you won't reduce PET's speed when
you use either dynamic or static RAM expansion with BETS!. Additionally, BETSI has
four on-board sockets and decoding circuitry for up to 8K of 27 I6-type PROM expansion
(to make use of future PET software available on PROM). BETSI jumpers will address the
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The BETS) Interface/Motherboard Kit includes all

components, a 100-pin connector, and complete
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·PET is a Commodore product.

J/ Reader Service-see page 179 93

 For the low $599.95 price, you not only get the disk drive, drive power
supply, 88-50 bus controller/lntertace card, and MINID08™, you also
receive:
• an attractive metal enclosure. a fully assembled and tested inter-
connecting cable. a 70-page instruction manual that includes operat-
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ing of MINID08™ • technical memo updates - helpful hints which
supplement the manual instructions. a 90-day limited warranty.

SOFTWARE FOR THE LFD-400 SYSTEM

Disk operating and file management systems
INDEXTM The most advanced disk operating and file management
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it. Nothing else to buy, no extra memory. No RAM at $AOOO. Diskette includes numerous utilities $99.95
"booting" with PerCom MINIDOSTI.,the remark- MINIDOS-PLUSX An easy-to-use DOS for the small computing sys-
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able to either two or three drives. Outstanding
BASIC Interpreters and Compilers
operating, utility and application programs.
SUPER BASIC A 10K extended disk BASIC interpreter for the 6800.
Faster than SWTP BASIC. Handles data files. Programs may be
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BASIC BANDAIDTM Turn SWTP 8K BASIC into a random access data
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Text Editors and Processors
EDIT68 Hemenway Associates' powerful disk-based text editor. May
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CROSS REFERENCE Utility program that produces a cross-
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Financial information immediately available - no sorting required.
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Ordering information
To order, call to" free 1-800-527-1592. MC and VISA welcome. COD
orders require 30% deposit plus 5% handling charge. Allow three
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PER COM 'peripherals for personal computing'

#/ Reader Service-see page 179

, , Dual and triple drives
also available.
Clive M. Pearson
Box 207
Gawler, South Australia 5118

Teletype's KSR·43

Teletype's Model 43 data terminal gets thumbs up from down under.

I believe that most readers of

Kilobaud have seen the re-
cent advertisements for the
new Teletype data terminal, the
KSR-43, and have wondered
just what design features are
incorporated.
Recently, the company for
which I work needed an eco-
nomical printing terminal for
microprocessor development
.0<
work ... and needed it fast!
The local ITT company had
or-dered a trial batch of KSR-43
terminals which were sched-
uled for delivery immediately
prior to Christmas, so they got
the order, sight unseen, on the
strength of a Xerox copy of a
brochure! Needless to say, that
wasn't too much of a risk with a
Teletype product, but we were
; ~ .; .: ; ;;
= ,
t;
~ ~ ~
anxious to evaluate the rna-
chine when it arrived.
The Teletype KSR-43send/re-
ceive terminal is like none of its
predecessors from the stable
of the Teletype Corporation.
The gold-wire contact key-
board, the noisy rotating type-
head and the complicated
-cranks, levers and clutches
have been replaced by an up-to-
~ :. ~ 6 -r- ! ~. -
/...-
rr
~ '-" ~.... ""'~ ~~"-'
!~
the-minute solid-state key-
board and a dot-matrix impact
printer, all controlled by low-
power CMOS ICs.
For the KSR-43 user, this
means a light, quiet, low-power
and fast terminal for applica-
tions requiring hard copy and
when it might be difficult to
justify the expense of both a
CRT terminal and a printer. In
mid-1978, the Teletype Corp.
(5555 Touhy Ave., Skokie IL
60077) released a paper tape
punch and reader to provide
KSR-43 users with a means of
recording and playing back
data. Speed is selectable for 10
or 30 cps. However, any micro-
processor enthusiast with cas-
sette or floppy-disk data-stor-
age equipment would probably
only require paper-tape equip-
ment occasionally (for input of
tapes from software suppliers),
and would find one of the inex-
pensive optical reader kits
adequate.

_ __ ._..,.-'"
"M

~ "" ~ -.,4 .....-

~.. j' ;:;, ~ ~

First Impressions
,~~: ~~ ~ ~~ :-' ~~ ~ ~~ :;. ~ .l.- .:.. "'"""'~ !~':
t.:' .v. ~ ,. • _ "'..~
___ '¥of \.!" <;,..*
~
UI: :.
• __ I.- _,_",_, My first, pleasing impres-
- ~.. - ..... sions on unpacking the KSR-43
were its light weight (around 30
Ibs.) and clean, functional styl-
ing. The unit is very slim and,
apart from the power supply
caslnq, which projects slightly
at the rear, is not much bigger
than a portable typewriter. The
lower part of the case is a
heavy-walled glossy-black

96
polystyrene molding, while the
top cover is cream colored, with
a wrinkle-embossed surface.
The operating controls and key-
tops are black, with double-
shot molded white lettering.
Although we had a natural
impatience to get power onto
our new terminal, we read the
unpacking instructions before
connecting to the wall socket.
It was necessary to remove a
cardboard packer from the
printer mechanism and, being
factory fresh, the terminal was
outfitted with ribbon cartridge
before use.
This is a very easy operation
and, big surprise, it is the first
machine I have ever been able
to fit a ribbon on without get·
ting my hands dirty. (I recall one
printer manufacturer who was
so convinced that ribbon
changing had to be a dirty job
that he supplied a pair of dls-
posable plastic gloves with
each replacement ribbon. That
is a thing of the past with the
KSR·43.)
The Controls
Immediately above the key-
board, a row of push buttons
and indicators provides most of
the operator controls required
in normal use. At the extreme
right of this row, a push button
controls the data-transmission
rate, either 10 characters per
second (110 baud) or 30 per sec-
ond (300 baud). On local loop,
you will find that the KSR-43
types at a maximum rate of
about 50 characters per sec-
ond. However, in the data-
transmission mode, the char-
acters are buffered and are
sent or received at the selected
rate.
At first, when I noticed the
relatively slow rate of the car-
riage return, I assumed that it
would be necessary to provide
a software delay during print-
outIn order to avoid printing
characters while the carrlaqe
return was taking place. (Ttliis
does happen with other Tele-
type machines; the cure is to
output four or five ASCII null
characters after the carriage
return.)
The KSR-43 does not require
sucn a delay since any charac-
ters received during the car-
riage return are stored in a line
buffer, and printing of the new
line starts only when the printer
is ready. At the beginning of the
line, the characters are output
from the buffer at the maximum
rate (50 per second), and the
printer soon makes up for the
time lost during the carriage
return.
The next push button en-
ables selection of half duplex
(echo on) or full duplex (echo
off), which is a useful panel
control if you use the terminal
on an unfamiliar type of micro-
processor. Next, there is a con-
trol that enables or disables
parity on received data. In most
microprocessor systems, the
output parity bit is a logic zero,
and you must disable the parity
check at the terminal or default
characters will be printed.
The innermost push button
on the right-hand side is la-
beled PRINTER TEST and, so
long as this is depressed, the
KSR-43 will continuously print
lines containing its whole set of
characters at a rate of 50 char-
acters per second. In the event
of problems in the initial con-
nection of your KSR-43, this is a
comforting facility. It's also
very handy if you need to con-
vince the head of the house
that your expensive new ter-
minal is a little more versatile
than a Sears Roebuck type-
writer.
The two main controls, on
the row of controls above the
keyboard at the left-hand side,
are the LOCAL and TERM
READY push-button switches,
which, respectively, select
local loop or the data-transmis-
sion mode. In local loop opera-
tion, the keystrokes are printed,
as they would be on a type-
writer, but data may be neither
received nor transmitted over
the line. To communicate with
your computer, the TERM
READY switch must be pressed.
During use, if you have a fault
condition that latches up the
KSR-43,the INTRPT or interrupt
lamp will light and should be
reset by depressing the button.
The remaining two key tops,
labeled DATA and ALARM, are
indicators only. In normal oper-
ation, the DATA indicator will
flicker on spacing pulses. The
View with top cover removed showing keyboard and print
mechanism. The printhead is at top left and is traversed by the
spiral lead screw. The traverse drive motor can be seen top right
under the platen.
ALARM indicator will light if
you depress the printer test
button, lift the lid or run out of
paper.
The Keyboard and Printer
The keyboard layout of the
new terminal is a little different
from that of earlier Teletype
machines, even when corn-
pared with the KSR-38 (which
was the previous upperl
lowercase ASCII device). To the
operator, perhaps the most
significant change is the provi-
sion of a latching CAPS LOCK
key and of REPEAT and BACK
SPACE keys.
When the CAPS LOCK key is
depressed, all keyboard alpha
characters are output as ASCII
uppercase codes, while the op-
eration of the shift key on nu-
meric and punctuation charac-
ters is unchanged. The REPEAT
key is very useful, particularly
for such jobs as underscoring
headings; if you wish to page
up quickly on the KSR-43, just
press the LINE FEED and the
REPEAT keys simultaneously.
Operation of the keyboard
can best be described as posi-
tive, but sensitive, and is very
much like that of a golf ball
(Selectric) typewriter. If you are
a two-finger typist like me, you
will need to develop a fair
degree of accuracy or you will
find a great many unwanted
characters in your work. Cer-
tainly, any comparison with
earlier Teletype keyboards is
quite potntleas, but once you
have become accustomed to
the KSR-43 keyboard action
you will wonder how you ever
managed on one of those mar-
velous, slow, clunking devices.
The left-hand and right-hand
margins are set from the key-
board. Simply posttlon the
print head where you wish to set
up the margin and type ESC,
followed by a lowercase I for
left-hand or r for right-hand.
Both margins are cleared by
typing ESC and a lowercase x.
Note that the machine should
be in the local loop mode while
setting or clearing margins.
In standard form, the KSR-43
prints 132 characters per line
on 12-inch-wide sprocket-feed
paper, but it may be set to print
lines of 72 or 80 characters. Ac-
cording to the manufacturer's
leaflet, the KSR-43 will handle
form sets with up to two car-
bons.
The KSR-43 is not fitted with
any forms-control mechanism,
which means that your soft-
ware will have to keep count of
lines printed if you wish to use
it for a formatted job, such as
invoice printing, where you
need to page up properly. Since
the line-teed mechanism
seems to be driven by a stepper
motor, my guess is that the
Teletype design team will soon
97

Internal view with keyboard hinged up, giving access to the main
logic control board.
introduce a simple, pulse-
counting forms controller.
As with any other dot-matrix
printer, the printhead of the
KSR-43 covers up the area be- ty bit is permanently logic level
ing typed ... a serious problem
in a terminal because it pre-
vents the operator from viewing
the character just entered. tem, and this is generally done
Teletype's method of overcom-
ing this difficulty is to move the sole input routine. Note, how-
printhead by one position to the
right if no character has been
printed within the last second,
thus allowing the operator to
read all the characters entered.
As soon as a new character is
received, the printhead moves
back to its correct position, and line and for auto-disconnect
prints. This movement of the
head is a little unnerving if you EOT (end-of-transmission)
are a look-and-peck typist, but
you will soon get used to it.
Internally Selectable Options
In addition to the control
features provided on the front
panel of the KSR-43, several op-
tions are user-selectable on an
internal DIP switch. Access to
the switch is gained by swing-
ing the unit top cover and the
keyboard assenibly upward.
Before the keyboard assembly
can be swung upward, it is nec-
essary to loosen a securing
screw at each side.
Using the selectable options,
,it is possible to modify the
printed characters for the zero,
the vertical arrow and the
underscore. Line length is also
selectable for 132, 72 or 80
98
characters.
The keyboard generates even
parity under normal conditions,
but may be set so that the pari-
one. It is normal practice to
reset the parity bit to the 0 state
within the microprocessor sys-
in software as part of the con-
ever, that some systems may
rely upon the keyboard to zero
the parity bit and that the
KSR-43 will not do this.
Other DIP switch facilities
allow for optional carriage re-
turnlline feed at the end of a
from the line upon receipt of an
character. (This last facility is
required for line communica-
tions but is not required for use
as a microprocessor terminal.)
General Arrangement
and Connection
As the photographs show,
the internal layout of the
KSR-43 Is extremely clean and
uncluttered. The printed-circuit
keyboard encoder is mounted
underneath and forms part of
the keyboard assembly, which
connects into the rest of the
machine with a flat cable and
plug. The printer control elec-
tronics are contained on a
small printed-circuit board that
mounts in the base of the unit,
underneath the keyboard as-
sembly. The power supply and
the interface circuit are housed
at the rear.
The unit we ordered has the
RS-232interface option, which I
prefer for microprocessor work.
It comes equipped with a stan-
dard 25-pin miniature plug
(advertised by several suppliers
in Kilobaud) so that, in most
cases, you will need to provide
an interconnecting cable with a
25-pin socket at one end and a
25-pin plug at the other. Data
out from the KSR-43 is on pin 2,
data in should go to pin 3 and
the signal ground is on pin 7. In
order to satisfy the handshake
and interlock requirements of
the RS-232 interface, strap to-
gether and connect pins 5, 6, 8
and 20 to a source of + 12 V dc.
Switch on your computer,
power up the terminal, depress
- the TERM READY switch and
you should be ready to work at
either 110 or 300 baud.
Overseas users will be
pleased to hear that the KSR-43
is suitable for operation on
either a 50 Hz or 60 Hz supply at
a nominal 115 V. If you need to
provide an external transformer
to suit a different supply volt-
age, a rating of 100 Watts
should be sufficient as the
specified fuse rating for the
KSR-43 is 1 A. I suppose that
one day more manufacturers
will ensure that their equip-
ment can operate on overseas
electricity supplies and so
make life easier for export cus-
tomers who are on 50 Hz mains.
Close-up of logic control board showing the internal DIP switch
used for user-function selection.
(Of course, any manufacturer
who provides dual 115/230 V,
50160 Hz operation must surely
score on export markets. A sur-
prising number of American
microprocessor system design-
ers have realized this.)
In the limited amount of use
which I have given the KSR-43I
have only found two bad points.
First, the paper size is yet an-
other special (12 inches wide,
with the same-specification
sprocket holes as the ASR-33
stationery), so make sure that if
you order a KSR-43 you include
an initial supply of paper on
your order.
Second, the unit I have used
suffers from a minor variation
in the speed of traverse of the
printhead ... normally not ob-
jectionable unless the option to
print zero with a diagonal slash
has been selected. I believe
that this fault is the result of
backlash between the print-
head and the lead screw which
drives it, and as such will be
fixed by adjustment at the first
service call. If you do not select
the option to print the zero with
a slash, then this fault will go
unnoticed.
My overall impression of the
KSR-43 is that it is a most at-
tractive and serviceable ma-
chine, very competitive in the
new-equipment market and
ideal for those who need a no-
fuss upper/lowercase printing
terminal with legible print char-
acters and moderate speed .•
 SPINTERM"
MEANS QUALITY IN REVERSE
Introducing Bidirectional Printing At Popular Prices
FASTERTHAN THE DEVIL!
Using bidirectional printing the Spinterm can print up to 55
characters per second with the quality of a printing press. In
fact, with more than 14 different optional printing "thim-
bles," each with 128 characters, there is no end to its printing
capabilities. In addition, during communications, there are
six user selectable baud rates to 1200. Untouchable!
MULTI-FUNCTIONAL
Spinterm's many standard features include 10 or 12 pitch
spacing (user selectable), normal and absolute tabs from
1- 136 (in either direction), adjustable Iine feed with sub-
script and superscript capabilities and enough power to
imprint the original and five copies.
Spinterm boasts an incredible graphing resolution of up to
5760 plot points per square inch (120 horizontal - 48verti-
cal). Fantastic!
LONGER LIFE - QUIETER OPERATION
Having an MTFB of more than 2000 hours, the Spinterm will
perform to the reliability you demand. The materials used in
the "th imble" and print hammer extend their life by 50%. The
"thimble" alone provides normal element life of more than
30 million impressions!
V' Reader Service-see
And when it comes to quiet, the Spinterm printers are -60dB
with the standard die-cast aluminum cover; 67dB or less
without cover - so they can be used in almost any
application. Unbelievable!
TOT A~ ADAPT ABI LlTY
Means compatability. The Spinterm features five optional
interfaces (RS232-C standard) matched to your every need. In
addition Spinterm's options include Proportional Spacing -
Tractor, Bottom or Pin Feed - Nylon fabric and" Multi-strike
film ribbon cartridges, plus too many more to mention.
Outstanding!
Now instead of the printer playing catch-up, the computers
gotta pitch. See it!
For complete information about Spinterrn printers see your
dealer or write: SPINTERM, Input Output Unlimited, 13762
Victory BI., Van Nuys, CA 91401. (213) 997-7791. For
educational applications please contact our Educational
Sales Division, PO Box 8394, Ann Arbor, MI.'48107.
(313) 665-8514.
vl30
page 179 99
 The One Percent
Forecasting Method
What does the future hold for your company?
Stan Tishler
14 Brenda Lane
Bardonia NY 10954
very company, large or
E small, has some kind of
forecasting needs; whether they
be for overall sales, estimates
by sales territory or item-by-item
estimates, this program will fill
those needs, although on a very
basic level.
The program was the result
of a specific problem that arose
in my company. Our busy sea-
son was coming up, and, with a
product line in excess of 200
items, I needed to get estimates
of what I could expect to sell
during this time of the year. The
need was especially great for
the 50 or so items that required
parts with a four-to-six-week
delivery time.
In the past, someone had vi-
sually scanned the month-by-
month sales of previous years
and made item-by-item esti-
mates. The results were fairly
accurate, but the job was time-
consuming and could only be
done by one or two people with
the experience and "feel" for
the numbers. It was also a job
that needed constant, monthly
updating, which became very
II 100
Throwaway your crystal ball and use this.
tedious. of sales for 1978 in total and by figures are then multiplied by
The company has an in-house month. the total year estimate to arrive
DEC PDP 8 that was dedicated The program will first divide at monthly totals. The estimates
to order processing and receiv- each of the 1977 sales figures shown in the example are
ables. (It also uses Dibol, a DEC by the total for the year and rounded. When you run the pro-
proprietary language with which store these computations in A gram they will not be rounded,
I am not familiar.) It was obvi- (61-72).It will then total the 1978 since a rounding routine andlor
ous that our computer would
not be any help.
sales (in this case January and
February) and divide this total
print formatting takes up too
much memory.
At this time I finally got my by the cumulative history com- The program allows for three
Radio Shack 4K, Levell TRS-80. puted figures for the same peri- history years to smooth out any
I decided to write a forecasting od of the history year (January aberrations that may exist in a
program to solve the company's and February 1977): given year, but if data is not
problem and also to become fa- available for the first two years,
Jan 1977 10/160 = .0625
miliar with TRS-80 BASIC. I Feb 1977 12/160 = .0750 you can skip over them. As
wrote the program in Level I TOTAL .1375 stated above, you must have at
and then converted it to Level II. Jan & Feb 1978 Sales = 25. least 12 months of history data
As written, it should be com- 25/.1375=181.8, to use this method.
which is the estimate for the year of 1978.
patible with almost all BASICs; Whatever method is used in
it is easily converted to Level I. The stored 1977 percentage forecasting, intelligent input
The Program
Month 1977 Sales 1978 Sales 1978 Projection'
To use this forecasting meth-
JAN 10 11 1st 2 months 25.
od, you need a minimum of 13 FEB 12 14
months of data-12 months of MAR 14 15.9
history and at least one month APR 8 9.1
of the new period. Bear in mind MAY 16 18.2
that the more months of data JUN 7 8.0
you have for the new period, the JUL 9 10.2
more reliable the forecast will AUG 12 13.6
be. SEP 14 15.9
OCT 20 22.7
The best way to describe the
NOV 27 30.7
concept of the "1 Percent Meth-
DEC 11 12.5
od" is to consider the example
Total 160 25 181.8
in Table 1. In this example we
•For presentation, these figures are rounded.
show 14 months of data-the
They are not rounded by the program due to memory limitation.
full year of 1977and two months
of 1978. We want the estimate Table 1.
from the user as well as the you use for the forecast, the As I stated earlier, this pro- TRS-80 are used: (1) CLS clears
mathematical computations are more reliable it becomes. Up- gram was converted from Level the screen; (2) • in an IF state-
needed. If Easter was in March dating can be very tedious if I to Levell!. Radio Shack Levell ment is the same as "and"; (3)
in 1977 and in April in 1978, you you only have one cassette re- permits only one array, A(N), + is the same as "or"; (4) check
must adjust your estimates to corder ... you will constantly and this was followed through your input from tape and output
take this into account ... prob- be replacing tapes going from in the finished program. Four to tape.
ably in every business, but input to output. conventions unique to the To use this program for Level
most certainly in any business If you have the capacity for
that relates to retailing. You two recorders there is no prob-
must also consider if a specific lem. If not, you can build a very
1. DH1A(84)
item was promoted during ape· simple DPDT switch box to con- 2 DEFINTI
3 CLS:PRINT"' 1% FORECASTING PROGRAM":PRINT:PRINT
riod. You know your own busl- trol the remotes of the two re- 5 PRItH"ENTER SALES BY MONTH FOR THE YEARS OF 1975,1976,1977.
ness and forecasting needs, so corders and hook one recorder 6 PRINT"' IF THERE ARE NO SALES FOR 1975 OR 1976 ENTER A NEGATIVE"
7 PRINT"NUMBER TO GO TO 1977. YOU NEED AT LEAST ONE 'HISTORY'"
apply your knowledge to the es· to play and one to record, both S PRINT"YEAR FOR THIS FORECASTING 'lETHQ[> TO WORK. OF COURSE,"
9 PRItH"YOU ALSO NEED CURRENT YEAR DATA(1978). " : PRINT: PRItH
timates derived from the pro- controlled by the remote switch. 12 INPUT" ITEM 'iUMBER "; R
13 L=@:M=0:N=0:P=0:T=0:U=0:Q=0:W=0
gram. Attach the plug normally going 15 FORI=1T084: A<I )=0: NEXTI
17 PRINT"IF NO ENTRY FOR 1975 ENTER A NEGATIVE '~UMBER
Data entry is screen prompt- to the "earphone" input to the 20 FORI=1T012
30 G05U85000
ed and relatively easy, but same input on the one set up 3:5 PRINT"1975 ";
beware of entry errors. There is for Play and attach the plug 4€1 INPUTA(I) ./
42 IFA(I)(0THH~A(I)=0:GOT065
no entry correction routine in normally going to the AUX ln- 50 L=L+A(I)
613 t~EXTI
order to keep the program with· put to the one set up for Record. 65 F'RItH"IF NO ENTRY FOR 1976 ENTER NEGATIVE Nur'18ER
713 FORI=13:T024
in the capabilities of 4K ma- The only thing you have to re- 75 G05UB5000
77 PRWT"1976 ";
chines. For the same reason, member is to switch from Re- 80 mpUTA<I)

there are also no remarks, no cord to Playas the program 90 IFA(I)(OTHENA(I)=0:GOT0110

10('1 ~l=r'1+A(I):NEXTl
spaces between variables, prompts request. It's also a 110 PRINT"ENTER 1977 DATA. ":PRINT
115 FORI =25T03:6: GOSUB5000
commands, etc. good idea not to record on the 120 INPUT"1977"; AeI)
13:1,3 N=N+A(I) :NEXTI
original data tape until after 14~ INPUT"NU~lE:ER OF 1'10NTHS FOR ~lHICH VOLt HAVE 1978 DATA "; S
Program Hints you have used and verified the
142 I FS)12THEN140
143: IFS(l THEN14f1
145 PRIrH:PRItH"EtHER 1978 DATA" :PRINT
_ Program 1 is the entry pro- new one. While this means that 150 FORI=37TO(S+36) :GOSU850~n3
gram as described above. There you will need three tapes (orig- 161,3 INPUT"1978 "; A( I)
170 P=P+A(J):NEXTI
is an error routine in lines 310 inal, new and the one created 2130 A(49)=A(1)+A(13)+A(25): A(50)=A(2)+A<14)+A(26)
210 A<5U=AC)+A<1.5)+A(27) :A(52)=A(4)+A<16)+A(28)
and 315 that is included to avoid from the new one), anyone who 22121 A(53:)=A(5)+A(17)+A(29): A(54)=A(6}+A(18)+ACC)
230 A(:,5)=A(7)+A(19)+A(31) :A(56)=R(8)+R(20)+AC2)
the possibility of your getting has lost data files due to a bad 2413 A(57)=A(9)+A(21)+A(33) :A(58)=R<1(1)+A(22)+AC4)
2:,(1 A(59)=A(11 )+A(23)+A(35): A(60)=A(12)+A(24)+A(36)
wrong estimates. If the program tape or bad recording will un- 260 Q=L+f'lHI
27£1 FOR I=49T060
is entered correctly, this rou- derstand and agree with this 2813 A( I +12)=A(I )/Q
tine should never be used. The precaution. 2913 NEXTI
310 FORI=61 T072: T=T +A(I:'" : NEXTJ : IF(T(. 997)+<T)1. 0€G>THENPRIUT"ERROR"
program also allows for data The TRS-80 output to tape 315 IF<T(. 997)+( T}l. 0(3)THEN5TOP
320 FORI=61 T060+5: U=U+A( I): NEXT 1
storage on tape. The output to routine can be a real tape and 310 W=P/U
3:3:5 FORI=(60+S)T072
tape routines varies for differ- time waster due to its structure. 3413 A( 1+12)=A( 1 ).+:W
360 t~EXTJ \.
ent equipment, and you will The statements in lines 480-500 3:7(1 CLS:PRItH" THE ~10NTHL'T' ESTH1ATES ARE" :PF'HH

have to rewrite these lines to are handled as they are to mini- 375
3:77
PRINT"~10NTH",
PF'INT"1.ST. ";
"ESTIt1ATE"
5;" ~lmHHS", P
conform to your BASIC. mize these problems. A For- 3813 FORI=(S+1>T012
190 GOSU86000
Program 2 is used for up- Next loop would look more effi· 412113 PRINTA(l+72)
4113 HEXn
dating the data file if you plan cient, but it would use about 43£1 PRINT:PF~INT"TOTAL",~J:V=0
44£1 INPUT"TO SA'.•.•
E DATA ENTER ~1~ "; II
to add new data each month. ten times as much tape and 4513 IFV()l THEN12
460 PRIIH"PUT CASSETTE ON RECORD "
The more current period data take at least ten times longer. 47(1 INPUT"HIT EtHER TO SAVE DATA ";Ai
4813 PRINTtt-i, R, 5, Po'A(61), A(62), A(63) .•R(64)
490 PRItH#-i, A(65), ft(66), A(67), A(68), A(69), A(713)
see PRIUTIt-i, A(71), A(72)
510 PRINT"DONE" :FORI=lT0500:NEXTI :CLS:GOT012
A (1·12) 1975 Data (history) 4990 END

A (13-24) 1976 Data (history) 501313 IF( 1=1)+{ 1=13)+( 1=25)+( 1=37HHENF'RINT"JAHUAF~""
51301 IF( 1=2)+( 1=14)+( 1=26)+( I=3:8)THENPRINT"FEBRURR','
A (25·36) 1977 Data (history) 513132 IF( 1=3)+( 1=15)+( 1=27)+( 1=39)lHENPRINT"11RRCH
50133 IF( 1=4)+( 1=16)+( 1=28)+( I=40)lHENPRHIT"RF'RIL
A (37-48) 1978 Data (current period) 51304 IF( 1=5)+( 1=17)+( 1=29)+( 1=41)THENF'RItH"I'lA'-r'
A (49-60) Monthly totals for the history years 5~3e5 IF( 1=6)+( 1=18)+( 1=313)+( 1=42HHENPRIt-IT"JUNE
5131216 IF(.I=7)+( 1=19)+( 1=31)+( 1=43)THEr~PRINT"JUL'r'
A (61-72) Monthly percentages for the history years 5(1137 IF( 1=:::)+( 1=2(3)+( 1=12)+( 1=44>THENPRINT"RUGUST
513138 IF( 1=9)+( 1=21)+( 1=33)+( I=45)THENPRINT"5EF'TE~lBER
(A (49-60)/0) 51309 IF( 1=113)+( 1=22)+( 1=34)+( I=46)THENPRINT"OCTOBER
A (73·84) Monthly estimates for 1978 :,0113 IF( 1=11)+( 1=23)+( 1=35)+( I=47)THENPRItH"NOVEME:ER
51311 IF( 1=12)+( 1=24)+( 1=36)+( 1=4SHHENF'PItH"DECEMBER
L Cumulative 1975 total 513213 RETURN
613013 IFI=l THENPF~INT" JRNUAR','" 1
M Cumulative 1976 total 613131 IFI=2THEr~PRINT"FEBRUAR'-r''',
N Cumulative 1977 total 61382 IF I =:nHENPRINT "MRRCH",
60e3 IFI=4THENPRINT"APRIL",
P Cumulative 1978 total 6004 I F I =5THENPR I NT" ~lAY" ,

o Total of 1975 through 1977

6005
6006
IF 1=6THENPR I HT" JUNE" ,
IFI=7THENPRItd"JULY",
R Item number 60137 IFI=8THHIPRINT"AUGUST" ..
61308 1F 1=9THENPR I NT" SEPTEl'lBER" ,
S Number of data months for 1978 6~309 1F I =10THEt~F'R I tH" OCTOBER",
6010 IF 1=11 THENPRINT" t·IO•..•
'EI1E:ER",
T Cumulative history percentages 6011 IFI=12THEt1PRINT"[)ECEI18ER" ..
U Cumulative history percentages for "S" months 6012 RETURN

W Estimate for the entire year

Program 1.
Table 2. Variables listing.

101 ijj
 APPLElitiERS:
You chose the best.
10 CLS: PRINT"
15 DIMA(84)
20
30
PROGRAt12 UPDATE OF 1% FILES.

PRItH"YOU WILL BE RECALLING R (ITEN #), S <NUNBER OF 1978 MONTHS"

PRINT"PREVIOUSLY ENTERED), P <THE CU~IULAT!'''E TOTAL OF 1978"
":PRItH:PRINT

40 PRItH"DATA ENTERED) AND A(61)-(72) (THE MONTHLY PERCENTAGES"

Now, make it better! 45
50
PRINT"PREVIOIJSL,' CO~IPUTED). "
R=0: S=0 :P=0:U=0: W=0: FORI=1T084: A( 1)=0: NEXT! :PRINT
INPUT"LOAD 1% FILE TAPE AND HIT ENTER WHEN READY"; A$
With our exclusive Superchip (ROM 55
60 INPUT #-1, R, S, p, A(61), A(62), R(63), A(64)
firmware) your APPLE can deliver the best 65 INPUT #-1, A(65), A(66), R(67), A(GS)' R(69), A(70)
70 INPUT #-1, A(1), A(72)
of both-graphics and text-processing. 80 CLS:PRINT"ITEt1 NUMBER. "; R;" ... "; 5;" ~10NTHSALREADY ENTERED. "
90 INPUT"HOW t1AtN ADDITIONAL MONTHS ARE ''>OU ENTERING "; S
160 IF(B(l)+( (B+S»12)THEN90
HO PRINT"ENTER ADDITIONAL 1978 DRTA. ": PRINT
120 S=S+8
130 FORl=(S-B+37)TO(S+36) : GOSU85000
140 INPUT"1978"; A( I)
150 P=P+A< I) : NEXTJ
170 FORI=61 TO(60+S): U=U+A( I) : NEXTI
180 W=P/U
190 FORI = (60+5) T072
200 AU +12)=A( i)*W
210 NEXTI
220 CL5:PRIIH" THE t'10rHHL'T' ESTIt1ATES ARE:" :PRINT
23:0 PRINT"t'lOtHH", "E::.Tlt'lATE"
.4~ F'F:UH"1ST. «. 5;" 11ONTH5".P
251) FORI=<S+lH012
260 GOSU86000
270 PRINTA(I+72) :NEXTI
2:=:0 PRINT;PRINT"TOTAL", ~4:\1=0
290 INPUT"TO SA •...
'E DATA EtHER /1"'''; \,1

3£10 IF""'=1 THEN320

310 CL5 : GOT050
• Full ASCII character set (lower case) 320 PRINT"PLIT r~EW DATA TAPE ON A~jD PUT CASSETTE Ot~ RECORD. II

.31 other, useful non-ASCII characters 3:3:0 HWUT"HIT EtHER TO SAVE

340 PRINT#-L R,5, p, 8(61), 8(62), 8(63), A(64)
DATA. "; A::S

• User-defined characters with our 350' PRINT**-i, 8(65),8(66),8(67), A(68), A(69), A(70)
:~60 PRun#-i, A(71), f1(72)
Character Edit Cassette 37(1 CLS: PRltH"DONE" : FOR8=! T05e0: NEXTS: CLS: GOI05e
]:30 END
• Enhanced editing capabilities for 5000 IFI=38THENPRINT"FEBRUAR'T' ";
5001 I F I =39THENPRI NT"t1ARCH
program and data modification 5002 I F I =40THENPR 1NT" APR I L
5003 IFI=41 THENPRItH"t1A'y'
And, it works with your existing ~,004 IFI=42THENPRlrn"JUNE
APPLE programs-Integer BASIC 51305 IFI=43THENPRItn"JUL'r'
5006 IFJ=44THENPRINT"AUGU5T
and Applesoft. 5007 IFI=45THENPRINT"SEPTH1BER ";
50138 I F I =46THENPR I NT" OCTOBER
5(109 I F I =4 7THENPR I NT" NOII"E~lBER
501(1 I F I =48THENPR I t-H "DECEt1BER
51320 RETURN
6000 I F I =2THENPR I NT II FEBRUARY II>
6001 IF 1=3THENPR I ur "t'lARCH" >
60132 IFI=4THENPRINT"APRIL">
6003 IF 1=5THENPR I NT "1'111'1''',
6004 IFI=6THENPRINT"JUNE",
6005 IFI=7THENPRltHI'JUL'r''',
60136 IFI=8THENPRItH"AUGU5T",
6007 IFl=9THENPRIt-H"SEPTE~18ER">
6(u)8 IF I=l(1THENPRINT"OCTOBEF~")
6(1)9 I F I =11 THENPR I NT "NO',lEr'lBER")
• The Character Edit • Since you can now 6010 I F I =12THEfIPF:I NT" DECENBER",
6132(1 RETURN
program defines each build characters, you
new character in a can also create new Program 2.
magnified format with character sets-
a few easy key strokes. foreign alphabets,
music, games, whatever.

The Superchip plugs into your APPLE with I, full use must be made of all saved so that at the beginning
no modification.
----------_
ORDER NOW
....•..
SUPERCHIP
_---- $99.95
abbreviations for the program
to fit in 4K. You may also have
of each year you must enter the
history data again. The fix for
to abbreviate the months to this can become complicated,
Character
Please send me! Edit Cassette $19.95 three letters, depending upon since the monthly data must be
how efficiently you utilize the saved for the history years as
Shipping Charge (each) $.75 abbreviations. Also eliminate well as each month entered for
lines 1 and 2 (DIM and DEFINT the forecast year. The only real
I attach check or money order for $ _
statements) and redo the solution is a floppy, but that is
Or, charge my: 0 VISA 0 Master Charge
PRINT # and INPUT # state- next year's project.
BankCardNo. _
ments. The 1 percent forecasting
Expi ration Date _
The program can be updated procedure is certainly not the
Name _
annually by changing the years most sophisticated method of
Address _ in lines 35, 77, 120 and 160. If forecasting. Large companies
City State Zi p _ you use a fiscal period, rear- have entire departments de-
Signature _ range the months in lines 5000 voted to sales projections and
to 5011 and lines 6000 to 6011. forecasting, using many kinds
Telephone orders accepted with charge card:
Make the changes in both pro- of economic data and rnathe-
••••
E32 214-358-1307
grams. matical methods. Used judicio
Due to the 4K self-imposed ously and with a full awareness
limitation and the slowness of of its limitations, this method
the TRS·80data storage, the ac- can be very effective as a guide
tual input data for the individu- and tool in your short-ranee
al months for each year are not forecasting needs.•

~ 102 V Reader Service-see page 179

 Too Many Variables?

This memory aid will help you manage an overabundance of variables.

Robert C A. Goff that will generate a list of all

Berkeley Perinatal Data 12 REM CAUTION! LINE IS 128 CHARACTERS LONG
possible numeric, string and
PO Box 5231 88l1NE#1,128
array variable names available 210 FOR X=l TO 12\PRINT#1,\NEXT
Berkeley CA 94705
in North Star BASIC, with 330 FOR X=1 TO 14\PRINT#1.\NEXT
spaces for noting the dimen-
Example 1.

O ne of the chronic prob-

lems with BASIC had
been its shortage of available
sions used. The programmer
may then simply circle each
variable as it is used, and if
v ar i able names. However, dimensioned, note its dimen-
with the more powerful sions. It's really very handy. 10 REM **************** VARIABL3 ******************************
BASICs now on the market, The listing (Program A) 20 REM *** THIS WILL PHINT A LIST F'Df:)f:iIHLE *************
OF AL.L
30 REM *** NUMEFiIC, ARRAY, AND STRING VARIABLES ****
ALLOWED IN

the number of available vari- will print a continuous list on 40 HEM *** NORTH STAR BASIC. wRITTEN BY ROBERT C.A. GOFF *****
50 REM *** CONCEPT FROM "ADVANCED BASIC·, BY J.S. COAN, *******
able names has increased and 8Yz·inch paper, either roll or 60 REM *** ~fAYDEN BOOK COMPANY, ROCHEl.t.EPARK ~ NEW ~JERSEY ****
presents the opposite prob- fan-fold, If you prefer to 70
80 F~EM
HEM *** 1976 ***********************************************
90 DIM A$(26),B$(10)
lem - you can lose track of print the entire list in three 100 A$="ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPORSTUVWXYZ"
110 B$="0123456789"
them while writing a lengthy pages of full 128-column 120 PRINT.l,"PROG~AM DATE PfWGF~AMMER
"
130 PRINT:tl,
program. The problem can, of width paper (as shown in the 140 FOR X=i TO 26
course, be easily solved by program run), then the fol- 150 PRINTll,A$(X,X),·
160 FOR Y=l TO 10
simply writing, on a scrap of lowing changes are necessary: 170 PRINT*1,A$(X,X)+B$(Y7Y),·
180 NEXT Y
paper, the variable names that Delete lines 240, 270, 280, 190 PRINTtl,\PRINTtl,
200 NEXT X
have al ready been used; but it 290,360,390,400,410;and 210 PI:n;NTll, \F'fnNT=l=l,
220 FOR X=l 1"0 26
is the rare computer hobbyist add or modify the lines in 230 PRINTtl, AS (X, X)' • (
240 Z=O\REM Z=LINE LENGTH COUNTER
who practices such discipline. Example 1. 250 FOR Y=l TO 10
260 PRINTtl~A$(X,X)+B$(Y,Y),·(
A practical remedy is In North Star BASIC, 270 Z~~Z+l
presented by J. S. Coan in his PRINT#1, and L1NE#1, ap- 280 IF Z<>5 THEN 300
290 PRINTll,\PRIN'ftl,\PRINTel,·
boo k "Advanced Basic: ply to PRINT and LINE 300 NEXT Y
310 PRINT:J:l ~\Pf.:INT:J:l,
Applications and Problems," length on the #1 serial I/O 320 NEXT X
330 PRINTtl,\PRINTtl,
published by Hayden Book port used for the printing 340 FOR X~l TO 26
3:50 PfnNTll, (i!~': X, X), "$. (
Company, 1976 (see Appen- device. 360 Z~O
dix D: "A Programmer's Although such a Iist of 370 FOR Y-1 TO 10
380 PRINT:t!,A$(X,X)+B$(Y,Y),"$(
Aid"). Coan's short program variable names is not worth 390 2-2+1
400 IF Z<:>5 THEN 420
generates a Iist of all possible the effort for small programs, 410 PRIN'ftl,\PRINTll,\PRINTfl,'
420 NEXT Y
numeric variables, and a few you will find that it helps to 430 PRINTtl,\PRINT11,
of the possible string and 440 NEXT X
prevent multiple use of the 450 END
array variable names. same name in large programs.
Using his concept, I have Give it a try; it's not very Program A.
put together a short program sophisticated, but it works. -

104
PROGF,AM DATE F'fWGHAMMEr~

A AO Al A2 A:3 A4 AS A6 A7 All A'l

B DO III 82 [<3 [14 B5 £16 £<7 £<8 B9

C CO Cl C2 C3 C4 C5 eb C7 CO C'l

D DO Dl D2 [13 [14 [15 [16 D7 D8 [19

E EO E1 E2 E3 E4 [5 [6 [7 Ell E9

•
•
•
Y YO Yl Y2 Y3 Y4 Y5 Y6 Y7 Y8 Y9

Z ZO Zl Z2 Z3 Z4 Z5 Z6 Z7 Z8 Z9

A( ) AO( ) AU ) A2( ) A3( ) A4( ) A~) ( Ab( ii?( ) AS( ) AC;(

Il( ) llO( ) [<l( ) B2( ) £<3( E<4( ) B::'j( ) B6( ) B7( r:~l< ) 119(

C( ) CO( ) Cl( ) C2( ) C3( ) C4( ) C5( ) Cb( C7( ) CD( ) C9(

D( ) DO( ) D.l( ) D~-.~

( ) [I::\( ) D4( ) [I::~( ) 1)(, ( ) !Ii ( ) .n~:;( ) D9(

F' ) [P( ) El( ) E:~~

( ) E::H ) E4( ) F~~i
( ) [6( ) El( ) E~:l( E'l(

•
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7.( ) ZO( ) Zl( ) Z2( ) Z:3( ) Z4( ) Z5( ) Z6( ) Z7( ) :n~( ) 2'1 (

A$( ) AO$( ) AU( ) A2$( ) A3$( ) A4$( ) A5~1>( ) A6$( ) 1\7$( ) AB'H A9~~(

!l$( ) [<0$( ) flU ( ) B2$( ) Kl$( ) EI4<H ) B~3$( ) B.1Jt.( ) B7$( ) BIH( ) B9~~(

C$( ) CO$( ) C1$( ) C2$( ) C:H( ) C4f.( ) C5$( C6'~( ) C71.( ) [IN( ) e(l'$ (

[1$( ) DO$( ) [11$( ) D:~$( ) D~l$( ) 114$( ) D~.:;~~

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[$( ) [0$( ) [1$( ) E2$( ) E3$( ) [4$( ) E5$( Et.'J;( ) [7'.( ) EO$( ) E9'H

•
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Yi"(

Z$( ) ZO$( ) Zl$( ) Z2$( ) Z3$( ) Z4$( ) Z5$( ) Z6$( ) Z'/$ ( ) Z8$( ) Z9$(

Program run.

M9900 CPU-16 BIT MINI for the S-IOO BUS with PASCAL
The M9900 CPU brings the most powerful single-
chip processor available today-the TI TMS9900-
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V Reader Service-see page 179 105
 Peterborough, New Hampshire 03458 '
NEW
MORE: Fun for Your Family and Friends
1NS'mNT SOFTWARE

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cruisers, Romulan warships, and a particular product? This program choice of two race tracks with your on the TRS-SO.Your computer will cause your opponent or the PETto
Orian Destroyers. The Trek X Pro- will do this automatically, and save TRS-SO. In Rat Trap you must trap give you a visual display of the pins crash its line into an obstacle.
gram has a full graphics display of the data for later use or modifica- the rat in the grid using your two and keep score as weJl. $7.95. Supertrap is an even more ad-
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Beginner's
011
II II Dow
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ve Exploring
(.0. Person•.1
Y.acht ~~~sammon
~~I!!-.!"tr"tlon J~n..es Weight Control
~?~Iorhythms

II ,

,
,

'Imp·for TRS-80"
Golf/Crossout AIr tllght SImulation Basic Lunar Lander/
Play golf with your TRS·BO. You Turn your TRS-SO into an IntermedIate Lunar Lander
have a choice of seven clubs to airplane. Take off and land. do Your automatic landing system
play the game on 18 different aerobatic maneuvers. and fly a has malfunctioned and you must
-Instant Micro Programs holes. Crossout is the peg puzzle course against any map you make a manual landing. The retro-
Level Ion one side-Level lion the other
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BusIness Package I Cave ExplorIng/Yacht
Use your arsenal of phasors and values for tuned circuits. design You can keep the books of a Concentration
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Included
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or
are programs
ham

fre-
BegInner's Backgammon!

You'll
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the computer's steady play will
Compete
011Tycoon
with a friend
honor of being the wealthiest
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ty-
'Impfor APPLE
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MORE: Efficiency in Your Business 79

Demo I is perfect for those rimes Sharpen your sku! at checkers. In Destroy All Subs, you must Battle sea or mountain demons If you're a do -lt-yoursetf builder
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cluded are Computer Composer. an on screen clock. The Baccarat kill. But watch out! Don't damage You're surrounded by homicidal to help you keep track of all the ex-
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It's over-the extended section of Kilobaud Klassroom dealing with input-output, that is.
The next time around, we're going to take a look at some processor requirements.
Peter A. Stark
PO Box 209
Mt. Kisco NY 10549
or the past several ses-
F sions, we've been looking
at the various kinds of inputl
output (I/O) methods used by
computers. We finally got to in-
terrupts and looked at the sim-
ple interrupt system used by
the 6800 processor.
We are now ready to finish
the topic (I promise!) by seeing
how the 8080 and Z-80 proces-
sors do it and then taking a
brief look at the direct memory
access (DMA) technique. So
here goes.
Introduction
Last time I described what in-
terrupts do and how. We found
out that an interrupt system
simply provides a way for I/O
equipment to temporarily side-
track the processor from its
usual program to a different
program called an interrupt ser-
vice subroutine, or ISS. The ISS
takes care of whatever the I/O
device needs and then returns
to the main program.
Since an interrupt can be
caused by many different de-
vices, one of the first things the
108
Computer 1/0 V
processor must do is to find out
where that interrupt came from.
We mentioned that the ISS
could do that by checking the
various device READY lines,
but that a faster way was to
have several ISS programs-
one for each different kind of in-
terrupt. We would then provide
a hardware circuit that would
determine the cause and force
the processor to go to the right
ISS routine. This is called hard-
ware vectoring.
If this is done right, it also
solves a second problem-han-
dling important interrupts first,
and even letting important in-
terrupts(higher-Ievel ones) in-
terrupt less important (lower-
level) ones. This is called a pri-
ority interrupt system.
We then found that the 6800
had two types of interrupts (IRQ
and NMI), but that the IRQ was
the only one used for run-of-the-
mill interrupts. Thus there was
only one ISS, whose address
was pulled by the processor out
of a ROM memory transfer vec-
tor. This made the entire job
simple, if just one interrupt rou-
tine was to be used. But if we
needed several routines with
hardware vectoring and some
kind of priority system, external
hardware had to be added. Spe-
cifically, Motorola's MC6828
Priority Interrupt Controller
(PIC)was designed just for that.
Now we see how some other
processors tackle the same
problem. But the purpose of
Kilobaud Klassroom isn't to
make you a high-class hard-
ware designer. So I won't go
into as much detail on the 8080
'6_BIT
ADDRESS
BUS
] fact, even if you use only one
~I
CLOCK
I------INT
Fig. 1. Interrupt control lines in
an 8080 system.
and Z-80 processors as I did
with the 6800. I'll just describe
the general approach that Intel
and Zilog took with them; if you
want to read up on the specific
details, thereIs an excellent de-
scription in a series of books
called An Introduction to Micro-
processors by Adam Osborne.
Either volume II, "Some Real
Products," of the 1977 edition
or volumes II and III of the 1978
edition have the full story in a
nice format.
Interrupts in the 8080
Unlike the 6800, the 8080 is
designed for many different in:
terrupt levels but requires some
external circuitry to operate. In
level, you will still need some
extemal-clrcu its.
Fig_ 1 shows the three inter-
rupt control signals used with
an 8080. Let's look at them one
by one.
As with any computer, there
must be a way for a program to
turn the whole interrupt system
01'1 or off; the 8080 does this
with a pair of lnstructlons called
EI (Enable Interrupts) and 01
(Disable interrupts). The INTE
(INTerrupt Enabled) output from
the 8080 tells external devices
whether the interrupt system is
on or off at any particular time.
In most computers this signal
is not used, since usually an I/O
device will request an interrupt
when it needs it, regardless of an 1/0 device in response to the system, since it was originally where in the memory of the sys-
whether the processor is ready INT A signal. The heart of the designed for multiple level in- tem, you place a transfer vector
to accept it at that particular in- circuit is a set of eight three- terrupts, is somehow better having up to 128 addresses.
stant or not. Most 1/0 devices state buffers. The restart in- than the 6800's system. But Then, when an interrupt occurs,
couldn't care less whether the struction bits are simply wired this isn't really true-like the the Z-80 sends out the INTA sig-
system is enabled or not. to the inputs of the buffers, 6800, the 8080 needs a lot of ex- nal, and external hardware has

The INT signal is the only in-

with +5 volts for 1 and ground ternal circuits to do its work. to send in a 7-bit number speci-
for O. Both can handle multiple levels, fying which of the starting ad-
terrupt input on the 8080. (It is
but the 6800 has the advantage dresses to use.
maskable; there is no non-mask-
that it can work alone for sinqle-
able interrupt, as there is on the
level interrupts. The 8080 needs How Important Are Interrupts?
6800.) If the interrupt system is
external restart logic even for That's an interesting ques-
on, then when the INT input
simple interrupt systems. tion we should ask before we
goes high the 8080 finishes its
get too excited about how well
current instruction and inter-
Interrupts in the Z-80 one microprocessor handles
rupts. At this point it is ready to
Since the Z-80 is supposed to them in comparison to another.
jump to an interrupt service
TO
be able to run 8080 programs, it In most small home or busi-
subroutine, but the external clr-
-+--<I----;r-) ~!"::,
DATA
BUS
has to be able to execute inter- ness computers, interrupts are
cultry has to tell the 8080 where
rupts in the same way as an used infrequently or not at all.
to find it.
8080. This it does, but it does a The volume of work simply
This is where the INTA (INTer-
few other tricks as well. doesn't justify them. Although
rupt Acknowledge) line comes
As Fig. 3 shows, the Z-80 it is true that many programs
in. At the instant that the 8080
doesn't have an INTE output. might run faster when inter-
gets ready to go to the ISS, it
No great loss. INTA is present rupts were used than without
sends out on the data bus a bit
but generated in a different them, the extra time needed to
that must be latched off the bus
CONTROL way, and now there is a non- write the programs and make
at a precise time. This is ac- lNTA SIGNAL FROM
CLOCK
I/O DEVICE maskable, or NMI, input, just them work would probably be
complished by a set of latches PULSE
like that of the 6800. And it's much greater than the comput-
and the control circuits that go
Fig. 2. RST (Restart) instruc- usually used for the same pur- er time saved.
with them and results in the
tion supplied by an I/O device. pose as the NMI in the 6800- On a small home or business
INTA signal going low. This
jump to a routine to save every- computer, time is cheap. The
tells the external interrupt clr-
thing in case of a power outage. system is so inexpensive that it
cuits that an interrupt is just
When the INTA acknowledge But the Z-80 has three ways of doesn't matter if it isn't used to
starting.
is received along with a clock handling interrupts: the three its capacity. Human time is
As soon as this INTA signal
signal and an enable signal Interrupt modes. more valuable than machine
comes out, the interrupt cir-
from the 1/0 device, the three- time. A good interrupt program
cuitry has to send back to the
state buffers are enabled and might take so long to write that
8080 a "jump to subroutine" in-
send the RST code to the pro- the programming effort would
struction, which will send it to far outweigh the savings in
cessor.
the appropriate ISS. computer time.
A simple circuit such as this Z-80] ...--
The most common instruc- MICRO-
can handle the vectoring but PROCESSOR r---~_; Let's look at it another way.
tion used is an RST, or ReSTart,
can't properly handle the job of 1-0------- NMI The main use for interrupts is to
instruction, a one-byte instruc- 1--------
assiqnlnq priorities to levels. iNf allow several things to go on at
tion that has the following for-
So it is usually used only where the same time. This can involve
mat:
there is just one interrupt level. Fig. 3. Interrupt control lines in several different 110 devices,
111xxx11 If there is more than one, then a Z-80 system. but traditionally it has also
where the letters xxx stand for one of the interrupt controllers meant combining processor
three bits that specify one of in the 8080 microprocessor time (computing) with 1/0.
eight different ISS starting family is usually used. Mode 0 is just like that of the All of this dates back to the
points. Intel makes two ICs-the 8080-external circuitry has to days when the central process-
Since these addresses are all 8214 and 8259, called Priority send a "jump to subroutine" in- ing units (CPUs) of computer
fairly close together, it usually Interrupt Control Units (PICUs) struction to the processor to systems cost hundreds of thou-
isn't possible to put an entire -for this purpose but there are tell it where the ISS is located. sands of dollars. They cost
ISS in between them. In almost others as well. The PICU not Mode 1 is similar to the way a much more than the average
every case, these addresses only handles the job of sending 6800 handles an interrupt re- 110 device they were connected
just make up a "jump table" in the appropriate ISS starting ad- quest. In the case of the Z-80, to. So to make the best use of
memory, that is, a set of jump dress to the 8080, but also an interrupt in Mode 1 always these expensive CPUs, the ap-
instructions that simply tell the takes care of setting priorities, makes the processor jump to proach was to connect as much
processor to continue the ISS can prevent lower-level inter- hexadecimal address 0056. So 1/0 equipment to a CPU as pos-
somewhere else in memory. So rupts from interrupting higher- Mode 1 is for single-level inter- sible and then set up the pro-
in a sense this is like a transfer order ones, can let 110 devices rupts and doesn't require any gramming so that the CPU could
vector, with an 110 device speci- know when their interrupt is ac- external hardware to specify work on two or more things at
fying the exact starting point cepted and can handle assort- the starting point of an ISS. the same time.
with a restart instruction. ed other jobs as well. Mode 2 is an improvement But that picture has changed.
Fig. 2 shows how this restart From this description it looks over Mode 0 since it allows up Today you can buy a mlcrocorn-
instruction could be sent from as though the 8080 interrupt to 128 interrupt levels. Some- puter system with 16K or 32K of

109
 memory for less than just one
110 device. It may be better and
easier to get several proces-
sors than to try to use just one
for several jobs at the same
time.
Also, today's microcomput-
ers are not as fast as some of
the big CPUs of yesterday, and
when they are connected to a
complex interrupt system with
many levels of interrupt, they
may simply be outclassed.
They may spend too much time
housekeeping and not enough
time doing useful work. It may
be more efficient to break the
system up into several smaller
ones-each having its own
processor.
So we tind that an interrupt
system is useful; in fact, in
some cases (such as a power-
fail interrupt in some systems)
it is essential. In most cases,
however, a simple interrupt sys-
tem will do the job. Being able
to handle 128 levels of interrupt
may be just a little too much.
Direct Memory Access
Although an interrupt system
may speed up a processor's re-
sponse to an 110 device's need,
once the interrupt occurs the
actual transfer of data is still
go through, such as counting
the bytes, checking for the
maximum count, getting the
byte out of memory, increment-
ing the pointer so each byte will
come out of the next memory
location and so on, this is an
acceptable speed, and most
processors would have no
trouble keeping up. But the only
way that the microprocessor
can handle this speed is to first
organize the data into a neat
table in memory, with all of the
bytes to be sent stored in con-
secutive memory locations so
that a minimum amount of work
is necessary once the data
starts to move.
Let's say, however, we want
to use one of the newer, so-
called double-density drives.
The disk still turns at the same
speed, but there are twice as
many bits on a track. Now the
bits come 4 usec apart, and a
whole byte takes 32 usec, in-
stead of 64. At this point we
find that the typical micropro-
cessor has a hard time keeping
up, and some can't do it at all.
Most microprocessors are
used with memories that can
read out a byte in one usec or
less, so the memory isn't the
bottleneck. The problem is that

YOUR OWN TRS-80 SYSTEM

handled by programming. It is the processor can't just read
still limited by the speed of the out a number and send it out. It

AT TREMENDOUS SAVINGS processor, and in some cases

this is not fast enough. Let's
has to go through a lot of house-
keeping in addition to actually
TRS-80 look at the example of a mini- transferring the data. It's this
Model
floppy system to see what's in- extra work that takes time.
List Price Our Price
Levelll-4K $698.00 $628.20 volved. This is where direct memory
Level II-16K $988.00 $889.20
Expansion Interface $299.00
In a small floppy drive, such access, or DMA, comes into the
$269.10
as a Shugart SA400 or Wangco picture. With DMA, the disk
COMPATIBLE PERIPHERALS model 82, each track has a ca- controller can get the data out
Item Regular Price
Mini-Disk System
Discount Price pacity of 3125 bytes, or 25,000 of the computer's memory di-
1st Drive w/DOS and cable $449.00 $415.00 bits. Since the disk turns at 5 rectly without going through
Additional Drives $489.00 $385.00 revolutions per second, this the processor first. To do this,
Line Printer works out to 125,000 bits per
Anadex DP-8000
the computer now needs a spe-
$1299.00 $1075.00
Centronics 779 $1399.00 $1100.00
second, or 8 usec per bit. cial circuit to handle the job;
w/tractor feed None of the popular micro- this circuit is called the DMAC,
Centronics 101 $1595.00 $1400.00 processors is fast enough to or DMA controller. DMA is per-
15" carriage
GTE 560 (Selectric) $1295.00
get a byte out of memory, un- formed in one of three ways:
$975.00
16K Memory Kit Installed: $138.00
pack it into bits and send them Burst Mode. In burst mode,
Kit only: $98.00
out at that rate, so the conver- the processor is completely
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Paper (8W'x 11" forms; 3500 per carton) .. $19.95
by external hardware. That's data buses (and control lines
the job of the disk controller. such as R/W) and a large num-
Master Charge and VISA accepted Now the processor, instead ber of bytes is moved into or out
of having to send one bit out to of memory in a burst.
- V"R DATA CORPORATION the disk drive every 8 usec, Single-Cycle Mode. In this

.
r77 Henderson
.
. In Washington, DC area:
Boulevard, Folcroft, PA 19032
(!H5) 583-5101
•
(703) 938-1099,
vV19
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' must send out a complete byte
every 64 usec. Considering the
overhead the processor has to
mode, the processor is also
stopped, and one byte is trans-
ferred by the DMA controller

110 V' Reader Service-see page 179

 over the data bus. Because only ready confusing situation, so
one byte is involved, the pro- let's stick with just one. There
cessor is stopped for a shorter
time than in burst mode, and so
are a few other aspects that
Fig. 4 doesn't show; they are
Here's Your BRAND
the stopping method may be
different. For instance, the pro-
important in actual operation
but would just confuse us even
t Our GREAT PRICE
cessor may just be slowed down
by lengthening a clock pulse to
more at this point.)
To see how all this fits to-
With LIGHTENING
give the DMA controller time to
sneak in and do a data transfer.
gether, let's go back to our ex-
ample of the floppy disk system
FAST DELIVERY.
Cycle-Stealing Mode. In this (i.e., the 110 device in Fig. 4). LIST CASH*
mode, the processor is not Let's start by supposing that ITEM COOE OESCRIPTION PRICE PRICE
stopped at all. Instead, it's al- the program calls for a block of MAINFRAMES
lowed to go on with its program data to be written from memory NS-H-1/D North Star Horizon 1 Doub. Dens Kit $1599. $1339.
NS-H·1/D/A North Star Horizon 1 Doub. Dens Assrn. $1899. $1595.
in a normal way. But most pro- to disk. The entire sequence of
NS·H-2/D North Star Horizon 2 Doub. Dens Kit $1999. $1679.
cessors do not use the data and operations to do this goes NS·H-2/DI A North Star Horizon 2 Doub. Dens Assm. $2349. $1973.
address buses all the time; dur- something like this: IM·PCS-40 IMSAI PCS-40 180KS Disk $2695. $2275.
IM-PCS-42 IMSAI PCS-42 400KB Disk $2995. $2535.
ing a typical instruction there 1. Before doing anything, the IM·PCS-44 IMSAI PCS-44 780KB Disk $3695. $3125.
may be several clock cycles processor (under program con- IM-VDP·44 IMSAI VDP-44 780KB Disk System $4995. $4195.
when the processor fetches an trol) assembles the data in con- CR-Z2 Cromemco Z2 Kit $ 595. $ 536.
instruction or data out of mem- secutive memory locations,
CR·Z21 A Cromemco Z2 Assm. $ 995. s 896.
CR-Z2D Cromemco Z2D Kit $1495. $1345.
ory, followed by a few more cy- counts the total number of CR-Z2DI A Cromemco Z2D Assrn. $2095. $1886.
cles when the processor does bytes, calculates a check num-
MEMORIES
some internal operation not in- ber, which will be stored on the
NS-16K North Star 16K 250ns RAM Kit $ 399. $ 319.
volving the buses. The DMA disk along with the data and NS-16K/A North Star 16K 250ns RAM Assm. $ 459. s 369.
controller uses this extra time used to check its accuracy DY-MS1625 Dynabyte 16K 250ns Static
to perform a data transfer on when it is read back, and deter- RAM Assrn. $ 555. $ 444.
DY-MS3225 Dynabyte 32K 250ns Static
the bus without the processor mines exactly where the data RAM Assrn. $ 995. $ 795.
even knowing about it. will be stored on the disk. SE-8KZ Seals 8K 250ns RAM Assm. $ 280. s 175.
All of these DMA operations 2. Using standard 110 opera- CR-8SK-2 Cromemco 8K 8ytesaver Kit $ 145. s 131.
CR-8SK-2/A Cromemco 8K 8ytesaver Assrn. $ 245. $ 221.
depend on the DMA controller's tions (not DMA), the processor CR-BSK-32 Cromemco 32K Bytesaver Kit $ 195. $ 176.
being able to use the data and instructs the disk to turn on the CR-8SK-321 A Cromemco 32K 8ytesaver Assm. $ 295. $ 266.
address buses and control lines motor and position the readl
INPUT /OUTPUT BOARDS
with the processor disconnect- write head over the track where
IM-SI02-2 IMSAI S102-2 Kit $ 156. $ 133.
ed from them. This means that the data will be stored. This IM-VIO-C IMSAI VIO-C Kit $ 325. s 276.
there will now be three-state might involve the interrupt sys- CR-TUART Cromemco TU-ART Kit $ 195. s 176.
CR-TUART I A Cromemco TU-ART Assm. $ 295. $ 266.
buffers allover the place, allow- tem, with the processor doing CR-PI08 Cromemco 8-Port 1/0 Kit $ 195. $ 176.
ing each of these buses to be something else while the above CR-P1081 A Cromemco 8-Port 1/0 Assrn. $ 295. $ 266.
fed by several sources. is happening, and the disk con-
FLOPPY DISK SYSTEMS
Fig. 4 shows a simplified dia- troller generating an interrupt
NS-MDS/D North Star Doub. Dens. Micro Disk Kit $ 699. $ 587.
gram of how an 8257 DMA con- when the disk drive is ready for NS-MDS/DI A North Star Doub. Dens. Micro Disk
troller would be connected to writing the data. Assm. $ 799. s 671.
MI-1042Ml Micropolis 143K Macrofloppy Assrn. $ 795. $ 675.
an 8080 system; this particular 3. Next, the processor sets
MI-1043M2 Micropolis 315K Metafloppy Assrn. $1145. s 973.
diagram applies specifically to up the DMA controller to pre-
8080 systems, but the DMA op- pare for the data transfer. (The -This price is for payment by check or money order. Credit card
eration is quite similar on other DMA controller has its own ad- prices slightly higher. Prices F.O.B. our warehouse-shipping
systems as well. dress decoder and select sig- extra.

Fig. 4 is drawn with the 8080
on the left end of the address
and data buses and the DMA
. controller on the right end. I
configured it this way purpose-
ly to show that they share the
control over them almost equal-
ly. Most of the time the DMA
controller is completely discon-
nal and can be addressed by • ALL ITEMS COMPLETE AND FACTORY-FRESH WITH FULL
the processor like any other 110 MANUFACTURER'S WARRANTY.
device.) To do this, the proces-
TERMS:
sor sends to the controller three Shipping Charges: $12 for Mainframes. Floppy systems, or large units;
$1.75 per board.
pieces of information: the ad- $2.25 minimum per order.
dress in memory where the Delivery is stock to 30 days on most items. Shipment is immediate for payment
data to be sent out to the disk is by cashiers check, money order or charge card. Allow 3 weeks for personal
checks to clear.
stored, the number of bytes to N.Y. state rssicents add appropriate sales tax.
be sent and the type of transfer Availability. prices and specs may change without notice.

nected from the buses, and the
8080 processor is running the
show; but during DMA opera-
tions the 8080 disconnects it-
self, and the DMA takes over
everything. (Although the 8257
DMA Controller is shown with
only one 110 device, it can ac-
tually control up to four. That
would just complicate an al-
required (read or write.) This in-
formation is stored in the con-
troller's internal registers. HOURS:
4. When the disk's readlwrite Monday-Friday 10-5
Eastern Time
head is properly positioned, the Closed Sat. and Sun.
processor tells it to go ahead
and request a DMA transfer as
soon as it is ready. The proces-
P.O. Box 71 • Fayetteville, New York 13066 (315) 637-6208
sor now goes on to do some-
thing else while the 110 is being

V Reader Service-see page 179 111

carried out. processor sent to the DMA con- suming a burst of data, the speed. Since this RAM is sepa-
5. When the 1/0 device is troller the address of the data DMA controller will now add 1 rate from the main system RAM,
ready, it sends a DMA request to be sent to the disk, the count to the address and subtract 1 the disk controller can use it
to the DMA controller. indicating the number of bytes from the count. If the count without interfering in any way
6. The DMA controller sends to be transferred and a code hasn't reached 0, meaning that with the normal operation of
an HRQ (Hold ReQuest) signal telling it whether this is going some bytes haven't been trans- the system.)
to the processor. to be an input or output. The ferred to the disk yet, the con- DMA is also often used when
7. The processor finishes up DMA controller now sends the troller will repeat the transfer two processors communicate
the current operation and then first address out to the address again (by sending out the next together and share the same
goes into a "Hold" state. This is bus. (Although not shown in address, etc.). memory, although it usually
a dormant state when it stops Fig. 4, part of the address is 15. When all of the data has isn't called DMA then.
all operations and turns off the sent out on the data bus, and been transferred (as shown by Since the processor isn't in-
three-state buffers that drive some extra circuitry has to be the count's going to 0), the con- volved with the actual DMA
the data and address buses. At added to move it from there troller sends a TC signal to the transfer, it doesn't have to go to
this point these buses are com- back to the address bus.) disk controller to tell it that the an ISS during it. The program
pletely released by the proces- 11. After a short delay, the operation is finished. As a re- that is running at the beginning
sor. When this is completed, controller turns on the MEMR sult, the disk controller turns of the DMA simply is ternporari-
the processor sends an HLDA (Memory Read) Signal, which off the DMA Request Signal and Iy stopped and then resumes as
the DMA controller turns off the if nothing had happened. The
Hold Request and AEN Signals. only time this may affect the
The three-state buffers on the program is if a timing loop is
DMA controller side of the being done to cause a fixed de-
buses turn off; the three-state lay. If a DMA occurs during it,
buffers on the 8080 go back on; the delay will be longer than ex-
and the 8080 comes back to life pected. This will sometimes
and continues as if nothing had cause problems.
happened. Interesting things sometimes
There is obviously a small de- happen if an interrupt occurs
lay before the 8080 responds to during the DMA transfer. Since
8080 8257 the DMA request, and all of the the processor can't do anything
MICRO- OMA
PROCESSOR CONTROLLER three-state buffers switch them- then (some people say it is
selves around. If the DMA does "asleep" during a DMA trans-
only 1-byte transfers at a time fer), it can't acknowledge an ln-
(stuffed between or into regular terrupt. This may result in loss
8080 instructions), this delay of data in some other device.
will limit how many bytes can Also keep in mind that, al-

cs
be transferred per second. But though it's theoretically possi-
(SELECT)
if data is transferred in a burst ble to do two sets of DMA trans-
HRQ (HOLO REQUESTI
mode, then the rate of data fers at the same time (by either
transfer will be limited only by interleaving the individual
how fast the memory and 1/0 bytes between each other or by
Fig. 4. Simplified diagram of an 8257 DMA Controller connection
device can handle it. This splitting the memory into two
to an 8080 processor. (Note: • means three-state buffer.)
means that. the burst mode of parts so two memory reads or
DMA access is the fastest pos- writes can be performed at the
(HoLD Acknowledge) signal reads the first byte out of the sible 1/0 method there is. same time), this really compli-
back to the DMA controller. memory location whose ad- In general, DMA will be used cates things and so is never
8. Next, the controller sends dress is on the address bus. only when the 1/0 speed de- done in small systems. A svs-
out the AEN signal to the three- 12. Right after that, the DMA mands it. You will seldom see it tem with two disks wouldn't op-
state buffers that normally feed controller turns on the IIOW sig- used with mini-floppy disk in- erate both at the same time.
the MEMR (MEMory Read), nal, which sends that byte to terfaces, since there is usually
MEMW (MEMory Write), IIOR the disk. (Since this is an output enough time to transfer data Conclusion
(1/0 Read) and IIOW (1/0 Write) transfer, MEMR and IIOW are between the disk controller and Any discussion of DMA be-
lines from the processor. This used; if this was an input, the the processor under program . comes boring after a while,
turns off these buffers and al- controller would pulse the IIOR control. But you will often see it since it's a fairly complicated
lows these control lines to float. and MEMW signals.) This com- with full-size floppy disks or subject with many possible pit-
9. The next step is to turn on bination actually transfers one hard disks, which operate at a falls. Few, if any, small manu-
all the three-state buffers that byte straight out of memory to faster speed. (There is actually facturers use DMA, since it is
connect the data bus, address the 1/0 device, completely by- another trick that some manu- so hard to use it rig ht.
bus and control lines to the passing the processor itself. facturers use to achieve the Rather than go into it too
DMA controller. Now the con- 13. When the data transfer is higher speed without DMA: deeply here, let's quit for this
troller has full control of the en- finished, the DMA controller place a small amount of RAM time around. The next Kilobaud
tire system, since the proces- turns off the MEMR and IIOW directly on the disk controller Klassroom will deal with some
sor has been forced off all the signals. board. The processor can com- of the processor requirements,
buses. 14. What happens next de- municate with this RAM at its such as clock control signals.
10. Recall that at the begin- pends on how many bytes are own rate, but the controller has Cheer up-we're very close to
ning of this DMA sequence, the being transferred at a time. As- immediate access to it at high the end .•

112
 KIM-l. EXPANSION
o KIM-4 Motherboard $119.00
8K Static RAM $195.00
8K PROM Board $195.00
64 Character/line Video $149.00
o KIMSI S-100 Motherboard $165.00
8K Static RAM $197.00
32K Static RAM $599.00
64 Character/line Video $149.00
o KEMS-100Motherboard $155.00
includes sockets for 4K 2708 on board
64 Character/line Video Module $255.00
8K Static RAM $197.50
32K Static RAM $599.00
o HDE Floppy Disk
o PROM Programmers

All items are evelleble from stock.

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COMPUTER vJ4 (216) 725-4560

V' Reader Service-see page 179 113

 The Electric Pencil
A 'rock group in the 60s? Actually, it's a word-processing system from Michael Shrayer.

Rod Hallen or use the return key. The Elec- STRING SEARCH is a flexi- TAPE READER and TAPE
Road Runher Ranch tric Pencil will take care of that ble editing tool. After typing the WRITER allow you to save let-
PO Box 73 automatically. If you reach the STRING SEARCH command, ters, manuscripts, etc., on tape
Tombstone AZ 85638 end of the screen line in the you enter the string you want to for future use. The SOL version
middle of a word, a CR-LF is find, and when it is found, that of the Electric Pencil allows
performed, and the broken word portion of the text will be you to name files dumped to

L'
is moved to the beginning of brought to the screen. CONTIN-' tape. They can then be retrieved
ike a great many computer the next line and put back to- UE SEARCH will cause the next by name like any other SOL
hobbyists, I am always gether. A line feed is entered occurrence of that string to ap- taped program.
looking for new tasks for my when you want to indicate the pear. This can go on as many WORD NUMBER will be es-
machine to do. My recent pur- end of a paragraph. times as necessary. pecially useful to authors who
chase of a Teletype Model 43 Characters, words, sentences This makes name and ad- get paid by the word. It will
KSR at last gave me hard-copy and even paragraphs may be in- dress lists feasible. The list can count and display the total num-
capability, which is great for serted or deleted at any time be coded, and certain codes ber of words contained in the
memory dumps and BASIC pro- and at any location, and the called out and printed. Another text. RECORD NUMBER will do
gram listings. However, format- text will open up or close up as feature of STRING SEARCH is the same for paragraphs.
ting letters and manuscripts required. Since all of this takes search and replace. If an old CLER AA CUR, CLER AB CUR
was difficult since my new place on the video screen, you and a new string are specified, and CLER SYSTEM are used to
printer did not exceed the 64- always see the result of any the old will be replaced by the clear all or part of a text file.
character-per-line limit of my changes. new each time that it is found. The rest of the sub-system
video terminal. Every time that Although I will spell out the The REPEAT command has commands do the actual print
the video returned to a new line, commands in this article, sin- manyuses.ltcanbeusedtor~ formatting. You determine how
the KSR did also. gle-letter control characters are peat characters or lines, but I you want the finished copy to
, I needed a text editor, and I actually used to enter system have found it most useful when look and use these commands
found a good one. The Electric commands. See Table 1 for a I want multiple copies. "RE- accordingly. PAGE LENGTH
Pencil by Michael Shrayer is a list of functions available. Most PEAT" 3 "PRINT" will print sets the number of lines printed
character-oriented word-proces- are self-explanatory, but a few three copies. EXIT gives pro- on a page, and then a form feed
sing system. It does not use may need clarification. SCROLL cessor control back to your res- is automatically performed. A
line numbers as in BASIC. In- UP and SCROLL DOWN allow ident monitor program. form feed can also be entered
stead, text IS entered as a con- you to review text that has al- Calling the SUB-SYSTEM at any location in the text to
tinuous string of characters ready been entered. The space COM MAN D TABLE permits you take care of special require-
and then is manipulated as bar stops and steps the scroll if to format the final printed copy. ments. PAGE SPACING sets
such. you want to make changes, and This table is brought to the the number of lines that the
While you are entering text, it the return key starts the scroll screen, and you make your de- form is fed on a form feed. PRNT
is not necessary to hyphenate again. cisions. It has some interesting LENGTH is used when you only
features (see Table 2): Capital want to print a portion of a com-
letters and not control charac- plete text.
ters are used for these com- LEFT MARGIN is used to start
Cursor Left Cursor Right
Cursor Up Cursor Down mands. a line, and LINE LENGTH sets
Cursor Home Cursor to Beginning of File
Cursor to End of File Scroll Up
Scroll Down Delete Character Tape Reader Tape Writer
Delete Line Insert Character Word Number Rcrd Number
Insert Line Erase to End of Line Cler AA Cur Cler AB Cur
Delete Block Insert Block Cler System Rght Justly
String Search Continue Search Line Spacng Page Spacng
Repeat Print Page Length Page Number
!;xit Sub-System Command Table Prnt Length Line Length
Form Feed Line Feed Left Margin
Return Tab
Table 2. The Sub-System Command Table. Each commend is as-
Table 1. The Electric Pencil System commands. Each of these is signed an uppercase letter which implements it. This is where you
assigned a control character that implements the command. format the printed copy.

114
the character length of the line. ber will be printed at the top of bought the SOL version on I am satisfied I dump a copy on
I've found on my 43 KSR that a each page. CUTS cassette tape, and it ran my printer. After seeing that
left margin of ten and a length I have also found this pro- without any software or hard- copy, I may still make some
of 80 will center a line of char- gram helpful with my letter ware changes (cost for manual more changes, but it is so much
acters horizontally on an eight writing. The entire letter is en- and tape: $100). simpler and quicker now.
and a half inch wide sheet of tered, reviewed and corrected, I used to do all of my writing Of all the programs that I
paper. This is determined by and printed out. Prevlously, I in pencil before attempting a have running on my SOL, I find
the number of characters per often retyped letters because I hand-typed hard-copy. Now I myself using the Electric Pencil
inch for a particular printer. found that, when finished, they save time by going straight to most often. Those computer
Right justification, RGHT didn't say what I wanted. the screen with my text. In- hobbyists and business people
JUSTFY, is a useful and attrac- The 25-p-age manual that stead of erasing, crossing out who have both video and hard-
tive feature. The Electric Pencil comes with the Electric Pencil or adding inserts, I do all of my copy capability and who do a
justifies the right margin by clearly explains all of its tunc- editing on the screen, and when lot of typing should try it..
adding spaces in a line as re- tions. A three-page glossary de-
quired. fines all of the terms that are
I accidentally threw it a curve used in the manual. Above all, it Electric Pencil Versions
by entering two consecutive 26- admonishes, "The best way to Printer Video Storage
character strings and then learn to operate the system is
TTY or Selectric SOL Cuter
asking for a 32-character line to use it." Well said! The man-
VDM-1 Tarbell
length. It apparently didn't know ual also contains patching in- VTI Tarbell
where to put the spaces (it formation so that it can be re- SOL North Star
never places them in the middle configured if your machine is VDM-1 North Star
of a word) so it didn't do any- not exactly the same as the one VTI North Star
thing, and I had to reset my pro- it was written for. Diablo Hy-Type II SOL Cuter
cessor. By breaking down the The Electric Pencil is avail- VDM-1 Tarbell
long strings with spaces, every- able in many different versions VTI Tarbell
SOL North Star
thing came out OK. on tape and disk (see Table 3).
VDM-1 North Star
Another author-oriented fea- Contact Michael Shrayer Soft-
VTI North Star
ture is page titling and number- ware, 1235 Vista Superba Dr.,
ing. When a title has been indi- Glendale CA 91205, (213) 956- Table 3. Various combinations of printer, video interface and
cated, the title and a page nurn- 1593, for more information. I mass storage for which the Electric Pencil is written.

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V" Reader Service-see page 179 115

Ken Knecht
KENCOM Co.
1890 W. Colore do st., #7
Yuma AZ 85364
Use machine language or an assembler.
he most basic way of pro-
T gramming a computer is to
use machine language. One
step above that is using an as-
sembler. In this article I'll help
you learn how to do both.
The chip (microprocessor)
I'm describing is the 8080. The
Z-80 has this same instruction
set as part of its instruction set.
Other microprocessors are not
too different once you study
their operation.
First of all, machine lan-
guage is the code that directly
programs the computer. All
other programming techniques
use commands that break
down, invisibly to the user, to
machine-language instructions.
Eight-bit binary numbers are
input to the CPU. If the front-
panel switches are used, you
program directly in binary.
However, if you use a monitor
program, you can input instruc-
tions via a terminal in octal or
hex, depending on which the
monitor uses. If you use the
front-panel switches, the com-
puter outputs its answers to
you by lighting the data lights
-eight of them-in binary. If
you use the monitor, the com-
puter responses are printed on
the terminal, again in octal or
hex, depending on the monitor.
To go into a little more detail,
we'll use the Altair 8800 as our
computer. Other computers
that have front-panel switches
use a similar system.
The Front Panel
As you can see in the photo,
there are 16 switches, each
with a light above it. In addition,
there are eight more lights with
116
How to Talk
to Your 8080
This 3-part article will show how to do both.
no switches. The 16 lights are
used for the address; the other
eight are for data.
There are over 65,000 differ-
ent combinations of the 16 ad-
dress switch positions; each
combination accesses one
byte of memory. Of course, you
probably don't have that much
memory. If you have less, your
memory generally starts at ad-
dress 0 and continues up to the
limit of memory.
Normally your memory
boards should be addressed so
each memory board is adjacent
to the next, with no gaps in
memory. For example, let's say
you have one 8K RAM (pro-
grammable memory) board and
three 4K RAM boards. You
could address the 8K board for
the first 8K of memory, 0 to 8K
memory addresses, then a 4K
addressed for the 8K t612K ad-
dresses, the next 4K for the 12K
to 16K addresses and the last
4K board for the 16K to 20K.
You now have a solid block of
memory for addresses 0 to 20K
(see Fig. 1).You cannot address
any memory location higher
than 20K, as there is no mem-
ory covering those addresses.
Understand now, there is no
reason why you couldn't scat-
ter these memory blocks all
through the 64K of addressable
memory, but it would make pro-
gramming much more difficult
because you would have to pro-
gram around the unused ad-
dresses to get fr~m one block
to another. Also, if you used a
high-level language, the mem-
ory would have to be all in one
big block, usually starting from
address O.
The right eight address
switches "are used to input
data, with eight data lights con-
firming the data entered. The 16
address lights are used only for
addresses, to tell youwhich ad-
dress the computer is access-
ing at the moment. The data
lights show what data is in that
address.
There are also several other
switches used in programming.
The ones we will be using are la-
beled: (1) Stop and Run, (2) Re-
set, (3) Examine and Examine
Next and (4) Deposit and De-
posit Next.
Accessing and Depositing Data
When you power up the com-
puter, you have to reset it to be-
gin using it. To do this, switch
the Stop/Run switch to the Stop
position and, while holding it in
Stop, switch the Reset switch
to Reset. This will stop the com-
puter and cause it to address
the 0 address. This can be seen
by all the address lights being
off, indicating O. There is liable
to be most anything showing
on the data lights.
To look at the contents of
any memory address, switch
the address switches to that
address and move the Examine
switch to Examine. An address
switch up turns the switch on;
down turns it off. Now the ad-
UNUSED
20K
4K
16K
4K
12K MEMORY
4K
aK
4K aK
OK
Fig. 1.
dress light above each address
switch in the up position will go
on, showing that the computer
is now accessing. that address.
The data lights will show the
data stored at that address.
To change the data, switch
the eight right address switches
to the 8-bit binary number you
wish to put in that address and
switch the Deposit switch to
Deposit. The eight data lights
should now light in the same
pattern as the eight switches.
This data is now stored at
that memory address. To exam-
ine the next sequential memory
address, switch to Examine
Next. The binary number on the
address lights will increase by
one showing the next address.
The data lights, as before, will
show the data at that address.
The Deposit Next works
about the same way. It moves
to the next address and de-
posits whatever data you have
set on the right eight address
switches in that next address.
To review, the address lights
always show the current ad-
dress. The examine function
uses the 16 switches to select
the address you want. The data
lights always show the data
stored in that indicated mem-
ory address. The Deposit switch
uses the right eight address
switches to determine the data
you wish to deposit at the ad-
dress shown on the address
lights.
If you Examine an address
where you have no memory, the
address lights will still indicate
the address you selected, but
all eight data lights will go on.
Any attempt to Deposit data at
the address will have no effect
 So 124671 in address form, or You don't have to memorize
split octal, would be 251 and each mnemonic and its octal or
271. To enter the 16-bit address hex number equivalent, as you
as two 8-bit octal numbers, we can always look them up. But
would enter 271 as the low half they are not hard to remember,
of the split octal address and so you will gradually memorize
251 as the high half. The com- them as you use them.
puter puts these back together Earlier I mentioned the moni-
as a 16-bit binary number and tor. This is a program that lets
gets the octal number we you input and output data to
started with, that is, 124671. and from the computer using a
Addresses are always terminal. Essentially, it lets you
changed to split octal when en- do everything you can do with
tered as 8-bit data. And. since the front-panel switches, but
we will be using addresses fre- with a terminal, instead.
. .
. • '1\" ~ quently, you must know how to The monitor might also do
convert to split octal. Let's do other more complex things
one more to be sure you under- such as saving programs on
The Altair 8800.
stand how this works. tape or loading them from tape
Let's say our address is into the computer, etc. But in
123456 octal. To change it to this article we are interested
on the data lights. switches for each octal digit we
split octal, break it down to bi- only in emulating the front-
To run a program, enter it cannot go higher than 7, as we
nary, then split the binary num- panel switches discussed. Most
into the desired addresses with have used up all the possible
ber into two 8-bit halves. This monitors will do at least this
Deposit and Deposit Next. switch combinations. So in
will give us 1 010011 100 101 much.
Then examine all the addresses eight bits the highest number
110,16 bits in all. We divide this The monitor commands are
to be sure you entered the pro- we can enter is 377 octal, or 11
into two 8-bit halves as 10 100 given in the instructions you re-
gram properly. Then examine 111111 binary. This will be am-
111 and 00 101 110, or 247 and ceived with it. Insofar as input-
the address of the first instruc- ple for our programming.
056. ting instructions and data, we
tion in the program and hit the In hex we use four bits for
So 123456 octal is 247 and will assume the monitor uses
Run switch. You're on your each digit, with two digits for
056 in split octal. Get it? I hope octal or hex. Then you don't
way! an 8-bit number. One to 7 is the
so! Split octal is written as have to worry about the binary
same as octal, with an addition-
Hex and Octal 2471056. information I gave you about
al leading binary O.
Numbering Systems In hex we can translate di- switches, etc. You need only
8 hex = 1000 binary rectly; there is no equivalent to type in the data in octal or hex.
To convert from binary to hex 9 hex = 1001 binary split octal. Therefore, a hex ad- All instructions, addresses,
or octal numbers is simple. To A hex = 1010 binary dress of A97D would split to A9 data, etc., are given in octal and
convert from binary to decimal B hex = 1011 binary and 70. Remember also: An ad- hex in this article.
is quite difficult, so we will do C hex = 1100 binary dress (or data) switch in the up As I mentioned earlier, the
the programming in octal with o hex = 1101 binary position is a 1; in the down or monitor program instructions
hex numbers added for those E hex = 1110 binary off position it is a O. should tell you how to examine
who prefer that format. F hex = 1111 binary Now that we know how to get (look at) the contents of any
In decimal we count 1,2,3,4,
When using the address numbers into the computer, memory address or deposit
5,6,7,8,9,10,11, etc. In octal
switches we have 16 switches, let's talk about which number (store) data in any memory ad-
we cou nt 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 10, 11,
so the highest binary number we use to get the computer to dress and how to set the start-
etc. Thus the largest digit is a 7.
we can enter is 1 111 111 111 do our bidding. ing address and run any pro-
You cannot use an 8 or 9 in
111111, or 177777 octal. This is gram.
octal. We'll soon see why. In Mnemonics and Monitors
over 65,000 in decimal. It is One other thing I should men-
hex we count 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,
FFFF in hex. When we give the 8080 in- tion-and I hope I won't con-
9, A, B, C, 0, E, F.
However, if we have to enter struction codes in octal and fuse you-is that the monitor is
To input an 8-bit octal num-
an address as data, we are lim- hex, we will also give a mne- a program and must be some-
ber, the size we will always use,
ited to eight bits-377 octal or monic, or letter group. These where in your computer mem-
we convert from the switches to
FF hex. So we divide our 16-bit mnemonics are used in assem- ory to use it. The monitor docu-
each digit as follows:
binary address ·into two 8-bit bly language, and we will be mentation should tell you
o octal is 000 in binary octal numbers when entering it using them as helpful memory where it is located in memory.
1 octal is 001 in binary as data. joggers in the machine-lan- The point is: Don't load your
2 octal is 010 in binary So the octal address 124671 guage program examples. programs in memory addresses
3 octal is 011 in binary would be 1 010100110111 001
4 octal is 100 in binary in binary. To divide (break) it
5 octal is 101 in binary into two 8-bit octal numbers, we 4K 4K
MONITOR
6 octal is 110 in binary have to arrange the binary num- 3K 3K AREA
FREE FOR
7 octal is 111 in binary beras10101001and10111001. PROGRAM
2K AREA 2K
FREE FOR
Memorize these eight digits; Note that this is the same order IK
PROGRAM
IK
MONITOR
you will be using them all the as our original 16-bit binary
OK OK
time in programming. number, but we have rear-
Since we can only use three ranged most of the groups. Fig. 2.

117
 BITS
o I 2 3 4 5
I I I I I I
A REGISTER
B REGISTER
o REGISTER
H REGISTER
PC AEGISTER
SP REGISTER
MOVE IMMEDIATE
MVI.B
A V
B I
0 E
H L
used by the monitor program.
The programs I will use for
examples all start at the lowest
memory address. If your moni-
tor starts there, you will have to
load all your programs at a
higher address (see Fig. 2).
The simplest way to do this is
to add 1 to the high part of the
highest address used by the
monitor. Then use this high ad-
dress as the high address in all
the programs you load. Use the
same low-address halves I use
in the program (see Fig. 2).
When you have 3-byte instruc-
tions such as LXI, JMP, CALL,
etc., then substitute this high-
address half for the one given
in the program.
For example, let's say we
have an instruction such as:
Mnemonic
CALL
in a program. If your high last
monitor address was 003, then
add 1 making it 004. Then the
6 7 8 9 10 II 12 13 14 15 If the high half of the first
I I I I I I I I I I I
monitor address is above 000,
PSW REGISTER
then all the programs I will use
C REGISTER
will have no effect on the moni-
E REGISTER
tor and can be run as I have
L REGISTER
written ttiem.
(PROGRAM COUNTER)
(STACK POINTER Registers
The 8080 has 12 registers,
Fig. 3. which we will be using to write
our programs. They are the A
register, or accumulator; the
TO B REGISTER PSW, or program status word
. register; the B, C, D, E, Hand L
.>
006 06
007 (DATA)
registers; the two SP (stack
PSW point) registers (always used as
c one 16-bit register); and the two
PC, or program counter, regis-
ters (always used as one 16-bit
register).
The A and PSW registers are
Fig. 4.
always used as 8-bit registers;
the Band C registers can be
used as individual 8-bit regis-
ters or one 16-bit register; the D
and E can be used as the Band
C; and the Hand L registers can
usually be used together as one
16-bit register but sometimes
. as two individual 8-bit registers
(see Fig. 3).
As you may have guessed,
16-bit register pairs are used to
hold addresses, and 8-bit regis-
ters are used for data (see Fig.
3). We can only store eight bits
of data, remember?
These registers can just be
considered additional memory
locations, but these are part of
the 8080, and, instead of using
a 16-bit address, we can refer to
them by their letter names: A, B,
C, etc. We will use these for ad-
dress and data storage as often
as possible in programming. As
Octal Code Hex Code
you will see, they are much
315 CD
214 BC easier to use than memory
000 00 locations.
Moving Data
First we'll look at how we get
To do this we have to check a
status flag generated by the 1/0
board. This requires checking
one bit to see if it is high or low.
After we learn more instruc-
tions, we will see how this is
done.
First we will discuss the op-
eration codes to store and re-
trieve data. To put data into a
register, we use the following
instructions:
MVI,8 006
MVI,C 016
MVI,O 026
MVI,E 036
MVI,H 046
MVI,L 056
MVI,A 076
In the mnemonic, the MVI
means we are using the data
following the MVI instruction to
the register. The data is input in
a following 8-bit code. For ex-
ample, to move the data 020 to
register B, we would first store
the MVI,B command, or 006,
then in the next instruction or
eight bits (byte) we would store
the data, or 020.
Thus in address 0 we'd de-
posit 006 to tell the computer
what to do, then 020 to tell the
computer what data to move
into B. This is a 2-byte instruc-
tion (see Fig. 4). Note again that
we can only store an octal num-
ber from 0 to 377 in an 8-bit reg-
ister.
These are called immediate
instructions, since they move
that data immediately follow-
ing the instruction, as opposed
to indirect instructions, which
move data stored in a register
or memory location. Indirect in-
structions, therefore, are not
followed by a data byte; imme-
MOVE
MVI.
A PSW
diate instructions are (Fig. 4).
This covers all the 8-bit regis- .
ters. You might have noted that
there is one octal code missing
in this sequence (that is, 066 be-
tween MVI,L and MVI,A). The
mnemonic for 066 is MVI,M.
This is 36 in hex. But there's no
M register!
Well, M stands for memory.
So if we write 066 followed by
020 we are saying move 020 to
06
memory. But where in memory?
OE This instruction assumes that
16
the address in memory where
1E
26 we want to store the data is in
2E the Hand L register pair (see
3E
Fig. 5). So we see why Hand L
are usually used as a single
16-bit register.
We could store our memory
address as follows: The high
half of the split octal address in
H (high) and the lower half in L
(low). So if we wished to move
the 020 in the MVI,M (066) in-
struction to 243/017 split octal
address (121517 in octal), we'd
use the program in Program 1.
So we must have the desired
address in HL whenever we use
an instruction that uses M in
the mnemonic for a register
(see Fig. 5).
There is an easier way to put
an address in the following reg-
ister pairs (BC, DE, HL or SP).
We saw that it took four bytes
(8-bit instructions to put the ad-
dress in Hand L using MVI. We
can use LXI followed by the
first of the register pair to load
16 bits directly into that pair.
LXI,B 001 01
LXI,D 021 11
LXI,H 041 21
LXI,SP 061 31
IMMEDIATE TO MEMORY
M 066 36
020 10

CALL would be: information into and out of the B C REGISTERS

computer, or 1/0. In all instruc- 0 E

CALL 315 CO
214 BC tion lists we will put the mne- H (243 OCTAL) L (011 OCTAL)
004 04 monic first, then the octal in-
The first address I give all the struction number, then the hex
programs is O. If you used the number:
above monitor, your first ad- IN 333 03 OCTAL OCTAL
323 03 ADDRESS DATA
dress would be 0101000 (4000 OUT
243/016 0~2
split octal), 0400 hex, instead of The IN or OUT is followed by
O. The idea is to store all the
programs above the monitor so
a port number, that used by
your 1/0 hardware board. We
243/017

243/020
020

~26
- PART OF
MEMORY
AREA

you don't write instructions also have to be sure the com- 243/021 136

over the monitor.and change its puter is ready to receive an in-

instruction codes. put or has an output ready. Fig. 5.

118
The LXI code is followed by two a 3-byte instruction. That is, the
bytes, the split octal or hex ad- LXI instruction uses three octal Hex Mnemonic Octal Hex Comments
Address Address code code
dress. So: bytes, the first the LXI instruc- 000 0000 MVI,H 046 26
00 I 0001 243 A3 high half of address
MVI,H 046 26 tion, followed by the 2-byte split 002 0002 MVI,L 056 2E
octal or hex address. So when 003 0003 017 OF low half of address
243 A3
MVI,L 056 2E using any 3-byte instruction This would put the desired address in HL before we u sed them.

17
could be replaced by
LXI,H 041
017
243
This saves us one byte of code
to do the same thing. However,
note that we put the low half of
the address (017) first, followed
by the high half (243, using oc-
tal as the example). That is,·
backwards.
All addresses are handled
this way when they are used in
OF (there are quite a few more), the
address order (or data order) is
reversed.
21
We'll try to make this very
OF
clear with another example,
A3
since this concept is confusing
but important in programming
the 8080. We want to load the
split octal address 000/123
(0053 hex) in HL. We use LXI,H
(041)as the first instruction, fol-
10wAd by the byte we wish to
load in L (123), followed by the
byte we want to load in H (0)
(see Program 2).
004 0004 MVI,M
005 0005
Program
Loading any of the register
pairs with the LXI (or any 3-byte
instruction) works this way (see
Program 3).
So anytime we load an ad-
dress or data into a register
pair, we write the data in the re-
verse order from the register
order. We will see many more
066 36
020 10 data
1.
examples of this as we look at
other instructions.
Now we have found out how
to put data in most of the regis-
ters. We haven't discussed
loading the PSW register and
the PC register pair. Note that
we can only load the SP register
pair with the LXI,SP (061 octal,

DATA THANSJ'ER GROUP 046 26 MVI,H 055 2D DCR,L 077 3F cxc

056 2E MVI,L 065 35 nCRtM
100 40 mv B,B 066 36 WItH 075 3D DCR,A 346 E6 ANI
101 41 mv BtC 076 3E MVI,A 356 EE XRI
102 42 }l)V B,D 003 03 INX,B 366 F6 ORI
103 43 1«>V B,E 001 01 LXI,S 023 13 INX,D 376 FE CPI
104 44 mv B,H 021 II LXI,D 043 23 INX,H
105 45 M)Va,L 041 21 LXI,H 063 33 INX, SP BRANCH GROUP
106 46 mv 8,M 061 31 LXI,SP
107 47 H)V B,A 013 OB DCX,B 302 C2 JNZ
110 48 ).I)V c.a 002 02 STAX B 033 IB ncx,» 312 CA JZ
III 49 )l)V c, C 012 OA LDAX B 053 2B DCX,H 322 D2 JNC
112 4A mv C,D 022 12 STAX D 073 3B DCX,SP 332 DA JC
113 4B mv C,E 032 IA LDAX D 342 E2 JPO
114 4c mv c.a 042 22 SHLD 011 09 DAD,a 352 EA JPE
115 4D mv e,L 052 2A LRLD 031 19 DAD,D 362 F2 JP
116 4E mv e,M 062 32 STA 051 29 DAD,R
372 FA JM
117 4F )l)V C,A 072 3A LDA 071 39 DAD,SP
120 50 H>V D,B 304 c4 CNZ
121 51 mv D,e 353 EB XCHG 047 27 DAA 314 cc CZ
122 52 mv D,D 371 F9 SPHL 324 D4 CNC
123 53 mv D,E 306 C6 ADI 334 DC cc
124 54 :my D,H 316 CE ACI 344 E4 CPO
125 55 my D,L ARITHMETIC GROUP 326 D6 SUI 354 EC CPE
126 56 l«>V D,M 336 DE SBI 364 F4 CP
127 57 mv D,A 200 80 ADD,S 374 FC CM
130 58 M'lV E,B 201 81 ADD,e LOGICAL GROUP
131 59 KlV E,C .202 82 ADD,D 300 co RNZ
132 5A mv E,D 203 83 ADD,E 240 AO ANA,S 310 C8 RZ
133 5B KlV E,E 204 84 ADD,H 241 AI ANA,C 320 DO RNC
134 5c mv E,B 205 85 ADD,L 242 A2 ANA,D )30 D8 RC
135 5D KlV E,L 206 86 ADD,M 243 A3 ANA,E 340 EO RPO
136 5E HJV E,M 207 87 ADD,A 244 A4 ANA,H 350 E8 RPE
137 5F J.l)V E,A 210 88 ADC,B 245 A5 ANA,L 360 FO RP
140 60 :WV H,B 211 89 ADC,C 246 A6 ANA,M 370 F8 RM
141 61 :my H,C 212 8A ADC,D 247 A7 ANA,A
142 62 J.I)V H,D 213 8B ADC,E 303 C3 J~lP
143 63 J.l)V H,E 214 8C ADC,H 250 A8 XRA,B
144 64 ~IJV H,H 215 8D ADC,L 251 A9 XRA,C RET
3 II C9
145 65 HJV H,L 216 8E ADC,M 252 AA XRA,D CD CALL
315
146 66 mv H,M 217 8F ADC,A 253 AB XRA,E
147 67 sov H,A 220 90 SUB,B 254 AC XRA,H 307 C7 RST 0
150 68 mv L,B 221 91 SUB,C 255 AD XRA,L CF RST I
317
151 69 M)V L,C 222 92 SUB,D 256 AE XRA,M D7 RST 2
327
152 6A K>V L,D 223 93 SUB,E 257 AF XRA,A 337 DF RST 3
153 6B my L,E 224 94 SUB,H 347 E7 RST 4
154 6c mv L,B 225 95 SUB,L 260 BO ORA,B 357 EF RST 5
155 6D sov L,L 226 96 SUB,M 261 Bl ORA,C 367 1"7 RST 6
156 6E mv L,M 227 97 SUB,A 262 B2 ORA,D 377 FF RST 7
157 6F M)V L,A 230 98 SBB,B 263 B3 ORAtE
160 70 lilY M,B 231 99 S88,C 264 B4 ORA,H STACK, I/O
161 71 H>V M,C 232 9A SBB,D 265 B5 ORA,L AND ~lACHINE CONTROL GROUP
162 72 H>V M,D 233 9B SBB,E 266 B6 ORAtM
163 73 H)V M,E 234 9C SBB,H 267 B7 ORA,A 333 DB IN
164 74 sov M,H 235 9D SBB,L 323 D3 OUT
165 75 mv M,L 236 9E SBB,M 270 B8 CNP,B
166 76 HLT 237 9F SBB,A 271 B9 CMP,C 166 76 HLT
167 77 H)V M,A 272 SA CMP,D
170 78 lilY A,B 004 04 INR,B 273 BB CMP,E 000 00 NOP
171 79 mv A, C 014 OC INR,C 274 BC CMF,H
172 7A mv A,D 024 14 DIR,D 275 BD C~lP,L 343 EJ XTHL
173 7B mv A,E 034 IC DR.E 276 BE CMP,M
174 7C mv A,a 044 24 DR,B 277 BF CMPtA 301 ci POP B
175 7D H,)V A,L 054 2C INR,L 321 DI POP D
176 7E lilY A,M 064 34 INR,M 007 07 RLC 341 EI POP H
177 7F 1«>V A,A 074 3c ·lNR,A 017 OF RRC 361 Fl POP PSI/
005 05 DCR,e 027 17 HAL
006 06 wI,e 015 OD DCR,C 037 IF RAR 305 q5 PUSH B
016 OE MVI,C 025 15 DCR,D 325 D5 PUSH D
026 16 MVI,D 035 JD DCR,A 057 2F CMA 345 E5 PUSH H
036 IE MVI,E 045 25 DCR,H 067 37 STC 365 F5 PUSH psw

Appendix.

119
 MOVE INDIRECT TO B REGISTER
MOV B,L 105 45

000 0000 LXI~H oltl 21 A PSW

001 0001 123 53 goes in L
002 0002 000 00 goes in H B -, <,
C

Program 2. 0 E REGISTERS

H \ L

Fig. 6.

000 0000 LXI,B 001 01

001 0001 123 53 goes in C
0002 000 00 goes in B
002 This covers most of the ways SH LD 042 22

Program 3. we can move data between reg- 037 1F

isters and between memory lo- 025 15
cations and registers. But there Remember, low half first! The H
are a few more you will find register is automatically loaded
useful. into the following memory loca-
31 hex) instruction. We cannot and use the MOV C,B (110) in-
To store data in the A register tion.
load either of the SP pairs with struction, we end up with 123 in
into memory where the address
MVI instructions. However, the C register (moved from the To load the L register from
is in the Be register pair, use:
there is another way, which B register) and 123 in the B reg- any address, use:
STAXB 002 02
we'll get to later. ister (it's still there). The 156 in LHLD 052 2A
We can also move data from the C register is gone forever, To load the A register from the followed by the split octal or
any 8-bit register to any other, having been replaced by the memory location in the register
hex address of the memory lo-
or to or from any memory loca- 123 in the B register. pair BC, use:
cation desired. The H register is
tion designated by the memory The MOV instructions follow LDAX B 012 OA automatically loaded from the
address in the HL pair. Here's in order: B, C, D, E, H, L, M, A. To store the A register into the next address.
an example of a register-to-reg- Thus, first MOV B,B, then MOV memory location stored in the To store the A register into
ister move, then the table of all B,C, then MOV B,D, etc., until register pair DE, use: any address, use:
possibilities. MOV B,A. The next group would STAX D 022 12 STA 062 32
To move data from register B be MOV C,B through MOV C,A,
To load the A register from the followed by the split octal or
to register C we use then MOV D,B through MOV
memory location stored in reg- hex address.
MOV C,B 110 48 D,A, until we finish with MOV
ister pair DE, use: To load the A register from
Thus the receiving register is A,B through MOV A,A. See the
LDAX D 032 1A any memory location, use:
listed first in the mnemonic, MOV instructions in the appen-
dix for a list of all instructions. To store the L register direct- LDA 072 3A
then the sending register. At
The octal instruction codes are ly into any memory location, followed by the split octal
this time we might note that
consecutive from 100 to 177; use: address.
when we move data from one
register to another, the data the hex run from 40 to 7F. SHLD 042 22 Next month, in the second of
still remains in the sending reg- See what I mean about how it followed by the split octal ad- three articles, we'll discuss the
ister (see Fig. 6). is easier to memorize the mne- dress of the desired memory lo- flags, learn how to do arith-
Thus, using the octal exam- monics and codes if the codes cation. Thus, to store L in mem- metic and discuss the branch
ple, if we have 123 in the B reg- are in octal? They follow a logi- ory location 012437 (025/037 instructions, jump and call.
ister and 156 in the C register cal pattern (see appendix). split octal, 151 F hex), use: Stay tuned .•

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120 V' Reader Service-see page 179
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~ Reader Service-see page 179 121
Dr. Robert J. Cotter
The Johns Hopkins
School of Medicine
725 North Wolfe Street
Baltimore MD 21205

Programming the 1802

•.;;:,. . <i,. ,_

Dr. Cotter's last 1802 article appeared in the December 1978 issue. With this "welcome
back'; 1802 article, he explains how to input and output data, add subtract and multiply.

I n"The Amazing 1802" (Kilo-

baud, No. 20, p. 102) and
"Interfacing the Elf II" (Kilo-
baud, No: 24; p. 40), I described
some hardware additions for
expanding the 'Elf II. This time
I'd like to share some pro-
gramming techniques 10Mt will
enable you to perform some
simple arithmetic calculations
on the Elf. This article will also
introduce you to some methods
for writing and calling subrou-
tines you may wish to incorpo-
rate into your own programs.
If you did buifd the address
decoder described in the latter
article, you will find it easier to
write and debug the programs
and subroutines described be-
low, since you can step up to
the correct memory locations
for entering the subroutines. If
decimal
75
+58
133
location
00
02
04
05
06
you did not, then have no fear,
since all of the programs in this
article have been written on the
16~bit registers arid the 8-bit
special purpose reqlsters N, P,
X and D: Th,~ 16-bit registers
ters. Output instructions, how'
ever,Wi,llonly fetch data pointed
to by the register designated by
original 256 memory Ibcations point to memory locations; the the 8-bit X register. An E2 in-
that come with the basic Elf.II, N~P andX registers pqint to the struction plaC~}?a 2 i~ register
In Table 1 I have listed a sub- 16-bit registers; .and the D X, sothat R2 = RX.A 64 instruc-
set of the 1802 instructions register is used,for arithemetic tion puts the answer on the dis-
necessary for writing all of the and logic operations. plays. The whole program is
programs in this article. Only shown in Example 2. If you
one- and two-byte instructions How to Add Two Numbers enter .the program and press
are used, since the three-byte the RUN switch, the hex dis-
After I finished soldering my
instructions are used for plays will ShDWthe answer: 85.
Elf II, my-first inclination was to
branching onto additonal (256 So. far, so good! But what
try to add two numbers to-
byte) pages of memory. I've happens if you add two nurn-
gether, even though it is a lot
also included the "level ,1" bers whose sum is greater than
easier on a calculator: It takes
mnemonics so you may trans- 256 (requiring more than 8
more steps on a microcomput-
late the programs into the ap- bits)? See' Example 3. The
er, ana you haveto think in hexa-
propriate op code if you are binary addition produces a
decimal and binary to under-
using a different computer. "carry" into the ninth bit. For-
stand what is goihg on. Exam-
Before we begin program- tu~at~ly, this bit is retained in a
pie 1 shows the addition of two
ming, recall also that, in ad' special. register, the DF regis-
hurribers, 75 and 58.
dition to the 256 8-bit memory tsi.whenever the ADD.IMMEDI-
The simplest way is to put
locations, the Elf II has sixteen AtE command, Fe, is used. A
the first number, 4B, into the D
rewrite of our proqrarn for this
register using the LOAD IMME-
addition is shown in Example 4.
DIATE instruction 1=8. We enter:
We have added three new steps
hexadecimal binary F848 that test DF for a "carry" bit
48 0100 1011 The D register then acts as an and turn on the LED to indicate
+3A +0011 1010 the carry.
85 1000 0101
eccumuietor so that wren you
add the number 3A to the con-
Improving the Program
Example 1. tents of D using the ADD IMME-
DIATE: We need to improve the pro-
gram. In step 04 we momentari-
Fe 3A
ly placed our answer in mem-
t~e D register will then con-tain ory, and in steps 05 and 06 we
bytes comments
the answer, which must now be designated this location ds the
F848 48-0
read out on the displays. source of our output display.
FC 3A 3A+0-0,OF The Elf II will output numbers This location is ,determined by
52 0-M(R2) only frqm memory locations R2, which may be pointing to
E2 R2=RX
64 M(RX)-hex displays (not registers). The 52 lnstruc- any arbitrary location when the
tion will transfer our answer to Elf is turned on. It may, in fact,
Example 2. the memory location pointed to write the answer in one of the
by R2, one of the 16-bit regis- program locations and erase

122
 OpCode Mnemonic Name Operation
1N INC INCREMEt>jT REG N RN+1 decimal hexadecimal binary
2N DEC DECREMENT REG N RN -1
8N GLO GET LOW REG N RN.O-D 58 3A 0011 1010
9N GHI GET HIGH REG N RN.1-D + 242 + F2 + 1111 0010
AN PLO PUT LOW REG N D-RN.O 300 12C 1 0010 1100
BN PHI PUT HIGH REG N D-RN.1
7A REO RESET a 9-0 (light off) Example 3.
7B SEa SET a 1-0 (light on)
DN SEP SET P N-P
EN SEX SET X N-X
4N LDA LOAD ADVANCE MN-D,RN +1
5N STR STORE VIA N D-MN
FO LDX LOAD VIA X MX-D location bytes comments
F1 OR OR MX OR D-D
F2 AND MX AND D-D 00 F8 3A 3A-D
AND
F3 XOR EXCLUSIVE-OR MX XOR D-D 02 FC F2 F2+D-D,DF
F6 SHR SHIFT RIGi-IT shifl D right 04 52 D-M(R2)

LSB-DF 05 E2 X-2
76 SHRC SHIFT RIGHT WITH rotate D rig ht Q6 64 M(RX)-hex displays

CARRY LSB-DF, DF-MSB 07 330A GO TO OA if OF =1

FE SHL SHIFT LEFT shifl'D lefl 09 00 STOP
MSB-DF OA 7B a-ON
7E SHLC SHIFT LEFT WITH rotate D left
CARRY MSB-DF, DF-LSB Example 4.
f4 ADD ADD MX+D-DF,D
74 ADC ADD WITH CARRY MX + D + DF-DF,D
F5 SD SUBTRACT D MX-D-DF,D
75 SDB SUBTRACT WITH BORROW MX - D -lJF'-DF,D

C4 NOP NO OPERATION continue computation. The 64 instruc- second operand). The instruc-
6N OUT OUTPUT (N = 1 - 7) MX-SUS, RX + 1 tion displays the number we tions 52 and 64 read out the an-
64 (N =4) MX-h'ex display
have just entered so that we swer, and the remaining steps
6N INP INPUT (N =9 - F) BUS-D,MX
6C (N =C) keyboard-D,MX can verify that it was entered test the carry register, DF, be·
30 MM BR UNCOND SHORT BRANCH GO TO MM correctly. fore returning the program for
31 MM BO SHORT BRANCH I Fa = 1 GOTOMMiI0=1 Steps 9 to 11 are used to ac- the next computation.
39 MM BNO ~HORT BRANCH IF 0=0 GOTO MM iIO=O
32 MM BZ SHORT BRANCH IF D =0 GOTOMMifD=OO
cept the second operand and Try the program out using
3A MM BNZ SHORT BRANCH IF D"O GO TO MM if D"OO copy it into D and onto A 1, the the previous examples. Press:
33 MM BDF SHORT BRANCH IF DF = 1 GO TO MM if DF = 1
second position on the stack. RUN; 4B INPUT; 3A INPUT; IN·
3B MM BNF SHORTBRANCHIFDF=O GOTOMMifDF=O
37 MM B4 SHORT BRANCH IF GO TO MM if INPUT The 64 instruction again veri· PUT. The display will read "85"
EF4 =1 switch is down fies this number on the dis- and the LED will be off. Next,
3F MM BN4 SHORT BRANCH IF GO TO MM if INPUT
plays. enter: 3A INPUT; F2 INPUT; IN·
EF4=0 switch is up
F8 KK LDI LOAD IMMEDIATE KK'-D
Addition will not take place PUT. The displays will show
F9 KK ORI OR IMMEDIATE KK OR D-D until the INPUT switch has "2C" and the LED will be on, in-
FA KK ANI AND IMMEDIATE !<K AND D-D
been depressed and released dicating a carry.
FB KK XRI XOR IMMEDIATE KKXOR D-D
FD KK SDI SUBTRACT D IMMEDIATE KK - D - N-DF,D one more time (steps 13, 14). In
FC KK ADI ADD IMMEDIATE KK+D-DF,D step '15 the stack pointer reo Double-Precision Arithmetic
turns to the top of the stack and It is common in computer
Table 1. COSMAC 1802 instruction sheet.
adds (instruction F4) the nurn- computations to work in
ber in locatlon AD with the con- "double precision." For an 8-bit
an instruction! Therefore, we used in computations. Step 2 tents of D (which still holds the computer this means working
will need to set R2 to point to resets the carry register, ~F, by
some location well beyond the loading 00 into the D register
program. and then shifting 0 into DF. This
Also, it is inconvenient, to is necessary since DF may con- Location Bytes Step Comments
say the least, to have to write a taln a logical "1" when the corn- 0000 F8 AO A2 AO-D, D-R2.0

new program for each set of ad- puter is turned on. Step 3,desig· ,'da F8 00 F6 OO-D, shift D right
06 E2 2-X
ditions. Therefore, we will reo nates our stack pointer, R2, as 07 3F 07 4 GO TO 07 if INPUT switch is up
write our program so that after the output register. ., 09 37 09 5 GO TO 09 if INPUT switch is down
OB 6C 6 keyboard bvtes+D, M2
execution is begun it awaits Steps 4 to 6 illustrate the
OC 7A 7 reset a
two operands from the key- technique for accepting vari- OD 64 8 M2-hex display
board, performs the cornputa- abies from the keyboard during OE 3F OE 9 GO TO OE if INPUT switch is up
10 37 10 10 GO TO 10 if INPUT switch is down
tion, di~plays the answer and execution. There are twb' loops
12 6C 11 keyboard bytes+D, M2
resets the program for the next (p.t steps 4 and 5) that wait for 13 12 M2-hex display
14 3F 14 13 GO TO 14 if INPUT switch is up
computation. Program A gives the INPUT switch to be de·
1p' 37 16 14 GOTO 16 if INPUT switch is down
·the listing for such a program. pressed and released. If a nurn- 18 22 22 15 R2 - :1~R2-1
Step 1 sets R2 to polnt to 10' ber has been entered on the 1A F4 16 MX+D-DF,D
1B 52 17 D-M2
cation
.. AD. R2 is called the keyboard before pressing the 1(; 64 18 M2-hex displays
"stack pointer," which we will INPUT switch, the lnstructlon 1D 33 21 19 GO TO 21 if DF =1
set at AD for all the programs in 6C will place that number into D 1F 3000 20 GOTp 00
2'; 7B 21 a-ON
this article. All variables will a,nd in the first position on the 22 30 00 22 GO TO 00
then be located in memory be- stack, in this case, AD. The 7A
ginning at this location and ihstruction resets a, since it Program A. Addition program.
may be fetched as they are may be ON from a previous

123
 Memory Allocation

Reduce pra9r~ , 0000-003F MAIN PROGRAM

used for reading in variables, determining
the type of computation and displaying

3 0040-0049
0050-0059
answers
ADD subroutine
SU8T subroutine

3_. 0060-0080 MULT subroutine

00AO-00A4 stack pointer
storage of operands, answers and subroutine
locations
AO operand 1, high-order byte

:::I A 1 operand 1, low-order byte

CD
A2 operand 2, high-order byte
A3 operand 2, low-order byte
A4 subroutine to be called

DATA1-K RESIDENT
n Register Allocation
ASSEMBLER/EDITOR
FOR THE e R2 = R(SP)
R3 = R(PC)
the stack pointer
the program counter, used to call subroutines

MOS TECHNOLOGY 6502

The DATA t-K resident assembler/editor is the new,
III R5 = R(RET)
RF= R(ACG)
stores return location for main program
.accumulator register; contains one of the
operands and the answer,

S
efficient approach to the assembly of microcomputer programs.
All assembler editor functions are performed entirely
within memorv. I n most cases there is no need for a special
computer svstem! Program with the DATA 1-K on the
Table 2,
system which will ultimately make use of the object code. This
not oaly lowers the initial cost of a development system but greatly ALSOAVAILA8L.E INCASSETTE
decreases the amount of time spent on program debugging.
The DATA 1·K assembles fast-over 600 lines per minute-and uses with 16 bits, which gives an ef- has been executed.
the standard MOS Technology Assembler Language. The DATA 'l-K
features a truly general purpose line oriented text editor with error correction and fective computation range from
paged output capability.
Electric, Eaton, Monitor
The DATA t-K is currently in use by: General Electric, Western
Systems, the University of Cincinnati, and many others. o to 65,535. Because the D reg- The MAIN Program
cassette
It is presently available on KIM·1 format
warranty and update.
paper tape or and it includes one year
ister is only 8 bits long, it can no The program to input and
Price: $250.00 longer be used as the accumu- output the variables is listed as
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Terms: Payment with order/add $2.00 shipping and handling/add $10.00 for cassette version.
lator. Instead, the 16-bit regis- Program B. Step 1 sets the
Delivery: stock to 30 days. .
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cumulator, R(ACC), while R2 steps 2 and 3 clear DF and Q.
will still serve as the stack Steps 4 to 6 should now be

JOHNSON pointer, R(SP).

Also, at this stage we want to
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think ahead a little, We will
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familiar as the loop that awaits
the variables that will be copied
onto the stack beginning at lo-
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ands and store these in loca-
tions AOto A3. It also accepts a

~.~ TRS SO· PET· APPLE write all of these operations as

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fifth number (40,50 or 60) to in-
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M77
first turn our attention to writ-
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GALACTIC BLOCKADE RUNNER-an exciting. different and scptnancatec variables, store them on a Steps 7 to 9 test to see if the
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Step 17 is the return location
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ister RO.Steps 18 and 19 place

124 Y" Reader Service-see page 179

the high-order byte of the an- and the accumulator register
swer (from the accumulator first, returning the 8-bit result
register) into memory and onto to the accumulator and then Tarbell
repeating the process for the
the output displays, while
steps 24 and 25 do the same for high-order bits. The first addi-
Floppy Disc Interface
the low-order byte after the IN- tion uses the F4 instruction Designed for Hobbyists and
PUT switch has been de- (ADD), but since this addition
pressed and released. may result in a "carry" into the
Developers
The 78 instruction in step 21 ninth bit (register OF), the in-
lights the LED if there has been struction 74 (ADD WITH CARRY)
a carry, and steps 26 to 28 re- is used in the addition of the
turn the program for a new com- high-order bits. A carry after the
putation if the INPUT switch is second addition is tested in the
depressed one more time. The MAIN program.
MAIN program can be used The ADD subroutine is listed
with any of the subroutines that as Program C and begins at lo-
follow. cation 40. Remember that upon
entering the subroutine the
The ADD Subroutine stack pointer is aimed at loca-
Addition is accomplished in tion A2. The first step in the • Plugs directly into your IMSAI or ALTAIR' and handles up
to 4 standardsingledrivesin daisy-chain.
the 0 register by adding the subroutine increments R2 to
fetch the low-order bits first. At • Operates at standard 250K bits per second on normal disc
low-order bits from memory
format capacityof 243K bytes.
• Works with modified CP/M Operating Systemand BASIC-E
Compiler.
• Hardware includes 4 extra IC slots, built-in phantom boot-
strap and on-board crystal clock. UsesWD 1771 LSI Chip.
Location Bytes Step Comments
• 6-month warranty and extensivedocumentation.
0000 F8 AO A2 1 set R(SP)
03 F8 00 F6 2 clear DF
• PRICE: Kit $190 Assembled$265
06 7A 3 reset Q "ALTAIR is a trademarkltradename of Pertec Computer Corp.
07 3F 07 4 wait for INPUT to be depressed
09 37 09 5 wait for IN PUT to be released
950 DOVLEN PLACE, SUITE B
OB E2 6C 64 6 accept inputs from keyboard, store,
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display and increment R(SP)
V"Tll (213) 538-4251' {2131 538-2254
OE 82 7 R2.0-D
OF FB A5 8 D XOR A5
11 3A 06 9 GO TO 06 if D*O
~O- TRS-SO- TRS-BO- TRS-SO- TRS-BO- TRS-SO- TRS-SO- TRS-SO- TRS-SO - TI
13 22 10 decrement R(SP) to location A4
14 FO A3 11 M2-D; D-R3.0 (subroutine pointer)
16 F8 23 A5 12 set return location in R5 s~are from ~ct~ service
19 F8 AO A2 13 reset R(SP) to AO I. Z-RO 1)JSASS/·:MBI,ER: $20.00
lC FO BF 12 14 M2-RF.l; R2 + 1
Shows the symbolic code for the machine instructions stored in the memory of your TRS-HO. Displays ad-
IF FO AF 12 15 M2-RF.0; R2 + dresses and machine code in hexadecimal, ASCII representation. and symbolic instructions. with operands.
on video monitor or line printer. Decodes all Z-RO instructions! Zilog mnemonics used. Code can he
22 D3 16 call subroutine; 3-P
reassembled using the TRS-80 Editor! Assembler.
23 DO 17 O-P
B£.QUlJU~S:
24 9F 52 18 RF.l-D, D-M2
Levell or II. \Ve have a version for all versions of the TRS-HO (please stat!' which cue you OWII).
26 64 19 display hlqh-order bytes of answer
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27 3B 2A 20 GO TO 2A if DF =0
This is a complete Data Base Management Program for the THS-HO Disk Systelil. It employs five rom-
29 7B 21 light Q mands: Find, Add, Change. Video and Print. You can name your own headings for all Fields and r-un store an}
2A 3F 2A 22 wait for INPUT to be depressed type of information for quick retrieval. All headings and data arc kept on disk. Easy 10 me hut professional.
Example of use: Store index of magazine articles .'i0 VOl! don', have to nip through all of vour computer
2C 37 2C 23 wait for INPUT to be released magazines to find an article.
2E 8F 52 24 RF.O-D, D-M2
~QUIRES;
30 64 25 display low-order byte of answer
Level II Disk Basic and one disk drive, 16K RAM, comes on cassette. for disk add $7.S0
31 3F 31 26 wait for INPUT to be depressed
3. lIEXMJI-:CIMAL NUMERICtU, KFY PM). $(HJ.!JS
33 37 33 27 wait for INPUT to be released
Ribbon Cable plugs into keyboard or expansion interface. No modifications nCC'L'\.';ary.
35 30 00 28 return
4. COMPRElIENSIVE MFMORl' I1~ST; $7.9S
Routines for all Level II TRS-Ho.~.
Program B. MAIN program.
5, INVENTOR},; ·S20.00
Uses sequential files on disk to store inventory. You can list stock number, item name, location. how munv,
cost per unit, number per case. cost per case, and next .,hipping date. Commands include: Check for item.
change item info, add new items, and print entire inventory to line printer. Can he uxcd without line printer.
Easy to use. just load and run, type in ~'ollr inventory and you are ready for quick rurrievul of any item.

!..lli.9UII!ES:
Level II disk drive and basic. 16K RAM.

6. LEVEl. III H.•

\.I)fC ON CA.SSETn: .S:W.OO
Location Bytes Step Comments
7. I-HUG ON IJISK S20.()()
8. EDlTO" i\.I.ISJ-::\IH1.ER OlV DISK I.II."ITERACTS WITH J)JSK.
0040 12 R2+ 1
41 E2 x-2 NOTE:

42 8F RF.O-D; fetch R(ACC) low-order bits All prol:,'l"ams came on cassette unless noted. If you want it on disk, please specify s() and uddS? ..50 to your
order, or send a diskette with your order. All orders shipped same day. All programs guaranteed to run.
43 F4 M2 + D-D,DF; add low-order bits
44 AF D-RF.O; store result in R(ACC) MASTER CHAllCF & VISA. WEl.COME

45 22 6 R2-1
46 9F 7 RF.l-D; fetch R(ACC) high-order bits
47 74 8 M2 + D + DF-D,DF; add high-order ~~WID ctCWJl.PruU'le~~~1JW~~le
bits and carry
48 BF 9 D-RF.l; store result in R(ACC) Qle~lJ<tle
49 D5 10 return to MAIN program
OO(J)!ll IDIMm(!)l;~K1ID~"
Program C. Add subroutine. OOtU[l.~K1~ U'K1~f1a~(}
vA75

~-----------~~~~~~~~~~'------------~
V Reader Service-see page 179 125
the end of the subroutine, the occurs when the multiplier
instruction D5 makes register Comments
equals zero. Return is accom-
location Byles Slep
R5 the program counter. Its ini- plished by placing control of
0050 12 R2 + 1
tial location was set by the 51 E2 x-2 the program in the ROregister,
MAIN program as the return 52 8F 3 RF.O-D; fetch R(ACC) low-order bits which is pointing to the next lo-
53 F5 4 M2 - D-D,DF; subtract low bits
address. 54 AF 5 D-RF.O; store result in R(ACC)
cation in the MAIN program
Let's add two double preci- 55 22 6 R2-1 from where we left it.
9F RF.l-D; fetch R(ACC) high·order bits
sion numbers,- represented in 56 Let's try an example. Sup-
57 75 8 M2 - D - OF-DF,D; subtract with
decimal and hexadecimal, to borrow pose we wish to perform the fol-
see how the program works 58 BF 9 D-RF.l; store result in R(ACC) lowing multiplication:
59 D5 10 return to MAIN program
(see Example 5). Enter both the 85

MAIN program and the ADD x AB

Program D. Subt subroutine.
58D7
subroutine into the computer
and press the RUN switch. Enter the MULT subroutine,
Then enter: 9B INPUT, 32 IN- press the RUN switch and en-
PUT, C2 INPUT, F1 INPUT, 40 ter: 00 INPUT, 85 INPUT, 00 IN-
INPUT. The last entry is the lo- Location Byles Slep Comments PUT, AB INPUT, 60 INPUT. 58
cation of the subroutine and in- 0060 F8 00 AF 1 clear accumulator and D7 will appear on the dis-
dicates that you wish to add the 63 22 2 R2-1 plays.
64 E2 3 x-2
two numbers. 65 FO 4 M2-D
Where Do We Go from Here?
The displays will show the 66 3A 69 5 GO TO 69 if D"OO

number 5E and the LED will be
lit, indicating the carry. If you
press the INPUT switch again,
the displays will read 23. One
more depression of the INPUT
switch readies the program for
the next computation.
The SUBT Subroutine
The subroutine for subtrac-
tion is listed as Program D and
is similar to the ADD subrou-
tine. In this case, however, sub-
traction of the low-order bits is
accomplished with instruction
F5 (SUBTRACT),while the high-
order bits use 75 (SUBTRACT
WITH BORROW). Whenever a
borrow occurs, DF will be set to
"0." When it does not,
DF="1." Again, let's try an ex-
ample:
A217
-3C85
6592
Enter the SUBT subroutine,
press the RUN switch and then
enter: 3C INPUT, 85 INPUT, A2
INPUT, 17 INPUT, 50 INPUT.
Note that the subtrahend is en-
tered first and that the last in-
put calls the SUBT subroutine.
The display will show 65, and
depressing the INPUT switch
will give the low-order byte 92.
The LED will be lit, indicating
that DF = 1, that no borrow has
occurred and that the answer is
positive.
Suppose then, that we sub-
tract a larger number from a
smaller one:
3C85
-A217
-6592
68 DO 6 return to MAIN program All of this seems fairly com-
69 F6 7 shift D right
6A 52 8 D-M2
plicated compared to what you
6B 12 9 R2+ 1 can do on a simple, inexpensive
6C 3B 77 10 GOT077 if DF=O
calculator. However, there are
6E F8 73 A5 11 set return location for MULT
71 30 40 12 GO TO ADD subroutine several distinct advantages.
73 F8 77 A3 13 reset R3 First, the subroutines could be
76 D3 14 3-P
15
used to perform calculations
77 12 R2+ 1
78 FO 16 M2-D on data that is being contin-
79 FE 17 shift left; MSB-DF uously fed to the computer
7A 52 18 D-M2
7B 22 19 R2-1
through an AID converter-or
7C FO 20 M2-D two separate inputs could be
7D 7E 21 rotate D left; DF-LSB; MSB-DF
compared, with the sum or dif-
7E 52 22 D-M2
7F 30 63 23 GO TO 63 ference plotted using a DIA
converter.
Program E. Mult subroutine. USing the techniques de-
scribed here,you may also wish
to write a division subroutine or
expand the multiplication sub-
The answer will appear as DF is then tested. If DF = 1, routine for double precision.
9A6E, and the LED will be off. then the multiplicand is en- You also may rewrite the MAIN
This indicates that the answer tered into the accumulator reg- program to solve an equation
is negative and that we have ister. The multiplicand is then like y = ax + b. The main advan-
the "2's complement" of the shifted left. The multiplier is tage that the microcomputer
correct answer. To get the neg- shifted again and DF is tested. has over the programmable cal-
ative result, subtract that num- If DF = 1, then the ADD routine culator is its ability to accept
ber from 0000, and the display is called to add the new multi- data from something other
will read 6592 with the LED off plicand to the accumulator, than a keyboard.
(negative). and the muliplicand is again In future articles I plan to dis-
shifted left. If DF = 0, no addi- cuss several other things you
tion takes place, but the multi- can do with your Elf II: for exam-
The MULT Subroutine
plicand is still shifted left. ple, memory expansion in 256,
Multiplication in binary is The ADD subroutine is called 1K or 4K steps will allow you to
done by shifting the multipli- by a GO TO statement rather expand your computer at a rate
cand left and adding. There- than a program pointer, since, you can afford; an autoranging
fore, the MULT subroutine, unlike the MAIN program, AID converter will automatical-
listed as Program E, uses ADD MULT will always call this sub- ly give you the most siginificant
as a subroutine. Also, since the routine. This means that it en- 8 bits, for many different signal
multiplication of two 8-bit num- ters the ADD subroutine still levels. I have also recently pur-
bers produces a 16-bit answer, under the control of R3. Before chased the COSMAC Evalua-
the subroutine used here will entering the ADD subroutine, tion Kit and plan to do a com-
accept on Iy 8-bit operands from however, MULT changes the R5 parison of that system with the
the MAIN program. location so that the ADD sub- Elf II. I also plan an article on
The subroutine works as fol- routine will return to location 73 timing for generating wave-
lows. The multiplier is placed in and not the MAIN program. forms and one on a Teletype
the D register and shifted right. Return to the MAIN program interface .•

126
PET / TRS-80 / APPLE: Personal Software brings you the finest!

NEW! THE ELECTRIC PAINTBRUSH by Ken Anderson for 4K The machine language inter r executes your programs most
Level I and II TRS-80s: Create the most dazzling graphics displays instantaneously, allowing you to create real-time, animated
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Paintbrush is actually a simple 'language' in which you can write 'snapshots' of the action of a single one-line program over about
'programs' directing your paintbrush around the screen-drawing thirty seconds. Mesmerize your friends with visual effects they've
lines, turning corners, changing white to black, etc. Once defined, never seen on a TV screen! There's no limit to the variety of exciting
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MICROCHESS is the culmination of two years of chessplaying 4K TRS-80s, in Z-80 machine language, offers 31evels of play (both
program development by Peter Jennings, author of the famous 1K Level I and Level II versions are included and can be loaded on any
byte chess program for the KI M-1. MICROCHESS 2.0 for 8K PETs TRS-80 without TBUG). MICROCHESS checks every move for
and 16K APPLEs, in 6502 machine language, offers 8 levels of play legality and displays the current position on a graphic chessboard.
to suit everyone from the beginner learning chess to the serious You can play White or Black, set up and play from special board
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includes a chess clock for tournament play. MICROCHESS 1.5 for now at a special introductory price of only , $19.95
BR!DGE CHALLENGER by George Duisman for 8K PETs, Level II
16K TRS-80s, and 16K APPLEs: You and the dummy play 4 person
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STIMULATING SIMULATIONS by Dr. C.W. Engel for 8K PETs, 4K
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WHERE TO GET IT: Look for the Personal sottwere" display rack
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through all 7,000 Radio Shack® and Tandy Electronics stores!)
New dealers are being added at the rate of two every business day.
If your local dealer doesn't already carry Personal Software'·
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Or you can mail your order to the address below. To add your name
to our mailing list for free literature and announcements of new
products, use the reader service card at the back of this magazine.

Personal Software™ , ""P39

P.o. Box 136-K3, Cambridge, MA 02138

",. Reader Service-see page 179 127

Paul Klinger
2569 Easy Street
Ann Arbor MI 48104

Keyboard Interrupt
for the TRS·80

Interact with moving graphics displays on the TRS-BO.

O ne of the features
ticed
TRS-80 was
me to purchase
its capability
than en-
the
for
Consider the following.
less of what
doing, the cursor
Regard-
the computer
remains
is
on
this, try running
program:
the following characters. Voila!
the program does nothing
the characters,
Even though

there they are

with
10 CLS
video graphics. I had been pro- the screen, and the keyboard is 20 GOTO 20 on the screen. Now input the
gramming for nearly ten years (I still capable of putting charac- While the computer is loop- following:
have two DEC PDP/8s in my of- ters on the display. To verify ing endlessly, try typing a few 10 CLS
fice and access to a PRIME .20 PRINT AT 0,"";
30 SET(2,1)
300), so I was no newcomer to
40 GOTO 40
computers. However, I had
This program positions a dot
never had the opportunity to do 10 CLS
20 REM - STARTING POINT X,Y; DIRECTION RIGHT (Z)
just after the cursor and then
any graphics.
30 REM· INITIALIZE INPUT LETTER VALUES enters an endless loop. While
One of the first things I did af- 40 X =60: Y =20: Z =3 this is running, hit the space
ter unpacking the new ma- 50 U=1: D=2: R=3: L=4
60 REM· POSITION CURSOR AND CONTROL DOT bar. The dot disappears! Now,
chine, reading the instructions 70 PRINT AT 0, "HIT SPACE TO INTERRUPT"; if you include the IF POINT =
and powering up was to experi- 80 SET(46,1)
instruction in the main loop of
ment with the display. It was 90 REM· START OF LOOP
100 IF POINT (46,1) =0 GOTO 250 your program (so that the com-
initially fascinating just to turn 110 SET (X,Y) puter periodically examines
dots on and off or to have the 120 ON Z GOTO 130, 160, 190, 220
130' REM· UP that dot), you have all the nec-
computer draw straight lines.
140 Y=Y-1 essary ingredients for a key-
Thoughts of fancy video games 150 GOTO 90 board interru pt.
ran through my mind. I was dis- 160 REM· DOWN
170 Y=Y+1 A simple sketch program
appointed to find that the man- 180 GOTO 90 thai illustrates the whole con-
ual gave me no apparent way to 190 REM - RIGHT
cept (for clarity, no abbrevia-
interact with a moving display, 200 X=X+1
210 GOTO 90 tions have been used) accom-
short of hitting the break key 220 REM - LEFT panies this article. Take note
(which certainly would not do!). 230 X=X-1
240 GOTO 90
that after using this interrupt, it
Dismayed, I turned to other pro-
250 REM· DETERMINE DIRECTION AFTER INTERRUPT is important to reposition the
gramming and hoped that the 260 PRINT AT 64, "UP = U DOWN = D RIGHT = R LEFT = L" cursor and control dot, as in
future Level II BASIC would pro- 270 PRINT AT 128, "WHICH DIRECTION";
280 INPUT Z line 70 and 80.
vide for this feature. 290 PRINT AT 64, "" With this idea added to your
Several days later, after play- 300 PRINT AT 128, ""
repertoire of programming
310 GOTO 60
ing with the computer several tricks, you should have many
hours a day, I suddenly realized Sketch program.
hours of fun interacting with
that I did have an interrupt. your moving graphic displays .•

128
 KIM- 175.00

A Complete
Microcomputer JOHNSON
Now Being Used As:
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Data Acquisition & Analysis
Personal Computer
MfDINA, OHIO 44256 p.o. BOX 523
Educational Courses
Simply Connect 'Power Supply Accessories Available: vJ4 (216) 725-4560
Expansion Motherboard Prom Boards
Additional RAM Memory Floppy Disk System

V Reader Service-see page 179 129

F. R. Ruckdeschel
773 John Glenn Blvd.
Webster NY 14580
The OSI Model 500
"Ohio Scientific's Model 500 CPU comprises
O ver the past year the self-
contained (almost one
board) microcomputer has ap-
pearedin several forms and lev-
els of sophistication. The MOS
Technology KIM-1 represents
one of the extremes in which
the single board not only pro-
vides the 6502 CPU, RAM stor-
age and PROM operating sys-
tem (a monitor), but also sup-
Photo 1. OSI Model 500 CPU board mounted in a BUD chassis box along with the required power
supply.
130
compromise
plies a hexadecimal keypad
and display, as well as a speed-
compensating cassette inter-
face. Although this unit is al-
most entirely self-contained,
requiring the addition of only
an external power supply, it is a
minimal system. The RAM
memory is only 1K bytes in the
basic unit, which, in addition to
the 1/0 limitations, makes it
between completeness
very difficult to support higher
level software (e.g., BASIC).
The Apple, Radio Shack
TRS-80 and PET 2001 micro-
computers offer improvements
over this situation, but for a
price. These machines come
with some form of BASIC in
PROM,along with a significant
complement of RAM for pro-
gram storage.
and cost."
The Apple is a very nice ma-
chine, which has color graphics
and game controls, but it is the
most expensive of the three
computers. The PET 2001 is
housed in an attractive enclo-
sure, but has a keyboard that I
find uncomfortable; the keys
are too small and too close to-
gether, and several of the com-
mon keys are in remote posi-
tions. Also, according to a New
York computer store, the origi-
nally advertised $600 4K RAM
version is no longer available;
only the $890 8K RAM unit can
be ordered prepaid.
The TRS-80 outwardly ap-
pears to claim the low-cost end
of the scale at a basic price of
$400. This machine comes with
4K of RAM program storage
space. However, once a video
monitor and cassette recorder
are added, the price is approxi-
mately equal to that of the origi-
nally advertised PET 2001,
which included these features
and contained a much better
BASIC interpreter.
Enter the OSI 500
The Ohio Scientific Model
500 CPU provides a compro-
mise between completeness
and cost. It is a single board mi-
crocomputer having an assem-
 • The majority of the integrat-
ed circuits are in sockets.
In addition, the CPU board
comes with a 57-page hardware
manual that is very complete
and reasonably well written.
The manual is presented in a
modular "how to build" and
"how it works" format. Prior to
doing anything with the board,
you should read the manual in
its entirety. In doing so you will
be rewarded with an errata
sheet, which is hidden in Part V,
Appendix II. The manual also
contains a considerable
amount of discussion regard-
ing troubleshooting. This treat-
ment is a welcome change from
the documentation I have been
accustomed to in the past.
The power requirements for
the board (including the 6820
PIA) are + 5 volts at 2 amperes
and - 9 volts at 500 mA. Photo
1 shows the OSI Model 500
board mounted in a BUD chas-
sis box along with the required
power supply.
The 16X clock for the 6850
serial interface is derived from
a 555 oscillator. The baud range
span ned is 110 to 9600. The
baud is chosen by jumpering to
one of five pads to pick the ap-
proximate RC frequency com-
ponents and then fine-tuning
with a variable resistor (trim
pot).
I selected the 300 baud pad
and adjusted the trim to be in
the center of the appropriate
frequency range by observing
the computer's output re-
sponse to "r~set." However,
when the unit warmed up, the
clock frequency drifted well out
of the acceptable range. The
baud should be adjusted when
the unit is warm, or, better yet,
the 16X baud clock existing in
the external terminal should be
routed to the CPU board and
used instead of the 555 timer
circuitry. The manual dis-
cusses how this may be done.
The addition ofa 6820 16-line
(e.g., eight in and eight out) par-

Photo 2. The complete system. The computer itself is underneath

the CT-64 terminal.

bled price of $300. It contains basic features.

an 8K BASIC in PROM, an RS-
232C or 20 mA current loop lri-
tertace (both available), 4K of
RAM and easy expansion capa-
bilities. The user must provide.'"_ .Four Signetics 2616 ROMs
the power supply and term:i~aC~-, containing a version of BASIC
Obviously, the Model 500 is not
an "appliance" computer, but it
is an interesting basic micro-
computer for the hobbyist. In
addition, it can serve as the
base for an industrial controller
or data acquisition system be-
cause of the ready availability
of an on-board parallel port and
other expanston.Ieatures.
In the following section the
hardware attributes of the
Model 500 will be discussed in
rather general terms. An exam-
ple of incorporating the board
into a small system will be
given, and the speed of the soft-
ware will be examined in terms
of mathematical function pro-
cessing times.
Hardware Features
The OSI Model 500 CPU
board includes the following
• Two 256-byte 1702 EPROMs
containing a system monitor
and a serial inputloutput con-
troller.
written by Microsoft (the same
people who wrote the corre-
sponding Mits software).
• Four kilobytes of 2102 static
memory.
• A 6502 microprocessor oper-
ated at 1 MHz.
• A Motorola 6850 ACIA (asyn-
chronous communications in-
terface adapter) based serial in-
terface having both RS-232C
and 20 mA current loop capabil-
ities; 110 to 9600 baud.
• Provisions for a Motorola
6820 PIA (peripheral interface
adapter) based parallel 1/0 port
(the 6820 is provided by the
user).
• Space for an additional 256
byte 1702 EPROM.
• Convenient pin-bus connec-
tors (for power, expansion). Photo 3. Back view of the system. The RS-232C output of the
These are similar to SWTP 6800 Model 500 CPU is connected directly to the CT-64 terminal, which
connectors. is, in turn, connected to the video.

131
 Function Function Time (milliseconds)
North
Mits OSI Star
Division 7 3 16
Multiplication 4 2 5 2
Power 55 37 167
Sin/Cos 23 17 99
Square Root 46 33 92
Logarithm 19 14 99
Exponent 28 22 73
Mixed 160 143 521
Table 1. Incremental time to do function.
allel port appears to be straight-
forward, though I have not had
a chance to implement it yet.
All the circuitry required is
presented on the board (upper
left-hand corner of Photo 1) in
terms of foil patterns. The ad-
dress (F7XX) of the 6820 is de-
coded by an eight-input NAND
gate (7430).Solder in the parts
and the port will be in place.
That is the easy part.
The user must supply the
software for initializing and
controlling the port, which is
confusing for a beginner. Ini-
tialization and use are not dis-
cussed in the OSI manual, and
reference is made to the appro-
priate Motorola manual. Note,
the 6820 is also used on the
Mits 4PI0 board. The manual
that comes with the Mits board
is a good source of information,
along with clarifications that
have appeared in Mits' "Com-
puter Notes" publication.
The required connections to
the Model 500 board are the
three power supply wires (+ 5,
- 9 and ground), the three I/O
wires (RS-232C: receive, trans-
mit and ground) and the two
wires for the reset switch. Con-
nection is very simple, as may
be seen from Photo 1.
The Model 500 CPU board
can be used to form the central
unit in a small microcomputer
system as shown in Photos 2
and 3 by adding an SWTP CT-64
video terminal and a video mon-
itor. The CPU board is initial-
ized via the reset button. The
computer's response to this is
"C/W/M?" which is the subject
of the next section.
The PROM Monitor
There are two general ver-
sions of the monitor: one for
the basic Model 500 serial I/O
132
Speed (/time) Ratio terest in software is from a
North mathematical calculation per-
Star FP Mits/NS FP/NS FP/OSI FP/Mits OSI/Mits spective. In an earlier article
8.0 1.5 3.5 2.3 presented in the August 1978
2 2.3
1.2 2.5 1.0 2.0 2.0 Kilobaud ("Mits vs North Star:
18 3.0 9.3 2.0 3.1 1.5 which is faster?" p. 44), I com-
11 4.3 9.0 1.5 2.1 1.8 pared the mathematical func-
4 2.0 23.0 8.2 11.5 1.4 tion processing times for Mits
9 5.2 11.0 1.6 2.1 1.4 8K, regular North Star and
8 2.6 9.1 2.8 3.5 1.3 North Star Floating Point
60 3.3 8.7 2.4 2.7 1.1 BASIC. I repeated this compari-
son for the OSI Model 500 with
the results shown in Table 1.
Compared with North Star
configuration and one for the formation. The former Is the BASIC run in conjunction with
optional OSI video board. The manual that comes with the the North Star Floating Point
single board unit discussed KIM-1 microcomputer; it is very Board, which is very fast, the
here comes with the former. complete. The latter is an OSI average relative speeds of the
The CRT screen image on publication that is (in my opin- other three interpreters are as
Photo 2 shows the computer re- ion) highly overpriced at $1.50 shown in Table 2.
sponse to being reset: per issue. Neither of these The conclusion from the two
"C/W/M?". In that case BASIC comes with the Model 500, and tables is that the Ohio Scientif-
was called by answering with a they must be obtained sepa- ic interpreter is very fast in its
"C." If instead the reply were rately. ability to perform mathemati-
"M," the monitor command A better source than the OSI cal calculations. A comparison
mode would have been entered. journal for machine-language between OSI and Mits is fair in
The commands available, and software information is the in- that each has the same ac-
their implementations, follow. formal publication called curacy: six digits. OSI has
P: Sequentially displays "KIM-1 User's Notes" or "The claimed a 20 percent speed ad-
memory contents in lines con- First Book of KIM." Personally, vantage in the literature. The
taining eight hexadecimal I find no pressing need to do two North Star examples are at
a disadvantage as the mathe-
matical functions are calculat-
Interpreter Relative Speed ed to greater accuracy: eight
North Star Floating Point 1.0 digits. In any case, OSI fairs
Ohio Scientific 0.54 well in the comparison.
Mits 8K (Extended) 0.35
North Star (Version 6, Release 2) 0.13 Conclusion
The OSI Model 500 CPU
Table 2. Relative function calculating speeds of the Mits, North
board offers an attractive set of
Star and OS/ BASIC interpreters.
features for the hobbyist or de-
signer who wishes to begin
bytes. The display continues machine-language program- with a small system that is in a
until any key is depressed on ming because of the presence class between the KIM-1 and
the keyboard. For example, of a good BASIC resident in Altair/lmsai. The Model 500 is
POOOO (hex) displays memory ROM. definitely more powerful than
starting at the origin. the KIM-1 ... more than might
R: Returns monitor to com- OSI BASIC be expected from the small dif-
mand mode. The eight-kilobyte BASIC in- ference in price.
L: Changes memory starting terpreter resident in ROM on The major additional cost in
at the location specified. For the Model 500 CPU board was assembling a small system
example, LOOOOA1 A7 F601. Es· written by Microsoft. Although using this board is the required
cape is via "R." an instruction manual was not input/output terminal and the
G: Go command. For exam- included with the board, this in- optional cassette interface.
ple, GOOOO will start execution terpreter appears to be similar These could probably be ob-
at 0000. to Mits 8K BASIC, which was tained for perhaps another
The OSI manual contains lit- also written by Microsoft. Even $200 to $300. The $80 SWTP
tle information regarding the initialization questions (see ACR-30would be a good choice
machine-language program- the CRT display on Photo 2; for the cassette interface. If the
ming other than specifying "C/W/M?" was answered with a object were to obtain the capa-
where the character input/out- "C"; "W" does the same) are bilities of a PET2001 and go no
put and similar routines are. similar. This software is un- further, it would be difficult to
The user is referred to the MOS questionably better than justify not Simply buying a PET.
Technology Programming Man- TRS-80 Level I BASIC. The lure of the OSI Model 500 is
ual and the Ohio Scientific Reviews of Mits 8K BASIC in its use as a basic building
Small Systems Journal for in- can be found elsewhere. My in- block for the experimenter .•
 501·20 Software
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available for financial statements. A transaction posting option is
provided for debit and credit journal entries. Upon command, it
produces Trial Balance, Balance Sheet, and Income Statement.
"Close Year" automatically clears all income and expense ac-
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Many self destruct protection features are included. You cannot
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cannot delete an account that contains a balance. During entry,
the operator is provided with real-time balance checking (debits
and credits). Sol GENERAL LEDGER is designed for expandability
and will be interactive with future releases. Watch for an-
nouncements. Sol GENERAL LEDGER comes on a PTDOS com-
patible diskette for the SOL System III with at least 48K of RAM.
Instruction manual included.
Order number ED-020 $190.
PTDOS UTILITIES - This is a collection of useful PTDOS files in-
cluding Dis-assem-bler (Similar to the one offered on cassette),
Byte-Finder, ASCII dump from memory, assorted drivers (in-
cluding source code), drivers with title/date and pagination, tape
duplicator, tape rewinds, video mask generator, media conversion
program (video screen to printer), terminal command, BASIC
tests, and more. These will run on a standard Sol System III with
at Jeast 48K of RAM. Programs come on one PTDOS compatible
diskette. Instruction manual included.
Order number ED-021 $65.
COr.lPliTER P-$-R T
t/ Reader Service-see page 179
SERVICE
Sol System III·A
SECURITY SYSTEM - This is a security system for a Sol System
III in applications where controlled access to the system is reo
quired. Tile application system menu is displayed only if the
operator enters correct privilege codes. If an unauthorized break-
in attempt occurs, the system reverts to a locked mode. The ap-
plications system menu is integrated with the Security System
and can be easily expanded or upgraded as new applications soft-
ware is added. Implementation of the Security System requires
modification of the PTDOS diskette and/or Extended Disk BASIC
and is supplied on audio cassette tape for use with the "CTAPE"
routine supplied with Sol. Ten levels of authorization are available
plus a supervisor authorization level. Only the supervisor level has
access to code assignment and modification. The supervisor has
access to the following menu:
O. System menu.
1. Enter employee codes.
2. Update employee codes.
3. Break-in attempt report.
4. System usage report.
5. Display operators logged.
6. Operator code generator.
The programmer must have PTDOS, Extended Disk BASIC, and a
cassette tape recorder to implement the SECURITY SYSTEM into
an applications package. SECURITY SYSTEM comes on a 1200
baud CUTS cassette. Instruction manual included.
Order number EC-019(standard version) $160.
Custom version - contact store for details $250.
OTHER SOFTWARE AVAILABLE: Computer Port offers other E S
V packages for the Sol-20. See previous issues of Kilobaud for in-
formation on Diagnostics II, Dis-assem-bler, Mailbox, Droids,
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ORDERING INFORMATION: Order by name and number. All
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""cao
133
 Sleep Better
with a Microcomputer
This knowledgeable
Phil Wilkinson
University of California, SF
School of Medicine
San Francisco CA 94143
T he patient lay anesthetized
on the operating table as
the surgeons worked in the
open cavity of his chest. Behind
the sterile barrier at the head of
the table, the anesthesiologist
watched a bar graph on a color
video screen. Noting that "pe-
ripheral vascular resistance"
was higher than normal, he
punched the alphanumeric key-
board below the screen, re-
questing a trend display of this
parameter. The screen display
changed to a slowly rising line
showing the values of peripher-
al vascular resistance for the
previous two hours.
He punched the keys again,
requesting trends of left atrial
pressure and central venous
pressure be added to the dis-
play. Both of the pressure trac-
ings trended downward in par-
allel fashion. Satisfied, he
turned and spoke to the sur-
geon.
"I'm going to increase the
transfusion rate. We're getting
a little behind on blood loss
here."
134
author suggests utilizing the microcomputer in medical applications.
He touched the keyboard
again and watched the display
show the intake of blood and
salt solutions and loss of urine
and blood since the operation
began. Then, in response to a
prompt from the computer, he
punched more keys and added
a correction for fluid loss into
the spaces between the body
tissues. He frowned slightly as
the computer confirmed a net
excess of fluid loss since the
beginning of the operation.
As he watched, the display
changed and a bell sounded, re-
minding him that it was 40
minutes since the last dose of
muscle-relaxant drug. Ac-
cording to calculated drug ki-
netics and measured muscle
stimulation, the patient had re-
covered 70 percent of his mus-
cle power and was likely to
move, although remaining un-
conscious. The computer fur-
ther suggested that the anes-
thesiologist administer 2 mg of
the drug, which would paralyze
the patient for another 40
minutes.
He pressed the acknowledge
key and, before giving the drug,
quickly glanced at the progress
of surgery. Pressing more keys,
he reviewed the current con-
centration of halothane anes-
thetic being administered and
the projected tissue concentra-
tions, considering the patient's
age, sex, height, weight and
respiratory exchange. He
spoke to the surgeons.
"Old Hal here suggests some
more relaxation. You going to
take more than another 40 min-
utes?"
The surgeons laughed.
"Better keep old Hal happy."
"OK."
The anesthesiologist gave
the suggested dose of drug.
Then, after changing the
screen mode, he reviewed the
anesthetic record of drugs ad-
ministered, blood pressures,
heart rate, temperatures and
cardiac output. He typed on the
keyboard and watched as the
computer added the drug he
had just injected to the display.
"You think you will be about
another hour with the
surgery?"
"Sounds about right."
He punched the keys again,
instructing the computer to
start the process of waking the
patient up with a projected
finishing time of one hour. The
computer calculated the
kinetics of elimination of halo-
thane for this patient and the
dose of reversal agents to over-
come the muscle paralysis. The
screen display changed and a
bell sounded.
"Reduce halothane to 0.9
percent inspired now. Draw up
5 mg neostigmine and 2 mg
atropine for administration in
45 minutes. I will remind you
when it is due."
Slowly the anesthesiologist
turned to the row of drugs and
syringes behind him and began
the gradual sequence of
awakening his patient.
Can It Work?
Does this sound like a scene
from a science-fiction movie? I
hope not, because with the mi-
croprocessor-based computer,
the above scene is easily within
the abilities of today's technol·
ogy.
There are many millions of
dollars invested in computers
in the health-care industry, and
industry projections show that
l1aalth care will become an in-
creasingly important area of
application for computers as
other areas become saturated.
Despite this, computers in
medicine have never fulfilled
the bright future that they
seemed to hold, and the com-
puter in many centers has been
confined to patient billing and
other business applications, or
the automated control of labo-
ratory tests and reports.
 Programs designed to help in orbital and celestial mechan- In addition, while the number take out costly maintenance
the diagnosis of disease and ics, becomes a relatively easy of drugs used is large, it is not contracts.
patient management have been task of simulation and projec- overwhelming, and the ways in
disappointing. Despite thou- which patients respond to an- Applications and Examples
tion compared to biological
sands of man-hours and mil- systems. Not all biological sys- esthetics are restricted. We are Has the microprocessor
lions of dollars spent, pro- tems are known; most are not dealing with a spectrum of been used in this area? Only in
grams to detect electrocardio- poorly understood; and their diseases that require a a few limited applications. One
graphic rhythm abnormalities overall integration is even less 700-page book just to describe of the most exciting of these is
do not perform better, and well understood. the symptoms and physical a system developed in the de-
often perform worse, than a hu- signs, and another 700-page partment of anesthesia at U.C.,
man interpreter. Similarly, the Reasons for Optimism book to summarize the San Diego, by Dr. N. Ty Smith.
results from several centers Why, then, am I excited treatments. This device has an Intel 8080
where minicomputers have about the future role of comput- Another reason is that anes- microprocessor with four ana-
been used to automate inten- ers, particularly the micropro- thesia is a specialty involving log input channels and uses
either alphanumerics or a strip
chart recorder for display. He
has used this device for trend
analysis, processing signals
Calculated from
Measured measured parameters from an electroencephalogram,
calculating how much blood
Blood pressures Peripheral vascular resistance
the heart is pumping and other
Heart rate Pulmonary vascular resistance
parameters that indicate the
Temperatures-rectal Stroke work and power
-esophageal well-being, or otherwise, of the
Cardiac output Rate-pressure product heart. This is a unique device;
Central venous pressure Minute volume of respiration however, the things that it does
"Wedge" pressure Pulmonary compliance could be easily performed by an
Urine output Physiological dead space off-the-shelf microprocessor-
Respiratory tidal volume Tension time index based computer with analog-
Inspired dxygen concentrations Systolic time intervals to-digital inputs.
Expired carbon dioxide Respiratory work and power
We at U.C.S.F. have a
concentrations
Motorola 6800-based device
Blood oxygen saturation Power spectrum analysis of the
electroencephalogram that accepts three analog
Anesthetic concentrations channels, generating informa-
Volume of intravenous fluids tion about the resistance to
Electrocardiographic S-T blood flow, what the blood flow
segment changes from the heart is, how well the
Electroencephalogram heart is performing and
Airway pressures whether the heart is itself re-
Airway flow ceiving an adequate blood sup-
ply. Programs are in ROM, and
Table 1. Parameters a microcomputer could help monitor.
already I regret that we cannot
easily change the programs
and modify them. I believe that
many of the monitoring func-
sive-care-unit management of cessor, in anesthesiology? close patient monitoring of tions are ultimately best
patients do not show signifi- There are several reasons. many different physiological handled with ROM, but a more
cant improvement in patient To begin with, anesthesia parameters, an area particular- flexible system is needed in the
morbidity or mortality. and surgery are two specialties ly suited to computer proces- development stages.
Why is this? I believe the crux where there is a much closer, sing and automation. In fact, it Why do patients need moni-
of this problem is the inability and in some ways simpler, is my belief that current trends toring under anesthesia? Think
to define medical treatment cause-and-effect relationship towards increasingly complex of an anesthetic as a reversible
and management decisions in between what the physician patient monitoring have poison, because that is exactly
terms of physical laws and pro- does and what happens to the reached the point where com- what it is. Curare and eserine,
cesses. There just is not patient. All patients will go to puter automation of some of both used in medicine, are a
enough reliable data to make sleep when the anesthesiolo- the calculations has become a South American arrow poison
definitive projections about in- gist gives them thiopental, but necessity. and an African "trial by ordeal"
dividual patients and predict not all patients will improve Why microcomputers and drug, respectively. "Trial by
their medical course. when the cardiologist gives not the standard IBM ordeal" means that if you did
The situation is quite differ- them digoxin. behemoth? Because of its not die after taking the drug,
ent from the physical SCiences, Hence one way of describing smaller cost, size and complex- you were obviously innocent of
where the systems are much the sequence of events in anes- ity, the microcomputer makes it the crime of which you were ac-
less complex and are better un- thesia is to say that it is a con- possible for the small-town cused.
derstood. For example, control- tinuing series of actions and re- anesthesiologist to own a com- Inhalation anesthetic drugs
ling a spacecraft, where all of actions with a close temporal puter and use it successfully, such as halothane and enflur-
the systems are known and un- linkage not seen in other areas without having to pay the ane are fluorocarbons that melt
derstood, as are the laws of of medicine. salaries of programmers and plastic and are excellent dry-

135
cleaning fluids, as well as po- clogged-up arteries supplying tion is the product of heart rate the anesthesiologist.
tent anesthetics. Despite this, the heart muscle need anes- and blood pressure. Also, the I am excited about micropro-
used carefully in the correct thetics. Over 60,000 of these electrocardiograph can indi- cessors, and I believe that in
dosage, they are very safe, but persons had operations on the cate when the heart is being the near future we will see
the patient needs to be clogged-up vessels in 1977 stressed too much. Both of many of them being applied in
monitored closely. (coronary bypass grafting). these parameters could be cal- operating rooms across the
What specific parameters Many more of them have opera- culated and monitored by the country. I also believe that I
need to be monitored? The tions for other procedures, computer. have only scratched the sur-
anesthesiologist measures such as hernias and hysterec- These are simple examples. face of a vast ocean of applica-
blood pressure and heart rate tomies, and the anesthesiolo- There are many others, some tions for microcomputers in the
at least every five minutes in gist must not stress the heart simple, some complex. The biological sciences. The future
the most minor operations, be- during these operations. Be- computer could also monitor, is very sanguine for these
cause there is no such thing as cause the oxygen delivered to record and process body tem- machines, and all that is
a minor anesthetic. Changes in the heart is restricted by the peratures and signals from the needed is someone to begin
blood pressure and heart rate clogged vessels, these patients brain, the lungs and the kid- testing and developing them in
with upper and lower limits for cannot tolerate anything that neys, all of which are presently the operating room and the bio-
each and maximum allowable demands increased work and monitored by the anesthesiolo- logical laboratories. Until this
rates 'of change of each could oxygen consumption. gist. Table 1 lists some of the is done, their ultimate ver-
be monitored by computer. Fortunately, a good lndlcator parameters a computer could satility and usefulness remains
Sometimes people with of !he heart's oxygen consump- help monitor or calculate for untested .•

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playback glitches resulting from ground loops • resolution graphics. True to the laws jumper DIPS and simple instructions (specify your
Eliminate the tedious plugging and unplugging of computer)
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I
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.. beginning or end of a pro-
w!. _!... ', gram? Flick another switch, for both the Apple II and TRS-80. 32K byte. Or add 16K byte increments (8 4116 RAM
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and you'U hear it. AUcables The program is available in tape for assembled and tested. Call or write for our free
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The Micro-Mega Cassette Control Unit does a lot to version requires 16K of ram. For-
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Demo tape includes 1 game and 2
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136 t/ Reader Service-see page 179

 DUR BDARDS

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boards aren't the
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R
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The Controller Board Kit is an intell igent switching system that
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Mullen boards are available at computer stores nation-wide or by direct mail (Califor-.
nians add sales tax).
V' Reader Service-see page 179 137
 Telpar Thermal Printer

The Apple /I prints too, and the Telpar Thermal Printer does it.
C. R. (Chuck) Carpenter stream rate (to 110 or 300 baud)
2228 Montclair PI. and direct it to the annunciator
Carrollton TX 75006 output port, ANO (the game
paddle connector). Fig. 1 shows
the general block diagram of
the system, and Fig. 2 shows
the connections made to the

I na previous
-People
baud MICROCOMPUTlNG,
article
Are Sleeping,"
("SHHH
Kilo-
Jan-
printer
Apple II.
to interface it with the

uary 1979, p. 59), I described Hookup is Simple

how you could connect a Telpar An output adapter circuit is
thermal printer to your KIM-1. In required to connect the output
this article, Apple II becomes port ANO to your printer. The
the host computer for my Tel- circuit and a pictorial of the
par PS-40 printer. Because I de- wiring are shown in Fig. 3. I
scribed in detail the power-sup- used a 16-pin header to hook up
ply and hookup requirements in the parts. This way you can
the January article, I will only plug the printer adapter directly
The Apple" system with the Telpar PS-40 printer.
include items that are unique into the game paddle connec-
for the Apple II in this article. tor as needed. (You can solder
As you know, Apple II is a computing system included in nectors. As an ·interim the game paddle connector to
compact, self-contained unit one package. But, at this time, measure, Apple has provided a the 16-pin IC plug, too.)
with the keyboard, the power there are few peripheral boards machine-language routine (Pro-
supply and the entire micro- to plug into the existing con- gram A) to slow down the data Making It Run
To use the printing routine,
first key in Program A. (Make a
copy on tape before you con-
APPLE n tinue just in case.) Depending
on your choice of language-
GNO AND
PIN 15
PIN 8 IN OUT OUT
machine, Apple integer, or
AppleSoft F.P.-you can call
es I VIDEO
MONITOR the routine as needed. The

I
PS - 40
PRINTER
l A7 SERIAL DATA (TTL)
VIDEO
printout in Program A was
=
1
made using the Apple II
Y' STANDBY
o 00 0

monitor commands. The listing

AUDIO IN
~I CASSETTE l and
possible
the hex
from
dump
the
are
Apple
both
II
l
AUDIO OUT RECORDER
POWER

r SUPPLY
NOTE: USE CONTROL K (Kc) TO ADVANCE PAPER keyboard.
First type 36BG, then
Fig. 1. System block diagram (serial print- TTL input). RETURN. If the program is

138
 Start Print Stop Print
* 36BG * 37EG O~:CB- f{:i :~;6 LDFi $3t:.
) CALL 875 > CALL 894 C3tT-
7~~i
~j:~; --
sn C6 03
f:,':;:::7
::;TA $0:::::C6
:l::':7
LDA
) SP::USR(875) 1 EP=USR(894) C:~;?2- ::If C? 0:::: :::;Hi $C1::::C?
Note: To activate, type in and C1:~:?~;-' LDA #$:::::9
l1:~;?7- ;=;~; ·,::~C: :::;"1 A $::::6
hit RETURN
l~3?9- A9 O:~; LDA #:$:0::::
* From Apple Monitor ::::;114 :l3?
) = From Integer BASIC 60 F'TS
C:~:?[- AD eE, Cf~; LDf'i :$:0::::C6
J '" From Apple Soft BASIC C3::::i -- :=;~: 36 ::::;Hi :$:::::;t:.
C:::::::::::- fiD C? 0:::: LDFi lo::::e?
Print routine. Cl:~;;:;t:,- ,-,I::'"
,:,._1 .-,-:'
..::, I" ::::;"114 K:?
PE:
C3:::'::::-
C3:::B- PHA
C:~;~:;C- 20 A5 C;:::: ·j::P
~~':~:::F
- PLA
C:~:'::irj- C9 :::D Ct'lP #l:::::D
~~:(~;'?-2- DO DC BriE :$:Ci:::fiO
C:~;'34- f"i9 ::::14 LDI"i #l:::::A
C396- .f::;P :$:03A5
0::::99- LD~ci #:l5:::
C3':,'B-' .f::,P $FCA:::::
U:::'::::E- Fi'c' :::m LDfi #$:::::D
O::::fi0- H4 ::::~; LD'/ :$::::::~;
C:::a=:2- 4C FO F"D Jt,1P $FI!FO
C::::A~;- 140 DB LD\' #:$:OB
~.}:::A7-·· CLC
C::::A::::- 4:~~: F'Hfi
EO D5 Be:; $CCEO
U:::f:,B- LD~:I :lCO~;:::::
C::::AE-- ':::{o c::: Bce $C::::B3
12'::,::1::(;-- fm ~;':; CO LDH lCC69
C3B:~;- D::::
f:l':::: LDA #$D3
Fig. 2. Input and power connections. C:~;B5-·· 4::; F'Hfi
C3B6- f'O 20 LDA #l20
C::c::B:::- 414 U:;F:
'::::U FD Bce
03BB- 6::: . PLf"i
APPLE TWISTED CABLE A7 TELPAR
GAME PWA O::::BC- E9 U1 ::::BC #l01
CONNECTOR CONNECTOR C::::IE- DU F5 BriE $0::::E5
~j:~;CC- PUi
HOOKUP DIAGRAM
6A F:CP
DE'/
~}~;C:_, Br·iE
9.
SERIAL
GND
DATA C3C~5-- pr::
16 PIN
• C3C(- FU FD BEO
Ie
PLUG

, .. TOP
THE
VIEW AS IT PLUGS
GAME I/O CONNECTOR
INTO
~~CtT- f1~; 36 sn
(1370- A5 :.:;( :::D C·? 03 149 ::;'?
C6 (1:::::
:~~:5
CONNECTOR PICTORIAL
C:~:7::;- :~;6 A'3 03 ::::-:;37 ':;.0 FIn C6
. U::::::(i- 03 :::::5 ::~E,AD C? ~j:=; ::::; :::7
Fig. 3. Serial data adapter schematic and wiring pictorial.
~~r::;::;::;- 60 :::4 :~:~;4::: E)j F1~:; OJ 6::;
03'::::0- CS :::::D DO OC 149 :::::H 20 A~;
039:::- 0::::: 149 ~;:::::;::::0 A::::: Fe H9 :::D
working, you will see the the data at address $3B4 to $4D. C3AC'-· 144 ::::~; 4C FO FD 140 OB 1:::
~~;::::A:::::-4::::: BC 05 AD 5:::: CO 90 0::::
response slow down on the TV
monitor. The printer will re- A Further Note
C:::BC- AD 5':':' co
H':::: D::: 4::::: fi9 2~=1
03B:::- 4F, '::::0 F-D 6::::: C,' 01 DO F~;
spond with a return at the same Apple has a number of 1/0 C::::CC1- 6::::: 6H ::::::::DO E3 60 ro FT
time. Type 37EG and RETURN boards coming; by the time you 'l
to get out of the print routine. read this, some of them will be Program A. Machine-language listing and hex dump of the
lf- you use Apple integer available. However, the cost of print-control routine.
BASIC, the routine is activated connecting a printer using this
by CALL 875-the decimal simple interface is so attrac-
value of $36B. Use CALL 894 to tive, I don't think I'll rush out
stop printing. The same tech- and get a board when they are By the way, printing is not the Apple Computers, Inc.
nique is used with AppleSoft available. The system works only use for the routine in- 10260 Bandley Dr.
F.P. BASIC, except you use fine and I have had much enjoy- cluded with this article. It can Cupertino CA 95014
X = USR(875) to call the pro- ment printing and using the be used also to slow the screen Telpar, Inc.
gram and X = USR(894) to stop. programs I have developed with speed down. This way you can 4132A Billy Mitchell Rd.
Change the pri nting speed from my Apple II and AppleSoft read a listing or whatever while PO Box 796
110 to 300 baud by changing BASIC. the output is slowly scrolling .• Addison TX 75001

139

(from page 14)
need and then keeping up while
making your ideas and products
visible to the folks who will pay
for them.
Chapter 7 covers day-to-day
hassles you're going to have to
face and some effective ways of
dealing with them. Finally, you
get the benefit of Don's real life
experience on managing the
money you'll be making. Things
such as why you should ignore
Merrill Lynch and their big
business buddies make this part
an eye-popper for folks like us.
Buy this book if you're even
thinking about going into busi-
ness for yourself. My money
machine paid for my copy in half
an hour.
William Colsher
Lisle IL
Periodical Guide for
Computerists
E. Berg Publications
Aloha OR
My first reaction upon reading
the flier for Periodical Guide
was, "Why didn't someone think
of this before?" As the title sug-
gests, it is a specialized equivalent
to the Reader's Guide to
Periodical Literature-each vol-
ume indexes a year's worth of 25
magazines. Sixteen of them are
dedicated to small computers,
while the rest are general-interest
electronics magazines that fre-
quently feature microcomputer-
related articles.
Besides articles, the book in-
dexes editorials, letters, book
reviews and record reviews. Up-
dates and bug reports for articles
are also listed.
Compilation of the Periodical
Guide was obviously a tedious
job. The effort was worthwhile,
though, if my experience with it
means anything; I refer to it con-
stantly. It points me to informa-
tion I might otherwise miss be-
cause I don't subscribe to all 25
magazines.
Moreover, it relieves me of
having to rely on my (biological)
memory when I want to find an
article from a back issue that I do
happen to have. If I wanted to
learn more about the Intercept
IM6100, for example, I would
140
simply look up "Microcom-
puters, IM6100" and find three
articles listed under it. Or, if I
couldn't remember where I saw
that article "Digital Foam-The
Sexiest Peripheral," I would look
it up under "Humor" and see
that it ran in the July issue of
ROM, beginning on page 93.
Another useful feature of the
article index is that it is easy to see
which magazines dominate which
categories. We might notice, un-
surprisingly, that most of the en-
tries under" Amateur Radio" are
from 73 Magazine, for example.
The magazines' addresses are
listed for the benefit of those who
wish to write for information on
obtaining subscriptions or back
issues.
There is also an author index,
which could serve as a rudimen-
tary "talent locator" for those
who are searching for an expert in
some area of microcomputer
technology.
Although at $5 it is not inex-
pensive for a 72-page book, I in-
tend to buy future volumes. My
1977 volume is easy to read and
has a sturdy cover. A publication
of this type would be a good in-
vestment for any serious hobbyist
or professional.
David Price
Midlothian VA
Heathkit's BASIC
Programming Course, $30
Heath Company
Benton Harbor MI
Most of the BASIC program-
ming books on the market right
now are recycled college texts.
But what about us, the amateur
computerists? How about a
home-study course geared to our
concerns? Now we have it-the
Heathkit BASIC Programming
Course, and it's a winner.
Don't let the Heathkit label
fool you; the course is equally ap-
plicable to any micro-owner. Al-
though there is no such thing as a
text or course that can guarantee
to make you a proficient pro-
grammer, this course comes as
close as any I've seen to laying
down a solid foundation.
Part I, the first 229 pages, cov-
ers the building blocks, or the
tools of the trade: PRINT, deci-
sions, numeric data, functions,
loops, lists and arrays, strings
and tricks of the trade. The first
complete program in Segment 4
calculates the value or height of a
stack of money given the denomi-
nation of the bills and either of
the first two variables. It is a
painless, jargonless introduction
to the definition, design and im-
plementation of a program.
The programmed-instruction
format presents 148 byte-sized
frames of information, each
about one paragraph or more in
length. At the end of each seg-
ment, there are enough questions
to test yourself on each point
covered.
The first program is referred to
as "Building a Doghouse." The
viewpoint taken throughout the
course is that the parts of BASIC
are tools with which you can
build a doghouse, or a monu-
ment, depending entirely on your
own skill or patience. I found this
point of view appealing as it ex-
presses the idea that program-
ming is a craft; it is neither a disci-
plined science nor an intuitive art,
but a combination of both.
I estimate that a thorough cov-
erage of the first part would take
20 to 40 hours.
Part II, the next 134 pages, is
concerned with building monu-
ments. The first piece of con-
struction is a program that adds,
subtracts, multiplies or divides
one or two decimal, hexadecimal,
octal or split octal numbers in any
base. This is where the creative
aspects of computing begin.
The major problem is broken
down into small parts. Alterna-
tive solutions are suggested.
Tackle each small problem and, if
your way doesn't work, then look
up Heath's answer. The emphasis
here is on arriving at a solution.
How you do it-your way or
Heath's way-doesn't really mat-
ter ... just so that it works. I
found this part of the course real-
ly exciting.
The second project is an au-
thentic simulation of blackjack.
There are 29 major decision
points in the construction where
you can do it your way, Heath's
way or a combination of both. I
have never before come across
such an exhaustive and precise
delineation of the major and mi-
nor considerations that go into
the formulation of a particular
program.
In this case, there are 87 cre-
ative pages. You could spend 20
hours on Part II, but I spent
about 60 hours and expect to re-
turn to it many more times. If you
insist on doing it all your way,
then you can also expect to spend
weeks on this part alone, al-
though you'd probably be a bet-
ter programmer for it.
The two main appendices con-
tain 61 pages on number systems,
lifted from Heath's microproces-
sor course, and a 105-page user's
manual on Benton Harbor BASIC
and Extended BASIC. I believe
that both appendices are unneces-
sary duplications: The number
systems information is readily
available from many other
sources; the user's manual is an
exact duplication of what I re-
ceived with my H8, although it
would be of interest to someone
who hasn't bought his own micro
yet and is still wondering what
BASIC is.
A 74-page workbook contains
problems for each learning seg-
ment with exercises, experiments,
hints for solutions and many
complete programs. I'd like to see
a periodic issue of this sort of
workbook. With some ads of new
products and editorials, it would
be my ideal of a computer
magazine.
The major fault of this course
is a lack of attention to print lay-
out and flowcharting. I've found
both to be invaluable in defining
the sequence of program design.
Because this course is geared spe-
cifically to the amateur comput-
erist, it emphasizes interaction
between the programmer and his
machine, which could form slop-
py habits. It is often the case that
15 minutes with pencil, paper and
eraser can save hours of frustra-
tion debugging on the console.
The Benton Harbor bias also
shows in the lack of any study of
deluxe features of BASIC such as
PRINT USING and MATRIX
functions, though Some Com-
mon BASIC Programs by Poole
and Borchers (Osborne & Associ-
ates, Inc., publishers) shows you
how to achieve many deluxe fea-
tures using the simpler
statements.
By the way, this collection of
software is an excellent work-
book for further study. Take
each program description as a
problem, see if you can put to-
gether a program to do the job
and then see how Poole and Bor-
chers did it. After working on
Heath's course, you begin to real-
ize that there are all sorts of ways
to put together a program, one of
which could be yours.
. Evidently, Heath is looking for
other topics for its programmed-
instruction department. You are
asked to fill out a questionnaire
and send it in along with your
final exam. Would you mind in-
dicating an interest in a home-
study course on carpentry? Then,
as soon as Heath comes out with
this course, I can build a desk to
hold all my equipment ... may-
be even a wall rack for all my cas-
sette tapes.
Is Heath's course worth $30?
Yes, because right now there is
nothing on the market that comes
even close to being as good.
George Knoll
Vancouver BC Canada
~ v"'
RONDURE COMPANY
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weight 65 Ibs.) (with prints)
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We ship the same day we receive a certified check or money order.
Texas residents add 5% sales tax. Please call if you have a question.
Write for our CATALOG of many parts, terminals, printers, etc.
All items subject to availability_ Your money returned if we are out
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Modems: $2.00 each; 2 for $4.00 UPS.
Large Items & Parts: Specify Freight or Air Freight Collect
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bank number and expiration date.

"., Reader Service=see page 179 141

 KIM-I, TVT -6 & ASCII keyboard with OSI Software; For use with Challenger II &

Kilobaud Classified ASCII monitor software. First Book of

KIM, Cheap Video Cookbook & more;
III series: Leuerwriter I (w/primer) consists
of eight programs to suit your letter writing
$250. John J. Dobiac, QTRS 770-2, Ft. needs; Includes mini-wordprocessing, mail-
Ritchie MD 217191. (301) 241-4744. ing label, envelope and letter dup. programs
Kilobaud Classified advertisements are Intended for use by persons desiring to -$29.95. Extra OSI power, Info regarding a
buy, sell or trade used computer equipment or software. No commercial ads are ac- complete word-processing system for under
High quality terminal priced to sell.
cepted. $1000-$1.00. P. A. Reynolds, 2514 12th
QUME«3OOQ), rebuilt & reconditioned, 55
St., Galena Park TX 77547.
Two sizes of ads are available. The $5 box allows up to 5 lines of about 37 cps ASCII, RS-232, over 70 software com-
characters per line, including spaces and punctuation. The $10 box allows up to 10 mands, super graphics, still in warranty-
lines. Minimize use of capital letters to save space. No special layouts allowed. Pay- $2250. Pat Reynolds, 4903 Hirsch, Houston "Guide to TRS-80 Information," 2nd Ed.
ment Is required In advance with ad copy. We cannot bill or accept credit. TX 77026. (713) 674-8367. Special handbook/companion for TRS-80
Advertising text and payment must reach us 60 days In advance of publication user/owners. Over 400 interesting items!
(i.e., copy for March issue, mailed in February, must be here by Jan. 1). The publisher Satisfaction Guaranteed! If not satisfied,
CHESS buffs. TRS-80 users. "Greatest"
return in 15 days for FULL refund! One:
reserves the right to refuse questionable or not applicable advertisements. Mail chess games of all times are available on
$2.80 + $.50 P&H. 2 to 9: $2.75 @. 10 to 50:
copy with payment to: Kilobaud Classified, Kilobaud, Peterborough NH 03458. Do tape. Sale or loan. SASE for list #L-30. Shel-
$1.90 @. CK or MO with name, address and
not Include any other material with your ad as It may be delayed. don Baer, 4807 Grant Street, Hollywood FL
33021. zip to: F. E. Huebner, Box 37206, Oak Park
M148237.

TRS-80 Profit/Loss operating statement.

We had replacement panels made for our Smoke Signal Broadcasting & SWTP TRS-80 Yellow Page. A free catalog of soft-
Mo. printout of 22 or more expense items
Altair 8800s. They're blue against a white owners: Software now available for Chief- ware & hardware. For fast delivery, TRS-80
(your choice) w/running year-to-date totals.
background and really look nice! We'll sell tain I & II microcomputer systems & SWTP owners send 2 SASE envelopes and $1. Ven-
Very professional print format. Prompted.
the extras for $19 each. D.L. Tibbetts, 520 5" disk systems. Random accessing soft- dors send $20 & full prod. descrip. to share
Any business can run. Disk or cass. Also
Schoolhouse Ln., Willow Grove PA 19090. ware: AIR Inven, $370; AlP, $270; P/R, printing costs. Features business software &
other programs. Designed for printing com-
$290; G/L, $290; F/ A Inven system, $200. word processing. Write to: 96 Dothan St.,
panies. George Croft, 5019 W. Lovers Ln.,
Application manuals are $20 each if pur- Arlington MA 02174.
Sophisticated 2-player football game on Dallas TX 75209.
chased separately. Steve Chavez, 2920 Car-
cassette for TRS-80 Level II. Uses graphics
lisle N.E., Albuquerque NM 87110. PET: I need a card reader/punch to plug into
to draw field, move ball, etc. Dr. S. Harter, Commodity, Stock, Option-buyers & sellers.
Box 17222, Tampa FL 33682. my 8K PET. It has to WORK and not cost all
Many trading and invest. programs for the
For Sale: TTY-43, 3 months old, KRS/ outdoors. Write B. Klinger, Box 423, Rye
TRS-80, Apple, PET for sale or loan. SASE
RS-232 absolutely perfect shape, $895 plus NH 03870.
for details and list #1-200. Irv, 4122 S.W. 65
TRS-80 Owners! Tired of endlessly thumb-
shipping. Or, trade & cash for Diablo Hytape Avenue, Davie FL 33314.
ing through your Level II manual? Send $1
II 1620. (914) 963-7963 evenings. Jed Arkin,
and SASE and receive a complete (and I do PET Owners: If you own a copy of Micro
PO Box 116, Yonkers NY 10704.
mean complete) TRS-80 Level 11 Manual 'in- For Sale: Several Digital Group Real World Chess 2.0 and want to protect your invest-
dex. You won't believe how much time this Interface Systems. Interfaces to any 8-bit ment, send $2 for instructions on how to
will save you. Everything is listed alphabeti- Cromemco Z2-D single floppy-disk comput- machine with parallel 110 ports. Has plug- make backup copies on tape. Chuck, 5115
cally. Send $1 to Dave Rose, 196 Governors er with 48K memory, bytesaver board & ins for ac & dc controllers, CPU interfacing, Menefee Dr., Dallas TX 75227.
Drive. Forest Park GA 30050. TuArt Kit, connected with Lear-Siegler A/D & D/ A converters, temperature and
ADM3A terminal-all for $4000. Write or current probes and prototyping boards for TRS-80 Level II, 16K Disassembler pro-
call: Mark Cohen, 729 Southmont Ave., custom circuits. Write: A. K. Neel, 400 S.
Micro Users Tax Booklet 78 shows how to gram, Zilog mnemonics, written in BASIC,
South Wmspt. PA 17701. (717) 323-1070. Lipan #2, Denver CO 80223.
slash taxes with deductions for micro. Many 150 lines. Listing, $2. Cassette, $4. John B.
illustrations and examples. $4.99. MicroTax Sweeney, I Victor Dr., Albany NY 12203.
78 completes 1040, schds A, B, C, 0 and North Star Horizon "club my mail!" Share Repair, trade, buy and assemble Digital
others in minutes. Eliminates errors, missed thoughts & ideas on hardware and software. Group equipment. For more information,
TRS-80 Cheap Printer-Super cheap, ab-
deductions, and saves time. 16K TRS-80 No fees-no dues. Write: Ron Magazzu, 13 write: Michelle, PO Box 3OO9K, Boulder CO
surdly simple interface for Model 15 Tele-
Level 11. $9.99. Save $2; order both for Macfarlan, Hawthorne NJ 07506. 80307.
type or similar. Instructions, $2. Instructions
$12.98. Check or MO: George Clisham, PO
and software on tape, $5. Complete inter-
Box 1172, Duxbury MA 02332.
MYCHESS-Z-80 assembly-language pro- "Programs of the Month" club for TRS-80, face, just $50. Runs in Level I or II or with
gram takes appx. 5 sees. for 2-ply, full-width PET, Apple. Receive 100's of programs free EDTASM. Also will echo screen or respond
TRS-80 software on cassette or disk: mail. search w/advanced swap-off evaluator. Has or at reduced rates. Details & list 1104 for to LLIST and LPRINT or will Levell screen
inventory. word processor, data base, stock, large, easily expandable opening book. SASE. Barreiro, 1335 S.W. 91 Ave., Miami print. I bought my 15 for $25. N. Gregory,
check. statistic. sort. Poi Pow, 96 Dothan Checkmated Microchess II in 24 moves FL33174. 107 Fairdale, Lex. KY 40505.
St., Arlington MA 02174. w/black; 21 moves w/white. Runs on CDOS
or CP/M in 20K. Specify 5" or 8" disk. $20.
8080 Software. IK monitor needs no front For Sale: Technico TMS-9900 CPU, 16 bit,
David Kittinger, 2431 Lyvona Lane, An-
TRS-80 Owners. I am interested in surveying panel, supports cassette, optional printer. with 2K RAM, 2K ROM (monitor & assem-
chorage AK 99502.
TRS-80 users. Write: Professor Bill Parks, Ham, lab software also available. SASE for bler), 2K EPROM & programmer. Docu-
Chase-203, State University College, 1300 info. A. S. Woodhull, RFD 2, Amherst MA mentation, manuals & cables. Factory
Elmwood Ave., Buffalo NY 14222. TRS-80 "Nude Girl" wall calendar (8112 x 01002. tested, never used: $275. S. J. Huber, 318
44 inch.) created on printer with BASIC. Steven Ct., Benicia CA 94510. (707)
Nicely done! Tape, $10; printout or list, $6. 745-8089.
CIRCLE CHESS instruction book by TRS-80, Apple, PET owners. I 000 programs
Adapt to other computers. TCS, PO Box
Alphonso, used in Circle Chess software available to you at no charge. Send SASE
10281, Norfolk VA 23513.
development, $5. Stanonis, Box 63, Des (#10) for catalog #K-I to P. Danules, 6342 Heath Microcomputer Course (EE-340l)
Plaines IL 60017. N.W. 29 Ct., Margate FL 33063. and Microcomputer Trainer (ET -3400);
Xitan (TDL) software 25-30'10 off. Never wired, complete, new condition. $225 post-
used. Software package A3 for North Star paid. Don Ketchum, 313 Van Ness, Upland
TRS-80 Level I, 4K-5 pop games. Scoring Merlin Video Sys. w/super dense graphics,
disk (list $249), $185. CP/M disk BASIC CA 91786.
and orig. graphics-all on I cassette, $7. C. MBI Monitor, U/L case, 1500 baud Tarbell-
(list $159), $120. Complete software package
Zalnerunas, 3034 W. Columbus Ave., compatible cassette, ZAPS op, system, $295.
A3 Plus for CP/M disk (list $409), $305.
Chicago IL 60652. Robert Sweeney, 26 Saxony Dr., Warwick Educational software and other useful pro-
Software package A3 cassettes (with Super
RI 02886. (401) 739-6166. grams on cassette for TRS-80, Level II. De-
BASIC or VDB BASIC) (list $219), $160. In-
terface One (list $40), $30. All in original scriptions from Dr. S. Harter, Box 17222,
TRS-80 quality Word Processor. Helps pre-
containers with manuals. All new. Cash or Tampa FL 33682.
pare letters, memos, documents and even a Ohio Scientific Software: 20 different games
book. Level II, $25. DOS, $35. Poi Pow, 96 COD. Write: Bob Rockinson, 211 Sixth and video demonstrations on cassettes for
Dothan St., Arlington MA 02174. Ave., Brownsville PA 15417. (412)785-6071. 440, C 2-4P and new C-1. Send 50< for cata- TRS-80 Software: Business programs writ-
log. Introductory special: Concentration, ten in 16K Level II. Available for cassette or
$4.95. R. Olsen, 1690 Bolton, Walled Lake disk files. Send for list & prices. L. Owens,
Apple II SSTV software. Display slow-scan CASSETTES, quality G.E., leaderless. 10
M148088. Rt. 6, Box 336A, Thomasville GA 31792.
TV pictures in hi-res graphics. Software de- min., shipped prepaid via UPS. IOfor $6.00;
modulated-just connect receiver audio to for $27.50; 100 for $50; Rudolph Nelson,
Apple-no hardware needed! Req. 16K. On WIHWY, PO Box 421, Merrimack NH 03054.
cassette with test pictures, $18. Listing only,
$12. C. H. Galfo, 602 Orange St., Char-
Micropolis software special: Investment

CORRECTIONS
lottesville V A 2290 I. .
analysis package, $30; Home/family pack-
age, $30; Assembly language prog. course
Apple II ham radio software. Send & rev in for beginners, $30; Accts. receivable pro-
Morse, Baudot or ASCII. Variable size text gram, $95. This is in Mod II drive only.
buffer; 3-field screen display; stored mes- Order now. Phil Bell, 813 MacArthur Dr .,
sages & more features. Uses on-board (game) Urbana IL 61801.
I/O. Req. 8K. On cassette, $18. C. H. Galfo,
The last page of "SHHH ... People are Sleeping" (p. 62) by
602 Orange St., Charlottesville VA 22901.
Imsai PCS 8030 with MIO board and 16K
Charles R. Carpenter (January 1979) indicates that the Telpar
memory, kit $1650. Also Imsai 8080with4K PS-40printer costs $4. Sounds like a great deal; unfortunately,
PET Owners: Send for FREE catalog of RAM memory, $700. W. R. Deisenroth, RD a couple of zeros are missing. The price should be $400.
PET software. CMS, 5115 Menefee Dr., 2 Box 621, Jersey Shore PA 17740. Phone
Dallas TX 75227. (717) 322-7119. .

142
 DAM YOUR COMPUTER AIM161 STARTER SET
DATA NOW YOUR COMPUTER CAN LISTEN TO THE 16 ANALOG INPUTS
ACQUISITION by REAL WORLD. YOU GET 16 8 BIT ANALOG AIM161 8 BITS - 100 MICROSEC
MODULES INPUTS WITH OUR AIMI6.
POW1 POWER MODULE

•
MEASURE· RECORD· CONTROL ICON
INPUT CONNECTOR - 20 PINS
SOLDER EYELETS

TEMPERATURE
DIRECTION
ENERGY CONSERVATION
GREENHOUSES
EQUIPMENT 1,,'*,-,1 OCON
OUTPUT CONNECTOR
SOLDER EYELETS
- 18 PINS

PRESSURE • SPEED
LIGHT LEVELS • WEATHER STATIONS '189.00
db NOISE POLLUTION
POLLUTION CONTROLS pH CONNECTICUT microCOMPUTER
• DARKROOMS • EARTHQUAKE TREMORS
• HUMIDITY • VELOCITY 150 POCONO ROAD - BROOKFIELD, CONNECTICUT 06804 V' C107
LIGHT • ACCELERATION
JDYSTICKS • GAMES (203) 775·9659

~<:)~<v VIDEO
~ 0
RELIABLE APPLE SOFTWARE ~-<... ~v TERMINAL
NOW AVAILABLE ON CASSETTE
Now, a completely self-contained video terminal card for less than $150.00.
Requires only an ASCII Keyboard and TV set to become a complete interactive
All programs are written in Integer BASIC & run in 16K
terminal for connection to your computers serial 10 port. Two units available,
ueress otherwise stated.
common features are: single 5V supply, crystal controlled sync and baud rates
1. Rainbow's Pot-of-Gold, Vol. 1,. 49 BASIC programs $49 Ita 9600 baud), computer and keyboard operated cursor control, parity error
2. Microchess - Graphic display, beginning to intermediate, and control, power on initialization, forward spaces, line feed, rev. line feeds,
Machine language and BASIC 15 home, return cursor, and clear to end of line. Power requirements are 5V at
3. Inventory - Holds approximately 140 items in 16K 35 900ma, output std. IV pop video and serial TTL level data.
4. Income Tax - 1040, Schedules A&B, requires 20K &
Applesoft 1 25
5. ,Mone Code Trainer - Variable speed '·I00wpm,uses Apple· Features: TH3216 TH6416
soft 1 10
6. Appletalker· Gives your APPLE a voice, machine language 15 Display 32 characters 64 characters
7. Speed Reading, vets. 1·4. four programs designed to improve
your reading speed 40 by 16 lines by 16 lines
8. Galactic Battle· Low resolution, real time space battle 15
9. Apartment Building Investment Analysis· Analyzes the
2 pages scrolling
investment potential of an epratment building 15
10. Microproducu Assembler· Apple assembler machine language, 20 Characters Upper case ASCII Upper /Iowercase
uses4K
11. Devils Dungeon. Exciting adventure game 10 optional
12. Appleodian· Irish jig composing algorithm 10
13. Hi-Res Life - Conway's original Game of Life, machine Baud Rates 300-9600 110-9600
language, requires 24K 10
14. Applevision· High resolution graphics and music demo, machine
language and BASIC . 15 Controls Read to/from Scroll up or
15. Blackjack- One or two players in low-res graphics,
machine language and BASIC 10
memory down
16. Apple Checkbook- Complete checkbook balancing
and reconciliation program 20 Price (k it) $149.95 $189.95
Software is available on disk for media charge of $5.00
Please add $1.25 for postage and handling Above prices include all l C sockets
Send Check or Money Order, sorry no C.O.D., to:

RAINBOW COMPUTING INC. OPTIONS:

10723 White Oak Ave., Dept. K_B.
Granada Hills. CA 91344 Power supply (mounts on board) $14.95
(213) 360-2171 Video/RF Modulator. VD-l 6.95
V"R12
California Residents add 6% sales tax
Lower case option (TH6416 only) 14.95
Allow 3-4 weeks for delivery Assembled,·tested units, add '- 60.00 "TH 6416 shown above"

Frequency Counter MI~I·KITS

FM WIRELESS MIKE KIT

I
$89.95 KIT Transmit
radio.
up
Sensitive
to 300'
mike
to
input
any FM
reo

SURPLUS ELECTRONICS You've requested it, and now it's nerer The CT·5D Fre-
quires
ic mike.
dynamic,
Runs on
crystal
3 to
or
9 volts.
ceram-

quency Counter Kit has more features than counters FM-1. $2.95
selling for twice the price. Measuring frequency is now SPECIFICATIONS
as easy as pushing a button, the CT·50will automatically
Sensitlvrty: less Ihan 25MV
TONE DECODER KIT
place the decimal point in all modes, giving you quick, A complele lOne decoder on I single PC
ASCII reliable readings. Want to use the CT·50 mobile? No
Frequency range: 5H~ 10 6OMH~. typiCllly
Gale time: 1 second. tnc secooe. With eotcmenc ceclmat
65MHz Boll1d. Features:.wo to 5000 Hz Idlu.table
Irequency range. vollage regulllIion. 5671C.
problem, it runs equally as well on 12 VOC as it does on UHfull~r looch·~o"e -:lftCOdir.e tDIIe t>I.'rSt
point poSItIoning on belh direct and prescale
110 VAC. want super accuracy? The CT·5Q uses the Display: 8 digit red LED.4'" heIght c1etection.FSKcIe~.si"nalln",anomanv
0Iheru.U.USoe7Iorl2buuontouchlOnede·
popular TV color burst freq, of 3.79545 MHz lor time base. Accurac,: Z ppm .. 001 ppm with TV lime base! coding. Runs on 510 12volt s.
Tap 011 a color TV with our adapter and get ultra ac- lnout: BNC. 1 meg ohm direct. 500hm with cresceie option Compl.t. Kit. TO-t $4.05
curacy-.DOt ppm! The CT·50ollers professional quality Power: 1 10VAC 5watl$or 12VOCe.'t4.mp
at the unheard 01 price 01 $89.95. Order yours today! Size: ApproJ(. 6'" J(4" J(2". hlghQualily aluminum case
LED
IBM SELECTRIC BLiNKY KIT
A oreat. al!entlon get_
BASED I/O TERMINAL PRICES ter .••.
hlchal!ernalely
IISSI"Ie$2 jumbo LEDs

WITH ASCII CONVERSION CT·50, 60 MHz Counter Kit. . . .. ... . . ... .. . $89.95
lJse for nlme badgeS.
buttons or warning
type panel lights,
INSTALLED $645.00 CT·50WT, 60 MHz counter, wired and tested $159.95 Compl.l. Kit. BL-' '2.06

• Tape Drives • Cable CT·600, 600 MHz prescaler option for CT·50, add .. $29.95 SUPU·SNOOP AMPLIFIER
• Cassette Drives • Wire A .uper_SIInslnve amplitier which will pick

.• Power Supplies 12V15A. 12V25A. ~~b'y~n,:~

~~1is'e:t~~~::!,'O;u~~Ort~~
5V35A Others, • Displays VIDEO TO RF LINEAR REGS TRANSISTORS amplifier. Full 2 wens 01 output. runs on 610
12volls.uSoeslnytypeolmlke.Requlres8-45
555 .50 309K .99 NPN 2N3904type 10i$1.00 ollmspeake.
• Cabinets • XFMRS •. Heat MODULATOR 556 .75 340K-12 .99 PNP 2N3906 1ype 10i$1.00 Compl.t. Kit: BN·i ...........•..•. ee
Sinks • Printers • Components 566 1.49 7805 .99 NPN Power Tab 40W 3i$1.00
Many other items Convert any TV set to a 567 1.49 7812 .99 PNP Power Tab .ow 3i$1.00 MUSIC LIGHTS KIT
video monitor. Super stable 324 1.49 7815 .99 FET MPF.102 type 3i$2.00 ~ muS:'c come aJiv.13 dille.ent lighll
Write for free catalog circuit is glitch-free, tunable 1458 .49 78MG 1.50 UJT 2N2646 type 3i$2.00 :~~~~r.:~tra(~n:~i~.~~'l~eaZ'~n~~: ~~
WORLDWIDE ELECT. INC. V"W16 (Nef channels 4-6. Runs on
380 1.49 723 .49 2N3055 NPN Power 75 highs, Each channel IndlVlduaHy adlul1a.b'-.
5-15V. Recommended by and driyes up 10 300 Wins. Gr.at lor PMiM.
130 Northeastern Blvd. many computer manuractur.
b;snd music, nile clubs and more.
Compl.t. Kit, Ml-' 17.16
Nashua, NH 03060 er s. Std. video input. Com- IC SOCKETS

Phone orders accepted using VISA plete kit, VD-l . .$6.95 RS232/TTL 8 pin low profile 5/$1.00
SIREN KIT
TTL/RS232 51$1.00
or MC. Toll Free 1-800-258-1036
In N.H. 603·889·7661 7410P-AMP
Converter
Complete
kit
kit $7.95
14 pin
16 pin
40 pin
low
low
low
profile
profile
profile
5/$1.00
2/$1.00
~f;:~~e-:':'W:
:~2\':'~
put. funl on
~~ioc~~:
3-9 VOItI. uses 11-45 ohm
tplIlker.
MINI DIP 10/$2.00 14 pin wire wrap 3/$1.00
CGn\D1.t. Kit, SM-3.. .... U.il!i

POWER SUPPLY KIT

r[iifllSEUJ alanrmlus V"R8
~mpletetrlpleregUlatedpowersuPplvpro_
VldeS varilble ±15 volts at 200ma and +5
":011. It 1 amp. 50mv load ,egullllor!. eeee
hlterlng and small sue. Kit IIn Irln.lorrnltll
Requires 6-8V It 1 amp and 18 to 3OVCT,
Box 4072K ROCHESTER NY 14610 (716) 271 .••
6487 Compl.t. Kit, PS-3l T. , .•......••.• 6

V Reader Service-see page 179 143

 ATTENTION TRS-80 & APPLE USERS

$99500 • Ready to plug into your

computer
MODEL 3&80 for TRS-80
Ready to plug into your
expansion interface. • Very high quality print

MODEL 3S-PP
• Completely refurbished
for computers with 8 bit serial
IBM 731 I/O
port.
Selectric terminal
in a new table
MODEL 3S-SS
TERMS: VISA,MASTERCHARGE,
Cashier
Checkor MoneyOrder. for computers with RS-232 • Upper & lower case
C.O.D.
with 10%down. port. removable type ball
Shipping
ViaAir or Truckcollect.

3 S SALES ,.,555
$109500 for • Special I/O interface
P.O. BOX 45944 MODEL 3S-AA
TU LSA, OK 74145 Includes RS-232 card for Applell • Heavy duty re-mfg. IBM
918/622-1058 Specify model number on order. power supply

NOW A SOLUTION
TO YOUR I/O HEADACHE # 33
The DE 1000 Terminal is a low cost
stand alone video terminal that
operates quietly and maintenance
free. It will allow you to display on a
monitor or modified T.V. 1 6 lines of 64
characters. The characters can be any
of the 86 ASCII alpha numerics. and any
of the 32 special char.acters. In
additionto upper-lower case capability
it has a scroll up feature and full X-V
cursor control. All that is required
from your microcomputer is 300
baud. RS 232 or 20 mA current loop.
serial data. And if that is not enough
the price is only $275.00 in kit or
$350.00 assembled, plus $5.00
shipping and handling. To order phore
or write.
OTTO i!=LECTRONICS ,.,09

P.O.Box 3066
Princeton; N ..J. 08540
609/448-91 65
Dealer Inquiries Invited

MC, BAC, COD accepted N ..J. residents add 50/0 sales tax.

144 v' Reader Service-see page 179

 VECTOR
8K PACKAGING MATERIALS
SAVE TIME & MONEY
BASIC
for
KIM-1
The famous high speed Microsoft BASIC
is now available for KIM-1. The 9-digit
accuracy version is available on cassette or
paper tape.

DELIVERY FROM STOCK.

$99.00
$2.00 shipping and handling
S100CONNECTORS for WIRE WRAPPING or SOLOERING

JOHNSON
COMPUTER V'J4

P.o. BOX623
MEDINA,OHIO 44266 (216)726-4660

MICRODESK© BEAUTIFUL
NEWVECTOR:.pAK
Model VP2

CASES for micro-computer

circuitry, assembled. Constructed
of aluminum, finished in vinyl. Slide out covers for easy
access. Includes card guides, heavy chassisplate, perforated
bottom cover for cooler operation.
Cardguidesperpendicularto front panel, Model VP1, $163.00.
Card guides parallel to front panel, Model VP2, $159.00.

Model
8803

S100 MOTHERBOARD, $29.50. 11 pOSItIOnsready for

The perfect home connectors. Glass epoxy, etched circuitry for passive or
active termination, 12 tantalum capacitors and instructions.
f()r a personal or business computer
MICRODESK '$159~50 PLUS revolutlcnarv.Slit-Id-wrap wiring tools, Micro-Vector-
bord,® printed circuit kits, I.C. sockets, extenders.
48" x 24" x 26", Shelves 23" x 23", One adjustable.
Prices.subject to change without notice.
See it at your computer store or order it from: Send for new catalog.

COMPU·TER SYSTEMSDESIGM VECTOR ElECTRONIC COMPANY, Inc.

12460 Gladstone Avenue, Sylmar, CA 91342
906 N. Main Wichita, Kansas 67214
phone (213) 365-9661, twx 910-496-1539
DEALER INQUIRIES INVITED Our toll-free number which can be used bv customers
oufslde of California is 800-423-5659 540777

V" Reader Service-see page 179 145

 The opto-isolators may be software-disabled for use of the
board over a byte of memory. The relays may be manually
disabled to allow the Control Interface's TTL outputs to
become a Parallel Interface. With the Control Interface it's
easy for anyone's computer to control the world, or at least
Burglar Alarms, Music, Robotics, Solar Energy Systems, etc.
The uses are virtually limitless! Because of the board's
smart hardware the software is simple. In Assembly Lan-
guage just read and write to the interface's address. In
Basic or other high-level languages just use the PEEl<and
POI<E instructions. No messy PIA software to deal with.
TECHNICAL DA TA: Relay Contacts-. 1 amp @ 28 v max.
ms max closing time; '/2 ms typo
Connections via ribbon cables and removable
DIP connectors
The Control Interface is $98 as a kit or
$ 125 assembled and tested
THE TFlfll;iSmOI;i WTERf'RISES bBQQ (SS-SQ BUS) COl;iTFIOlII;iTERFflLE
SS-SQ E~TEl;iDER BOflRD
This is the most versatile co~trol interface card yet to be of- This high-quality extender board has a unique feature no
fered to the micro-computer owner; certainly at this price! other extender we've seen has! It has a two-piece design
The interface plugs onto your SWTPC or 55-50 bus and that allows it to extend both the 50 pin bus and the 30 pin
needs no external power or interfacing. There are 16 DIP I/O bus on the SWTPC system, .all at one low price. A must
switches on the board which the user sets to any address he for designers and experimenters as well as for de-bugging
chooses-whether there is already memory there or not. your hardware. $19.95. Compare prices, ours is unbeat-
The board is fully buffered. The interface has 8 fast reed able!
relays that latch open for 0, or closed for I in the bit pattern ALL ORDERS SHIPPED PRE-PAID
of the byte that the computer system stored at the address BankAmericard, Visa and Master Charge Accepted
set on the switches. The Control Interface also has 8 opto-
isolators which will allow real-world sources to' communi- TRANSITION ENTERPRISESINCORPORATED
cate with your computer. The outside inputs will be read by STAR ROUTE BOX 241 • BUCKEYE, ARIZONA 85326
the computer system as a byte stored at the address set on V'T46
the switches; just as if the byte came from memory. As a de- Arizona residents please add 5%. Credit card orders please
bugging tool the Control interface may be used to monitor include card number, expiration date, Signature and inter-
the state of any byte of system memory. The interface may bank number.
also be used to input keyboard data or to input a response Please add $2.00 per item for Air Mail.
from the device it is controlling (Robot users take note). DEALER INQUIRIES WELCOME

[j~~~~;~tt~ RS·232 CABLE

"D'~S!!!!~o!!!I·
D825-P
0825-$
(RS 232 TYPE)

female
male $295
$350 IIliI
•I
7 Conductor 24GA. tetton with DBC25 P fight angle male $4 95

$3751
It has six non-encoded closures
shield and white PVC jacket. AMP hood $1 50 •
to ground and requires ~5V @
150MA -,2V @ 45MA. A 50' for $14.95 1{)()' for $25.00 DC37P male
standard 10 pin dual DCJl S female $450 <
for data and power inputs. These KYNAR WIRE WRAP WIRE
D05().P male $450
SIGNETICS N8T78A

~~.
keyboards were manufactured for use in T}. Silent 700 series Solid silver plated 30AWG available in
D050-S. female $5.75
terminals. TESTED AND GUARANTEED. Manufactured by Clare- Dual 2·input high voltage to blue, red, black, venow. green, or white. Screw lock assembly Cinch D20420 $.50/pair
Pender. TTL interface gate. 14 pin dip. 100' spool.... . $2.50
Male screw retainer Amp 205980-1 $.50/pair

•
10 for S2.50 500' spool.... . $5.95
Female screw lock assembly Amp 205817.1 ...S.50/pair.
1000' spool.... . $9.95

•
I
MOTOROLA MC1406L
5-8it digital to analog converter.
HOOK-UP WIRE

I
14 pin ceramic. $1.50 ea.
Available in blue, red, white,
MOTOROLA MC1558 green, yellow, orange, or violet. tstrsnaed I•••.."'" BLUE RIBBON TELEPHONE CONNECTORS
PVC)
22 GA... . 2(X)' rolf . These 50 pin communication connectors are new

•
Amphenol rack and panel type. (solder taif} •

• ····::::::;;~:i;.:.: ·······:·::::::i;:;: -

I I
P.C. BOARD EDGE CONNECTORS

I
10120 pin .125"ctrs. solder evetet... . S1.50
12/24 pin .156"crrs. dip sotoer.s.: . $1.75.

~~~~
~~~
:~~:::~~~
z: :~::~":
22144 pin
...:.::::::::::::::::::
. 156"ctrs. dip sotoer.,., $250

~E :~r:~;;;
i~;~
43186 pin
;;;,:;w::i:.:;i.·.· •..••.•...••.•.·••.·.•..•.•.••.•.•..·•.••.··.·....
.156"crrs. dip solder...
·$$~43;.29~55;

4-01GIT LED DISPLA Y ~~~~ ~;~ : ~~~::~~~:. :~~::~ :~:~:~ .......................•...........

(.~...~.....d..l.•.•.•....•.
$$~5'.29~50••
P.G. PADDLE SWITCH
501100 pin .tor'cirs. solder eyelet.
2 Circuit P.C. mount toggle by
Control Switch pin T8oo1.
12VOC SPST N.O.
$.75 each 10 for $6.95
$1.00 each
SLOTTED OPTICAL SWITCH
10 for $7.50
The OPBOO consists of a

I I
..,. arsenide infrared LED coupled Electrol pin R4422·2 reed relay, ~_
sre very efficient 12VDC with an npn silicon photo-
12VDC DPST N.o. Coil resistance . . •
They run on as low as U, V transistor in a plastic housing. is 440 ohm. $1.50 each
and draw 250rna with 2.8 in the hoUSing provides a means
inch toroue at 5000RPM. 1.t"x motion of opaque objects. 10 for $9.95
1·5/8" long. IM.n"',,",,,,"' by OPTRON ING. SI.98 ea. P&B pin JRM10439 reed relay. 5VOC

·r-J ~
-F~~i.~IT;~~~~~~::~~-:-1
Holland double shaft $3.95 ea. DPST N.O. Coil resistance is 1000 ohm.
Maxon single. shaft $2.95 ea. SLIDE SWITCHES; standard $1.95 each 10 for $17.50

_ .._.
and miniature ......40 for $4.95
-/536 8 $. . POWER COROS; inctuaes 2
and 3 conductor, 6 to 8 ft.

I
iH<'e V' A79 UL ttsted. 6 for
$2.95./
~,fYea:m 18152 HEAT SHRINK TUBING;
TERMS: Check or money order, NO COD. Texas residents add 25-6" lengths in various
5% sales tax. Overseas countries add $5.00 for surface rates. sizes and colors. S2.95Iassr.

lliirisiiiilPiti'liiii_1
146 V' ReaderService-see page 179
 Reduc'e pragr~ KIMTM BUS EXPANSION IS
AWINNER!
3 AIMTM, VIMTM, (SYM)TM, KIMTM OWNERS
(and any other KIMTM bus users) buy the best

3_. 8K board available anywhere:

GRAND OPENING SPECIAL-

::J HDE 8K RAM-$169! 3 for $465.001
CD Industrial/commercial grade quality: 100 hour high temp burn-
in: low power: KIM bus compatible pin for pin: super quality &

DATA1-K RESIDENT
n reliability at below 5·100 prices (COMMERICALLY rated S·100
boards cost 25·75% more).When you expand your system, expand
with the bus optimized for 8 bit CPU's, the Commodore/Mos
ASSEMBLER/EDITOR
FOR THE o Technology 22144pin KIM bus, now supported by Synertek, MTU,
Rockwell International, Problem Solver Systems, HDE,the Comput-
erist, RNB, and others!
KIM·1 computer $179.00:KIM-4 Motherboard $119: power sup-
MOS TECHNOLOGY 6502
The DATA1-K resident assembler/editor is the new,
UI ply for KIM·1 alone-$45: enclosure for KIM·1 alone $29: HDE pro-
totype board with regulator, heatsink, switch address & decoding
efficient approach to the assembly of microcomputer programs.
All assembler editor functions are performed enti(ely ct logic included $49.50: book "The First Book of KIM" $9.95: book
"Programming a Microcomputer: 6502" $8.95:SPECIAL PACKAGE
DEAL; KIM·1, power supply, BOTH books listed above, ALL for
within memory, 1n most cases there is no need for a special
computer system! Program with the DATA 1-K on the
system which will ultimately make use of the object code. This
not only lowers the initial cost of a development system but greatly AL.SO AVA_LA8lE IN CASSETTE
UI $215!
HDE FILE ORIENTED DISK SYSTEM (FODS) FOR KIM BUS
COMPUTERSMake your KIM (or relative) the best 6502 develop-
ment system available at any price. Expand with HDE's full size
decreases the amount of time spent on program debugging.
floppy system with FODS/Editor/Assembler. 2 pass assembler,
The DATA 1-K assembles fast-over 600 lines per minute-and uses powerful editor compatible with ARESCO files KIM bus interface
the standard MOS Technology Assembler Language. The OAT A 1-K card: fast 6502 controller handles data transfer at maximum IBM
features a truly general purpose line oriented text editor with error correction and single density speed for excellent reliability: power supply for 4
paged output capability. The DATA l·K ls currenuv in use by: General Electric, Western drives: patches to Johnson Computer/Microsoft BASIC. 45 day
Electric, Eaton, Monitor Systems, the University of Cincinnati, and many others.
delivery. Single drive-$1995 dual drive $2750
It is presently available on KIM·1 format paper tape or cassette and it includes one year Shipping extra unless order prepaid with cashier's check ALL
warranty and update. items assembled, tested, guaranteed at least 90 days.
Price: $250.00
Available from Johnson Computer, P.O. Box 523, Medina, OH 44256. Phone: (2161 725-4560.
Terms: Payment with order/add $2.00 shipping and handling/add $10.00 for cassette version. Plainsman Micro Systems V'P43
Delivery: stock to 30 days.
(Div. 5C CorporatiOn)
P.O. Box 1712, Auburn AL 36830
3808 Pepperell Parkway-Opelika
JOHNSON 205-745· 7735
OSI-COMMODORE-ALTOS-HDE-COMPUCOLOR
COMPUTER P.o. BOX 523 MEDINA, OHIO 4425B V' J4

RSM-1S: A MACHINE LANGUAGE MONITOR

TRS - 80
SOFTWARE
FOR 4K TRS-80'S - $23.95
*
10"'551
TRS - 80
HARDWARE
DCV-1:
.
CONVERTSYSTEM PROGRAMSTO DISK FILES -$9.95
6 [Q)W£~~
YSTEM
M
ALL

22 commands which interact directLy with the Z-80 processor in your TRS-80. RSM monitors, The Electric Pencil, Air Raid, RSL-1, ESP-l, 'T-BUG, or near-Ly
Examine your ROM's, test your RAM, enter and execute machine Language any SYSTEMtape shorter than 5K (21K if you have 32K of memory) can now be
programs, read and write machine language tapes, and much more! A SYMBOLIC executed from disk, even if it interferes with TRSDOS! DCV-1 loads system
DUMPcommand disassembLes object code and displays it as Zi log standard Z-80 tapes into high memory and adds a block-move routine. TAPEDISK;s then used
mnemonics! Memory may be dispLayed in HEX or two ASCII formats, and can be to create a disk file. When accessed from disk, the program Loads into high
EDITED, MOVED, EXCHANGED, VERIFIED, FILLED, ZEROED, TESTED, or SEARCHED for memory, moves itself to its correct address, then jumps there and executes!
one or two-byte codes. Memory commands dump continuousLy or one Line at a A super accessory for disk systems!
time! LEVEL-I and II 4K TRS-80's.
WORD PROCESSING FOR THE TRS-80 - $99.95
RSM-2: AN ADVANCED MONITOR FOR 16K TRS-80'S - $26.95
SMALL SYSTEM SOFTWARE has adapted THE ELECTRIC PENCIL to the TRS-80! ALL
ALL the features of our popuLar RSM-1S, pLus read and write SYSTEM tapes, standard ELECTRIC PENCIL text editing and printing features, PLUS
enter Z-80 BREAKPOINTS and PRINT using our TRS232 or the expansion transparent cursor, two-key rollover, and repeating keyboard. Uppercase
interface! Loads at the top of 16K LEVEL I or II, and includes DISK read only, or add Lowercase entry and dispLay with minor modification. PRINT
and write commands for future expansion! with RS-232 and 20-mil printers using our TRS232 or use the expansion
interface. LEVEL-I or II 16K computers. THE ELECTRIC PENCIL i s a superior
RSM-2D: 3 MONITORS FOR TRS-80 DISK SYSTEMS - $29.95 word processor for home or business use!

RSM-2D conta i ns 3 ver s ions of RSM-2 on a sing Le disk to Load into the top of TRS232 PRINTER INTERFACE- $49.95 (+$2.00 shipping)
16K, 32K or 48K -TRS-80's with disk systems. With RSM-2D you can read your
TRSDOS into memory using our DISK read command, print disassembled Listings A fuLly assembled seLf-contained software-driven output port for printing
using our SYMBOLIC dump and printer output commands, then mod i fy and from LEVEL-I!, DISK BASIC or machine Language programs! Diablo, Teletype,
re-write to disk using our DISK write command! Tl Si tent or any RS-232 or 20-mi l current Loop printer may be used. The
TRS232 is furnished with cassette software and works either with or without
BASIC-1 - LEVEL-1 BASIC FOR LEVEL-II TRS-80'S - $15.95 the expansion interface! THE ELECTRIC PENCIL and RSM-212D use the TRS232,
thus word processing, BASIC, and machine Language applications are aLL
Loads into the top 4K of 16K TRS-80's and uses any LEVEL-I BASIC program or supported!
DATA tape (up to 12K in Length) without conversion! Loads from tape or disk
(furnished on tape). Go back and forth between LEVEL I and I! without RSL-1: THE GAME OF LIFE IN MACHINE LANGUAGE - $14.95
reloading. ALL LEVEL-I abbreviations and functions supported!
Enter any pattern with unique repeating keyboard! Save your patterns on
AIR RAID: A REAL-TIME TRS-80 SHOOTINGGALLERY! - $14.95 tape (4 patterns furnished). PLay LIFE, a game of birth, growth and death
of a coLony of c e Lt s , FAST - about 1 second per generation! Hours of
A high speed machine language game where large and small airplanes fLy fascination, and a super demonstration program!
across the screen at different altitudes. A ground based missile Launcher
is pointed and fired from the keyboard. Aircraft explode dramatically when
hit, sometimes destroying other nearby planes! Score is tallied for each OTHER TRS-80 PRODUCTS
hit or miss, and the highest score is saved to be challenged by other
players. AIR RAID provides hours of fun for you, and is a super ESP-1 : 29.95 Ed; tor, a ssenb te r , and monitor using INTEL 8080 mnemonics.

•
demonstration program for entertaining friends! 4K LEVEL I and II. LST-1 : 8.00 A disassembled Listing of LEVEL-l BASIC with some comments.

*
CALIFORNI

SI'IIALLSYSTEM SOFTWARE *
A RESIDENTS ADD 6 PER CENT SALES TAX

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,-
i&:ii * SMALLSYSTEM HARDWARE
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PER

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", Reader Service-see page 179 147

 GRAPHICS. STOCK ANALYSIS
NAVIGATION ASTRONOMY
Give your
NUMBER THEORY GAMES computer
its
THE
RECREATIONAL
freedom of speech
PROGRAMMER
Give your computer its "Freedom of Speech" with the COMPUfALKER
CT-1 Speech Synthesizer. Under software control, sounds are defined
in reol time. These parameters, transmitted from your computer at
Users of computers and programmable calculators high speed, enables the Model CT-1 to produce highly intelligible
enjoy this magazine! The articles are of
and quite natural sounding speech. In fact, you can even give your
interest to hobbyists and professionals. The
computer its own character and dialect.
programs are accompanied by explanations
written in clear, logical language. Our Only COMPUTALKER gives you a choice of two different software-
authors are people who own and use machines controlled sounds ... CTEDIT Parameter Editor for natural sounding
like yours! speech (standard) or the optional easy to program CSR1 Synthesis-
by-rule program for the "computer' sound.

"The Recreational Programmer" is issued bi- Model CT-1 Synthesizer. . . $395

monthly. It is available by subscription only CSR1 Software. . . . ... . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . .. .. . $ 35
for twelve dollars per year (domestic), or Software Package II . . $ 30
fifteen dollars per year (foreign ). Calif. residents add 6% soles tax
Software is available on CPM 8", North Star 51/4", Micropolis, CUTS,
Subscriptions and articles may be sent to: CUTS for SOL, Tarbell, MITS ACR. Paper Tape

THE RECREATIONAL PROGRAMMER DEALERS: GIVE YOUR CUSTOMERS THEIR "FREEDOM OF SPEECH"
vR29 BOX 2571 WRITE OR CALL FOR COMPLETE DEALER INFORMATION
KALAMAZOO MICHIGAN 49003
COMPUTALKER
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148 t/ Reader Service-see page 179

High Performance Cassette Interface
For
SWTPC
Computers
• FAST - 4800 Baud Loads 4K in 8 Seconds!
• RELIABLE - Error Rate Less Than 1 in 106 BYTES.
• CONVENIENT - Plugs Directly Into The SWTPC Motherboard.
• LOW COST - 549.95 For Complete Kit, Including Software.
• PLUS - A Fully Buffered 8 Bit Output Port Is Also Provided.
! enough money to pay for the-subscription several
NOW AVAILABLE -'The CFM/3 Cassette Operating System For
The TC-3. Has Named Files, Motor Control, Linked Files And
Much More. Supports Basic, Editor, And Assembler.
MANUAL and LISTING - $14.95 CASSETTE - Add 56_95
TBS-80 OWIEBS
There is more and more good software appearing on the
market for the TRS-80,but most of it deals with games or
small business applications. If you contemplate using your
TRS-80 for scientific or technical purposes we would be
interested in hearing what technical support you would like
to have.
We intend to build up and market a good scientific
library-programs that let you concentrate on the problem
rather than the numerical analysis. Our first offering,
announced last month, is a good, reliable matrix inversion
program for either Level I or Level II. Our second offering is
a Level II program for solving families of simultaneous
linear equations when the inverse of the coefficient matrix
is not explicitly needed. This program, like all our offerings,
has been thoroughly tested and comes with complete
documentation.
Future offerings will include programs for systems of
ordinary differential equations, a family of statistical
programs that are not easily obtainable and who knows
what else?
If you would like to get an announcement of each new
program as it becomes available, drop us a line.
Simultaneous Linear Equations-$9.95 on cassette (N.Y.
Residents add 7% tax).
~ IGNIFICANT ~ OnWARE
"....S73
Box 9274
ROCHESTER, N.Y. 14625
V' Reader Service-see page 179
SHOULD it be a Heathkit' ?
Whether you are conSidering the purchase of your first
computer or an additional peripheral, you should know more
about Heathkit® computer products. The Heath Company is
the only firm with a continuing commitment to supplying
personal computers in kit form. While small business
applications will also be addressed by Heath~ they will
not forsake the hobbyist.
That's why you should subscribe to Buss: The Independent
Newsletter of Heath Co, Computers. The independence of
Buss means a lot to all its readers. Since it is not a
company-controlled publication, Buss can deal with the
weaknesses, as well as with the strengths, of Heathkit®
products. Furthermore, it can share news of compatible
hardware and software from other vendors. You can be sure
you won't hear about competitive products through the
company-sponsored Heath User's Group. So why settle for a
HUG when you can have a Buss?
~ Information on new products is presented to Buss
readers as it leaks out of Benton Harbor, notheld
back to suit the marketing plans of the manufacturer.
• Buss features candid accounts of owners' experiences
with their computers and peripherals, This is far
more valuable than a magaZine article based on the
opinions of a single reviewer.
~ The discoveries of other Buss subscribers--often
made the hard way--can help you plan additions to
your system. Thus reading Buss may well save you
times over.
The information in Buss travels by first class mail (by
airmail outside North America), Your subscription can be
on its way to you within a week. You have the choice of
starting either with the latest issue or with available
back issues. Buss is a proven publication that keeps
getting better. So send for it.
$7.49 for 12 issues (U_S. funds only. Outside North)
$10.95 for 18 issues (America: $9.49/12; $13.95/18 ) "....843
Buss The Independent lIewsl,tter of
s.E·H
325-KPennsylvaniaAve.,
Washington, DC 20003 e.th CO. Comput ers
~FLEE~
~IIJrI ,~.'
A specially designed SF TACTICAL BATTLE " GAME for
your PET or TRS-80 Computer.
Take command of a star fleet as you seek to drive your
opponent's spaceships from the skies. Rescue a crippled
battlecruiser near the planet Mardak. Lead a swarm of swift
fighters against an almost invulnerable enemy battle station.
Create your own battle scenarios based on your favorite SF
stories or from your own imagination. Missiles and torpedos
explode all about your ships while great energy beam pro-
jectors lock on target and batter against the ship's shields.
Will you or the enemy prevail!
STARFLEET ORION is a complete game system
• rule book • battle manual • casette
• ship control sheets • program listings
Includes 2 programs, 22 space ship types, and 12 play tested
scenarios. Game mechanics are extremely simple, but play
is exciting, challenging, and rich in detail. When order-
ing, specify Commodore PET (8K) or TRS·80 (level II)
version.
Send check or money order for $16.95 to:
Automated Simulations "....
A71
Department B
P.O. Box 4232
Mountain View, CA. 94040
California residents please add 6% sales tax
149
 NORTHSTAR '
The

8100 bY!!mD .EL~R~S

DISK ASSEMBLER
and
DISK EDITOR
Both programs read and write disk files; file size not
limited by memory. Assembler will assemble up to • SERIAL RS232/20ma 1/0
• PARALLEL INPUT AND OUTPUT
ten source files at a time; permits modular pro- • SPACE FOR 16K DYNAMIC RAM
• CAN USE LEFT OVER 4K CHIPS
gramming with programs easily relocated by • S·100 BUS INTERFACE • LOW COST - PRICES START AT $185'
reassembling at the desired address. Editor does • 6 SLOT MOTHERBOARD • AVAILABLE IMMEDIATELY

not use line numbers; it searches for strings. Lines The 8\00 allows a Radio Sha~k TRS·80 computer to be [fyou purchased an expansion memory kit for THS·80
interfaced to the popularS-IOO Bus for memory expnnsicn you could be left with eight 4K RAM chips and nowhere to
may be inserted, deleted and displayed. Large disk and
easily
extended 110 capabilities. For example, you con now
add more memory. floppy disc systems. PROM
put them' Wf'Il. they can go in the RAM sockets instead!
That's right, you can use either 4K or 16K chips and ad-
110 boards. AC you like.
source files allow programs to be fully commented. boards, printer
devicecontrollel'!l.
erals.
interfaces, multi_purpose
and a whole h081 of other varied periph-
dress them anywhere
The 8100 has a full RS232J20
features include:
ma serial interface
RS232 and 20 ma current
who's
loop interface,
The 8100 has its own built-in 6 ~10lmotherboard which sonware programmable baud rate from DC \{I 5GK baud,
includes our unique card guide system which keeps the scftware programmable modem control lines, 011 board
boards in their places. DB·25 connector and much more

ASSEMBLER/EDITOR on disk The 8100 has support

16K dynamic
ory ofyourTRS.80
cin:uitry
RAM chips allowing
by 16K without
and sockets
you \{I expand
for eight
the memo
having \{I buy any 5·100
The 8100 also has an 8 bit parallel
an 8bit parallel output
input
port. Both are latched,
positiveandnf'gativestrobeinput.sandoutputsandhllv(,
port and
have both

RAM boards. plenty of drive capability.

with users manual ...$30
PRICES START AS LOW AS $185* (S'100 BUS INTERFACE ONLY)

t~~!~'
1429 Maple St. CALL OR WRITE FOR COMPLETE PRICING
INFORMATION AND MORE DETAILS

COMPUTER SYSTEMS DESIGN San Mateo, CA

94402
THE 6100 IS AVAILABLE FROM LEADING
COMPUTER DEALERS OR FACTORY DIRECT
DEALER INQUIRIES INVITED
(415) 573-7359
906 N. Main Wichita, KS 67214 ·Extra 5·100 connectors.
1I0circuilryoptionai.
RAM support.

USA DOMESTIC PAICE ONLY.

vH29
DEALERS INQUIRIES INVITED

Radio Shack Computer Users

T'RS - 80 monthly
newsletter
The largest puhlication devoted to the TRS·80 System

• Business • Software Exchange

"SOf:l2KB"'.'Dy"om;OIlAM

• Personal Finance • Market Place

• Practical Applications • Questions and Answers
:~~~;~::::'~
• Gambling-Games • Program Printouts .~~.y._....
·'"'s. •••
""~S<_("'1lnG
KI'\"".".
e"•••.••••
,.1OI>PM

:~~~==
=J~~"_IB.\$'C

• Latest RADIO SHACK Developments

•••• and more
Major programs published monthly ... Complete income tax
program (long and short forms) ... Inventory control Ex-
tensive mailing list and file program ... Payroll Stock
selection and indicators ... Horse selector for picking win-
ners ... Renumber program lines ... Chess ... Checkers ...
Financial package ... ..,
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$>H'I .. P
11,toiI .. P
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Lu""L·_'lpI".J"'"I .•

~,""o' ~Ictoo"", '.!IIl "P

_tIllOlJL>ry.... t,t5"P
9laeo.jo.c0l5lo1 ..
COIo<_o .
e~'."'","••
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E~~:::~;
··..~.:::~
1.$0,." ..••
S••••••••••
~IO... 10$ .. ",,"
110<._ 1.15 ..•

vCl14

Box 149K New City, New York 10956 (914) 425-1535

Send for FREE Software Catalogue (Including listings of
hundreds of TRS programs available on cassette and diskette).

vCl17
150 V Reader Service-see page 179
 ~~ ~
8K
\)~~\)\~
•.....
~ ~\~ BASIC
~~. man tomat·IC for
percussion units •..
PR[][]RfH~ll':'IflBLE [)RUI':'I SE KIM-1
features: score editing,brldges, intro's, external The famous high speed Microsoft BASIC
sync. to sequencers or foot controls, memory save is now available for KIM-1. The 9-digit
accuracy version is available on cassette or
switch & much more. paper tape.
PAIA's Programmable Drum Set, with 256 byte memory, allows
you to select percussion sounds and structure pattern and time
signature in any conceivable combination. Touch switches DELIVERY FROM STOCK.
allow scores to be entered in seconds - NO PROGRAMMING
KNOWLEDGE REQUffiED! High Fidelity describes
the3750as "an easy project ... fun to do ~dyields' '!I\\~": $99.00
delightful results .. , an excellent educational ~•••••~····eo."'1:
tool and versatile a!d to the musician ~\,•••~ c\.o'<> ~ $2.00 shipping and handling
who ?an't affordahve rhythm :\'\,~.<\?~ e<:> ~'1 :
section;" ~ •••~~.... ;s.W'9 ~t>,.~.~ :

%: JOHNSON
In Kit form - $84.95, .. or ~••• ~~ ... '~~'< '<> coe'<..~ :
Fully Assembled - $149. 95 ~. ~~"'~'O~' ~~ ~
(plus $3 shipping) a.~~~"'. <f.\.'<.. ",\.e» :
~~~ ....~p #''' :
,~'\\\
~
•• ~•••
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COMPUTER ..-J4

~ .... ~'3- $e~V-v ~~y: P.o. BOX523

i\'!> ~~~ :\.'3'3-$ . $$" /~ ~ 0:
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MEDINA,OHIO 44256 (216)725-4560

Tarbell 22 START-AT-HOME
Floppy Disc Interface COMPUTER BUSINESSES
Designed for Hobbyists and In "The Datasearch Guide to Low Capital,
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CONSULTING. PROGRAMMING. SOFTWARE PACKAGES
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• Plugs directly into your IMSAI or ALTAIR' and handles up • 8'h x 11 ringbound • 156 pp. • $20.00
to 4 standard single drives in daisy-chain.
Phone Orders 901-382-0172
• Operates at standard 250K bits per second on normal disc
format capacity of 243K bytes. ------~-----------------------------------------
DATASEARCH ..-040
• Works with modified CP 1M Operating System and BASIC-E incorporated
Compiler.
5694 Shelby Oaks Dr., Suite 105, Dept. A, Memphis,TN 38134
• Hardware includes 4 extra IC slots, built-in phantom boot-
strap and on-board crystal clock. Uses WD 1771 LSI Chip. Rush __ copies of "Low Capital Slartup Computer Businesses" at $20
• 6-month warranty and extensive documentation. per copy to me right away.
• PRICE: Kit $190 '" Assembled $265
NAM~COMPANY _
"ALTAIR is a trademarkltradename of Pertec Computer Corp. ADDRESS _
CITY/STATE/ZIP _
950 DOVLEN PLACE. SUITE B o Check Enclosed 0 Bankamericard 0 Master Charge
CARSON. CA 90746
..-T11 (213) 538·4251. (213) 538·2254
#-----------------------------------

v' Reader Service-see page 179 151

 1RS-80 LEVEL II AND DOS
RENUMBERWITH 'REMODEL'· MERGEWITH 'PROLOAO'
~mber ari'eiiiTre
any section or program.
MOve program segments. Delete program lines.
All line references readjusted as required.
COMBINE programs with renumber and merge.
LOADor SAVE any portion 01program from tape.
~ SUBROUTINE FACILITIES'GSF" .
Collection of fast easj-te- use machine language routines.
IN·MEMORYSORTwith multiple variables and keys.
ARRA Y read/write to tape, compress/uncompress/move data.
SCREEN scrolling, save screen displays, and more ..
DISKSORTPROGRAM·OSP'..
SORT/MERGE multi-diskette files. Fasl and easy to use.
MULTIPLE variables and keys. User input/output sort exits.
Includes GSF machine language in-memory sort, etc. 32 or 48K.
COPYSYSTEMTAPESWITH 'COPSYS' .
-COPY and VERIFYmachine language obiect tapes.
MERGE object tapes to form single load module.

REMODEL OrderTS21 at 524.95

REMODEL+ PROLOAO OrderTS22 at 534.95
GENERALSUBROUTINE FACILITIES OrtlerTS25 at 524.95
OISKSORTPROGRAM OrderTS26 at $34.95
Must specify 16, 32, or 48K on above. System house discounts.
COPSYS(Not OOSI OrderTS24 at 514.95
For TAPESthat TESTbest ,.,..R24 Order 10 ea at $14.95

Check, VISA, M/C, C.O.D.

~ RACET COMPUTES ~ Calif. residents add 6%
702 Palmdale, Orange CA 92665 (714)637·5016

Short Cassettes for Personal Computers

List $1.00 10 for $7.50 50 for $32.50

I MICROSETIE CO. \
777 Palomar Ave.. Sunnyvale, CA 94086

"When I was a kid, mv lemonade stand didn't have a point-of-sale terminal."

Duplication Services
Microsette also offers professional
duplication services for Commo-
dore PET and Radio Shack TRS-80
Level I and Level II cassettes. Our
service provides mastering, quality
control. all material including two-
piece box, affixing of your labels or
LIST HAM NET TEXAS INSTRUMENTS ELECTRONIC CALCULATORS supplying our blank labels and ship-
5299.95 5289.95 T.I.·59, 980 STEP PROGRAMMABLE SCIENTIFIC ping. Prices start at '$2_00 each in
124.95 112.45 T .1.-58,480 STEP PROGRAMMABLE SCIENTIFIC 100 quantity.
59.95 53.95 T.I.·57,150 STEP PROGRAMMABLE SCIENTIFIC
49.95 44.95 T .1.·55, 32 STEP PROGRAMMABLE SCIENTIFIC MICROSETIE CO. ,.,..M67
59.95 53.95 T.I. PROGRAMMER, CONVERTS DECIMAL/OCTAL/HEX
89.95 82.95 T.I. MBA, SUPER PROGRAMMED FINANCIAL 777 Palomar Ave.. Sunnyvale. CA 94086
LIST HEWLETT·PACKARD ELECTRONIC CALCULA TORS
S750.00 S875.00 H.P.·97, 224 STEP PROG SCIENTIFIC PRINT!YISUAL
450.00 405.00 H.P.·87, 224 STEP PROG SCIENTIFIC
275.00 247.50 H.P.·19C, 98 STEP PROG SCIENTIFIC PRINT!YISUAL
175.00 157.50 H.P.·29C, 98 STEP PROG SCIENTIFIC
175.00
325.00
100.00
80.00
157.50
292.50
90.00
72.00
H.P.·10 BASIC HAND HELD PRINTER/VISUAL
H.P.·91. PREPROGRAMMED SCIENTIFIC
If'.P ••33E, 49 STEP PROG SCIENTIFIC
H.P.·32E, PREPROGRAMMED
PRINT!YISUAL

SCIENTIFIC WITH STAT

VIDEO TERMINAL
80.00 54.00 H.P.-31 E, PREPROGRAMMED SCIENTIFIC MOOEL 795 VIDEO OISPLAYTERMINAL
495.00 445.50 H.P.·92. PREPROGRAMMED FINANCIAL PRINT!YISUAL With 7x 10" magnetically-
120.00 108.00 H.P.·38E STEP PROGRAMMABLE SUPER FINANCIAL
75.00 87.50 H.P.·37E, PREPROGRAMMED FINANCIAL [!J deflected CRT. With inter-
nal DC-to-DC converter,
--~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~--m
SEND ME THE CALCULATOR(S) INDICATED BELOW, COMPLETE WITH INCLUDED AC- •
10 KV supply, horiz. and
vert. deflection amps;
CESSORIES, INSTRUCTIONS, AND MANUFACTURERS WARRANTY. I UNDERSTAND internal muffin fan. Con-
THATIF I AM NOT COMPLETELY SATISFIED, I MAY RETURN IT WITHIN 10 DAYS FOR A trols for intensity, vert.
COMPLETE REFUND-(LESS SHIPPING).
and horiz. gain/position.
MODEL(S) QUANTITY ~MOUNT ENCLOSED $ ) Requires 115 VAC 60 Hz.
Less power cord. 15'12x
WE HONOR VISA __ MASTERCHARGE __ MONEY ORDERS __ COD 17V,x21 "; Sh. Wt: 1001bs.
Used, Reparable $59.50
ADD $2.00 FOR POSTAGE AND HANDLING. PLEASE ALLOW 10 DAYS FROM DATE OF
RECEIPT OF ORDER FOR DELIVERY. TEXAS RESIDENTS ADD 5'/~ SALES TAX. KRS-33 TELETYPEWRITER and
CARD NUMBER EXPIRATIO~DATE _ KEYBOARD - 100 WPM, 600 operations per
sec. Utilizes ASCII code with parity bit; 8'12" sprocket-
FULL NAME __________ CALL
fed paper. 115 VAC 60 Hz. 8V,x18'14x18V,"; Sh. Wt:
50 Ibs. Used, operational, but may require some
STREET ____________ ,CITY STATE-----.ZIP _
adjustment. Less cover, $250. With cover, $300.
Write for New '78 Catalog of Government and
Commercial Electronic Surplus
All prices F.O.B. Lima, Ohio
Items over 50 lbs.cshipped motor freight collect.
Address: Dept. K· Phone: 419/227-6573 ,.,..Fl

FAIR RADIO SALES

1016 E. EUREKA· Box 1105 • LIMA, OHIO· 45 02

152 V' Reader Service-see page 179

 Now Available. Text Editor,Assembler Et Disassembler!
infosvstem
~l9n
ELF II
Featuring the 1802

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RCACOSMAC
microprocessor/mini-
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APPLICATIONS
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If you work
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Scheduling and reservation Display Board! Get Started For Just $99.95, Complete!
systems • The TEXT EDITOR gives you word processing ability and the ability to edit ELF II was developed as a trainer for engineers, hobbiests. technicians and

Laboratory and industrial assembly

lines
language
and characters
programs
may be quickly
while they
inserted,
are di-splayed
deleted
on your
or changed.
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Add a printer
students.
price.
Yet it offers advanced features not yet available elsewhere at any

process control. and ELF II can type letters for you-error free-plus insert names and addresses With ELF II, you learn to use machine language, the fundamental language of

Computer time-sharing from your mailing list! all computers. (Higher level languages such as FORTRAN and BASIC must be
ELF II's ASSEMBLER translates assembly language programs into hexidecimal translated into machine language before a computer can understand thern.l With
and simulation. machine code for ELF II use. The Assembler features mnemonic abbreviations ELF It you build a solid foundation in computers so you'll really know what
Resource-use accounting. rather than numerics so that the instructions on your programs are easier to you're doing.

,Data logging • read-this is a big help in catching

ELF II's DISASSEMBLER takes machine
errors.
code programs and produces assembly
For $99.95
directly
your
to the video
ELF II also
input
includes
of your tv set without
video output and you
additional
can connect
hardware. Or, with
it

ADVANTAGES language
working
source
with.
listings.
. and improve
This helps you
them when required.'
understand the programs you- are an $8.95
instead.
RF modulator, you can connect ELF It to your tv's antenna terminals

Completely assembled and I he new I:H II Video Display Board leis you generate a sharp, professional 32 ELF II's 5·card expansion bus {connectors not included) lets you expand ElF II
tested> All software or 64 character by 16 tine upper and lower case display on your tv screen or as your needs grow. If you're an engineer or hobbiest, you can also use ELF II as
drivers included to set and video monitor-dramatically improving your unexpended $99.95 ELF II. When you a counter, alarm, lock, thermostat, timer, telephone dialer or for countless other
read the CCIT-100 • Time get into longer programs, the Video Display Board is a real blessing! applications.

and interrupt range from Get Your Hands On A Computer That ELF II Expands Into A Giant!
.01 seconds to 273 years Grows
Stop reading
As
about
Fast As
computers
Your Own Understanding!
and get your hands on one! With ELF II and our
Once you've
to make things
mastered
happen
computer fundamentals,
in the real world than
ELF II can give you more power
famous name computers that
• CPU independent • On- new Snort Course On Microprocessor & Computer Programming, by Tom would cost you a lot more money! Thanks to the ongoing RCA 1802 research
board crystal time base > Pittman, you can master computers in no time at all! ELF II can execute all 91 and development by Netronics. ELF II can now be expanded with some of the
Requires only two I/O ports RCA 1802 commands. The Shorr Course quickly teaches you how to use each of most technically advanced small computer add-ens on the market.
these capabilities. Plug in the GIANT BOARD ™ to record and play back programs, edit and
$199 ELF ll's $99.95
and graphics
price
on your tv screen
includes video output-so
or video monitor.
you can display
You can else enjoy video games
alphanumerics debug programs,
the outside world.
communicate
Add Kluge
with
Board
remote devices and make things
and you can use ELF II to solve
happen
special
in

Kentucky residents add 5'10 Sales Tax. including a fascinating new target/missile gun game that was developed spec! problems such as operating a more complex alarm system or controlling a
Price includes shipping via UPS fically for ELF II. printing press. Add 4k RAM Boards to write longer programs, store more
within USA· But games are only the icing on the cake. ELF II is a small but powerful information and solve more sophisticated problems.
VISA· computer. It gives you a highly effective learning' tool for only $99.95-then Expanded, ELF II is perfect for engineering, business, industrial, scientific and
Master Charge. expands as your understanding of computers grows. personal applications. No other small computer is backed by such an advanced
Money Order.

.,
If you want power to solve real world problems, ELF II has a lot more to offer research and development program!
COD·

II
than "famous name" computers selling for many times ELF ll's low price. ELF II ElF II add-ons already include the ElF II light Pen and the amazing ElF·
add-ons are among the most sophisticated on the market today at any price! Bug™ Monitor-two extremely recent breakthroughs that have not yet been
No wonder IEEE chapters plus hundreds of universities and major corporations duplicated by any other manufacturer.
now use ELF II to introduce students and employees to microprocessor The ELF-BUGTM Monitor lets you debug programs with lightening speed be
computing. cause the key to debugging is to know what's inside the registers of the micro
Start working with the incredibly versitile and roof.moor ELF II and you'll processor. And, with the ELF·BUGTM Monitor, instead of single stepping through
understand why! your program, you can now display the entire contents of the registers on your
More Powerful Than Your College Degree! tv screen. You find out immediately what's going on and can make any neces

o
A knowledge of computers may soon be more important to your earning power sary changes.
than a college degree. It doesn't matter whether you're a scientist, engineer, The incredible ELF II Light Pen lets you write or draw anything you want on a
businessman or professional. Understand computers and you can command tv screen with just a wave of the "magic wand." Netronics has also introduced
MONEY! the ElF II Color Graphics & Music System-more breakthroughs that ELF II
Master This Computer In A Flash! owners were the first to enjoy!
Regardless of how minimal your computer background is now, you can learn to ELF II Tiny BASIC

CD.,.,
program an ELF II in almost no time at all. Our Short Course On Microprocessor Like all computers, ELF II understands only machine language-the language
& Computer Programming was written in non-technical language and it leads computers use to talk to each other. But, to make life easier for you, we've
you through each of the RCA COSMAC 1802's capabilities, so you'lJ understand developed an ELF 11Tiny BASIC that lets you talk with ELF II in simple words
everything ELF II can do .. and how to get ELF II to do it! Don't worry if you've that can by typed out on a keyboard such as PRINT, RUN and LOAD.
been stumped by computer books before. The Short Course represents a major Ask Not What Your Computer Can Do ...
advance in literary clarity in the computer field. You don't have to be a computer But WHAT CAN IT DO FOR YOU?
engineer in order to understand it. Don't be trapped into buying an expensive dinosaur, simelv because you can
Keyed to ELF II, it's loaded with "hands on" illustrations. When you're finished afford it. ELF II is more advanced and more fun to use than big name computers
with the Short Course, neither ELF II nor the RCA 1802 cou will hold any mvs- that cost a lot more money. With ELF II you learn to write and run your own

meD teries for you.

In fact, not only will you be able to use a personal
also be able to read magazines such as BYTE ...

etronics R&D Ltd., Dept KB·3 -

computer
INTERFACE

-
AGE

PHONE ORDERS ACCEPTE~

creatively, you'll
.POPULAR
programs.
interests
coupon below!
You're not just a keypunch
are, ELF II is the fastest
operator.
way to get into computers.
No matter what your particular
Order from
Y""'N15
the

3~
33 Litchfield Road, New Milford, CT 06776 Call (203) 354.9375 .
Yes! I want my own computer! Please rush me-
ORCA COSMAC ELF II language. us a learning breakthrough for engineers and laymen
i at $99_95 plus $3 postage and alike. $5 postpaid Tolal Enclosed $ I
(requires 6.3 to 8 volt AC power 0 Deluxe Metal Cabinet with plexiglas dust cover for ELF II. (Conn. res. add tax)
supply)
$29.95 plus$2_50p&h
D Power Supply (required).
o RCA,1802 Users
S4.95 postpaid.
Manual. $5 postpaid.
o !
am also enclosing payment (including
the Items checked below!
postage & handling) for ~H~~aGE g!M~~~e·r ~~~~ge-- I
(Bank# )
o Tom Pittman's Short Course On Microprocessor & Computer 0 I want my ELF II wired and tested with power supply, RCA

3tt
Programming teaches you just about everything there is to know 1802 User's Manual and Short Course-all for just $149.95 plus

~~~g~~~/~Aa~~;C;ol~O:Lc~~p:"t::::er_w::.r~itt::::en.:.:i:::.n::::no::::n.::::te:::ch::::n:::ica:::.'...:S:::3..'.P&:::h:::.. -..:Ac::c":'"~nt'."._======:_
o GIANT BOAROTM kit with cassette 1/0. RS 232· 26 variables A·Z. LET. IF/THEN. INPUT. PRINT. GOTO programs and produces assembly language source list-
C/TTY 110. 8·bit PliO. decoders for 14 separate I/O GO SUB. RETURN. END. REM. CLEAR. LIST. RUN, mqs to help you understand and improve your programs
$19.95 on cassette tape
~i~~~tions and a system monitor/editor. $39.95 plus ~I~~~S P:I~~~n~C;:e~ic C~~~~r~~~~y ~e~~i~~nt~~ ~~~pl~;
SAVE $9.90-Text Editor. Assembler & Disassembler
D Kluge (Prototype) Board accepts up 10 36 IC·s. alphanumeric characters directly on your tv screen with· purchased together, only $49.95! (Require Video Dis-

-'3 ~h~~~~~~' play Board plus4k memory.)

$17.00 plus $t p&h ~~~~~n~t~oan~~ t~~oll~~h~xli~~~t~g~;ci°:sP~j~y~
o ELF II Ught Pen, assembled & tested. $7.95 plus $1
o 4k Static RAM kit. Addressable 10 any 4k page to stick. 4k memory required. $14.95 postpaid p&h

::J
64k $89.95 plus $3 p&h 0 Tom Pittman's Short Course on Tiny Basic lor ELF II.
D Gold plated as-pin ccnnecters
(one required for each $5 postpaid.
o ELF II Color Graphics & Music System Board kit.
$49.95 plus $2 p&h
pluq-ut board). $5.70 ea .. postpaid 0 ELF_BUGTM Deluxe System Monitor on cassette
o ELF II connects directly to the video input 01 your tv
o Expansion Power Supply (required when adding 4k tape. Allows displaying the contents 01 all registers on
set Without additional hardware. To connect ELF II to
RAM!. $34.95 plus $2 p&h your tv al any point in your program. Also displays 24
your antenna terminals instead. order RF Modulator,
o Professional ASCII Keyboar"d kit with 128 ASCII bytes of memory with full addresses. blinking cursor $8.95 postpaid

(DeD
upper/lower case set. 96 printable characters. onboaro and auto scrolling. A must for the serious programmer!
regulator. parity.
logic selection and choice 01 4 haod- $14.95 postpaid. Coming Soon: A·D. D·A Converter.
and more!
Controller Board
shaking Signals to mate with almost any computer 0 Text Editor on cassette tape gives you the abilily to
$64.95 plus $2 p&h insert. delete or edillines and words trorn
your programs
o Deluxe metal cabinet for ASCII Keyboard. $19.95 while Ihey are displayed on your video monitor. (Add Print
plus$2_50 p&h printer and you can use ELF II to Iype error-tree letters Name

.i]
o Video Disptay Board kit lets you generate a sharp. plus insert names and addresses from your mailing hst.j
protessonat 32 or 64 character by 16 line upper and $19.95 postpaid
Address
lower case display on your tv screen or video rnontor-. 0 Assembler on cassette tape translates assembly
dramalically improving your unexpanoed $99_95 ELF II language programs into hexidecimal machine code for
.,. (Fits inside AS.ell Keyboard cabtnet.) $89.95
us sz psn
ELF II use. Mnemonic abbreviations lor instructions
(rather than numerics) make programs easier 10 read
City I
o
ELF II Tiny BASIC on casse~e tape '. Com. and help prevent errors. $19.95 postpaid Slate .lip
mands Include SAVE. LOA~. x . ~ 0 Disassembler on cassette tape takes machine code _ DEALER INOU""I"'RI"'E"S""IN""V"IT==E"D:--:J

", Reader Service-see page 179 153

 TIS Il COMPUTER BOARDS TRS-80 OWNERS
&"" CPU WITH SERIAL PORT Control External
WORKBOOKS FOR THE COMMODORE PET 2001 <.~. 8080A * * * 5-100
Getting Started with Your PET
Covers the fundamentals
WB-l $4.00
of PET BASIC: calculator
\\" SINGLE BOARD Devices •••
and program mode. data input and output, data Now it's easy - with a CPU Board which
representation, program storage on the cassette. ... the coffee pot, industrial process
includes an on-board serial port. This 2 MHz
PET String and Array Handling W8-2 $3.95, CPU Board talks directly to your terminal equipment, lights, music, remote controls,
Covers string and substring search, concatenation.' by 20 ma current loop or RS-232. Baud rate alarms, chemical mixing, games, anything
replacement and manipulation.
selectable from 110 to 9600. that can be controlled by relays.
PET Graphics W8-3 $4.95
Covers use of cursor control and special graphics ASSEMBLED AND TESTED ... DNLY - $195 The CP-16. board plugs directly into the
symbols to draw plots, histograms, and sketches. rear of the Level" keyboard (or into the
_",\ AUDIO CASSETTE INTERFACE
PET Cassette 1/0 WB-4 $4.95
Covers OPEN, CLOSE, string and numeric data files.
Miscellaneous PET Features . W8-5 $3.95
<.",'
~"
WITH 3 PARALLEL I/O PORTS
5-100 * * * SINGLE BOARD
expansion interface if one if used).
up to 16 relays per board can be closed or
Any of

opened with the OUT command followed

Covers the clock, random number generator, upper Your best choice for mass storage. This
and lowercase alphabetic characters, saving memory by the chosen relay's numerical address.
space, etc. board includes 3 parallel 8 bit ports, a tape
You may order from I to 16 relays per
motor control (on-off) and a driver for ex-
ternal data I/O monitor lamp. The 3 PIO board.
Don't be "lion" around! port common handshake signal lines are CP-16 board with power supply but with-
Order NOW! Send check or independent of data lines.
money order today to: out relays: $99. Cable to TRS-80: $10. Each
TIS ASSEMBLED AND TESTED ... DNLY - $195 relay: $5.85. Either send a check' or charge
P.O. Box 921 it by sending your VISA or Master Charge
Los Alamos, N.M. 87544 OUR 20th YEAR OF ELECTRONIC EXCELLENCE

~
V T 41 Money back guarantee.

=ru.:
-I_I'NC.
V N13
number with
dents add 6 % sales tax.

Hoch CO.
expiration date. Calif. resi-

Box 856 v H34

I_
_____ 461 Laboratory
Oak Ridge, TN 37830

6154824041
Road

Cor_Dna del Mar,

J'

CA 92625

D.C. METRO AREA

A P P L E-I I USE RS
TYSONS CORNER, VIRGINIA

THE
V Good news! Now you can save money buy-

COMPUTER SYSTEMS DIGITAL ing 16K of memory for $95.00 or 32K of

memory for $180.00! Unbelievable!!! We
STORE vCT3 PLOTTER have Motorola Prime Dynamic
which are 250nS, rather than the usual
RAMs

MICROCOMPUTERS & PERIPHERALS 450nS. For conversion follow instructions in

HOME, SCHOOL & SMALL BUSINESS IEEE-488 INTERFACE your Apple II-Manual. We also include 3
FEATURING

Small Business Systems Complete with

FOa "1'AEPE T 0u~~l programmable DIP Shunts with each order
for your convenience.
Application Software Including
Word Processing OR FROM TTL PORT
DIRECT TO PLOTTER 786-A 16K Dynamic RAM $95.00
DEALERS FOR ONLY 5 strs REQUIRED' ; EXAMPLE OF 786·A2 32K Dynamic RAM $180.00
Comrn(:xjore Pet
Processor Technology
Polymorphic
Crornerrx:o
Southwest T echnal
Lear Stagier
Diablo
Texas Instn.menfs
DEe
North Star
o RESOLUTION .005"
BASIC SOFTWARE
STEP

RESOLUTION

DELTRONIKS v028
Micro-Computer
Bus;ness S'f.Slems, Inc.
Anderson JacobSOn
Books & Magazines ,ASSEMBLED' TESTED S 195. GO WITH OUR SOFTWARE
eLOT A VECTOR
P. O. Box 29363 III
==
t 984 Chain BridgeRd.
McLean, VA. Atlanta, Ga. 30359
703-821-8333

ENTERPRISES
X&Y (404) 458-4690
P.O. BOX 796
HUNTSVILLE.AL.35804 •....
X2

L~VEM~jTEK
2650 JAP RECYCLE(D)
MULTIPROCESSOR
Realtime control or development system.
COMPUTERS
..........................•....................
Slave & Master Microprocessors share
SIOOMemory & I/O. Uses two identical BUY ~ SELL ~ SWAP . :~:::
cards, each with the following features:
Hardware & Software Software available for F-8, 6800, 8080,
• Signetics 2650 "...:P • Realtime Int
NEW PRODUCT ANNOUNCEMENTS 8085, Z-80, 6502, KIM-I, 1802.
• KC Cassette Interface • Power Fail Int
22P~t'>t'~ The EP-2A-79 will program the 2704, 2708,
• 20 MA/EIA·Porl - • Power on Reset/Jump
110/300/1200 .42708 EROM Sockets TMS 2708, 2758, 2716, TMS 2516, TMS 2716,
Mailed jst Class every 3 Weeks
• 8 Vectored Ints • Shared Memory or Split, TMS 2532, and 2732. PROM type is selected. by
• Keyboard Int

Software: Signetics "PIPBUG",

with Mailbox

Signetics
I yr. (Is issues)
...............................•...............
* $3,75 a personolityrnodule which plugs into the front
of the programmer. Pow.er requirements are 115
"LITTLE ASSEMBLER", and REAL TIME CTL. VAC, 50/60 HZ at 15 watts. It is supplied with a

$269.00 assembled and tested, $198.00

Send for specifications,'
kit. ON_LINE v02
~:@-- 36-inch ribbon cable (14 pin plus) for connecting
to microcomputer. Requires 1'\7 I/O ports.
Assembled and tested $145, Plus $15-25 for
VICTORIA MICRO DIGITAL ea<h personality module. Spe<ify software.
401 Dundee Street 24695 Santa. Cruz Hwy .• Los G&tos, CA 95030
Victoria TX 77901 vV17 .It[ 11\1 WAY 10 Of'!lMON! If ON-""" "" •••••• "1("
01 .••• 10 YOU ~ 10 IIV ••••
OPTIMAL TECHNOLOGY, INC.
(512) 575-3836 Blue Wood 127, Earlysville, Va. 22936
Phone 804-973-5482 vOID

154 V' Reader Service-see page 179

 TRS-SO s, P.E.T. SOFfWARE RS-23~ INTERFACE
AVAIlABLE NOW, FlJNCTIONAL SOFfWARE
for the Entrepreneur. Salesman or Mark<t Trader FOR THE IEEE 488 BUS
The Net Works TNW488,232 SERIAL
INTERFACE MODULE ($280) provides two
bidirectional RS-232·C data channels (75 to
Three separate packages @$19.95/each in-
clude cassette and hard copy documenta-
tion.
I. ACCOUNTING SYSTEM-Includes 2 programs: Pro-
~~»I~:R~tl;O"e's
~\.\.~"G~ • C'l.-A~
9600 bits per second). ptus 6 input status bits
and 6 output controt bits (use for Ctear to Send.
Data Terminal Ready. etc.).

gram #1 for ledger postings by account with auto-
matic 2nd entry made by the computer. Program
#2 for analysis of data file (balance sheet + in-
come/expense statement)
2. STOCKMARKETANALYSIS SYSTE~IIncludes 2 pro-
grams: Program #1 for establishing historical data
file. Utilizing technical market analysis techni-
ques. Program #2 analizes historical data and cur-
rent data issuingm,.l!. and .l!.illsignals.
3. STOCK~IARKETFINANCIAL SYSTE~IIncludes 2 pro-
grams: Program #1 for data file control. Program
#2 offering 8 analysis option, looks at your stock
and option transactions.
ASK ABOUT OUR OSI BUSINESS
c\\ 0 .C'l.-'\ . C'l.-SS
•C'\ -r •C'l.-S~· . FOR THE IEEE 488 BUS
Affordable Do·lt·AII Home Computing is
finally here! Hook up to your TV or sug-
gested terminal 'and do Home Finance,
Calculating. learn Math, or play exciting
games like Star Trek! It's easy to make
your own programs. or buy standard
programs from DSl's low cost cassette
program library.
SYSTEMS
LOW SPEED MODEM
The TNW4881103 LOW SPEED MODEM
MODU LE ($320) is a Bell 103 compatible
modem (75 to 600 bps) with full auto-dial. auto-
answer. auto-originate capabililies (connects to
phone system via Data Access Arrangement).
For use with Commodore's PET and other
IEEE 488-capable computers. both units incor-
porate a real IEEE 488 bus interface. and include
power supplyon the board 90 day limited war-
ranty. (1 to 3) week delivery. Cabinet ($35) and
PET cable ($20) also available.

Distributed by. STEVE SHAW P.L V'576 COMPUTER CORNER of N.J The NET WORKS V'N18
Soitwa re Consultant 240 Wanaque Ave., represented by
Astronics Division Earle Associates
P.O. Box 1707 Pompton Lakes, N.J. 4805 Mercury Street
Tampa. Florida 33601 07442 San Diego. CA 92111(714) 278-5441
II.\'~\~"".J.I ....:..(2_01"")
"•.•. 835·7080

WEB *= ASSOCIATES
LOW COST ACCESSORIES
for your TRS·80 COMPUTING
non profit newsletter

12 Issues For $15.00

(US)
TBE EPTM ;
• Software controlled. Clear distinctive tone. Requires and now
two word instruction. Plug in line with cassette AUX
cable. Doesn't interfere with cassette e,Long life battery
included. Disk compatible. $18.95

TAKE ADVANTAGE
PEOPLE'S SOFTWARE
at popular prices
OF LEVEL II
ERROR TRAP- .25 centsper program plus 1 dollar per tape
• Tape #1 Includes 26 Level I business/home/edu-
SIGNAL FOR
ENTRY PROMPT
-ALSO-
.- cation programs, just $7.50 plus 50 cents
postage and. handling (CA residents add 45
cents tax)
.Write for information

=
STOP YOUR CASSETTE WHEN IT SHOULD WITH OUR
PLUG-IN TBUFF1"'CASSETTE INTERFACE BUFFER
Only $7.95 ea. . .
_ COMPUTER
CI
For more information circle vW20
Send check or money order to: INFORMATI~N
"...C104 EXCHANGE
WEB ASSOCIATES
P.O. Box 60-Q Monrovia, CA 91016 Box 158 San Luis Rey, CA 92068
(California Residents add 6% tax)

12" BLACK WHITE s w' ""rc::=:::xJC::=:Jol~

LOW COST VIDEO
TERMINAL '-- .Dr, Daley PHONE MODEMS
$139.00 LIST
Add $5 for shipping and handling n ~~;f~n~~Tns n HERE IS THE OVER-THE-PHONE INTERFACE
Texas residents add 5% sales tax.
U software for U YOU HAVE BEEN WAITING FOR!

~~eTt
• Works with 110 to 300 BPS Tll Serial Interface

n n
• Originate and Answer Modes
• Designed to Direct Connect Phone line Specifications
• Complies with all FCC Regulations when used with CST Coupler
The list • Filing for FCC Type Acceptance for Non-CST qperation Forthcoming
• Bell 103 Standard Frequencies
U has over 60 U • Assembled and Tested with 90 Day Warranty

different tapes. ~
Write for it or NOW AVAILABLE
SERIAL INTERFACE;
IN TWO OFFERINGS FOR USE WITH YOUR TTL
TRS - 80
TM
INTERFACE SOON TO FOLLOW
• Ideal' for home, personal. and business computer systems;
surveillance monitors • 12" diaqonal video monitor' Com- ~ ask your PET
posite video input • Compatible with many computer
• Assembled Board with Above Specifications - $59.95 plus shipping
systems • Solid-state c;:ircuitry for a stable £. sharp pic-
ture • Video bandwidth- t2. MHz:!;.3 DB· Input irn-
dealer if he has ~ • Integrated Unit including Dial Phone less Ringer (no load) with":8 VOC
Power Supply - $99.95 plus shipping
pedance-7S Ohms· Resoluti6n-6S0 lines Minimum IN DR. DALEY'S
Central 80% of CRT;SSOLines Minimum beyond central 80%
ofCRTrc;fEIA RS·37S • Dimensions-l1.37S" high; 16.2S0" ~ Software
wide; 11.2S0·· deep (exclude VIdeo input
nectar) ~ Weight-6.S KG(14.3 Ibs) net .. CHSD,lnc. "...Cl18
Use Master Charge/Visa or send money order.
425 Grove Ave. ~
Berrien Springs, MI 3644 Cairnbrook Drive
Micl'o Pl'oducts Unlimited
P.O.Box 1525, Arlington, TX 76010 ~ ~h. (616) 471-5514 "...043 Columbia, 29210 s.c
817/461·8043 Sun. to Thurs. noon to 9 PM eastern time 803 - 772-1250
Dealer inquiries welcome V M81

V Reader Service-see page 179 155

 UNUSUAL SOFTWARE FOR TRS-80!
$10.00· EACH, ON CASSETTE
GAMES AND INSTRUCTIONAL PROGRAMS
eGT·4 TURKEY BUZZARD~This game will amaze you! Not only does it have an
interesting, challenging and amusing scenario, but it is perhaps the only game in
existance which makes full use of all TRS-80graphics functions. Thus, you can ac-
tually "see" even Is encountered in the game! There Is even some character anima Full ASCII Professional
lion! Watch your hunting dog chase his prey! See game birds fly from their tree 14052 E. Firestone Blvd.
Keyboard Kit, Model 756
roosts! There are all kinds of dangers and comic pitfalls to avoid. Definitely a Santa Fe Springs CA 90670 (213)921·2111 (714)739·0711
game worthy for any true computer gamester!
Model 756 Keyboard l<it
• Gl·6 DRIVER'S EO-This can either serve as an instructional aid for high school • BUSINESS. EDUCATIONAL. PERSONAL Model 70 I Plastic Enclosure .
age youngsters learning to drive or as a fun, educational game for younger
Model 702 Steel Enclosure.
children. Features include: extensive use of graphics, informing user of correct
answer when he or she misses a question, and randomization of question order to INTEGRATED CIRCUITS,
insure that the testee cannot answer using a pattern. Actually ehowse picture of
* APPLE * NORTHSTAR SN76477NComplexSoundGen. $2.952 $5.50
* CENTRONICS * HEURISTICS
each subject it asks a question about.

CA3 I 40 Op Amp. .60

A PROGRAM FOR SPACE BUFFS
• CS·4 PLANETARY WEIGHT-Tell the computer how much you weigh and it wil
* INTROL * PET 10
uA555 Timer . 45
tell you what you would weigh on seven otner planets and the moon!
S-O-F- T-W-A-R-E SOCKETS,
ALSO
* APPLE Ii * NORTHSTAR 8 pin Low profile. 15 8/$1.00
• BT·'
because
tensive
BLANK
you
tests
(LEADERLESS)
forgol
have shown
to advance
that
CASSETTES-Don't
the tape
this special
beyond
leaderless
the
lose
leader!
cassette
programs
High
is best
or data
quality.
for computer
on fife
Our ex- *PH * TRS~S() 14 pin Low profile. 19 6'$1.00
16 pin Low profile. 22 5. $1.00
use because
compared with
il also
the most
has an extremely
expensive low noise
low incidence
cassettes.
of "drop
Packageo!
outs". even
two for
when
$4.00.'
SERVICEDEPT.-CLASSES Transistor Socket 12 10·$1.00
-APPLE BYTE USERS GROUP- FREE;CA3140 with orders of $5.00 or more,
•Add $1.00 postage and handling. All programs
Choose Levell or II. Ava.ilable exclu!>ively from
executable in less than 4K RAM
Meets on 2nd Saturday each month Please include $1.00 for postage and handling
-PROGRAMMERS GROuP-

<>
N.Y.S. Residents Add 4% Sales Tax
Meets on 1st Saturday each month

__
corrpuirex
POBox 536 Inman SC 29349_
~C86 * Send lor our hardware catalog, lIyers and
software list.
Send to: Key Electronics
P.O. Box 3506
Schenectady, NY 12303 ~K14

NORTH STAR USERS MICRO'S SHOULD seve mere than 2010 !

EARN THEIR KEEP!
Develop your own custom files for data
You liked Version 1 of our General Ledger,
NORTH STAR HORIZON
storage and retrieval without programming. The smartest computer at the smartest price.
walt until you .ee Version 2.21 Some
Print your own customized reports from the Horizon-l kit, list $1599 ... $1279
featu•••Include: (Version 1 owners, write
Assembled & tested, list $1899. . .. $1519
data without programming with FLOW- for credit on Version 2.2)
Horiz on-Z (2 drives) kit, list $1999. . $1599
DATA's Universal General File System. Any 1ttJN-.I Assembled & tested, list $2349.
Datapoint Terminal, list $814.
. $1879
. . $650
type of data from Addresses to Zoology. Files
Our n_ "Skip-Sequential" (TM) file Printec-l Ou-cps Printer, 15" paper, 100 characters
and reports limited only by your imagina- .tructure; Up to 100 (or more) cu.tom per second, tractor feed, interfaced for North
tion. NO PROGRAMMING SKILL RE- account.; Direct curaor control (for Star, list over $3000 $1500
QUIRED. $50.00 on North Star Disk. .ome vld.o device.) or .tandard Yes, you can get a complete North Star business
acrolllng; Complete Income .tatement system for only . $3429
Also Available-v'I'urtle Driver-Northshare
and balance .heet·wlth printer output; plus shipping.
Enhancements (2 keyboards, 2 CRT}-Gen- Complete audit trail.; Expanded error 2 interconnecting cables. $50
eral Ledger-Accounts Receivable and checking; U.er oriented with expanded or tree schematic to make your own for less
Payable-Modem Drivers-Special Operat- manual; much morel 16 program. than $10 worth of material. NC res add 4% tax.
totalling over 70K. Price: $79.95
ing Systems-Games (Bowling, Kalah, We have business software, too. These printers
Crypto, ICBM and others) do IBM quality work. Only 60 available, 50 hurry.
Check our documentation: $5.00 (credited You can make money with this complete
Write: toward. purch•••). All program. on

',"OWD,.T,. dlskeHe and u.e North Star BASIC, 11K of

free memory, I or more drive••
Write for details
business system. Sample printout, SASE.

AMERICAN
SQUARE
4503 Seaway Drive ~E34 ECOSOFT COMp,UTERS ~A66

Lansing MI 48910 ~F11

P.O. Box 68602
KIVETT DR -JAMESTOWN NC 27282

.
Indianapoll., IN 46268 '------(919) 883·1105 -oJ

!
------------
I
C.APPLE)
SUPER SALE
I SUPPLIES 'Just LOAD and GO' Software
Pre-recorded Business Programs
US~EFUL·PRACTICAL·LOW·COST!
NO PROGRAMMING EXPERIENCE REQUIRED!

I • GENERAL
etorships,
LEDGER-For home businesses,
small corporations-$19.95 plus
sale propri-
$1.50 s&h, re-
quires 8K min. user memory

116K Apple II $1039.95 • CHECKING ACCOUNT-For

$19.95 plus $1.50 s&h, requires
personal bank accounts-
BK min. user memory

I • RENT ACCOUNTS-Records
plus $1.50 s&h
on rental properties-$16.95

I Apple Disk II • LEGAL DIARY-For

plus $1.50 s&h
Attorneys (Client Accounts) $16.95

I w / controller $495.00 • TRUST ACCOUNTS-For Attorneys (Client Accounts)

I Apple Soft Cards $149.95

$16.95 plus $1.50 s&h

I Carrying Case .$29.95 • 3M OR·MEMOREX AUDIO

Programs include 2 PerCom "Pilon-3D" record cas-
settes-money back guarantee
I Super Mod $29.95 CASSETTES. C·GO
• 3M DISK CARTRIDGES HUSTLER Series 1 for PET(tm) are now available in
I WE OFFER,
Britain and Europe through:

I UCATAN CORP. ~U10 • COMPETITIVE PRICING

PETSOFT
PO Box 9. Newbury Berks. RG131PB. England
I P.O. Box 1000 I
• IMMEDIATE DELIVERIES
(Any Iluantitv]

I
Specify which computer is used.

i
• UNCONDITIONAL GUARANTEE
Destin, Fla. 32541 I BETA BUSINESS SYSTEMS ",.....B39
All mail orders must be pre-paid.
904-837-2022 8369 VICKERS ST., fiG

....---~---------.-..
~SANDIEGO CA92111~
IIiiiiiiiiI (714) 565-4505 _ oe8181 COMPUTERS ONE ~
I Cred it Cards Accepted I \I1QU\r\8S
,"'1\\8d
#306 Kahala Office
4211 Waialae
Tower
Ave.
'-_.....;:;.;... Honolulu, HI 96816 rAOr\171'7~2'933

156
 P.O. Box 4430M Santa Clara, CA 95054
Same day shipment. First line will call only:(408) 988-1640
parts only. Factory tested. Wal Ave.
Guaranteed money back. Qual-
ity Ie's and other components
at factory prices, ,....Q3

INTEGRATED CIRCUITS CLOCK MODULES Complete alarm Clocks

ready to hook up with nansicnner and
switches. Very compact with .50' and
74DOnl LM340T-18 1.10 CD4511 ,94 8212 2.90 .84' dig~s.
7400N .17 LM340T·24 1.10 C04515 2.52 8214 8,00 MA1D02A, CorE .SO" US
74D2N ,17 lM343H 4.50 C04516 1.10 8216 2." lD2P3Tr.nslormer 2.25
7404N 19 LM370 1.15 C04518 1.02 8224 2.90 MAtOIOA, C lirE .84" 11.95
7409N .23 lM377 4.50 CD452D 1.02 8228 5.35 102P2Tranlformer U5
7410N .17 LM379 5,00 CD4S27 1.51 8251 8.50 Special Iranllormer and Ilx
7414N .63 LM380N 1.00 CD4528 .79 8253 10.00 swtlchnwhen putch••ed
7420N ,17 LM381 1.60 CD4553 5.75 8255 9.25
w/module 2.95
7422N 1.39 LM382 1.60 CD4566 2.25 9257 19.50
7430N
7442N
.20
.50
LM703H
LM709H
,"
.28
C04583
C04585
4.50
1.10
8259
COPl802CO
19.50
19.95
MA1003 ear module ,3"
greennuor.dl'play 15.95
7445N .69 LM723HJN .50 C04D192 3,00 COP18D20 25.00 RESISTORS v. watt5'!.
7447N .60 LM733N .67 74COO .28 COPl861 12.95 lDpertype.03 1000pertype.012
7448N .69 LM741CH .35 74C04 .33 8B20 9.95 25pertype.025 350 piece pack
74S0N .17 lM741N .25 74Cl0 .28 6850 12.95 loopertype.015 5 per type 6.75
7474N .29 lM747WN .62 74C14 2.10 6502 12.50
7475N .49 lM748N ,35 14C20 ,28 IEYBOARDS
7485N
7489N
.88
2.00
lMI303N
lM1304 1.10," 74C30
14C48
,28
1.95
ICSOCIETS
SGld.rTI. low Profll.
kit $62.50
12.50
1490N .43 lM1305 1.21 14C74 ,75 PIN lUP PIN lUP "I 55.00
Enc:Iosure14.95
7492N ,43 lMl301 2.00 14C76 1.40 8 .15 22 .30
.•3 74Cl1O 1.15 14 ,18 24 .35
.,
7493N LM1310 2.75
7495N .69 lM1458 .•7 74C93 1.40 16 ,20 28 .42 UDS
Red T018 .15
$106.95 74100N . lMl800 1.75 74Cl54 3.00 .27 36 ,53 .20
QUEST Cilsmac Super Elf Computer
Compare features before you decide to buy any memory select, monitor select and single step,
74107N
74121N
.29
.34
LMI812
LMI889
7.50
3.00
74CI60
74C175
1.44
1.35 "
20 .29 40 .57
3 IMII wi"WI'IjI gold.
Green, Orange, YeitowT018
Jumbo Red
Green, Orange, Yellow JumbG
.20
.25
74123N .59 lM2111 1.75 14Cl92 1.65 14pift.25 16pin.21 Cltplile LED Mounting Clip' 81$1.25
other computer. There is no other computer on Large, on board displays provide output and op- 7412SN .39 lM2902 1.50 14C221 2.00 21e.•.•14p1nww.20
(specl~red,amber,gretl1,yellow,cleiJf)
14145N .69 LM3900N ,60 14C905 3,00
the market today that has all the desirable bene- tional high and low address. There is a 44 pin 74150N .95 lM3905 1.75 74C906 .75 WIRE WRAP LEVEL 3 CONTINENTAL SPECIALTIES In .'ock
fits of the Super Elf for so little money. The Super standard connector for PC cards and a 50 pin 741S1N .69 lM3909N .61 74C914 1.95 PIN ~H
74154N 1.00 MC1458V .50 14C922 5.50 .25 24 .86 ~~~~~~ '~n~i~~b~~~~~~ te~1~\~fs
Elf is a small single board computer that does connector for the Quest Super Expansion Board. 74157N
74181N
.69
.87
NE540l
NE550N
2,89
.65
74C923
74C925
5.50
6.95
"
16 .27 28 1.00
57 1.23 OK WIRE WRAP TOOLS In lfuk
many big things. It is an excellent computer for
training and for learning programming with its
Power supply and sockets for ail IC's are in-
cluded in the price plus a detailed 90 page instruc-
74162N
74163N
.87
,87
NE555V
NE556A
.43
,79
74C926
74C927
8.95
8.95
"
UART/RFO
'" Portable Munlmeter
DIGITAL THERMOMETER
$18.00
$48.50
74174N .96 NE565A 1.00 AY5·1013 5.50
machine language and yet it is easily expanded tion manual. 74175N ,90 NE566V 1.50 1NTERFACE AY5-1014 7.50 ~~~~~ro[F.G~:~a~~a~l~o~~g~em~~~:~
14190N 1.15 NE567V 1.20 8095 .65 3341 6.95 e.z- accuracy. Compo Assy. In
with additional memory, Tiny BaSiC, AscII Many schools and universities are using the 74192N .87 NE570B 5.00 8096 .65 compact case.
Keyboards, video character generation, etc. 74193N ,85 NE571B 5.00 8097 ,65 PRO.
Super Elf as a course of study. OEM's use it for 1.55 ,60 .65 1102A 3.95 COMPUTER BOARD IITS

The Super Elf includes a ROM monitor for pro- training and research and development.
74221N
74298N
74365N
1.65
,8S
18L05
78L08
19L05
, .60 8""
.70 8Tl0
8098
1.25
4,50
N82523
N825123
2.95
3.50
8K RAM Board Kit
4K EPROM Kit
$134.95
114.95
gram loading, editing and execution with SINGLE 74368N .8S 181.405 .85 8T13 3.00 N825126 3.15 I/O Board Kit 44.50
Remember, other computers only offer Super Elf 74367N ,8S 15108 1.15 8T20 5,50 N825129 3.15 Extender BOird w/conMctor 12.50
STEP for program debugging which is not in- features at additional cost or not at all, Compare 75491CN ,50 8T23 3.10 N82S131 3.75 VldfG 1nterface bGard kit 125.00
cluded in others at the same price. With SINGLE 14lS00TTL 75492CN .55 8124 3,50 N825136 8.75 16K EPROM board kH w/o PROMS 74.50
before you buy. Super Elf Kit $106.95, High .25 .89 8T25 3,20 16K Static RAM board kit 395.00
STEP you can see the microprocessor chip address option $8.95, Low address option
74L5ooN
74LS02N
74L504N
.25
.25
15494CN
VERTER
8126
8T28
1.69
2.75
N825137
2708
01.18577
8.15
12.50
2.90
~::IO:{ o~o.:fd Dltk 1(11 $665.00
415.00
operating with the unique Quest address and $9.95. Custom Hardwood Cabinet with drilled 74L505N .25 4.50 8T97 1.69 8223 2." SPECIAL PRODUCTS
data bus displays before, during and after 74lS08N .25 13.95 8198 1.69 271611 22.50MM5865 StopWOIlch Timer 9.00
and labelled front panel $24.95. NiCad Battery .25 22.00 2116tntel 7.50
.,
741510N 48.00PC board
executing instructions. Also. CPU mode and in- 74lS13N .40 13.95 MOS/W:MORY "AM Switches Mom. Pushbutton .27
Backup Kit $4.95. All kits and options also come 74LS14N . 9.95 2101·t 3.95 CRYSTALS 3pos.slide ,25
struction cycle are shown on several LED indica- completely assembled and tested, 74lS20N .25 7.40 2102·1 .95 1M'" 4.50 Encoder HOOI65·5 6.95
tor lamps. 74LS22N .25 ICl71D3 9.50 2102Al·4 1.60
2M'" 4.50 3 Digit Unlverul
Questdata, a 12 page monthly software publica- 74LS28N .41 ICll107 14.25 21F02 1.25 4 MHz 4.25 ClIunter Board III
74LS30N .25 2104A-4 4:95 5 MHz 4.25 Operates 5-18 VoK DC to 5 MHz
An RCA 1861 video graphics chip allows you to tion for 1802 computer users is available by sub- 74LS33N .39 CMOS 2107B 4.95 10 MHz 4.25 typ .. 125'lEDdlsplay 10.50
connect to your own TV with an inexpensive video 74lS38N .30 C034001fair. .50 2111-1 3.75 18MHI 3." Voice actualed .wltch ,50
scription for $12,00 per year. 74LS74N .35 C04000 .16 2112-2 3.95 20 MHz 3,.,
modulator to do graphics and games. There is a 74lS75N .47 CD4001 ,21 2114 8,50 32 MHz 3.90 Plfatronlc.l00ALoglc
74lS90N .51 C04002 .21 4116 17.95 32768 101Hz 4.00 ,Model
AnllyzerKl1 $224.00
speaker system included for writing your own .51 1.10 4.50 10 Trigger
Tiny Basic for ANY1802 System 74LS93N C04D06 25138 6.30 1.8432 101Hz
music or using many music programs already 74LS95N 1.89 CD4007 .21 21l02·1 lA9 1.20 Expander Kit $229.00
74LS107N .35 C04008 .21 MM5262 ,40 1.95 Model 150 Bus
written, The speaker amplifier may also be used Cassette $10.00. On ROM Monitor $38.00. 74lS112N .35 CD4009 .39 MM5280 3.00 4.50 GrabberKl1 $369.00
to drive relays for control purposes. Super Elf owners. 30% off. Object code listing or 74lS113N .35 C04010 .39 MM5320 9.95 4.50 TRANSfORMERS
74LS132N .72 C04011 .21 MM5330 5,94 4.50 6V300 ma 3.25
paper tape with manual $5.50. 74LSI36N .35 C04012 .21 P0411D-3 4,00 4.50 12VoH 300 ma transformer 1.25
A 24 key HEX keyboard includes 16 HEX keys Original ELf Kit Board $14.95. 74LS151N .67 CD4013 .36 PD411O·4 5.00 4.50 12.6V CT600 ma 3.75
plus load, reset, run, input, memory protect, 74L51S5N .67 C04014 .86 P5101L 13.95 4.50 12V250 mawall plug 2.95
74LS151N .67 C04015 .86 9.95 4.50 12VCT250 ma wall plug 3.50
74L5162N .91 C04016 '.36 2,., 4.25 241,' CT400 ma 3.95
14LSl63N .91 CD4017 .94 us 4.50 101,' 1.2 amp waH plug
Super Expansion Board with Cassette Interface $89.95 74L5174N
74LSI90N
,95
1.06
CD4018
C04D19
.94
.21
6.95
4,50
4.50 18V6amp
4.85
12.95
This is truly an astounding value! This board has simply by calling them up. Improvements and 14LS221N 1.95 C04020 1.02 GIAY385QO·l 9.95 DISPL.l.YlEDS
CONNECTORS
been designed to allow you to decide how you revisions are easily done with the monitor. If you 14LS258N ,67 CD4021 1.02 MCM6571A 9.95 44 pin edge 2.00 MANI CA .270 2.90
.39
74lS367N ,89 C04022 .86 936• 3,50 100 pin edge 4.50 CC.125
CAleA.300 1.00
want it optioned. The Super Expansion Board have the Super Expansion Board and Super .21 4100
.,
C04023 10.00 100 pin edgeWW 4.50
UNU" C04024 .75 416 16.00 CC.3OO 1.25
comes with 4K of low power RAM fully address- Monitorthe monitor is up and running at the push CA3045 . C04025 .21 KEYBOARO EMCOO£RS
eA .300 1.00
CAlCC.5OO 1.90
able anywhere in 64K with built-in memory pro- of a button. CA304. .67 C04026 1.51 CLOCKS
CA308I 1.80 co4027 .36 MM5309 3,00 AY5·2376 $12.50 CAlCC .600 1.95
tect and a cassette interface. Provisions have Other on board options include Parallel Input CA3082 1.00 CD4028 .79 MM53" 3,60 AY5·36OQ 13.50 OL750
5.50 FND359
CC.600 1.95
CA30B9 2.95 G04029 1.02 MM5312 4.60 74C922 CC .:;IS7 ,10
been made for all other options on the same and Output Ports with full handshake. They lM301AN/AH .35 C04D30 .21 MM5313 3,60 74C923 5.50 FN0500/507 CCICA .500 1.35
lM305H .87 CD4D35 1.02 MM5314 3." H001SH 8.95 fN05D3/S10 CClCA.500 .90
board and it fits neatly into the hardwood cabinet allow easy connection of an ASCII keyboard to the LM307N .35 CD4040 1.02 MM5315 4,00 FND800(807 CClCA.8002.20
alongside the Super Elf. The board includes slots input port, RS 232 and 20 ma Current Loop for lM308N .89 C04042 .71 MM5316 5,00 ICTIIIClip. 3 digit Bubble ,60
1.15 .63 1 4 digit bubble .80
for up to 6K of EPROM (2708, 2758, 2716 or TI teletype or other device are on board and if you
2716) and is fully socketed ($12.00 value), need more memory there are two S-l DO slots for
LM3D9H
LM309K
LM311H/N
C04043
.95 C04044
.90 CD4D46
.63
1.67
MM5318
MM5369
MM5841
3,60
2,10
14.45
Rod
Black
"
.55 .47 OG8 fluorescent
.55 .47 OG10 Fluorescent
1.75
1.75
1.00
LM317T/K 2.92 CD4049 ,36 MM5865 7.95 5 dig~ 14 pin display
.60
EPROM can be used for the monitor and Tiny static RAM or video boards. A Godbout 8K RAM LM318 1.35 C04050 ,36 CT7001 5.80 leyll8043 14.50
compo w/spec./sock.
N5N699dlgildispiay
1520 Clairex pholocells ,39
LM320K·5 1.20 CD4051 1.13 CT7002 8.95
Basic or other purposes. board is available for $127.95. Parallel I/O Ports LM323K-5 6.95 CD4060 1.42 CT7010 8.95 TIL311 Hex 9.50
LM320K·12 1.35 C04066 .71
.40 CT7015 7.25 TRANSISTORS COMPUTER GRADE CAPS
.40 1600 mid 200V
A IK Super ROM Monitor $19.95 is available as $9.85, RS 232 $4.50, TTY 20 ma I/f $1.95, LM320K·15 1.35 C04068 MM5375AA1N 3.90 2N1893 4.50
LM320T-S 1.60 C04069 .40 MM5315A8/N 4,90 2N2222A ,18 2000 mid 45V 2.50
an on board option in 2708 EPROM which has S-100$4.50. A 50 pin connector set with ribbon LM320T-8 1.60 C04010 .40 7205 16,50 2N2389 .30 3200 50V 2,50
been preprogrammed with a program loader/ cable is available at $12,50 for easy connection LM320T-12 1.50 C04071 .21 7207 7.50 2N2904A .20 5500 25V 2,50
LM320T-15 1.60 CD4012 .21 7208 15.95 2N2907A ,25 5800 40V 3.00
editor and error checking multi file cassette between the Super Elf and the Super Expansion LM324N 1.15 C04073 .21 7209 4.95 2N3053 .40 6100 40V 3.00
read/write software. (relocatible cassette file) Board. lM339N 1.55 C04015 .21 DS0026CN 3.75 2N3638 .25 6100 50V 3.00
LM340K-5 1.10 C04076 1.75 DSOO56CN 3.75 2N3643 .25 noo 50V 2.50
another exclusive from Quest. It includes register The Power Supply for the Super Expansion Board lM340K-8 1.10 C04078 .40 1011.453104 2.50 2N3904 .18 8000 55V 2.50
lM340K-12 1.10 C04081 .21 2N3906 .18 9400 65V 3.00
save and readout, video graphics driver with is a 5 amp supply with + 8v ± 18v + 12v - 5v. lM340K·15 1.10 C04082 .21 MICROPROaSSOR 2N3055 .69 10000 20V 2.50
blinking cursor and block move capability. The Regulated voftaqes are +5v & + 12v $29.95. LM340K-24 1.10 C04116 .41 6600 17.50 2H4400 .25 12000 30V 3,50
LM~OT-5 1.10 C04400 5.50 6802 24.95 2N4401 .75 35000 25V 5,00
Super Monitor is written with subroutines allow- Deluxe version includes the case at $39.95. LM~OH 1.10 CD4507 1.00 fKl80Awith data 8.95 2H4402 .20 55000 25V 5.00
lM340T-12 1.10 CD4508 4.25 8085 27.00 TIP31 .60 82000 I5V '.00
ing users to take advantage of monitor functions LM340T·15 1.10 como 1.02 Z80 29.95 TlP33A 1.00 160000 IOV '.00

Auto Clock Kit $15.95
DC clock with 4-,50" displays. Uses National
MA-1012 module with alarm option, Includes
light dimmer, crystal timebase PC boards. Fully
regulated, comp. instructs, Add $3,95 for beau-
tiful dark gray case, Best value
Digital Temperature Meter Kit Sinclair 3Y2 Digit Multimeter Stollwatch Kit $26.95
Indoor and outdoor. Switches back and forth, Batt.lAC oper. 1mVand .1 NA resolution. Resis- Full six digit battery operated. 2-5 volts,
Beautiful. 50" LED readouts. Nothing like it tance to 20 meg, 1% accuracy. Small, portable, 3,2768 MHz crystal accuracy. Times to 59
available. Needs no additional parts for com- completely assem. in case. 1 yr. guarantee. Best i 59 sec., 99 1/100 sec. Times std. split
plete, full operation, Will measure -1000to value ever! 7205 chip. all components minus
+200°F, tenths of a degree, air or liquid, Ii
accurate, $39.95
I $11.75

DE9P 1.50
PE9S 1,95
DA15P 2,10
DA15S 3.10

8K Static Kit $127.00

16K Static RAM Kit 265.00
ndar Kit $23.95 24K Static RAM Kit 423.00
60 Hz Crystal Time Base Kit $4.40 32K Dynamic RAM Kit 449.00
Converts digital clocks from AC line frequency to CT7015 direct drive chip displays date and
time on .6" LEDS with AM-PM indicator. 64K Dynamic RAM Kit 945.00
crystal time base. Outstanding accuracy, Kit in- 8K/16K Eprom Kit (less PROMS) $89.00
Alarm/doze feature includes buzzer, Complete
cludes: PC board, MM5369, crystal, resistors, Video Interface Kit $139.00
capacitors and trimmer. with all parts. power supply and instructions,
less case Motherboard $39. Extender Board $8.99

TERMS: $5.00 min. order U.S. Funds. Calil residentsadd 6%tax. FREE: Send lor your copy 01 our NEW 1978
BankAmericard and Master Charge accepted. QUEST CATALOG. Include 28¢ stamp.
Shipping charges will be added on charge cards.

V Reader Service-see page 179 157

 You can't beat our prices. · ·
nor can you beat our delivery!
NORTH STAR
NEW: Double Density now CROMEMCO
available - no increase SYSTEM 3
in price! OUR
COMPLETE
SYSTEM,
MINIFLOPPY
double density
DISK
w/BASIC
List $5990 ~~~~
$4990
Features 4 MHz CPU, 32K of RAM, dual PerSci
and drive, Kit, List $699
floppy disk drive land provision for installing two
01-7735-1 $589 additional drives), RS232C Interface, Printer
Factory assembled, List $799 01-7745-1 $689 Interface; assembled and tested, ready to use.
Single-Density version of above, kit, list $699 10rder as 02-5503-01
01-7735-0 $529
System 2 - Similar to System 3, but
features dual minifloppies, List $3990
lorder as 02-5502-0) $3390
SPECIALS ON Z-2 Computer System, Kit for rack
mounting, Z-80 processor, 21 slots,
TERMINALS power supply, front cover panel
List $595 lorder as 02-5301-01. . 499
and PRINTERS Assembled and Tested, incl. fan and
all edge connectors, List $995
DYNABYTE 57 Naked Terminal lorder as 02-5401-0) . 845
Assembled/Tested lorder 03-4500-01
List $350 . .... OUR CASH PRICE $ 280 Z-2D Disk Computer System, Kit
Similar to Z-2, but comes with floppy disk
BUYNOW .. Intertube® 784 controller, DOS, and minifloppy disk drive.
A complete system with the addition
HORIZON 1, DOUBLE DENSITY, kit, DECwriter II . 1490 of a RAM Board, List $1495 102-5302-0) 1270
list $1599 $1349 Immediate deJivey on all DEC printers
Assembled/Tested List $2095
Factory assembled, list $1899 $1599 TELETYPE 43 Printers - new lorder as 02-5402-01 . 1780
Single-Density version of above, kit, AS LOW AS 880
list $1599 $1249
MORROW Discus I~ assembled
HORIZON 2, Double Density, Kit and Tested, List $995 . . ..... 849
List $1999 $1699
Factory assembled, list $2349 $1939 SORCERER (Exidy) Computer System
8K RAM, list $895 37-5008-0 $787
4 MHz Z-80 CPU Board, kit, list $199
$169 VECTOR GRAPHIC MZ - 4 MHz Z-80
r-S-U-----------.-;.--"I Computer System - 32K with dual
PER BUYS ON Micropolisdrivesl315Keal, $3750 $3185

MEMORY BOARDS
NORTH STAR 16K4 MHz RAM MICROPOLIS CROMEMCO BOARDS
Board U I· t $399 $269 1041 MacroFloppy® in enclosure
, I, IS 01-3216-0 lorder as 04-7701-01 List $695 ..... 625* 4 MHz Single Card Computer,
Assembled, List $459 $309 Kit, List $395 lorder 02-3511-01 . .. .. $ 335
1042 MacroFloppy® w/case and AC
CROMEMCO - SAVE $300 power supply 104-7702-01List $795 709* Assembled/Tested $450102-4511-01 .... 382
16K RAM Board, factory assembled 1053 Dual MetaFloppy® IOrder as Bytesaver PROM Board and PROM
list $595 OUR PRICE $495 04-7705-01 List $1895 1695 * Programmer, Kit, without PROM
List $145 lorder as 02-3308-0) . 123
DYNABYTE 16K Static Boards • power source and regulator board required Assembled/Tested List $245 102-4308-0) 208
MSC 1645, 450ns . . $329 M 16K S .
MSC1625,250ns Ino write protect) $359 orrow tauc Board, 450ns TU-ART Digital Interface, Kit
Kit lorder 08-3216-01 List $299 .. $264.00
assembled, tested, guaranteed one year List $195 lorder as 02-3440-01. 165
MORROW THINKER TOYS _ Seattle 16K Static Board, 450ns, AssembledlTested, $295 102-4440-0) ... 250
® Assembled/Tested lorder 33-4216-41
S uper RAM R 16K Static, 450ns, List $375 . 299.95 Disk Controller Card, Kit
Kit, list $299 08-3216-0 $269 SD SALES 32K D List $395 lorder as 02-3701-0) . . .... 335
2 ynamic w/32K, Kit
For SOns version, add $35. For factory 110-3232-0) List $475 super special 389.00 AssembledlTested, $595 102-4701-0) . 515
~_u_s_e_m_b~~_a_n_d_~_s~U~ng~,~a~d~d~$3~5~.~~~~~~~~~~~_~~_~_~~_~TVDaz~~,Kn$215m~3~1~. 182
For shipping, add $2 for boards, $6 for floppy disk systems, $12 for Horizons, $15 for Cromemco Assembled/Tested, List $350102-4501-01 297
Z-2 and Z-2D Kits. Assembled Cromemco systems, DEC printers are
shipped freight collect. CROMEMCO
Prices in this ad are for prepaid orders (cash or check). Credit card shipments a/so at DISK SOFTWARE
discount, but slightly higher than cash prices. Above prices subject to Change and all offers subject
to withdrawal without notice. BASIC, Fortran, Assembler, Cobol, Word
Processing System, Data Base Management,

1618
MiniMicroMart, Inc.
James Street, Syracuse, New York 13203 (315) 422-4467
vM6
all complete with CMOS disk operating
system, List $95 each. $85 each
Multiple User BASIC Now Available!
 KIT ...•.
OUR ...•.
...•.
BEST
SELLING
KIT!
.....
•• •• 1

Use 21L02
USES 2708's! 450 NS RAMS!
Thousands of personal and business systems around Thousands of computer systems rely on this rugged, work
the world use this board with complete satisfaction. horse, RAM board. Designed for error-free, NO HASSLE,
Puts 16K of software on line at ALL TIMES! Kit features systems use.
a top quality soldermasked and silk-screened PC board KIT FEATURES;
1. Doubled sided PC Board with solder Blank PC Board w/Documentation
and first run parts and sockets. All parts (except 2708's) $29.95
mask and sil k screen layout. Gold
are included. Any number of EPROM locations may be plated contact fingers.
Low Profile Socket Set...13.50

...
Support IC's (TTL & Regulators)
disabled to avoid any memory conflicts. Fully buffered 2 All sockets included.
$9.75
and has WAIT STATE capabilities. 3.
Fully buffered on all address and data
lines. Bypass CAP's (Disc & Tantalums) .
• •••
'
1
$4.50 .
OUR 450NS 2708'S ASSEMBLED 4. Phantom is jumper selectable to pin
67.

....
ARE $8.95 EA. WITH AND FULLY TESTED ASSEMBLED AND FULLY
PURCHASE OF KIT ADD $25
5. FOUR 7805 regulators are provided
on card. BURNED IN ADD $30
...•
••••

...•
1

'
'

60 Hz CRYSTAL TIME BASE 100 HZ CRYSTAL TIME BASE ...•.

...•
•••• >

'
 THE FIRST TO OFFER PRIME PRODUCTS TO THE HOBBYIST
AT FAIR PRICES NOW LOWERS PRICES EVEN FURTHER! .
1. Proven Quality Factory tested products only. no re-tests
or fallouts. Guaranteed money back. We stand behind our products.

2~Same Day Shipment All prepaid orders with cashiers

. check, money order or charge card will be shipped same day as received.
SUPPORT DEVICES MICROPROCESSORS STATIC RAM HEADQUARTERS
AM9511A"thProcessor ... $195.00 Z·80 . ........ $10.05
AM9517 OMA Controller 71.95 Z·80A . 24.95 1-24 . 25-99 100

STATIC RAM BOARDS tJ~1i(' Z-80/Z-80Al8080 CPU BOARD AM9519Unlversallnterrupt .. 24.95 F'8{3850) 16.95 21L02450ns. 1.30 1.25 1.15

5-100 32K (uses 2114) -, ,J;- ".,~. ** On board 2708 * 2708 included (450ns.)
Power on jump * completely socketed
3881 (Z80 PIO)
3881'4i4MHz) ..
10.45
t4.95
2650 ...
CDI802
18.95
19_95
9.95
21L02250ns.
2102
1.59
1.25
1.55
'1.15
1.45
1.10

ASSEMBLED Kit 6i'J •.~ Assembled and tested . . $185.00

3882 (Z·80 CTC)
3882·4 (4MHz)
8205/74S138 Decoder
10.45
14.95
2.95
8080A
8080A-4MHz
..

SALE 8085,.
,. .19.95
.18.05
2111
2112·1
2101-1
3.75
2.95
2.90
3.65
2.85
2.70
3.55
2.65
2.55
450ns. 639.95 450ns. 539.95 Kit.............. . .. $129.95 82128biti/0 ... 2.50 8008·1 14.95 2114·250ns. 9.957.95 7.25
250ns. 699.95 250ns. 599.95 Bare PC Board.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . $ 34.95 2901 ... 16.95 2114·450ns. .7.95 8.95 4.715
*
8214Prioritylnt 4.95
24.95 TMS 4044/5257 250ns. 9.95 8.95 7.95 .
Bare Board 49.95 For 4MHz Speed Add $15.00 8216 Bus Driver 2.50 2901A
69.95 TMS 4044/5257 450ns. 7.95 7.25 5.95
8224 cccs ceo 2.95 TMS9900JL
Bare Board w/all parts less memo 99.95 8080A Kit.. .. .. .. .. .. . $ 99.95 8224·4 (4MHz) 9.75 CP1600 39.95 EMM4200A 9.75 8.75 7.95
WMC 16K (uses 2114) 8080A Assembled.. . $149.95 eaae ecs o-se- 3.95 6502 ... 11.50 EMM4402 7.96 T.25 6.":25
8T266usDriver 2.39 6502A ... 19.95 EMM4804 12.50 11.50 9.95
ASSEMBLED KIT 8228 svs. Control 5.95 IM6100' 29.95 5101C·E 7.95 7.95 7_25
6800 ... upd41O(4200) 10,95 10,25 9.25
450ns. 325.00 450ns. 279.00 8238 svs. Cont 6.25 16.95
24.95 AMD9140/41 10,95 10.25 9,25
8251 Prog.I/O 6.95 6802P.
250ns. 375.00 250ns. 299.00
1m ;::i'~~A :!!g 8035 .. .. 17.50 AMD9130/31 12,95 11.95 10.25
Bare Board 29.95 8755 .. 49.95 FSC 460/464 16K CCO Only $ t 8_95 Each
~~~O~SsT~~k ~~m~r.~eEA~~n: MODEMS 8748 .. ... 69.95 1101 1,95 '1.75 1.25
LOGOS 18K P2125/93425145ns.) 7_95 7_35 7.25
ASSEMBLED KIT A242A 300 Baud Coupler $325.00 ~~;~6~6~~tro"er ;~.~~ SOCKETS 6508 '''' x I CMOS 7.95 7.95 7.25
450 ns. 149.95 450n5. 125.95 AJ243 LA 36 Coupler $295.00 8279 Prog. Keyboard 19.95 8PinWrw 32 8 P",SIT_17 6518IK~ICMOS 7.95 7.95 7.25
ADAC242 Refurb. Coupler $275.00
:~?
~:~.. ~:~~
74S189 64 bit Ram 3.95 3.25 2.50
250n5. 169.95 250n5. 149.95 6810·1 128 x 8 RAM 4.75 14P,nW/W 37 14 P",S(T ,20
81551/0w/Ram 21.95
16 Pin SIT ,22
AD342 Orig.JAns. Coupler $398.00 16 Pin W/W
18 Pin wrw
38
,60 18PinS!T.31
2147LowPower4KStatic 14.95ea.
Bare PC Board w/Data $21.95 AJ 1245 % Duplex 300/1200 Bd $795.00 6828 Priority Int. ..11.95 20PiflW/W ,90 20 P,n SIT .34
Now over 1 year successful field experience AJ1234 VadicComp 1200 Bd Mod $895.00 6834·1512 x 8 Eprom 12.95 22P,nW/W ,93 22 PinSIT_35
"Special Offer" Buy (4) BK 450n5. Kits $117.00 AJ12551200 Bd. Vadic Oriq/Ans $895.00 6850 ACIA....... .... 7.20 24 PinW/W65 24 Pin SIT .41 WAVEFORM GENERATORS
6852 Serial Adapter..... 9.95 28PinW/W 1,15 28 P'nS(T .49 3.95
40 PinWrw 1 ~9 40 Pin J/T _63 2.45
Pllllu.s.m••
e.A
lllo.rlll••
d.er
n ••
B.on.Ja.G••
b.60.n.p.r
o ••
o.d.uc.t.s
•••• 39.'35
ii e84!j/HO~O!jO!jCRTContr
6860 Modem . 9.95 1.75
• 6862 Modulator .. ,.... .11.95 CONNECTORS 5.25
'6871A 1.0MHz OSC 25.95
6875 ,..... 8.25 e a« SingieS/E 1.49
Hi PLOT LOW COST 6880 Bus Driver . 2.39 15/30 DualS/E
18/36 Dual S/E
1.95
2.35 CHARGE COUPLED DEVICES
1821SCD1KRAM " .... 25.00
DIGITAL PLOnER 1822 SCD 256 x 4 RAM 16.95 22/44 DualS/E 2.95 16K CCD - First time offered Fairchild 460 CCD

* RS 232 NEW
1824 CD 32 x 8 RAM 9.95 40/80 W/W .... ,' .... ,. 4.95 16K Memory (now you can experiment with CCD

**
1852 CD 8 bit 1/0 10.95 43/86 Dual WrwISIT. 6.50 technologyatareasonableprice.17pageApplica·
Plot Size 7" x 10" List: $1085.00 1856 CD 110 8.95 5O!100IMSAIWrw 4.75 tionnotesuppliedwitheachorder.Quantitylimited)
Digitizer Avail. Soon 50/100 IMSAI SfT" .... ... 4,75

** 1857 CD 1/0 8.95

50/100 Altair WrwlSIT . __ 5_95 $18.95 each (reg. 43.001

............... -1.
High Resolution OUR 6520 PIA 7,50
IMSAI Card Guides .. 4/1.00
6522 Mult 9.25
2.4"/sec Plot Speed PRICE $999.00 6530-002 15,50
CRYSTALS
6530-004
6530·003 15,50 Microprox: ••• or Timeb •• e. TV Game
6530-005 15,50 Frequency Price Frequency Price
3851 F8 Prog.Store 14_95 10MHz $5.85 6.0MHz $ 4.95
BYTE USER 8K EPROM BOARD 3853 F8 Memory 110 14.95
SPECIAL KEYBOARD
WHILE THEY LAST
BUY
* Power on Jump
Assembled & Tested..
Reset Jump *
. ... $94.95 RAMS DYN. CTS DIPSWITCHES
18432
20MHz
2.01MHz
4.95
5_85
2.95
6.144
6_5536
1O,OMHz
4.95
4.95
4_95
CTS206-4 $1.75 CTS206-B $1.95 2.097152MHz 5.85 13,OMHz 4_95
4116 16Kx I .14.95
"Clare Pender 63 Key ASCII Kit.. .. .. ... . $64.95' 41158Kx 1 6.95
CTS206-5 $1.75 CTS206·9 $1.95 2.4f>76MHz 5_85 14.31818 4.95
w/26 Pin & 34 Pin Output Conn." $54.95 Bare PC Board $21.95 40504Kx 1 4.45
CTS206-6 $1.75 CTS206·1O $1.95 3_579545MHz
4_CMHz
1,50
4.95
18,OMHz
18,432MHz
4.95
5_95
CTS20&7 S1.75
Special Offer: Buy 4 kits only $59.95 each 40604Kx 1 4_45
4194304MHz 5_95 20.0MHz 4.95
40964Kx I 4.25
MR-8 8K w!1 K Ram..... .. $99.50 21044Kx I 4.95 LIVERMORE BASIC 4.91520MHz 5_95 22,1184MHz 5.95
5_0MHz 4.95 27,OMHz 5_95
MR-16 16K w/1 K Ram. . $99.50 2107B'44Kx 1 4.25 ON 65K ROM
IMS STATIC RAM BOARDS 50688 4,95 36,OMHz 5.95

** Memory
Phantom
Mapping ** Low Power
250 ns. or 450 ns.
EPM-1 4K 1702
EPM-2 2708 or 2716 Eprom
$59.95
$69.95
NOTE: 2708·6 only S5.95
5261
5262
5270
1.95
1.95
4.95
THAT'S RIGHT ON ROM!'I
OUA PRICE only $95.00
5.7143MHz 5_95 48.0MHz
lOOKC
5.95
12,95
5280 4.95
Only available assembled & tested 1103.. 1.95 KEYBOARD ENCODERS DISPLAYS/OPTO
4008L ... 4.95 AY5·2376 13_75 OL 704{707/CC/CA ,300 1.25
250 ns. 450 ns. TMS4070 16Kx 1 .. 19.95 AY5·3600 .... 13.75 FND359CC.357 .95
8K Static $209.00 $189.00 4027-3 4.95 FND 500/5071CC/CA .500 1.35
TARBELL FLOPPY INTERFACE MCM66054Kx I 7.95

* Persci,*Shugart,
16K Static $449.00 $399.00 FND 503/510 CC/CA .500 95

32K Static $869.00 $819.00 **

S100 Compatible
Jumper Selectable
Uses CPM
etc.
6002 1.50 NAKED PC BOARDSALE
Z·80 CPU (Ithaca) $34.95
FND 800/807 CC/CA .800
Bowmar9digi\bubble ....
2.50
.99
CHARACTER GEN 8080A CPU 34.95 FSC 8024 4 digit CC ,800 4.95
Assembled and tested $269.95 R032513-00Ii5V) Upper .. 9.50
8K Static RAM (Logos) 21.95 HP7340 HEX Display 19.95
HP5082·7340HEX 19.95
....... $179.95 R032513-005{5V}Lower. 10.95
16KStaticRAM(2114). 2R95
HP 5082-7300 HEX 19.95
32K Static RAM (2114). ..49.95
EXPANDORAM MEMORY KITS ,:," ';n~"n;C.:C';,:.:;·"· . Add$$2~£95
-~:,:o;",.."c~;<,;~ R032513·ADM3 (5V) Lower 14.95
Floppy 110 (Tarbell) ._ .. 39.95 Tll3055x7 Array . 5.25

* Bank Selectable * 200

Uses 4115 or 411.6
ns.
....... $159.95
MCM6571
MCM6571A
MCM6574
. . 10_75
10.75
14.50
Cassette I/O (Tarbell)
8K Eprom (2708)
29.95
21.95
TlL 308, 308,309.7
TlL311
seg ...............•...
HEXdisplay......
8.95
. ... 12.95

** Write Protect
Phantom
*w Power BVDC, ±16VDC
Lowest Cost/Bit
........
......
$189.95
$115.00
MCM6575 14.50
1702 Eprom Board. .. 30.0C
2708/2716 Eprom (Ithaca) .. 34.95
2708/2716Eprom{WMC) .. 30.00
MA 1003 12 auto clock ..............••.
MA 1002, 1010 4 digit clock module
Bezel for above,.. .. _ ,....
17.95
..•... 9.95
4.95
RealtimeClock.......... 34.95 NSN 373/374 dual CC/CA .300 2.20
'Expando 32 Kit (4115) Expando 64 Kit (4116) ••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 27•.•
95
1411 UARTS/USRTS
TRI602B(5V.12V) 3.95
ACP Proto Bd.(3M Conn.) .. 27.95
Vector 8800 Proto..... .. 19.95
NSN 583/584
NSN 783/784
dual CC/CA .500
dual CC/CA ,700
2.60
3.00
8K $189.95 16K $275.95 AY51013(5V, 12V) ... 4.95
Vector 8803 II slot MB ... 29.95 4N25 octo rsorater 1.10
AY51014A11612{5'14Vj 6,95
16K $249.95 32K $429.95 AY51015A11863(5Vj 6.95
ACP Extender w/Conn... 15.95 MCT20ptoisoiater 89
24K $325.00 48K $599.95 TRS 80 16K-UPGRADE KIT Video Interiace (SSM) •... 27.95 4N33 Darlington ISOL 1.75

32K $399.95 64K $719.95 * 16K with Jumpers & Instruc1ions

TMS6011 (5V, 12V)
IM6402
IM6403 ., ..
5_50
... 9,95
..9.95
Parallel Inter/ace (SSM) ... 27.95
13 Slot MotherBoard (WMC) 32.95
Red Led's.185Dia
GreenNeltow
5/1.00
.. 4/1.00

* for16Keither Level I or Level II

for Apple II Upgrade..
.... $89.95
.. $89.95
2350 USRT
167IBAstros
SALE TRt4728
.
.
•• .
. ... ,.9.95
..24,95
0.95
9S1otMotherBoard{WMC)
8S1otMo\her(expandable)
29.95
34.95
HP 5082/7731
MAN lOA..
7 see
.
90
9.'d5

FLOPPY DISK DRIVES Special: TRS80 Schematic. . $ 4.95 ATTENTION KIM USERS MONTHLY SPECIALS
SA 400 5%" Single Density $295',00 22 Pin S!TSockets
14880r 1489 RS232 ..•
.............•.........
.
10
95

*5~~°ti>~~~1J~n5~etJ~1;f~;'me
iric: ·b~x:95.00
TRS 80 TO S-100
1408L8
8T26....... .
4/19.95
2.25
2 drives, power, cable, fan. .. $1295.00 le_9~ ICl 7208................ • ...••.. 13.95
ICl 7107 3'!z Dig. AID. . 11.95
Persci Model 277 Dual $ll95.00 PET TO 5-100 ADAPTER le_~5 lCL8211 Volt. Ref....... . 1.95
Persei Box & power Supply. . $325.00 Allows Pet!TRS 80 to be interfaced to ,e_95 LMI877 Dual2W Amp 1.95
LM390 6a\l. Op.Audio Amp . 1.75
Siemens FDD108.. . :$399.00* popular S-l 00 Bus. 0),. 27,95 LM1830 Fluid Detectof... . ...•...•..... 1.95
1/0 '095 LM1850Ground Fault IC... . 1.75
Pet to S-100 Kit $189.95 LM1800 PLL FM Stereo.. . ..• 2.25
1771{)18"&Minilloppy 27.95 LM 1820 AM Radio ................•.•..... 1.25
Assembled $269.95
ANADEX PRINTER TRS80toS-100HUH8100Kit $275.00
uPd372Nec Floppy
1781 Dual Floppy ..... , .....
49.95
39_95
LM2917 Freq 10 Voltage.
MK5014 Calculator IC ..
.
. ...••............
2.25
95
Model DP-8000 compact, impact, parallel or Assembled, $355.00
serial. Sprocket feed, 80 columns, 84 lines/ For Low Cost 8 Slot Bus to expand
lm~~iJ~~iT'':iiiiRS'' 99.00
75451/52/53
8T20 Bldirectorone
.. ,.......... .
shot .....••..........
10/2.50
3.49
ee-rs"""'._n'*',oS'OO.,'05_00K"'6(),OO MH0025 or MH0028 Mos Driver.. . ...• 2.50
min., bi-directional. New only ..... $975.00 Pet/TRS 80 $149.95 Kit Pe-rCon_t",K;'.I""'ud9'(~JConI>8CtO" 8223Prom...................... . 2.95
lo>tm.mon._"""n,'EEE.e&IiO.
""••etlo,roOndpa'O'I"y",,,,,,, 795j"" LF13508 JFET Antog Multi 8 en 8.95
Video Buffer MCM14505 64 bilCMOS RAM 8.95
(converts to Std. Video) ..... 29.95 LF356H JFET Input op Amp.. . 1.25
DISKEnES Petunia (Music Board)....
Combo (Video &. Petunia)
..29.95
49.95
MC68488 lEE I/O .........•...••....•...•••
MC10147 128 x 1 ECL RAM
19.95
9.95
Motorola Semi Data 1,2, 3 9.95
MOl, VolA Meet Data 3.95 Beeper{,'!ignalstapeload) 24.95 2114L 450ns. 1K x 4.. . •. 100@ 4.75 ee
5" MINI
Mot. vcts CMOS Data 2.95 * So1tSector ATTENTION APPLE II USERS
Mot. Vol. 6 linear Data 3.95 * 10 Sector App)e II w/16K, $1045.00
Mot. Vol. 9 scoonkvrn.
Mot. MPU Applications .. , , ...
2,95
25.00
* 16 Sector 16K Upgrade Kit ...•........ 89.95 DISCOUNT COMPUTER
Floppy Disk II w/lnlerface ... 595.00 CORNER Discount Computer
Mot. MPU Prog. Ref. Manual 3.95 $4.50 each $3.90/10
Floppy Disk 11.... . •.... 495.00 Cash CredltC.rd
Mot. Power Data 2.95 Firmware Card 180.00
Mot. Rectifier Data 2,95 Video Monitor (BiW) ...•..... 205.00 Appielfl16K $1045.00 $1065.00
NORTH STAR MINI
Mot. Switching Tran. 2,95 Printer Centronics P·l w/cont 695.00 ccmcucororn Contact sales desk
MotZeners ..... 2,95 S4.95 each $4,50/10 Exidy Contact sales desk
PrinterCentronicsP·l 475.00
BaSIC Software SRI Vol t or II 24.95 Soroc IQ 140 1495.00 1495.00
PrinterCentr. 779w/cont 1445.00
Basic Software SRI Vol III 39,95 8" STANDARD TEl PT208 4599.00 4699.00
Apple II Proto Board 24.00
Basic Software SRI Vol, IV or V 9.95 * Hard Parallel 110 Card 180.00 TEl MCS122 550.00 562.00
Basic Software SRI Vol VI
Basic Soltware SRI Vol. VII
49.95
39_95
* Soft Communications I/O Card 180.00 CromemcoZ'2
Cromemco SYS III
536,00
5499.00
551.00
5561.00
PR40 Printer I/O w/cassette 49.95
19781CMaster 47,50 sa.so eece $4.10110 CentronicsP-f 475.00 487.00
2716Eprom6urnerw/adapt 99.95
Apple I) to MFE tape I/O 197.50 ceot-cncs s-t 525.00 539.00
TI 810 Printer 1895.00 1925.00
CoresidentAssemb)erCass 19.95
parse 277 1195.00 1230.00
5-100 MOTHERBOARD SPECIAL HeuristicsRobotCar 249.00 Shugar1800/801 495.00 512.00
Heuristics 20A Speecbtab 189.00
8 slot 'expandable w/9 conn. Dew Jones Slack Quote Pkg 25.00
PertecFD200 299.00 319.00
Commodore PET 775.00 795.00
reg $69.95, NOW $52.95 AJ.A242Coupler _., 325.00
110 to transmit over existing
HOrIZon I 1439_00 1479.00
NorthStar 599.00 617.00
wiring 189.00Aff ADM 3 Assem 829.95 865.00
erreoccm merman 40 col. scree IQ 120 895_00 945_00
8700 8 bit Binary... 13,50 printer. . $345.00 Teletype Model 43 1199,00 1230.00
... 9.95 8701 IObit6inary 22,00 Apple 110 lor Trencom... 60.00 AM100 Contaetsalesdesk
.... 5,95 S1038bitTS......... .13.50 *Lowercaseadapter 49.95 Imsaiw/22sl01s/32K ccnrect seres oesk
.... 3,95 9400 Volt to Freq. Cocv 7.25 Ohver 2708/16 Programr. 275,00 288.00
All Shll>rncnlS FeM Or UPS. !Jr!i.,,,
.... 3.50 87503·1/2 Digit BCD.. . 13.95 under S100_00 ~dd 5'~,' halldllng and Houston Digital Plotter 999.00 999.00
.. 44.95 8038 Multifunction.. . .. 3.95 Pennywhlstle Modem 13_~.95 139.95
postage. Olders o.er·SIOa,OO ~dd 2,5%
... 24.95 1408L66 bit. 3.95 Hazeltine 1500 1175_00 1195.00
handling & po\tage. Masterchargel8~l1k
.. 25.95 1408L88bit . . 5.95 Okidata 110w{TFRS232 1675_00 1705_00
... 11.95 ~me"card/COD accepted wf25'Y.. deposit
nACOI AID.. . 5.95 ouoete 22 w{TFRS232 2705.00 2810.00
9.95 Cdt.fornla Re\ldenu add 6'1. ld~_ Fo'e'gn MEK 6800 D2 KIt 235.00 Same
12.95 TV INTERFACES Orders "dd 8% handhng, All 1';I'tl prime KIM t 6502 179.00 Same
/;lclOry tested gu"ranteed, S"me day
...................
i.·~~ 2.95
,11Ipmcnt, Add 25 cCIlII for Oala
Intercept Jr6100
Techn,co 9900 KIt
RCA VIP Cosmae
281,00
299,00
249.00
Same
Same
Same
4_50 Rockwell AIM 375.00 Same
4.95 Synertek VIM· 1 249.00 Same

V" Reader Service-see page 179 161

 PET
$795 THE PET Interface memory $795.00 conventional monitor $29.95

CONNECTION Single
Dual
Pert
Port
$240.00
$280.00
Second Cassette dnve
AS-232 Printer Adapter-
$99.95 EXPANDAPET - Eco-
nomical 16K memory
Cabinet S 35.00 assembled board expansion for the PET
Networks Modem lor PET Wilh power supply. case & (incl 1 daughler bd) $485
Attaches 10 DAA $320.00 connector $169.00
Cabinet s 35.00 Beeper - PET controlled Without daughter $435
beep $24.95 board

The most powerful computer you can attach to your TV

Hams! Add a NCE/CompuMart now carries the popular Apple
PET to your rig. 11microcomputer system. It easily attaches to
any TV and can be used for either business or
Computerize your station wlth
MlcrotrOniCS' M·6S Ham Interlace games. To see why the Apple II continues to be
and U1cluded scnwere You Simply the leader in TV-display computers, write for
Plu~ the um mto your PET and
yOu It! ready 10 display, transmit more information.
and receive either CW or RTTY at
rates up to 100 WPM $1195
16K Apple II Computer
ASSEMBLED KITS 4BK Apple II Computer $1795

s 99.95 LOW-COST PRINTER

FOR PET
Disk Drive & Controller $ 595
$ 495
ThiS IS a comoreterv returorsned
SECOND CASSETTE Teletype KSR·33 terminal ready to
attach to your PET"s Interlace to
FOR PET-$99.95 ose as a pnnter
ThiS pencberar ham Commodore
gives you the abthty to use one tape
deck tor Input and one for output
ccpv mee.etc .
Hazeltine
1400
KIM-1
The oflg'nal tully expanoable Single
I)oard computer
Anembled

Any Quantity
with
$179.95
power supply
Urgently needed: Now a 5th Generation
$214.95 • Peripherals in Terminals:
EXPAND YOUR KIM Introductory Sale Price -
SYSTEM: • Manufacturers surplus Immediate Delivery
KIM Sl
KIM to 5-100 Board
• Closed sto stock • 24 x 80 display
Assembled $169
Single board
• RS-232C interface
Connector Set 15 • 110 to 9600 Baud
VIDEO TERMINAL
KtM 4 by XITEX • 12" CRT Monitor
Expansion board 16Lnx64Chr.display.128prinlable • Remote screen control
MICRO
Assembled
TECH. POWER SUPPLY
$34.95
CASH characters,
or Baudot).
software
3 serial
UART (ASCII
inlerfaces
cassette 110. true composite video.
& • Uses 8048 microprocessor
• State-of-the-art design
KIM ENCLOSURE AVAILABLE TIL compalible.
nection
easy power eee-

A full capability terminal completely

assembled with a 90 day warranty
for less than you'd pay for a kit
TC-71 SELECTRIC TERMINALS
TC?p·qualilyprinMglermlllal

-:v
With RS-232. PTIC code. In·
cludes desk. t30 Char/line. ~-,
ASCII version employs
lor code conversion.
6802
See our L--------
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~a1810910tdetailS.
ASCII
Relurblshed
••••
seils
Working
As-Is
••••
$3311

ASCII INTERFACE FOR rc. 71 $

45 Day delivery Normally $199 NOW 169
ACOlJsllcCouptefloflJseWIIIlASCUTC·71 $159
A Home Computer & A

S~C)
SANYO . • Color
INTERACT
14 FREE CASS
8K-$499 16K-$599
graphics on your TV
• MusiC and sound synthesizer

MONITOR • Built-in
• large
e easette
53· key keyboard
tape drive

• Two joysticks included

• t:du--DAsIC cassette includfld
.8080 Microprocessor
Concentration - The memory game
• 8K RAM. 2K ROM
Dogfight -Aerial battles
Il you can·1 decIde between a
Add·Em Up - A m atb game
sophislicaledvideogameanda
Biorhythm - Plot your own
home computer then Ihe tntar-
Blackjack -- Wager video bucks
act Model One is tor you. Hook il
to your color TV and you·ve got Compute-A·Color - Easy graphics
both! You can play one ollhe Hangman - The word game
games which are included free Knockdown - A dice game
or you can toad Edu-BASIC and Maze - Computer maze
write your own games Regaua-Race·Yoursh,p
Best 01 alt you gel over $294 Showdown - Gunlight
worth of Iree cesseues includ·

162
• "ANALOG
••••OEVICES
•
Two-TerminallC
Temperature Transducer

"3 LEVEL WIRE WRAP GOLD

Texas ~ Instruments Sockets include features most desired by the electronics

industry - gold over nickel plating, closed entry - re-
Low Profile DIP Solder Tait (Tinl, End/side stackable movable covers and replaceable pins. .
In .1" centers! 1-9 10-24 25-99 100-999
1-24 25-99 100-999 10000Up Bpin -:39 ~ ~ --:32
SKT-0800
SKT-OB02 8 pin :T5 --:T4"" -.1-2- .115 SKT-l4OQ 14pin .34 .33 .32 .30
SKT-1402 14 pin .18 .18 .15 .135 SKT-1600 16pin .36 ,35 .34 .32
SKT-1602 16 pin .20 .19 .17 .150 SKT-1800 18 pin .68 .67.51 .52
SKT-IBa2 18 pin .26 .25 .24 .185 SKT-2000 20 pin ,90 .86 .74 .67
5KT-2002 20 pin .32 .31 .29 .210 5KT-2200 22 pin' ,93 .90.SO .70
SKT-2202 22 pin .35 .34 .33 .235 SKT-2400 24 pin .95 .89.78 .72
Two terminal I.C. Temperature Transducer SKT-2402 24 pin .35 .34 .33 .250
SKT-2800 28 pin 1.20 1.04.~ .92
ANALOG DEVICES AD590J is a two terminal device SKl-2802 28 pin .43 .42 .41 .300 SKT-4000 40 pin 1.53 1.45 1.35 1.19

B·•.•....,
producing an output current proportional to absolute SKT-4002 40 pin .59 .57 .55 .430

temperature. Loser triming produces + 9°C maximum error

DIP PLUGS
without external calibration. Calibr~ion can reduce
Use for mounting diodes, resistors, [umpers , etc.
maximum error to only + 2°C over -55° to +J50°C range.
Gold plated parts for ease of soldering and reliability.
Sensitivity is luA/oK. Use with +4 to +30V supply as
PLUGS COVERS
input to digital meter in thermometer appli cations. excell- 1~5-49 50-99 1-2425_99
ent for remote applications due to the very high impedance. 8 pin .43 .39 .38 _10 _09
14 pin .45 040 .37 .10 .09
Comes in TO-52 metal can.
A D590J •...........................•••...•••• $3 .49 FX~J{"""~
~ j~;' 16.pin
24 pin
.47
.75
.46
.70
_45
_67
_10
_15
.09
_13
Specs and Application sheets.................... .80 40 pin 1.20 1.05 1.02 .25 .22

78P05SC 5V lOA TO-3 Reg •.........•....•••• $12.95

MCI413P (ULN2003A) Hex Darlington •.....•• $ 1.59
21 L02-4 (MM2102AN-4L 450nS) •..........••• $ 1.44 Jumper Kits for .025 Square Posts.
THM-6073B TO-220 Heat Sink •.•....•..•.• 5/ $ 1.00
Z80CPU I.C •.•.•.......................... $20.00 All material for making jumpers for
MCI4411P Baud Rate generator ..•..•....•••.. $11.98
Z80ACPU I.C •••.•.••...••..•...•......... $28.00 quick circuit changes and proto-
1.843 Crystal for MCI4411 •.................• $ 4.95
Z80CTC I.C •.............••....•...•...••• $11.00 typing. Use for breadboarding,
MM57109 Number Cruncher .....•..........• $18.95
Z80ACTC I.C •••.•..........•.••.••••...•. $16.00 trouble shooting, field modifications.
H11 F3 Opto-Fet Lineor Isolator ......•....... $ 1.95
Z80PI0 I.C •.....................•......• $11.00 Fits standard IC socket wire/wrap
CA3130E Bi MOS OP Amp •.................. $ 1.27
Z80API0 I.C •.••...•............••......• $16.00 posts. Excellent wiping action on
CA3140E Bi MOS OP Amp ..•.....•........•. $ .57
25 Pin RS-232 connector Mole........ .....•.• $2.25 gold plated box contacts.
40673 Popular dual gate FET •..•.....•.••.••• $ 1.01
1l..L...LI....Il:=_~ Kit contain 10 box contacts, heat
25 Pin RS-232 connector Female ....•........ $3.25
MM5865N Universal Timer I.C ••.........•.• $ 9.75
DB-51226 Hood for RS-232 connector •........ $ '1.39 shrinkable sleeving, and 5 feet of wire plus instruction
CSC 500 MHz prescaler ............•..•....• $59.95
D-20418 Screw Lock assembly •.............• $ 1.19 sheet.
Band K 2800 3! Digit DVM. . . .• . . •. . . ... . •. $99.95
4801 4KXI Static RAM, ••.••....... $8.95,8/ $60.00 JCK-5101 .... (5 double jumpers)$2.75, 4 kits/$IO.OO
Band K Dual Tracer Scope Model 1432 .....•• $750.00
4804 I KX4 Static RAM ...........•• $8.95,8/ $60.00
(FOB Phoenix)

MICRO PROCESSOR COMPATIBLE A/D CONVERTERS uDP416 16K Dynamic RAM (200nS) ..•.•••• 8/ $144.00
MK5102 (N)-5 Touch Tone Receiver I.C •.•.... $34.95 National Semi ADC3511 and 3711 are CMOS monolithic uDP416 16K Dynamic RAM (300nS) •.....•• 8/ $128.00
6000hm to 6000hm CoT. Xfmr ........•..•.... $ 1.95 A/D converters. Plese modulation analog-to-digital con- 6502 ufrocessor c o- v- •••••••••••••••••••••••• $10.95
3.579545 Color Burst Xtal ..................• $ 1.75 version is used and requires no external precision com-
ponents except the reference voltage.
VECTOR
Single 5 volt operation. Operation with an isolated LMB
Tri-Tek is a Stocking Distributor for factory direct
supply allows conversion of either polarity. Sign is auto- MOLEX (WALDOM)
lines of components, tools and equipment. Be sure
matically determined and indicated on the sign pin. OK TOOL
to get our big catalog!
ADEL The ADC3511 and 3711 have been designed to provide PANAVISE
ANTRONICS address BCD data and are intended for use with micro PCP
processors and other digital systems. BCD digits are POSITRONICS
AP PRODUCTS
selected on demand via 2 Digit Select inputs. Digit HOWARD SAMS
AVA
Select inputs are latched. Start conversion input and H.H. SMITH
B&K PRECISION
conversion complete output are included on both types. SPECO
CIRCUIT ASSEMBLY
FEATURES TAB
CONTINENTAL SPECIALTIES CORP.
.Single 5V Supply TEXAS INSTRUMENTS
DATAK
.ADC3511 3~ digits (0 to + 1999 counts) THERMALLOY
DIXON
.ADC3711 33/4 digits (0 to + 3999 counts) UNGAR
EZ HOOK
.Addressed BCD Outputs - WALDOM
EDSYN
. Easi ly interfaced to micro processor WAHL
GRI
. TTL compatible WELCON
HAYDEN
ADC-3511 (3-1/2 digit) ..•.•••.......•..•.• $12.95 Dozens of others-too many to Iist here and adding
HUNTER
ADC-3711 (3-3/4 digit) ..•.•.••••.•••.••... $14.95 more each issue.
ICO RALLY
lEE Spec for both parts... .••••..••••••..... ...•. .80
KEYSTONE
POWER OP AMP
3-TERMINAL VOLTAGE REGULATORS 250mA output current capab i Ii ty. Operates on as
HI-TEK hasbecQme a major source for the 7800 and 7900sertes low as 3V. Input parameters are programmable for TL497C SWITCHING REGULATOR
3-terminal re9"laton in TO-220 package. The,e PRIME ports
ore faclory firslq'-'CIlity!1 At these prices, you con'lofford re- system optimizing .• Electronic shut down allows Switching regulator chip can convert from one
tested fall outs_ Avcllabl e in Ih •• following voltoges_ Lost 2
output to float. Packaged in 8 pin mini-dip. voltage to another-either up or down! ! Use
digits;ndicote.voJtogB.
LMI3080N •..••••••.••••••••••••.••• $1.94
.~:: 1-..._,,+'4 ~__ 7905 7915
0
this one to get positive or negative 12V from
l..C/wf;4.C.rlU£a.

!JrJ '11'-".
7808 7906 7918 Specs and applications...... .60 your +5V supply for those MOS ports. Starting
POS!rIVE 7812 NEGATIVE 7908 7924
with anywhere from +4.5V to + 12V you con
7815 7912
7818 get from +30V down to -25V out. Adjustable
7824 Output ~.O"' output at up to 500mA. We are offering the
~G"d Y • =: In chip plus a miniature inductor needed for the
~'nput ' - Gnd converter and spec sheet for only $9.50.
Please order regulators by part numbers.
TL497C + inductor+spec •.••••.••••• $9.50
7 5 51 .50 79XX ne

For premium shipping (first cl~.s. speci~1 handling, etc.) Anv.etundswill be bv check.. not c.edit vouche ••. ARIZONAN'S ADD 5% TAX
addc)(tra.E.ce •• wiliberetund ••d.

(jf) TBI-TEII
7808 North 27th Avenue
V T1
Please !live street

C.O.D,
addren

NO parcel po", C.O.D.

UPS C.O.D.
for UPS shipping

Add 85~ to order.

when po ••ible.
II. we .hould

and furmshed
be temporarilv
wdl be placed on back order.
days, vo~ will be notified

cancel vourorder
w,th. postage
if d •••
;red.
Out of stock on eny it~m. it
If we cannOt ship jfl 30
of the expected shipping date
paid card with which to
Shipping
US. end
Othar
end Handling
CANADA
countries ,dd
ADD
15%
5%

Phoenix, Arizona 85021 Any corr~spondence nOI connected with VOlJ' order.
Terms. Check, money order, credit card. Net 30 davs to
(602) 995-9352 plc~,e '"'' separate sheel and include SASE for replv.
raled firms, schools and government agencies.
(MINIMUM ORDER U.S. $10.00)
(FOREIGN $15.00)
Charge card telephone orders ($20 min.) will be Claim, for shortage. or damaged material must be mode
Claims for d,efective material mu", be marie within 60 dav.
accepted 9-5:30 P.M. except weekends. within 10day. of receiPI of package.
of receipt at parcel. Claim mu", include inVOIce number,

• •
Telephone 995-9352. No collect calls please. P"ce, are subject to change without notice (U_ S. DOLLARS ONLY) date & defectiveparu

V' Reader Service-see page 179 163

 SYM-l, 6502-BASED MICROCOMPUTER
• FULLY-ASSEMBLED AND COMPLETELY INTEGRATED SYSTEM that's
ready-to-use
• ALL LSI Ie'S ARE IN SOCKETS
• 28 DOUBLE-FUNCTION KEYPAD INCLUDING UP TO 24 "SPECIAL"
FUNCTIONS
• EASY-TO-VIEW 6-DIGIT HEX LED DISPLAY
• KIM-l* HARDWARE COMPATIBILITY
The powerful 6502 8-Bit MICROPROCESSOR whose advanced
architectural features have made it one of the largest selling "micros"
on the market today.
• THREE ON-BOARD PROGRAMMABLE INTERVAL TIMERS available to
the user, expandable to five on-board.
• 4K BYTE.ROM RESIDENT MONITOR and Operating Programs.
• Single 5 Volt power supply is all that is required.
• 1K BYTES OF 2114 STATIC RAM onboard with sockets provided for
immediate expansion to 4K bytes onboard, with total memory expan-
sion to 65, 536 bytes.
• USER PROM/ROM: The system is equipped with 3 PROM/ROM ex- Synertek has enhanced KIM-l * software as well as the hardware. The
pansion sockets for 2316/2332 ROMs or 2716 EPROMs software has simplified the user interface. The basic SYM-l system is
• ENHANCED SOFTWARE with simplified user interface programmed in machine language. Monitor status is easily accessible,
• STANDARD INTERFACES INCLUDE: and the monitor gives the keypad user the same full functional capabili-
-Audio Cassette Recorder Interface with Remote Control (Two ty of the TTY user. The SYM-l has everything the KIM-l * has to offer,
modes: 135 Baud KIM-l * compatible, Hi-Speed 1500 Baud) plus so much more that we cannot begin to tell you here. So, if you want
-Full duplex 20mA Teletype Interface to know more, the SYM-l User Manual is available, separately.
-System Expansion Bus Interface SYM-l Complete w/manuals $269.00
- TV Controller Board Interface SYM-l User Manual Only 7.00
-CRT Compatible Interface (RS-232) SYM-l Expansion Kit 75.00
• APPLICATION PORT: 15 Bi-directional TTL Lines for user applications Expansion includes 3K of 2114 RAM chips and 1-6522 I/O chip.
with expansion capability for added lines SYM-l Manuals: The well organized documentation package is com-
• EXPANSION PORT FOR ADD-ON MODULES (51 I/O Lines included in plete and easy-to-understand.
the basic system) SYM-l CAN GROW AS YOU GROW. Its the system to BUILD-ON. Ex-
• SEPARATE POWER SUPPLY connector for easy disconnect of the doc pansion features that are soon to be offered:
power 8K Basic ROM $159.00
• AUDIBLE RESPONSE KEYPAD TV Interface Board 349.00
QUALITY EXPANSION BOARDS DESIGNED SPECIFICALLY FOR KIM-l, SYM-l & AIM 65
These boards are set up for use with a regulated power supply such as the one below, but, provisions have been made so that you can add
onboard regulators for use with an unregulated power supply. But, because of unreliability, we do not recommend the use of onboard
regulators. All I.C.'s are socketed for ease of maintenance. All boards corry full 90-day warranty.
All products that we manufacture are designed to meet or exceed industrial standards. All components are first qualtiy and meet full
manufacturer's specifications. All this and an extended burn-in is done to reduce the normal percentage of field failures by up to 75%. To you,
this means the chance of inconvenience and lost time due to a failure is very rare; but, if it should happen, we guarantee a turn-around time of
less than forty-eight hours for repair.
Our money bock guarantee: If, for any reason you wish to return any board that you have purchased directly from us within ten (10) days after
receipt, complete, in original condition, and in original shipping carton; we will give you a complete credit or refund less a $10.00 restocking
charge per board.

VAK- 1 8-SLOT MOTHERBOARD multiplyer so there is no need for an additional power supply. All
This motherboard uses the KIM-4 * bus structure. It provides eight (8) software is resident in on-board ROM, and has a zero-insertion socket.
expansion board sockets with rigid card cage. Separate jacks for audio VAK-5 2708 EPROM Programmer $269.00
cassette, TTY and power supply are provided. Fully buffered bus.
VAK-l Motherboard $129.00 VAK-6 EPROM BOARD
This board will hold 8K of 2708 or 2758, or 16K of 2716 or 2516
VAK-2/4 16K STATIC RAM BOARD EPROMs. EPROMs not included.
This board using 2114 RAMs is configured in two (2) separately VAK-6 EPROM Board $129.00
addressable 8K blocks with individual write-protect switches.
VAK-2 16K RAM Board with only $239.00 VAK-7 COMPLETEFLOPPY-DISKSYSTEM (Feb. '79)
8K of RAM (~ populated)
VAK-3 Complete set of chips to $175.00 VAK-8 PROTYPING BOARD
expand above board to 16K This board allows you to create your own interfaces to plug into the
VAK-4 Fully populated 16K RAM $379.00 motherboard. Etched circuitry is provided for regulators, address and
data bus drivers; with a large area for either wire-wrapped or soldered
VAK-5 2708 EPROM PROGRAMMER IC circuitry.
This board requires a +5 VDC and ± 12 VDC, but has a DC to DC VAK-8 Protyping Board $49.00

POWERSUPPLIES
ALL POWER SUPPLIES are totally enclosed with grounded enclosures for safety, AC power cord, and carry a full 2-year warranty.
FULLSYSTEM POWERSUPPLY
This power supply will handle a microcomputer and up to 65K of our KIM-l * Custom P.S. provides 5 VDC @ 1.2 Amps
VAK-4 RAM. ADDITIONAL FEATURES ARE: Over voltage Protection on 5 and + 12 VDC @ .1 Amps
volts, fused, AC on/off switch. Equivalent to units selling for $225.00 or KCP-l Power Supply $41.50
more.
Provides +5 VDC @ 10 Amps & +12 VDC @ 1 Amp SYM-l Custom P.S. provides 5 VDC @ 1.4 Amps
VAK-EPS Power Supply $125.00 VCP-l Power Supply $41.50
*KIM is a product of MOS Technology

ENTERPRISES 2967 W. Fairmount Avenue

Phoenix AZ. 85017
INCORPORATED (602)265-7564 Prices in effect Nov. '78

164
INTEGRATED CIRCUITS MICROPROCESSOR LED'S SOCKETS CAPACITORS D.lODES TRANSISTORS RESISTORS POTENTIOMETERS
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* Use Intersil 7205 Chip
* Plated thru double-sided
P.C. Board
* Quartz crystal controlled
* Three stopwatches in one:
single event, split (cummulative)
JE900 POCI'Ei
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U * LED display (red) and taylor (sequential timing) U
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* Times to 59 min. 59.59 sec. with * Uses 3 penlite batteries Jni!MfS' ~
~ auto reset *Size: 4.5" x 2.15" x .90"
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c..
c.. * Switches for hours, minutes and hold functions * Switches for hours, minutes and hold functions
:E * Hours easily viewable to 20 feet * Hours easily viewable to 30 feet :E
:::l
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* Simulated walnut case *Simulated walnut case
!:: !::
o * 115 VAC operation * 115 VAC operation o
I/) * 12 or 24 hour operation * 12 or 24 hour operation I/)
~ * Includes all components, case and wall transformer *Includes all components, case and wall transformer ~
~ * Size: 6-3/4" x 3-1/8" x 1-3/4"
~
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6-Digit Clock Kit Jumbo 6-Digit Clock Kit o
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!:: NOW!!! OVER 300 AUTHORIZED DISTRIBUTORS ... HERE'S JUST A SAMPLING: !::
-'o ALABAMA ILUNOIS (Continued) NEBRASKA TENNESSEE (Continued) -'o
Iii
Mobile
ALASKA
Lafayette Radio Electronics Oak Park
Rockford
Spectronics
Imperial Computer Systems
Inc. Lincoln
Lincoln
Attstr Computer Center
Scott Electronic Supply Inc.
Clarksville
Cookeville
Masstronics
Wagnon's Stereo Center ~
I/)
w Anchorage TVMarr Schaumburg Data Domain Omaha Heathkit Electronic Center Knoxville Eastern Micro w
~ ARIZONA
Yuma Yuma Electronics
INDIANA
East Chicago Acro Electronics Corp.
Omaha
NEVADA
Omaha Compu ter Store Nashville
TEXAS
Electra Distributing Co. ~
CALIFORNIA IOWA Las Vegas Century 23 Amarillo Computer Encounters Inc. I/)
I/)
a: Bel/flower Earl's Hobby Shop Indianola Electronix Limited NEW JERSEY Dallas CompuShop a:
w Berkeley AI Lasher Electronics KANSAS Bricktown Radio Shack Associate Store Houston Altair Computer Center w
c
Mission Viejo Tower Electronics Corp. Wichita Amateur Radio Cherry Hi/{ The Computer Emporium Houston CompuShop
o
-'0,
Monterey Zackir Equipment Company Pompton Lake Computer Corner Houston Interactive Computers
-'
o
Oceanside
Palo Alto
Electronic Center
Zack Electronics
KENTUCKY
Lexington Radio-Electronic Ramsey Tvpeirooic
of New Jersey
Computer Store
San Antonio Sherman Electronics
Supply Inc.
1: Pasadena Dow Radio Inc. Equipment Co. NEW MEXICO UTAH 1:
w Sacramento
Sacramento
Heathkit Electronic Center
Zackit
LOUISIANA
Baton Rouge Pelican Electronics
Las Cruces
NEW YORK
Mannie's Electronic Supply Midvale Heathkit Electronic Center w
I/) Provo Alpine Electronic Supply Co. I/)
:::l
u,
San Carlos
San Diego
J & H Outlet Store
Radio Shack A.S.G.
Houma
Metarie
Pelican Electronics
Pelican Electrohics
Endwell
Kingston
Computer Tree Inc.
Greylock Electronics
VIRGINIA
Alexandria Computer Hardware Store
:::l
u,
Mira Mesa MARYLAND New York Computer,Mart of New York Alexandria Heathkit Electronic Center
I/) San Fernando San Fernando Electronics Churchville Churchville Electronics Troy Trojan Electronics Charlottesville Lafayette Radio I/)
~ San Francisco Zack Electronics Damascus Damascus CB Utica Am-Com Electronics Falls Church Crossroad Electronics ~
z San Jose
San Luis Obispo
United Radio & TV Supply
Mid-State
La Vale
Rockville
J & M Electronics
Computer Workshop
NORTH CAROLINA
Boone Alpha Digital Systems
Hampton Lafayette Radio z
Iii Electronic Supply Rockville Heathkit Electronic Center Durham Futureworld
Norfolk
Richmond
Avec Electronics Corp.
Avec Electronics Corp. in
~ Santa Ana
Santa Cruz
Quality Electronics
Santa Cruz Electronics
Towson
Towson
Baynesville Electronics Inc.
Heathkit Electronic Center
Greensboro
Raleigh
Byte Shop
Byte Shop of Raleigh
Roanoke
Virginia Beach
The Computer Place
Heathkit Electronic Center
~
<t Santa Maria Caps Electronics MASSACHUSETTS NORTH DAKOTA WASHINGTON
<t
w Santa Monica Mission Control Pirrsfield Pins field Radio Co. Inc. Fargo The Computer Company Longview Progress Electronics w
1: Suisun Ciry
Sunnyvalt Sunnyvale
Byte Shop
Electronics
Waltham
Worcester
Computer Mart Inc.
RM Electronics Inc.
OHIO
Bucyrus Mead Electronics
Moses Lake Ron's Electronics 1:
Pasco Riverview Electronics
I/) Vallejo Zackir MICHIGAN Cincinnati Heathkit Electronic Center Amateur Radio Supply
I/)
Seattle
a: Walnut Creek MicroSun Computer Center Ann Arbor Wedemeyer Electronic Supply Columbus Heathkit Electronic Center Seattle c-com a:
o COLORADO Clawson Radio Supply & Engineering Dayton Altair Computer Center Seattle Empire Electronics o
~ Aurora Com Co Electronics Detroit Heathkit Electronic Center Reynoldsburg Universal Amateur Radio Spokane Personal Computers ~
o Durango
CONNECTICUT
The Computer Shop Flint
Garden City
Hobby Electronic Center
Computer Center
OKLAHOMA
Ok lahoma City Bits, Bytes & Micros
Tacoma C & G Electronics c
w Bridgeport Bridgeport Computer Lansing Fulton Radio Supply Co. OREGON
WEST VIRGINIA
Morgantown Electro Distributing Co.
w
Z FLORIDA Lansing Wedemeyer Electronic Supply Albany Oregon Ham Sales Wheeling Lafayette Radio
Z
Z Ft. Lauderdale Computers For You Midland comoutronix Corp. Coos Say Herrick Electronics
WISCONSIN Z
o GEORGIA Mt. Clemens The Computer Store Portland Portland Radio Supply
West AI/is Olson Electronics o
u Atlanta
Columbus
Atlanta Computer Mart
Radio Wholesale
Niles
MINNESOTA
Niles Radio Supply Salem
PENNSYLAVANIA
Computer Pathways
CANADA u
Alberta (Calgary) The Computer Shop
I/) HAWAII Duluth Northwest Radio of Duluth Hershey Microcomputer Systems Inc. I/)
-'<t Honolulu
IDAHO
Integrated Circuit Supply Hopkins
Sf. Paul
Heathkit Electronic Center
Heathkit Electronic Center
Pittsburgh
York
Heathkit Electronic Center
G. Y. C. Company
Ontario (Willowdale)

Quebec (Montreal)
Home Computer
Centre -'<t
~
I/)
Idaho Falls
ILLINOIS
Audiotronics MISSOURI
£1 Dorado Springs Beckman Electronics
RHODE ISLAND
Cranston Jabbour Electronics City
ENGLAND
Wang's Microcenter
~
I/)
Berkshire NewBear Computing Store
>
a:
Evanston
Groveland
Tri-State Elec!ronic Corp.
Moyer Electronics
MONTANA
Billings Conley Radio Supply
Pawtucket
TENNESSEE
Jabbour Electronics City
GUAM
PANAMA
Marianas Electronics >
a:
Mount Prospect Tri-State Electronic Corp. Bozemari Electronic Service & Disc. Chattanooga William's Data Comp Div.
c Panama City
SINGAPORE
Sonitet, s.A.
Inter-trade (PTE) Ltd.
u
I/) I/)
w ASK YOUR ELECTRONICS STORE TO STOCK JIM-PAK® TODAY!! w
1: 1:
U U
~ ~
~ JIM-PAK® • 1021 HOWARD AVENUE, SAN CARLOS, CALIFORNIA 94070 • (415) 592-8097 ~
INTEGRATED CIRCUITS MICROPROCESSOR LED'S SOCKETS CAPACITORS DIODES TRANSISTORS RESISTORS POTENTIOMETERS

V' Reader Service-see page 179 165

 Transistor Checker MICROPROCESSOR COMPONENTS
---BDBDA{8DBOA SUPPORTDEVtCES--- ---MICROPROCESSORMANUALS---
- Completely Assembled - 8080A CPU $9.95 M·Z80 User Manual $7.50
- Battery Operated - 8212 8-BitlnputlOutput 3.25 M·CDP1802 User Manual 7.50
8214 Priority Interrupt Control 5.95 M-2650 User Manual 5.00
The ASI Transistor Checker is cap- 8216 Bi-Directional Bus Driver 3.49
able of checking a wide range of 8224 Clock Generator/Driver 3.95 ROM'S
transistor types, either "in circuit" B226 8usDriver 3.49 2513(2140) Character Generator(upper case) $9.95
or out of circuit. To operate, B228 System ccntrouer/scs Driver 5.95 The Pennywhislle 103 is capable of recording 10 and from audio tape with~ut
2513(3021) character Generator(lower case) 9.95
simply plug the transistor to be
"33 System Controller 5.95 Character Generator 10.95 critical speed requirements lor Ihe recorder and It is able to commu nicatediretllywilh
2516
checked into the front panel
8251 Prog. Comm. liD (USARij 7.95 MM5230N 2048-Bit Read Only Memol)' 1.95 another modern and terminal lor telephone ·'hamming·' and sommuncaucns. In
socket, or it with the alli-
connect Prog.lntervalTimer 14.95 addition. itislreeolcrilicaladiustmentsandisbuillwilh non-precision . readilyavaila~Le:
"53
gator clip test leads provided. 8255 Prog. Periph. I/O (PPI) 9.95 RAM'S parts.
The unit safely and automatically Data Transmission M~lhod ...•. FreQucncy·Shift Keyinll. lull-duplex (hall·duplex
8257 PrO!!.DMAControl 19.95 1101 2S6XI Static $1.49
identifies low, medium and high
8259 Prog. Interrupt Control 19.95 selectable)
1103 lD24Xt Dynamic .99
power PNP and NPN transistors. Maximum Data Rate .....•...• 3(){l Baud
Size: 3v.." x 6);," x 2" ---6800/6BOO SUPPORT DEVICES--- 2101{BI01) 256X4 Static 3.95
1.75 nata Formal. ..Asynchronous Serial (return to mark level required
MC6Baa MPU S14.95 2102 1024Xl Static
"C" cell battery not included. MC6802CP MPU wilh Clock and Ram 24.95 21102 1024Xl Static 1.95 oetween eacn character}
Receive Channel Frequencies ..• 2025 Hz for space; 2225 Hz for mark
MC6810API 128X8 Static Ram 5.95 2111(8111) 256X4 SIalic 3.95
Transmit Channel Frequencies .. Switch selectable. low (normal) = 1070 space,
MC6821 Periph.lnter. Adapt (MC6820) 7.49 2112 256X4 SlaticMOS 4.95
1270 man. High = 025 space. 2225 mark
MC6f!28 Priorily Interrupt Controller 12.95 2114 1024X4 Static 450ns 9.95 Receive Sensitivity.. •..... -46 cbrn accousucaffy coupied
MC6830L8 1024XB Bit ROM (MC6f!A30-8) 14.95 2114l 1024X4 Sialic 4500s low power 10.95
Transmit Level. 15 dbm nominal. Adlustable 110m -6 dbm
MC6850 AsynchronousComm. Adapler 7.95 2114·3 1024X4 Static300ns 10.95
10 -20dbm.
MC6852 Synchronous Serial DalaAdapt. 9.95 2114L·3 1024X4 Sialic 30Dns low power 11.95
Receive frequency Tolerance ... FreQuency reference automatically adjusts to
MC68SO O-SOObpS Digilat MODEM 1295 5101 256X4 Static 7.95
allow for operation between 1800 Hz and 2400 Hz
MC6862 2400 bps Modutator 14.95 5280/2107 4096Xl DynamiC 4.95
1.75 Digital Data lmertaee E1A RS-232C or 20 mA current loop (receiver is
MC6880A Ouad3·Stale Bus. Trans. (MC8T26) 225 7489 t6X4 Static
4.95 optOlsolatedandnon·polar)
-MICROPROCESSOR CHIPS-MISCELLANEOUS- 74S200 256XI Static Tristate
Power Requirements ..•..•.... 120VAC. single phase. 10 Watts
93421 256Xl Static 2.95
DB 25 Series Cables Z80(78OC} CPU S19.95 UPD414 Dynamic 16pin 4.95
Physical.. . •..... AII components mount on a
4K
Part No. Cable length Connectors Price Z80A(780'1) CPU 24.95 I circuit board All
(MK4027)
CDP1802 CPU 19.95 neoores a YOM. Audro Counter
DB25P+P 4 Ft. 2-DP25P $15.95 ea. 2650 MPU 19.95
UPD416 16K Dynamic 16pin 14.95
DB25P-4-S 4 Ft I-DP25P/I-25S $1695 ea (MK4116)
DB25S+S 4 It. 2-DP25S
Dip Jumpers
St7.95 ea.
8035
P8085
TMS9900Jl
a-an MPU wlclock. RAM. liD lines
CPU
16-Bil MPUw/hardware. muniply
& divide
19.95
19.95

49.95
TMS4044·
45Nl
TMS4045
4K

1024X4
Static

Sialic
14.95

14.95
TRS-80 16K Conversion Kit
Expand your 4K TRS-80 System to 16K. Kit
2117 16.384XI Dynamic 350ns 9.95
DJ14-1 1 ft 1-14 Pin $1.59 ea. SHIRREGtSTERS
(housemaJked)
DJ16-1 1 It. 1-16 Pin 1.79 ea. Dual 25 Bit Dynamic 5.50 MM5262 2KXl Dynamic 4/1.00
comes complete with:
2.79 ea. DtJal50 Bil Dynamic .50
DJ24-t t H t-24 Pin Dual 16 BilStalic 50
* 8 each UPD416 (16K Dynamic Rams)
DJI4-1-14 1 It. 2-14 Pin 2.79 ea. Dual 100 Bil Static
DJI6-1-16 1 ft. 2-16 Pin
50 PROM'S * Documentation for conversion
3.19 ea. Dual 64 BilAccumulator 50 1702A 2048 FAMOS $5.95
DJ24-1-24 1 ft. 2-24 Pin 4.95 ea 500/512 Bit Dynamic
1024 Dynamic
Hex32 Bit Static
.89
3.95
4.95
TMS2516
(2716)
16K' EPROM(lnteI2716)
'Requires single •.5V power supply
49.95
TRS-16K $115.00
Dual 132 Bit Static 2.95
TMS2532 4KX8 EPROM 89.95 Special Offer - Order both your TRS-16K and the
2708 8K EPROM 10.95
512 SIalic .99 2716T.1 16K" EPROM 29.95
Sup'R' MOD II Interface kit together (retail value
1024 Dynamic 2.95
Dual 256 BilStalic 2.95
"Aequires 3 voltages. -5V. +5V, +IZV $144.95) for only $139.95
5203 204' FAMOS 14.95
Dual 250Stalic 4.00 Tristate Bipolar 3.49
6301-1(7611)1024
Dual 240 Bit Static
Quad 80 Bit Static
1024Stalic
4.00
2.95
295
6330-1(7602)256
82S23 32X8
Open C Bipolar
Open Coltector
2.95
3.95 COMPUTER CASSETTES
82S115 4096 BipCllar 19.95 * 6 EACH 15 MINUTE HIGH
Fifo 6.95 Tristate 3.95
82S123 32X8
4X4RegisterFile(TriSt3te) 1.95 74186 512 TILOpenColiector 9.95
QUALITY C-15 CASSETTES
UAAT'S 74188 256 TIl Open Collector 3.95 * PLASTIC CASE INCLUDED
A-V-S-IOI3 5.95 74S287 la24 Static 2.95 12 CASSETTE CAPACITY
* ADDITIONAL CASSETTES
NEW!! N STOCK ... AVAILABLE #C-15-$2.50 ea

;jPOWERACE
ALL-CIRCUIT

• ~:, ~~e~~~~~~ P~:~~'II~O~:';~ ~,-=::,:,,=-.:.::-::::::--=:-:=--::~::::::-::::;:;,;:,;:;=="'f

14-pin DIP's
• Breadboard elements accept all DIP sizes ... inCluding
RIl, DTL, TIL and CMOS devices. TO-S's and us. UHF Channel 33 TV Interface Unit Kit
cre!eswith leads up to .032"dia.
Wide Band B/W or Color System
• All connections to/tram switches. indicators, power

f~~
supplies and meters are made via soicertess. plug-in. ,... Converts TV to Video Display Tor
tle-pclnr blccks on controlpanels home computers, CCTV camera,
POWERACE 101 -General purpose model for • Interconnect with any solid 20 to 30 AWG wire. Apple II, works with Cromeco Daz-
prototyping all types of circuit. • Breadboard elements are mounted on ground plane- zler, SOL-20, tRS-SO, Challenger,
s ... ideal lor high-frequency and hiqn-speedrlow-nolse etc.
#923101 S 84,95 circuits
POWERACE 102 -Complete digit prototyping lab ..•.MOO II is pretuned to Channel 33
,-------, Magnetically with built-in logic probe
• Short-circuit-proof fused power supplies
• Operate on 110 to 130 VAG at 60 Hz (UHF).
#923102 S114-95 • Space-age compact styling and high-grade compo-
~ *"
Includes coaxial cable and antenna
Activated POWERACE 103 -Triple-output power supply
nents permit convenient, organized and cuicxprotofvp-
tog
transformer.

Switch for prototyping both linear and digit CIrcuits.

• All MOD" 29.95 Kit
1 MHz RS-232 CONTROL CENTER
8-Digit Plug in your modem, computer
• 20 Hz·lOO MHz Range Counter prom programmer,
• 6" LED Display • Four power souces. r e terminal, printer, etc.
• Cryslal·controlled ueeease battenes.ll0or220Ywlth
• Oy~range reaamQ • Fully Automatic charger t2Y wilh auto and selectively control
• 10 meqmputrmpenoance
• Portable·.-completely lighter adapter and external
• [)CAccuracylOolYCllcai seu.containec 7 z-mv power supply
data flow .
Ranges: OCVoliage ·O·tODOV • ;1~e6J.l 75·· x 7 38 MAX-100 • Same Contour as "Pennywlust'e 103·
ACVolTaQeOtOOOV
• rctasv seu-ccntaeeo
FleQ Response 50·400 HZ
• Includes 2 master ports and 3 stave ports
DC/AC Current O·IOOmA
sesetance o 10 meg ohm
See 6 J ~ J J X 2
Accessories:
AC Adaptor BC-2B 59.00
Part
AC 250
No. ~
117V/60Hz
Output
12 VAG 250mA
Rechargeable
sattenes BP-26 20.00
AC 500 117V/60Hz 12 VAG 500mA Ca•• LC-2B 7.50

Regulated Power Su
* UsesLM 309K
* Heat sink provided
* P.C. board construction
* Provides a solid 1 amp @
5V $89.95
y

Price - ~-
y

.. ~ r

,
••

, . , , ,
,

s
JE200
3.95
5.9S
3.95
. , ' .<

,~
~ ~

-
0

-
oj "

-t"i
•

.
9.95
9.95
INSTRUMENT/CLOCK CASE $5.00 Minimum Order - U,S. Funds Only Spec Sheets - 25/
This is a 63-key, terminal keyboard
large computer manufacturer. It is
California Residents - Add 6% Sales Tax 1979 Catalog Available-Send 41~ stamp unattached to any kind of PC board.
This case is an injection molded x 4" base suits most application.
unit that is ideal for uses such
as DVM, COUNTER, or CLOCK PHONE
cases. It has dimensions of41h" OROERS Hexadecimal
in length by 4" in width by WELCOME Unencoded
1-9/16" in height. II comes ELECTRONICS (415) 592-8097
complete with a red bezel. Keypad
MAIL ORDER ELECTRONICS - WORLDWIDE 19-key pad includes 1-10 keys,
1021 HOWARO AVENUE, SAN CARLOS, CA 94070 ABCDEF and 2 optional keys and a
$3.49 each ADVERTISED PRICES GOOD THRU MARCH shift key. $10.95/each

166
 -
SN7400N
SN740lN
.15
.18
?'7~PO}TL
SN7472N
SN7473N
SN7474N
.29
.35
.35
••

SN74150N
SN74161N
.89
.89
J1,,!,,!,;J~Jl~f!tj
ameco~ Kits AY-5-9100
AY-5-9200
AY-5-9500
AY-5-2376
H00165
TELEPHONE/KEYBOARO CHIPS
PUSh Button Telephone Dial!er

~~dg~70~~a~:~erator
Keyboard Encoder
Keyboard Encoder
11688 keys
keySl
$14.95
14.95
4.95
14.95
7.95

-
SN7402N .18 SN7475N .49 SN74162N 1.95 6-Digitl Keyboard Encoder 16 keys 9.95
SN7400N .18 SN7476N .35 SN74163N .89 Digital Stopwatch Kit 74C922

SN7404N
SN7405N
.18
.20
SN7479N
SN748GN
5.00
.50
SN74164N
SN74165N
.89
89
• Use Intersil 7205 Chip
i c.o» JB
Clock ICM7045
ICM CHIPS
CMOS Precision TImer 24.95
SN1406N
SN7407N
SN7408N
.29
.29
20
SN7482N.99
SN7483N
SN7485N
.59
.79
SN74156N
SN74167N
SN74170N
1.25
1.95
1.59
••• • Plated Ihru double-sided
PC. Board
* LED display (red)
·
.Brighl.300ht. common calhode display
-- Kit ICM7205
ICM7207
ICM7208
CMOS LED Stopwatch{Timer
Oscillator Controller
Seven Decade Counter
19.95
7.50
19.95
SN7409N .20 SN7485N.35 SN74172N 6.00 * Times 10 59 min. 59.59 sec. with ICM7209 Clock Generator 6.95
SN7410N .18 SN7489N 1.75 SN74173N 1.25 auto reset • Uses MM5314 clock chip
• Switches for hours. minutes and hold functions NMOS REAO ONLY MEMORIES
SN7411N
SN7412N
SN7413N
.25
25
.40
SN7491JN.45
SN7491N.59
SN7492N .43
SN74174N
SN74175N
SN74176N
.89
79
79
.• -~..
, .!~;I~
• Ouartz crvstat controlled

~~:n7.a~cp~~s(~~~~~lative)
• Hours easily viewable to 20 feet
* Simulated walnut case
MCM6511
MCM6574
128 X 9 X 7 ASCII Shifted with Greek
128 X 9 X 7 Math Symbol & Pictures
13.50
13.50
SN7414N .70 SN7493N.43 SN74177N .79 :;~~~:~". and taylor (sequential timing) * 115 VAC operation MCM6575 128 X 9 X 7 Alphanumeric Control 13.50
SN7416N .25 SN7494N .65 SN74179N 1.95 w.
i,r'r ..• • Uses 3 pennte batteries .12or24houroperation Character Generator
SN7417N .25 SN7495N .65 SN74180N 79 • Size: 4.5" x 2.IS"x.90·· • Includes all components. case and waunanstormer
SN7420N .20 SN7496N 55 SN74181N 1.95 JiiiD • Size: 6-3/4" x 3·1/8" x 1-3/4" MISCELLANEOUS
SN7421N
SN7422N
.29
.39
SN7497N
SN74100N
3.00
.69
SN74182N
SN74184N
.79
1.95
JE900 $39.95 JE701 $19.95
SN7423N .25 SN74107N .35 SN74185N 1.95
SN7425N .29 Stl74109N .59 SN74186N 9.95 JE200 5v lamp power 5upply$14.95 JE2206B Function Generator $19.95
SN7426N .29 SN74116N 1.95 SN74188N 3.95
SN7427N .25 SN74121N .35 SN74190N 1.25 JE730 4-digit clock kit 14.95 JE747 Jumbo 6-digit clock kit 29.95
SN7429N 39 SN74122N .39 SN74191N 1.25
SN1430N .20 SN74123N .49 SN74192N 79 DISCRETE LEOS _ TIMEX T1001
SN7432N 25 SN74125N .49 SN74193N .79
SN1437N .25 SN74126N .49 SN74194N .89 .200~dla. LlQUIO CRYSTAL OISPLAY
SN7438N .25 SN74132N .75 SN74195N .69 XC556R red 5/$1 .125' dl•. FIELD EFFECT
SN7439N .25 SN74136N .75 SN74196N .89 XC556G green 41$1 XC209R red 5/$1
SN7440N .20 SN74141N .79 SN74197N 89 XC556Y yellow 41$1 XC209G green 4/$1
SN7441N .89 SN74142N 2.95 SN74198N 1.49 XC556C clear 4/$1 XC209Y yellow 4/$1
SN7442N .49 SN74143N 2.95 SN74199N 1.49 .2DO~dla. .185" dla.
SN7443N .75 SN74144N 2.95 SN74S200 4.95 XC22R red 5/$1 XC526R red 5/$1
SN7444N 75 SN74145N.79 SN74251N 1.79 XC22G green 4/$1 4/$1
XC526G green
SN1445,'l .75 SN74.147N 1.95 SN74279N .79 XC22Y yellow 4/$1
XC526Y yellow 4/$1 4 DIGIT _ .5" CHARACTERS
SN7446N .69 SN74148N 1.29 SN74263N 2.25 .170" dla . XC526C clear 41$1 THREE ENUNCIATORS
SN7447N .59 SN74150N .89 SN74284N 3.95 MV10B red 41$1'
2.00" X 1.20" PACKAGE
SN7448N .79 SN14151N .59 SN14285N 3.95 .085" dl a. .190' dl•. INCLUDES CONNECTOR
SN7450N .20 SN74152N .59 SN74365N 69 MV50 red 61$1
XC111R red 5/$1
SN74153N .59 SN74365N .69 XC111G green 4/$1 Tl001·Transmissive $7.95

EXAR
SN7451N .20
SN7453N SN74154N .99 SN74367N 69 INFRA-RED LED XC111Y yellow 4/$1 n001A-Refiective 8.25
.20
SN7454N .20 SN74155N .79 SN7436BN .69 1WX1/4"xl/16" flat XC111C clear 4/$1 XR205 $3.40 XR2242CP 1.50
5/$1 XR210 4.40 XR2264 4.25
SN7459A
.SN7450N
20%
.25
.20
Discount 100
SN74156N
SN74157N
pcs combined order
.79
.55
25% ·1000
SN74390N
SN74393N
1.95
1.95
pcs combined order
TYPE POLARITY
DISPLAY
HT PRICE TYPE
LEOS
POLARITY HT . PRICE
~~m
~~5W5
1~~
1:~
14.95
l~:ro
~~~~
~~:1~
~:~~ U~
gCgO:':'DO,l :~~
.23
C/MOS
C040" .'9 gCg.044g0~70,1·.;4i9 ~M~AN
',I ;~7m;;t ~~I~eX-~f~
Common Cathode-rei!
.~~
125
~::;
.25
~:~ :~~~
MAN 6750
~~~~~~ ~~Oed;~:OI.0..:
Common Cathode-red:!: 1 .550
::
99
~~~~CP
XR567CT
:~
1.25 5.20
r:~
t~~ ~~:~~ XR4202 3.60
CD4006 1.19 CD4029 1.19 CD4076 1.39 MAN4 Common Cathode-red 187 1.95 MAN6760 Common Anode-red 560 .99 XR1310P 1.30 1.75 XR4212 2.05
CD4007 25 CD4030 .49 CD4081 .23 MAN7G Common Anode-green .300 1.25 MAN5780 Common Cathode-red .~~~ ~: XR1468CN 3.85 XR2211 5.25 XR4558 .75
~~:~~~.:: ~~:~!5 1.~: ~g:~~~.~~~Zg~ g~~~~: ~~~::~:~ow ~~ ::: ~~~~ ~~~~~~ ~~~~~;~~ed:!:1 .300 99 XRl488 1.39 XA2212 4.35 XR4739 1.15
~g:~g .~; ~~; 1:~~ ~~~~09 1~:~; ~: ~~ ~:~~~ ~~d~~~~I~:W :: 1:~ ~t~~~ ~:~~~ ~~~e~;~~ed :: 1.~ I-.:.:X:.:.Rl:.;;48:.:9~D~;;;;~9;"D"'E"'S_X:::R:.:.22:;;:4:::.0_TY::3=p~4;;:5:""'VD"'LT~S';';X;';'~;:.74.;,;1_..;\;,;.:7;"ICE:-f
C0401J .39 C04043 .89 MC14410 14.95 MAN84 common Cathode·yellow JOO .99 OL741 Common Anode-red 600 1.25 lN4002 100 PlV I AMP 12/1.00
C04014 1.39 C04044 .89 MCI4411 14.95 MAN3620 Common Anode·orange 300 99 OL746 Common Anode·red :!: 1 .630 1.49 TYPE VOLTS W PRICE lN4003 200 PIV1 AMP 12/1.00
CD4015 1.19 CD4046 1.79 MC14419 4.95 MAN3630 Common Anode·orange:!: 1 .300 .99 OL747 Common Aoode-reo .600 1.49 lN745 3.3 400m 4/1.00 lN4004 400 PIV1 AMP 12t1.00
CD4016 49 C04047 2.50 MC14433 19.95 MAN3640 Common Cathode·orange 300 99 DL749 Common Cathode'red :!: 1 .630 1.49 lN751 5.1 400m 4/1.00 lN4005 500 PIV I AMP 10/1.00
C04017 1.19 CD4048 1.35 MC14506 .75 MAN4510 Common Anode-oranpe 300 .99 DL750 Common tamode-reo .600 1.49 lN752 5.6 400m 4/1.00 lN4005 800 PlY 1 AMP 10/1.00
C04018 99 C04049 49 MC14507 99 MAN4640 Common cemcee-craoce .400 .99 OL33B Common camcce-ree lID .35 IN753 6.2 400m 4/1.00 IN4007 1000 PIVI AMP 10/1.00
CD4019 .49 C04050 .49 MC14562 14.50 MAN4710 Common Anode.red .400 .99 FN070 Common Cathode .250 .69 IN754 6.8 400m 4/1.00 tN3600 50 200m 6/1.00
C04020 1.19 C04051 1.19 MCI4583 3.50 MAN4730 Common Anmle·red :!: I 400 .99 FN0358 Common Cathode:!: I .357 99 IN757 9.0 400m 4/1.00 IN4148 75 10m 1511.00
C04021 1.39 CD4053 1.19 C04508 3.95 MAN4740 Common cattooe-ree .400 .99 FN0359 Common Cathode .357 .75 IN759 12.0 400m 4/1.00 IN4154 35 10m 1211.00
C04022 1.19 CD4056 2.95 ccere 1.39 MAN4810 Common Anode-yellow .400 .99 FND503 Common Calhode(FNOSOO) .500 .99 IN959 8.2 400m 4{1.oo IN4305 75 25m 15/1.00
C04023 .23 C04059 9.95 CD4511 1.29 MAN4840 Common Cathode·yellow 400 99 FND507 Common Anode (FND510) .500 .99 IN965 IS 400m 4/1.00 lN4734 5.6 Iw 28
C04024 .79 CD4050 1.49 C04515 2.95 MAN6610 Common enooe-crence-u.u 560 99 5082·7730 Common Anode-reo .300 1.30 IN5232 5.5 500m 28 lN473S 6.2 Iw 28
C04025 23 C040ll5 .79 C04518 1.29 MAN6630 Common Anode'orange:!: I .550 .99 HOSP-3400 Common Anode-red 800 2.10 lN5234 6.2 500m 28 lN4736 6.8 Iw 26
C04025 2.25 CD4058 .39 C04520 1.29 MAN5640 Common cemcee-craoce-o.o. 560 99 HOSP-3403 Common Cathode red 800 2.10 IN5235 6.8 500m 28 lN4738 8.2 Iw 28
~C;;;D4.;.;0;.;27_.-;.;.;S9
__ ..;;;CD;;;47°O;::;49"C=O~O·;.;;45:...._...;;CO;.;45;;;6S;......;';;..25~
~~~ ~~~ ~~~~~~ ;~~Oed_~-r~~a;:e:!: 1.: .= ~~~~:~~:!:~~~;.
~i~ii~~~~~~ :: ~~:~~ ~~;~~~ 1~·5 ~~: ~~ ~~:;1;~;~: ~:
74COO 39 74CI63 2.49 MAN6680 Common GalhOl1e-orange .560 .99 5082·7304 Overrange character (:!:I) .600 15.00 IN5245 15 500m 28 INI163 50 PlV35 AMP 1.60
74C02 39 74Cl64 2.49 MAN6710 Common Anode·re<l-O.O. .560 .99 5082·7340 4 x 7 Sgl. Digit-Hexadecimal .600 22.50 IN456 25 40m 6/1.00 INI184 100 PIV35 AMP 1.70
74C04 39 74C85 2.49 74C173 2.60 1-~~~-:-:~=-=--"'T'"-----""T-----"'"'T-_----4'N458 ISO 7m 6/1.00 INI185 150 PIV35 AMP 1.70
74CDB 49 "C9D 1.95 74C1" '.49 RCA LINEAR CALCULATOR CLOCK CHIPS MOTOROLA IN48SA 180 10m 5/1.00 1N1I86 'OOPlV35AMP 1.80
~:~~~ I:~~ ;:~~ ;::~ ~:~~:~ ~::: CA3013T 2.15 CA3062N 2.00 CHIPS/DRIVERS MM5309 54.95 MC1406L'7 S4.951-"IN:::4::::oo~1
~5:::OP~lV~1~A:::MP~~I.::21.:;:1.0~0=;;;IN:::".::BB~4~00~P:::'V.;;35:..:A::M::..P
_...:,:;::.oo::.j
74C20 39 74CI07 1.25 74C922 5.95 CA2023T 2.56 CA30ll3N 1.50 MM5725 $2.95 MM5311 4.95 MC1408L8 5.75 SeR AND FW BRIDGE RECTIFIERS
74C30 39 74CI51 2.90 74C923 6.25 CA3035T 2.48 CA3086N .85 MM5738 2.95 MM5312 4.95 MC1439L 2.95 C350 15A@400V SCR(2NI849) $1.95
~:g!~ ~::~
74C73 .89
~:~i;~
i:~~ ~:~~~~
74C160 2.49
~.;~~~~~~g~g~~:~
:::; ~~~~:~
8OG95 1.50 CA3059N 3.25 OO140T 1.25 OM8B87
~:~~~~i::::;
~~~~~
75 MM5318
~:;~ 9.95 MC4016(74416) 7.50
C38M
2N2328
35A@ 600V
I.SA@300v
5CR
SCR
1.95
.50
74C74 69 74CI61 2.49 8OC97 1.50 CA3060N 3.25 OO160T 1.25 OM8889 75 MM5369 2.95 MC4024P 3.95 MOA980-1 12A@50V rw BRIDGEREC. 1.95

78MG
LMI06H
1.15
.99
LINEAR lM710N
LM711N
.79 I:CSA'~DB~OT~..:...~85~CA3~4~D~IN~~.4~9~9~37~'~7'~"~';;m"ml=~M~M~5~38~7II~99~'A~~4.!95U!MC~404~OP:...._~6~.95t~M~0~A~98;.0-';...._~'2A;]@'f'OOIltiVfTSiS'i'OAFWIS8R~ID~GE~R:EC;;"_-:;I.~95;1
.39 ••CA3081N 2.00 CA3600N 3.50 C.A. LEOdriver MM5841 9.95 MC4044P 4.50 CIOSSI 50 2N3904 4/1.00 TRANSISTORS
LM300H .80 LM340K·18 1.35 LM723NIH 55 Ie SOLOERTAll- LOW R FILE (TIN) SOCKETS MPSA05 30 2N3055 .69' 2N3905 4/1.00
t~~~~~N/H}~
LM304H 100
t~~~~~~4
LM340T.6
U~
1.25
t~~i~~
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LM741CN/H 35 8pinLP
1-24
.$17
25-49
16
50-100
.15 • •••
22 pfn LP t~i38
25·49
.36
50-100
.35
MPSA06
TI597
°
5'//11..°00 M'NJ,',',,055 5/11..0 °
0 0
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I
4/1.00
3/1.00

t~~;~"IH:~ t~~3:gi~~2 :j~ t~~:~N~N :~~ ~: ::~ t~ :~ :~~ :~~ .,.......,....,~: ~~ t~ :~5 :~! :!~ !~~ 61111:.;'755 !~:~
~pNNN~'~56~~' i4:/:I:.~00 ip~N:';2l5:0
LM303CN/H 1.00
LM309H
LM309K
1.10
1.25
LM340T-15 1.25
LM340T.18 1.25
LM340T·241.25
lM748N/H
LM1310N
39
2.95
LMI458CN!H .59
18 pill LP
2Q pin LP
14 pin ST
.29
.34
$.21
.28
32
.25
.27
.30 SOLDERTAll
.24 __
STANDARD (TIN)
36 pin LP.60
40 pin LP.63
28plnSTS.99.90
.59
.62
.58
'.:~
40410
~~~~
2N2219A
4Ii:~
2/100
~Np~5::38A ~~:!~
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4/1.00
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00
t~~i~~H 1:~~ i·.~~ ~~i::~~
t~~~~~ i:~; 16 pin ST .30 .27 .25 ~~ ::~ ~i i:;: ~:~ i:~ 2N2221A 4/1:00 ~:3S/;402 ;j~:~~ ~~::~~ :j~:OO

t~~~~~
;:~ t~i;~~ ~i :~~ :!~ :!~ ~j~~~~:i7~504 ;;i:~ ~~~~ !;;:~
~~=::::~
t~~g~ ~:;~ I:~; ~: ::~ SOlDERTAll STANDARD (GOLD) .63 .57 $~~~~~APlastic

i:::~~ ::~~ ::~

LM318CN/il 150 lM38GN 125 MC1741SCP 3.00 _ _ 24 pin SG $ .70 2N2369 511.00 MPS3705 5/1.00 2N5087 4/1.00
~~i:~~
t~i~~~.5
~:i;
LM320K-5.2t~:~~
LM320K-12 1.35
~:~~
1:30 lM38OCN:99

NE50lN 8.00
LM21llN
t~~~~~
LM3065N
1.95
~:~
1.49
I: ::~ ~
i:,P:~~g :~
$:i~ :~~
.35
.47
:~
.32
.43 WIRE WRAP SOCKETS
I

40pinSG 1.75 1.59

1:~
1.45
~1~~~~
2N2484
2N2905
::~::
4/1.00
4/1.00
~i~~06
2N3701
2N3711
5/1.00
5/1.00
2N5129
PN5134
5/1.00
5{1.00
t~~~~~:~~
~:~; ~~~~~~
LM320K.2~
::~~
1.35 NE5'IHN '.95
t~~~~~~(3401).::
lM'909N 1.'5
8 pin WW $.39
IOpinWW.45
.38
.41
.31
.37
(GOLD) LEVEL #3
_
22 pin WW $ .95
24pinWW 1.05
.85
.95
.75
1'.'150
~~~~~ Plastic ~~~:~~
2N2925 5/1.00
~~~~~;~
2N3772
1.~~
2.25
;~~~i~
;j~:~~
2N5210 5/1.00
" 14pinWW .39 38 .37 •• 28pinWW 1.40 1.25
LM320T·5 1.25 NE536T 6.00 MC55S8V 59 16 pin WW .-43 .42 .41 36 pin WW 1.59 1.45 1.30 MJE295S 1.25 2N3823 1.00 2N5449 3/1.00
t~~~~i::'?
::~; ~~~~~:..~~ ~~~~50N 4::~ 18 pin WW .75 .68 .62 40 pin WW 1.75 1.55 1.40 2N3053 211.00 2N3900 5/1.00 2N5951 31.00

t~;;:j:l:;;
LM320T-18 1.25
~m~~'.~~
NE555N 99
~~;;g~;;
75453CN .39
1/4 WATT RESISTOR ASSORTMENTS - 5% CAPACI!Oll
10 OHM 12 OHM 15 OHM 18 OHM 22 OHM 10 pI 05 .04
~gp~~~~~i~
.03 .001.••
F
Cg~~~oR
05 "li4 .035
t~~~~~:~4 ~:~; ~~;~~~ ;:~~ ~~:~i~~
:~~ ASST. 1 5 ea 27 OHM ~3 OHM 39 OHM 47 OHM 56 OHM 50 pcs $1. 75 ~~~i ~~:~.~~.~~~~~F ~~ :~1.~~~
t~~~:~ I.:~ ~~;~~/H ~:~~ ~~~~~N .:~ ASST. 2 5 ea 1:~ ~~~: l~~ ~~~: ;~~~~~~ ~~~~~;:: ~~~~~~: 50 PeS 1. 75 i~~~: .~ :~!:~~.~~~~ :~ :~~:~
t~~~~~ ~:~; ~~~~~H I:~ ~~~~N I:~; .f70 OHM 5600HI.1 680 OHM 820 OHM ,1<. 470 01 .05100-.roLT:~~RF1·~,FCAPACITORS .12 .09 .075
LM340K-8 1.35 NE570N 4.95 RC4151 5.95 ASST. 3 5 ea l.?K I.:'K 1.61<. 2.2K 2.7K 50 PCS 1.75 .001ml .12 10 07 .022ml .13 .11 .08
LM340K-12 1.35 LM703CN!H .59 RC4194 5.95 J,JK 3.9K J.7~ 5.6": 6.BK .0022 12 10 .07 .047mf .21 17 .13
LM340K-15 1.35 LM709NIH 29 RC4195 4.49 ASST. 4 Sea 8.2K 10K 12K 15K 18K 50PCS 1.75 .~~~mf :g .:~ ~; '~~f :~~ ~~ .~~

~:t~~~~~ 74LSOOTTL ;!t~~~~ .~~

74LS02 .23 74LS47 .59 74LS151 .69
ASST. 5 5 ea 22K
56~
?7K
68K 1.75
~;~ 1~~~ 1;~~ 50 PCS .1/35V
.15f.l5V
+~:.26
0lPf3
.23
EO
T~NALU~~/~~eLlOI CAPA~~~ORS.25 .21
.17 2.2/25V 31 .27 .22

~~t~g: :~~ ~:t~ :~~ ~:~~;~::~

74LS05 .29 74LS55 .23 74LSl60 .89
ASST. 6 i~~~ 5 ea ~~~~ ~~~~ 1. 75 ~~~ ~~~ 50 PCS :~~:~
.47/35V
:~~.j~ :g
.28 .23 17
N~~~
6.8/25V
:5~ :~~ :~5
.36 .31 .25

:1t~: .~ i:~~i~ .~; ~:~~~:~:~ ASST. 7 5 ea. 2.;~; ~:~~ 1.75 ~..~~ ;:~~: ~:~~ 50 PCS I:~:S~V .~: .~~ :~~ ~~~~~ .~~ '~5 :~6

Jameco
ASST SR I I des Besi tArt t 1 7 (350 peS) $9 95 ea
~:t~~~:!~ ~:t~~~:~~ ~!t~~~~~~
74LSIO 23 74LS75 .49 74LSI63 .89
1-==_;..;.;;.....;n:.:.;c=u;.:e:;:s=e:.:.;s;.::ls:.:.;o;.:r.;.:.:.;s.::,so=m=en=s...;..-;..:.;;.;;.;;..;..;;.::.;,.:...._;..;.._
. ...;.....;..._.- •• 47/50V
MINIATURE
Alial~~;d
ALUMINUM
13 .10
ELECTROLYTIC
47/25V
CAPACITORS
Rad.'nlea~13 10

~:~~~;
74LS20
.~
.23
;:~~~
74LS86
:~~
.35
~:~:~
74LS191
2::~
.89
~~i~f~r~!~i~e~~e~~~~ Ad~'~'O/~~~I~~~~!y ~~~~~~~:I~g-A~:I~able-S8nd41~ stamp H~~~~.l;:H:n
10/25V .15 .13 .10
t~:~~:l~:1!:H
1.0{5OV .16 .14 .11
74LS21 29 74LS90 .49 74LS192 .89 PHONE 10/50V 16 .14 12 4.7I16V .15.13 .10
74LS22 29 74LS92 .59 74LS193 89 V"J1 22f25V.17 15 .12 4.7{25V .15 13 .10

~:~~~~
14LS28
74LS30
.~~
.29
.23
;:~~:;
74LS96
74LS107
.i:
.89
.35
~:t~~~:~~
74LS253
74LS257
79
.69
"""
...""'_"'.,.n,""".,.,,',.,.,. WELCOME
ORDERS
(415) 592·8097
~~j~~~
47t50V
lOO/25V
.~~ .21
25
24
.~~ :~~
.19
.20 18
~o~i~~v .16
10/25V
10/50V
.~~
IS ~i .12.~~
13
14
10

74LS32 .29 74LSI09 .35 74LS258 1.39 lOO/50V .35 .30 .28 47/50V .24 .21 .19
74lS37 .35 74LS112 .35 74LS260 .55 220125V .32 .28 25 IOO/IIIV 19 .I!) .14
741540 .29 74l512' .99 74l5'79.59 MAIL ORDER ELECTRONICS _ WORLDWIDE 220150V.45 .41 .38 l00/25V .24.20.18
74LS42 69 :n
~:t~~~~
74lSl36 .39
~:t~~~
7415570
.;:
1.95
1021
ADVERTISED
HOWARD AVENUE, SAN
PRICES GOOD THRU MARCH
CARLOS. CA 94070 ~~~~~v
22DO/15V.70
.~~.~
.52
:~~ ~~~:~~
55 470125V
:~~'f/ .~:
.31.28 2

,; Reader Service-see page 179 167

 DIODES/ZENERS CMOS L1NEARS, REGULATORS, etc.
QTY. QTY.
QTY • QTY. QTY.
lN914 100v 10mA .05 4000 .15
MCT2 .95 LM323K 5.95 LM380 (8-14 Pin)1.19
lN4005 600v lA .08 I 4001 .15 8038 3.95 LM324 1.25 LM709 (8-14 Pin) .35
lN4007 l000v lA .15 ! 4002 .20 LM201 .75 LM339 .75 LM711 .45
lN4148 75v 10mA .05 4004 3.95 LM301 .45 7805 (340T5) .95 LM723 .40
lN4733 5.1v 1 W Zener .25 4006 .95 LM308 .65 LM340T12 .95 LM725 2.50
4007 .20 LM309H .65 LM340T15 .95 LM739 1.50
lN753A
1N758A
6.2v
10v
500 mW Zener
.... .25
.25 4008
4009
.75
LM309K (340K-5)
LM310
1.50
.85
LM340T18
LM340T24
.95
.95
LM741 (8-14)
LM747
.35
1.10
35
lN759A
lN5243
12v
13v ..
..
.25
.25 4010
4011
.35
LM311D
LM318
.75
1.75
LM340K12
LM340K15
1.25
1.25
LM1307
LM1458
1.25
.65
lN5244B
lN5245B
14v
15v .. .25
.25 , 4012
.20
.20
.40
LM320H6
LM320H15
LM320H24
.79
.79
.79
LM340K18
LM340K24
LM373
1.25
1.25
2.95
LM3900
LM75451
NE555
.50
.65
.45
4013
7905 (LM320K5) 1.65 LM377 3.95 NE556 .85
SOCKETS/BRIDGES 4014 .75
QTY. LM320K12 1.65 78L05 .75 NE565 .95
4015 .75 LM320K24 1.65 78L 12 7 NE566 1.25
8-pin pcb .20 ww .35
.40 4016 .35 LM320T5 1.65 78L15 .75 NE567 .95
14-pin pcb .20 ww
4017 .75 LM320T12 1.65 78M05 .75
16-pin pcb .20 ww .40
4018 .75 LM320T15 1.65
18-pin pcb .25 ww .95
4019 .35
20-pin pcb .35 ww .95
4020 .85
22-pin pcb .35 ww .95
4021 .75 QTY . QTY.
- T T L
QTY.
- QTY,
24-pin pcb .35 ww .95
4022 .75 7400 .10 7482 .75 74221 1.00 74LS02 .30
28-pin pcb .45 ww 1.25
4023 .20 7401 .15 7483 .75 74367 .95 74LS04 .30
40-pin pcb .50 ww 1.25
4024 .75 7402 .15 7485 .55 75108A .35 74LS05 .35
Molex pins .01 To-3 Sockets .25 7403 .15 7486 .25 75491 .50 74LS08 .35
4025 .20
2 Amp Bridge 100-prv .95 1.95 7404 .10 7489 1.05 75492 .50 74LS09 .35
4026
25 Amp Bridge 200-prv ·1.50 7405 .25 7490 .45 74HOO .15 74LS10 .35
4027 .35
7406 .25 7491 .70 74HOl .20 74LSll .35
4028 .75
TRANSISTORS, LEDS, etc. 7407 .55 7492 .45 74H04 .20 74LS20 .30
QTY. 4029 1.15 7408 .15 7493 .35 74H05 .20 74LS21 .35
2N2222 (2N2222 Plastic.l 0) .15 4030 .30 7409 .15 7494 74H08
.75 .35 74LS22 .35
2N2222A .19
4033 1.50 7410 .15 7495 .60 74Hl0 .35 74LS32 .35
2N2907A PNP .19
2N3906 PNP (Plastic Unmarked) 4034 2.45 7411 .25 7496 .80 74Hll .25 74LS37 .35
.10 .45
7412 .25 74100 1.15 74H15 .45 74LS38
2N3904 NPN (Plastic Unmarked) .10 4035 .75
.45 7413 .25 74107 .25 74H20 .25 74LS40 .40
2N3054 NPN 4037 1.80
2N3055 NPN 15A 60v .60 7414 .75 74121 .35 74H21 .25 74LS42 .75
4040 .75 7416 .25 74122 .55 74H22 .40 74LS51 .45
T1P125 PNP Darlinaton 1.95
LED Green, Red, Vellow 4041 .69 7417 .40 74123 .35 74H30 .20 74LS74 .45
Clear .15
D.L.747 7 sea 5/8" Hiqh com-anode 1.95 4042 .65 7420 .15 74125 .45 74H40 .25 74LS76 .50
MAN72 7 seg com-anode (Red) 1.25 4043 .50 7426 .25 74126 .35 74H50 .25 74LS86 .45
MAN3610 7 seg com-anode (Orange) 1.25 4044 .65 7427 .25 74132 .75 74H51 .25 74LS90 .65
MAN82A 7 seg com-anode (Yellow) 1.25 4046 1.25 7430 .15 74141 .90 74H52 .15 74LS93 .65
MAN74 7 seq com-cathode (Red) 1.50 7432 .20 74150 .85 74H53 .25 74LS107 .50
4048 .95
FND359 7 seqcorn-cathode (Red) 1.25 7437 .20 74151 .65 74H55 .20 74LS123 1.20
4049 .45
7438 .20 74153 .75 74H72 .35 74LS151 .85
9000SERIES 4050 .45
7440 .20 74154 .95 74H74 .35 74LS153 .85
QTY. QTY. 4052 .75 1.15
7441 74156 .70 74Hl0l .75 74LS157 .85
9301 .85 I 9322 ,65
4053 .75 7442 .45 74157 .65 74H103 .55 74LS160 .95
9309 .35 9601 .20
4066 .55 7443 .45 74161 .55 74Hl06 .95 74LS164 1.20
9316 1.10 I 9602 .45
7444 .45 1.05
4069/74C04 .35 74163 .85 74LOO .25 74LS193
4071 7445 .65 74164 .60 74L02 .20 74LS195 .95
MICRO'S, RAMS, CPU'S, E-PROMS .25
7446 .70 74165 1.10 74L03 .25 74LS244 1.70
QTY. QTY. 4081 .30
8T13 1.50 21078-4 4.95 7447 .70 74166 1.25 74L04 .30 74LS367 .95
4082 .30 7448 .50 74175 .80 74L10 .20 74LS368 .95
8T23 1.50 2114 9.50
8T24 2.00 2513 6.25 4507 .95 7450 .25 74176 .85 74L20 .35 74S00 .35
8T97 1.00 2708 10.50 4511 .95 7451 .25 74180 .55 74L30 .45 74S02 .35
74S188 3.00 2716D.S. 34.00 4512 1.10 7453 .20 74181 2.25 74L47 1.95 74S03 .25
1488 1.25 2716 (5v) 59.00 4515 7454 .25 74182 .75 74L51 .45 74S04 .25
2.95
1489 1.25 2758 (5v) 23.95 7460 .40 74190 1.25 74L55 .65 74805 .35
1702A 4.50 3242
4519 .85 .45
10.50 7470 74191 1.25 74L72 .45 74808 .35
AM 9050 4.00 4116 11.50
! 4522 1.10 7472 .40 .40
74192 .75 74173 74810 .35
6800 13.95 4526 .95 7473 .25 74193 .85 74174 .45 74811 .35
MM 5314 3.00 6850 7.95 4528 1.10 7474 .30 74194 .95 74175 .85 74S20 .25
MM 5316 3.50 8080 7.50 4529 .95 7475 .35 74195 .95 74L93 .55 74840 .20
MM 5387 3.50 8212 2.75
MC 14409 14.50 7476 .40 74196 .95 74L123 .85 74S50 .20
MM 5369 2.95 8214 4.95
MC14419 4.85 7480 .55 74197 .95 74L800 .30 74851 .25
TR 16028 3.95 8216 3.50
1.50 7481 .75 74198 1.45 74L801 .30 74864 .15
UPD'414 4.95 8224 3.25 74C151
Z80A 22.50 8228 6.00 74874 .35
Z80
Z 80 PIO
17.50
10.50
8251
8253
7.50
18.50
i •.•••
19
INTEGRATED CIRCUITS UNLIMITED 748112
74S114
.60
.65
2102 1.45 8255 8.50 7889 Clairemont Mesa Blvd., San Diego, California 92111 748133 .40
2102L 1.75 TMS 4044 9.95 24 Hour Toll Free Phone 1-800-854-2211 748140 .55
(714) 278-4394 748151 .30
California Residents 1-800-542-6239 748153 .35
CUSTOMER NAME CABLE ADDRESS ICUSD 74S157 .75
74S158 .30
74S194 _ 1.05
STREET ADDRESS
74S257 (8123)1.05
8131 2.75
CITV STATE ZIP

AE Visa
SPECIAL DISCOUNTS
PHONE CHARGE CARD # BA MC EXP. DATE ___
Total Order Deduct
C.O.D. __ WILL CALL ___ UPS __ POST ___ NET 10th OF THE MONTH __ PO # $35-$99 10%
ALL ORDERS SHIPPED PREPAID - NO MINIMUM - COD ORDERS ACCEPTED - ALL ORDERS SHIPPED SAME DAY $100-$300 15%
OPEN ACCOUNTS INVITED - California Residents add 6% Sales Tax. PRICES SUBJECT TO CHANGE WITHOUT NOTICE. $301-$1000 20%
We accept American Express / Visa / BankAmericard / Master Charge
HICKOK
the value innovator
LX303
ALL THE MOST WANTED FEATURES
I

AT A MOST WANTED PRICE. • •

BIG %" HIGH LCD
DISPLAY
USE INDOORS OR OUT
200 HOUR 9V BATTERY
$74.95
LIFE
100 mV DC F.S. SENSITIVITY
AUTO ZERO, POLARITY,
OVERRANGE 19 RANGES AND FUNCTIONS
INDICATION
Here is the handfull of
accuracy you've been
waiting for. Handsomely
encased. Compact. Effi-
cient. Only 8 ounces.
Hickok's exciting, new
LX 303, 3112digit Mini-
Multimeter with high
quality components, one
year guarantee and
. rugged Cycolac® case
offers features previous-
ly found only in expen-
sive units ... at a price
under $75.00! So why
wait any longer? The
amazing LX 303 is here,
NOW! Another
American made test
equipment breakthrough
from Hickok.

SPECIFICATIONS
DC VOLTS (5 RANGES): O.lmV to 1000V;Accuracy
±0.5% rdg ±0.5% I.s.; Input imped: 10Mn; Max. in-
put 1kV except 500V on 200mV range.
AC VOLTS (40Hz to 5kHz): 0.1V to 600V; Accuracy:
± 1.0% rdg ±0.5% I.s. (-2dB max. at 5kHz); Max. in-
put: 600V.
RESISTANCE (6 LOW POWER RANGES): o.to to
20Mn; Accuracy: ±.05% rdg ±0.5% I.s. (±1.5% rdg
on 20Mn range); input protected to 120VAC all ranges.
DC CURRENT (6 RANGES): .01nA to 100mA; Ac-
curacy: ± 1.0% rdg ±0.5% I.s.
DIMENSIONS AND WEIGHT: 5-7/8" x 3-3/8" x 1-3/4",8
oz.; POWER: 9V battery (not included) or Hickok AC
adapter; READ RATE: 3/sec.
 • 4MHz operation guaranteed on high-density (16K and up)
•
boards, with no price penalty • Low current consumption with
guaranteed specs • Static technology used exclusively
• Buffered inputs for minimum buss loading • Buffered
tri-state outputs for maximum output drive • Unique multi-block
configurations for addressing flexibility • All memories conform
to industry standard board sizes • 1 year limited warranty
(not just 90 days) • Double-sided, plate through, solder masked
and legended circuit board • Complete documentation
• Gold-plated edge connector teeth that stand up to repeated
insertions • DIP switch address selection/deselection
• Sockets for all ICs, including low power Schottky support chips
• Optimized thermal design • Over 4 years of experience in
the design and manufacture of memories

Most Econorams are available in 3 forms: unkit (sockets, bypass caps pre-soldered in place for easy assembly); assembled and tested;
or qualified under the Certified System Component (CSC) high-reliability program (200 hour burn-in, 4 MHz operation over full temperature range,
serial numbered, immediate replacement in event of failure within 1 year of invoice date).

NAME STORAGE BUSS SPEED UNKIT ASSM CSC

ECONORAM Ir 8K X 8 8-100 2 MHz $139 $159 N/A

ECONORAM IV~ 16K X 8 8-100 4 MHz $295 $329 $429
ECONORAM vr 12K X 8 Heath H8 2 MHz $200 $270 N/A
ECONORAM Vir 24K X 8 8-100 4 MHz $445 $485 $605
ECONORAM IX~ 32K X 8 Dig Group 4 MHz $649 N/A N/A
ECONORAM X~ 32K X 8 8-100 4 MHz $599 $649 $789
ECONORAM XI~ 32K X 8 Intel/National 4 MHz N/A N/A $1050
80110 & 80120

'OTHER·MeMORY·PROOU·CTS··AN·i;·SPECiALTY··ii-·e·NiS'
~ ~
TRS-80 CONVERSION
KIT $109
Our kit is guaranteed for 1 year, includes DIP
shunts, and uses 240 ns chips for operation at 4
MHz. Upgrades 4K TRS-80 to 16K or populates
Memory Expansion Module; our novice level
instructions make it easy. Also expands memory
in Apple and Exidy Sorcerer computers.
MEMORY CHIP SPECIALS !!
2102L-1 (low power, better than 450 ns) 1K
static RAMs now only 99' while they last. Only
good on orders of 10 or more.
TMS4044 4K static RAMs, 450 ns, prime
parts - $7.95 each, 8 or more $6.95 each, 32 or
more $5_95 each, 64 or more $4_95 each, While
HEATH H8 BARE BOARD
MEMORY SPECIAL $35
Don't need the full 12K of our standard H8
memory? We now offer the board, mounting
bracket, edge connector, and print for only $35.
Populate it with a few support chips and readily
available, low cost 2102s to build your memory

-.
up to a full 12K whenever your budget permits.
.••
they last.
3 kits/$320.

...................................•......................... : .
• • a.
i ACTIVE TERMINATOR KIT $29.50 iPET TO S-100 INTERFACE BOARD $199.95:
•
: Our much imitated design plugs into any S-100 motherboard slot to treat the. • From HUH Electronics (designed by Mark Garetz). Mates S-100 boards to the •
:
• S·100 buss as the RF system it really is, thereby reducinq noise, glitches, ring- : Commodore PET, or serves as nucleus of stand-alone 6500 series system. :
: ing, overshoot, and other buss-related problems. Improves reliability, saves ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
• power compared to passive termination. •
•
•••••••••.....•....•.•.............••.•..•..••......•••••••.. :
••••••••••••• e ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••

................................................ ~ •
: AND HERE'S WHAT WE DO
ill
-
_
:
•
SLOT S-100 MOTHERBOARD UNKIT $90:
Includes 11 edge connectors
active termination
soldered in place for simplified
for reliable data transfer. Dimensions:
assembly,
8.5" x 11".
and .
:
:
•
FOR AN ENCORE!
We've got some great new products up our sleeves. How about 16K and 24K
bank select memories (perfect for the Alpha Microsystems machine)? Or a
memory management board that retrofits S-100 machines (Altair, IMSAI, etc.) so
• _ that they can address half-a-Megabyte of memory? Then there's our super S-100
:18 SLOT S 100 MOTHERBOARD UNKIT $124-
: - :
110 board,with two hardware UARTs (no software UARTSthat
full RS·232 specs, handshaking, and true S-100 compatibility
tieup yo urbuss),
... well worth
: Same as above, but 18 slots and edge connectors. Dimensions 8.5" x 16.7". : waiting for. Watch this space for details in the months ahead .

••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
WANT TO SEE OUR PRODUCTS? VISIT YOUR LOCAL COMPUTER STORE.
TERMS: Orders under $15 add $1 handling. Cal res
add tax. VISA"'/Mastercharge®
hour answering
shipping, excess refunded.
($15 min) call our 24
service at (415) 562-0636. Allow 5%
COD OK with street
address for UPS. Prices good through cover month
of magazine.
;,:®~~~~~~
170
 GOLD WIRE WRAP ~
With Rechargflabl.
SOCKETS ~~~~~~~
Sockets purchased In multiples of 50 per type may be combined for best price
• 15 megahertz bandwidth.
• External and Internal trigger. 1-24 25-49 50-99 100-249 250-999 1K-5K
A.-q"E 10% •!~'::fn~~~~3%~
microsec.to0.5 Sec/div· 21 PROe,E,1¢ 8 pin" .41
14 pin" .39
.38
.38
.35
.36
.31
.32
.27
.29
.23
.27
S Prices reduced
3 dig 1% DC $1
• Battery or line operation.
• Automatic & line sync modes.
• PowerconsumpUon< 15watts.
• VonlcIIG.ln-.Ollo!SOVldIY-12seUings:l:.J%.
_ PROBE 1C with the
purc hase 01
and ,the
this MAGAZINE
16 pin" .43 .42 .39 .35 .32 .30
• Viewing arel t.r-x 1.35",

3V2 dig .5% DC $1 • CUll slzlI2.7"H)(

·Patlt&.LabofO
6 .e'' W x 7.S"O. 3 pounds.
•••,•• '_lye.,
18 pin .63 .58 .54 .47 .42 .36
4dlg .1% DC $1
• 10101. 'Omevprobe ..
• l ••,h••e""';"Ou.. 20 pin .80 .75 .70 .63 .58 .53
4 dig .03% DC . 22 pin" .90 .85 .80 .70 .61 .57
Rechargeable batteries and charger
eluded 24 pin .90 .84 .78 .68 .63 .58
Measures DC Volts, AC Volts, Ohms and 28 pin 1.10 1.00 .90 .84 .76 .71
Current 40 pin 1.50 1.40 1.30 1.20 1.04 89
Automatic polarity, decimal and overload
Indication
Measures DC Volts, AC Volts, Ohms and
Current
Automatic polarity, decimal and overload,
Indication
No zaro adjustment and no full-scale ohms
adjust
Battery-operat!!d - NICad batteries; also AC
line operation.
Large LED display 'or easy reading without
Interpolation
Size: 1.S"H x 2.7''W x 4"0
Part, & labor guarantMd 1 year
Tilt aland option .
Leather cue .

.r..tincludesI2
l~nl&lumupKi· 8803
101$101' +S •• 12. MOTHER
-12 buses 1M insu· BOARD FOR
LaleG mounting spx.u
• winngSi(!lsllO'II'n.Com- S100 BUS
pontnl!ldebueepoxy MICRO·
glnswithwh,l'lIIirkingslor COMPUTERS
componlnll~lions.
• Gl0.poqgllssOOilrdwilh20ul\C~
COIIptf.5OId.rplilledaM.033dilmt-
III noles lor leids.
·SOId.r~kwilh!.OlOtrvrindo ••son Microcomputer Iprocessor 3682 9.6" X 4.5"
.tclltdcifcudsto.lVOOClillCe>dentllSllOf1
CIrCUits
.plugboard. use with S·100 bus. Com-
$10.97
$10.90
plete witb heat sink & hardware. 5.3'· x
• MII\lnts 11 receplacieswilhl00CMtacts(2
rO'Ws)()/I.125cenlerswilh.2s.orows~ing. 10'· x 1/16·· 3682-2 6.5" X 4.5" 3677·26.5" X 4.5"
V«torparlnumberR681-2:ormoun!SI0recep'
1a{IU pluS interconnections 10 small.rmolher bo;ird 1·4 5·9 10·24 $9.81 $9.74
lorlxpansion $19.95 $17.95 $15.96 Hi-Density Dual-In-Line
• ::.e::~~:;!!i~:~n~~~~~':.Sloropt~OI Price. 8801-1 Plugboardfor Wire Wrap
• UrQllbuses: +5VandGNO(10AMP$I.±I2VorI6V(1
~:~).currentralingSil'.perMIL'S'O-215'1111thlO"C
•
with Power & Grd. Bus
Epoxy Glass 1/16" 44
• FllslnVeelor·~kenciosurn.
• F,ts In t,",SAt 8060 mICrocomputer n up~lI(ler ~rd pin con. spaced .156

1/16 J/fi1iit BOARD

.042dia holes on
0.1 spacing for IC's
PRICE
SIZE 1·9 10·19 14 - G3 100 for
4.5x6.5" $1.56 $1.40 $30.00
4.5x17" $3.69 $3.32
16-G3 100 for
$30.00

,:~~&
~
PRICE: $11.95

... .. ....
•

.
=
•••••••••••••• &:.1 ••••••••

.-
.'.
.: 12:YB .=
;: ,rrn:.:'~':~"Q!".
 ...:.-..&..:E»:EI Computer Products
*
B51 5y,,"
DISK DRIVES $295.00
by Micro Peripherals, Inc. Operates
In eithe, single density (125KB,
* 5-100 MOTHER BOARDS
JADE 6·SLDT
Kit $41.95
$56.95
ELECTRONIC
SYSTEMS
Assembled & Tested
unformatted) or double density Bare Board $24.95
(250KB, unformatted) modes, up "KANSAS CITY STANDARD"
to 40 tracks, with a track-to-track 9-SLOT "LITTLE MOTHER" TAPE INTERFACE
access time of only 5 ms.
Kit $85.00 Part No. 111
SA801R $495.00
by Shugart Single·slded S" floppy Assembled & Tested $99,00 Board $7.60; with parts $27.50
disk drive. - 15 megahertzbandwidth. Bare Board $35.00
FOB-100 $395_00 - Externalandinternaltrigger. RS·232/TTL INTER FACE
GSI/Siemens. Runs cooler and - Time Base...,0.1 microsecondsto 0.5 13-SLOT "QUIET MOTHER" Part No. 232
quieter than SOl (S") Sec/div- 21 settings. Kit $95.00 Converts TTL to RS-232
DM2700-S $750.00 - Batteryor line operation. Assm. & Tested $110.00 and RS-232 to TIL
Includes SAS01R. 10"x10"x16" - Automaticandlinesyncmodes. Bare Board $40.DO Board only $4.50;
cabinet, power supply, data cable, with parts $7.00
fan, AC line filter. - Powerconsumptionlessthan 15W. 22-SLOT "STREAKER"
- Verticle Gain - 0.01 to 50 volts/div- RS·232/TTY INTERFACE
Assm. & Tested $149.00
1791 BOl 12settings. Part No. 600
Dual Density Controller Chip - Weightis only 3 pounds. J..&.x»E Converts RS-232 to 20mA
MS-15 . . . . . . . . . . . . $318 VIDEO INTERFACE current loop, and 20mA current
$49.95 MS-215Du~1TraceVersion. . . . . $435 loop to RS·232
5-100 Compatible Serial Inter-
• With Rechargeable face with Sockets Included. Board only $4.50;
Batteries & Charger Unit Kit $117.95 with parts $7.00
10to I, 10 megprobe $27 Assembled & Tested $159.95
Leathercarryingcase $45 Bare Board w/manual $ 35.00

Z80A SPECIAL

Model LP·'
4MHz

* Zilog CPU Chip

$14,95*

TlJ-.
Hand·held
TTL:
logic probe prOllides innilnt reading 01 Logic lewis lor
OTL.. HTl. 0' CMOS. InpUI Impedance, 100.000 ohms
Convert your T. V. set into a
Minimum DIIKubie Pub., 50 ns, M••imum Input Silln,1 Video Monitor
IFrequency): 10 MHz. Pul •• DelKlo, (Leol: High SPeed train
Or lingle event, Pulse M.mory: Pulse Or level tr8fuillon detected Kit $8.95
endnored.
CSC Model LP·l Logic P.obe-Net Each.
J.A..x»E
•• VERBATIMTM MODEL LP.3
High .peed lOgic prObe. Capture.
Imp.cllnu: 500,000
pulses e, ,hort.,
ohms. Minimum Det.ct.ble
10 n s. Input
Pulse: 10 ru.
FLOPPY DISKS Maximum Input Sign.1 (Frequ,ncy): 50 MHz. Pulse D.tector
ILEDI: High Ipeed train or single event. Pulse Mlmo.y: Pulse oe
PARALLEL/SERIAL
INTERFACE
5140in. Minidiskettes level tran,ition detecled and stored
CSC Model LP·3 LOgic Prob.-Net Each.
Soft sector, 10 sector, or 16 sector 5·100 compatible 2 serial I/O
$4.40 each or 3-LEVEL GOLD ports, 1 parallel I/b. year.
box of 10 for $40.00 KIt JG-P/S $124.95 . LCD-l02. runs on 12 Volt system and is
WIRE WRAP SOCKETS back lighted.
8 in. Standard Floppy Disks Assembled & Tested, • LCD·l01 or LCD-102
Soft Sector 14 PIN 39t each JG-P/SA $179.95 your choice $34.95 ea.
$4.75 each-l0 for $42.50 16 PIN 43t each • Clear desk stand for .. $2.00
100 for $30.00 Bare Board w/Manual $ 30.00
FLOPPY DISK INTERFACE Sockets are end and side stack-
JADE FLOPPY DISK (Tarbell able, closed entry. Integral
board)
Kit GOLD PLATED
Data Syste"1! Check the impressive

t)
$175.00
Assembled & Tested $250.00 s-ren EDGE CONNECTORS features on Integral's
S_D_Computer Products - IP-125 Impact Printer
liiilililililiiliiiilililiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii
VERSA-FLOPPY Soldertail
10 for $30.00
$3.25 each only $799
Kit $159.95 Wire Wrap $4.50 each
•Assembled & Tested $239.00 10 for $40.00 LOADED WITH EXTRAS AT NO EXTRA ~OST
• Microprocessor controller _ Serial RS232C Interface - Paraue! TTL level interface. Full
and lower case ASCII character set (96 characters) • Full 81h" inch wide paper. Line
EXPANDOR'S BLACK BOX PRIN
upper
length of 80 columns at 10 characters per inch. Impact printing· 7x7 dot matrix _ Ordinary
paper-roll, tan tcrd, or sheet. Serial baud rate to 1200 bits per second. Multiple line buffer
This 64-character ASCII impact printer
with BO-column capability is portable
and uses standard B'/2" paper and reg-
./ of 256 characters.
without adjustment.
table top console
Instantaneous
ReinKing
print rate to 100 characters
ribbon mechanism.
per second.
Front panel operator
Multiple copies
controts e Attractive

ular typewriter ribbon. Base, cover

and parallel interface are included. IP-125 Integral Data System IP-125 Friction Feed Printer
Assembled and complete with manual - 96 upper & lower case ASCII character set
and documentation. only $470.00 - Enhanced character control
-Serial RS232C Interface (std. factory wiring)
- Parallel TTL I nterface (factory wired on req.)
(90 day manufacturer's warranty) -BO column line
- 256 byte multiline buffer $799
TRS·80 I nterface Cable for Black Box Printer
With rna tmq connectors, $48.00 IP-225 I ntegral Data System I P-225 Tractor Feed Printer
(must be used wit h e x o a ns i on module, t Bv z I - All standard features of I P-125
amp power supply required} -Tractor feed paper drive
Power Supply for TRS-80/Black Box Printer $49.00 - Forms Control Option (P1250) $949

_ Plugboards ,e ~,,~-
'1f.'-~" " ~ ~- ' ' ' -·-'"1
8800V "':~ri":~,:/' : ·1-:'
.Jnive r sa l Microcomputer/processor

~- ,--
plugboard. Use with S-100 bus. Com-
plete with heat sink & hardware. ,
5.3" x 10" x 1/16". ,
Hi-Density Dual-in-Line Plug-

3690-12
Gen.
with
Purpose
Bus Pattern
D.I.P.
for Solder
Boards
or 8801·1 P pattern plugboards for IC's
board
Power
for
&
Wire
Grd.
Wrap
Bus
with
Epoxy
Wire Wrap. Epoxy Glass 1/16" Same as 8800V except plain; less Epoxy Glass 1/16" 44 pin con. Glass 1/16" 44 pin con. spaced
CARD EXTENDER 44 pin con. spaced .156. power buses & heat sink.. spaced .156. .156.
Card Extender has 100 contacts. 50 per side
1-4 5-9 10-24
on .125 centers. Attached connector is com-
patible with 5-100 Bus Systems .. $25.00 3677 9.6" x 4.5" S10.90 8800V 19.95 17.95 15.96 3662 6.5" x 4.5'· $7.65 36829.6" x 4.5" $10.97
36906.5" 22/4 pin. 158 etr •.
3677-26.5" x 4.5" $9.74 8801·1 14.95 13.46 11.96 3662·29.6" X 4.5" $11.45 3682·2 6.5" x 4.5'· $9.81
Extender •......••...•. _ • $12.00

172
 800/421-5809 Continental U.S.
PLACE ORDERS TOLL FREE: 800/262-1710 Inside Callto;nla

LEEDEX MONITOR Dllna.IITE NEW! .

• 12" Black and White
Naked Terminal
JADE zao BOARD ~
• 12MHZ Bandwidth IMPROVED DESIGN AND
• Handso'XIePlastic Case FEATURES & BENEFITS FEATURES
• Industry standard 80 character • ON BOARD 2708 or 2716 EPROM
$140.00 by 24 line format (Model 57)
• Completely self contained termi-
• VERY RELIABLE AT 4 MHZ OR
2 MHZ
includes dip plugs and
instructions
nal electronics, just add CCTV
Lcw pnce Includes monitor and keyboard. • POWER ON JUMP AND RESET
TIE
_1
KIM·' Module. rmnrtnr
programs stored In
• No support software required.
• Switch selectable modes: Half • ON BOARD USART (8251)
*TRS-80 Kit *
(16K X 1, 300n5)
~~~~a~Ow~I~;:;:~c~~ Duplex, Full Duplex, Block
". mane. Hardware ManIJ31 mode. Kit
includes connectors
instructions
and

$179 Programming Manual

Programmers Reference
Card KeyooardiOlSpla'l
• Block mode allows editing be-
fore transmit.
• Keyboard interface provided,
Assembled & Tested
4MHz $75.00
1----------------1 including regulated +5 volts and

$245 ·
-12 volts.

IB
6502 -
computer
L..
•••
oased single board
with keyboard/dis-
Video
Black".
Is switch
"Black-on-Whlte"
selectable as
or "White-on-

• Fully assembled, socketed, tes-

ted, burned In, and guaranteed
for a full year from date of Regular Price 30d each
play, K I M-1 hardware compa- purchase.
tible, complete documentation.
SPECIAL: 10 for $1.00!
SYM-1 CASE $29.95
MICROPROCESSORS
F8 $16.95
$20.00
~~g~2(~~f.lZ) $14.95
COP1802CO $17.95
6502
6800
$11.95
$16.95
RocllUlel1 AIM-85: The Head-ltart DYNAMIC RAM BOARDS
6802
8008·1
$25.00
$12.95
In Microcomputers EXPANDABLE TO 64K
8035 $20.00
8035·8 $21.00 A KIM-1 compatible machine with 32K VERSION. KITS
8080A $10.00 on-board printer and a real keyboard!
8085 $23.00 Uses 4115 (8Kxl, 250ns) Dynamic
TM59900TL $49.95 $375.00 w/1K RAM RAM's, can be expanded In 8K
8080A SUPPORT DEVICES $450.00 w/4K RAM increments up to 32K:
8212 $ 2.90 4K assembler/editor in ROM: $ 80.00
8214 $ 4.65
8216 $ 2.75 8K BASIC in ROM: $100.00 8K $159.00 24K $249.00
$ 4.30 16K $199.00 24K $299.00
mU2~~~Z) $ 9.95
Power supply: $ 59.95
8226 $ 2.75 Case for AIM-65: $ 49.95 4115 SALE
8228 s 6.40
8238 s 6.40
Special Package Price: $599.00 8 for $39.95
8243 $ 8.00
8251 $ 7.50 AIM-65 (4K), Power Supply, Case, and 8K BASIC ROM
8253 $20.00 64K VERSION. KITS
8255 $ 6.45
8257
8259
$20.00
$20.00
r••••
~~~II~~~II~IJ~~.,~~~••~~~ ••~~~ ••••
~useS4116(16KX1,200nS)Dynam
RAM's, can be expanded in 16
increments UP to 64K:
8275
8279
$75.00
$18.50 KIMSI BETSI 16K $249.00 48K $469.00
USRT

* *
INTERFACE/MOTHERBOARD INTERFACE/MOTHERBOARD 32K $369.00 64K $569.00
52350 $10.95
Makes S-1 00 cards plug-in Makes S-1 00 cards plug-in
UARTS
AY5-1013A $ 5.25 compatible with KIM! compatible with PET!
AY5-1014A
TR1602B
$
$
8.25
5.25
Kit $125.00 Kit $119.00 ST"ATIC RAM
TM56011 $ 5.95 Assembled & $165.00 Assembled &
Tested $159.00 SPECIALS
IM6403 $ 9.00 Tested
BAUD RATE GENERATORS
MC14411 $10.00
14411 Crystal
6800 PRODUCT
$ 4.95
TEXTOOL ZIP* DIp® II
F=3
6810P $ 4.00
6820P $ 6.60
6821P
6828P
6834P
6850P
$ 6.60
$11.25
$16.95
$ 8.65
Sockets
6852P $11.00 ·ZERO INSERTION FORCE sockets
6860P $ 9.25
6862P
6871P
6875P
$12.00
$28.75
$ 8.75
r"""!.-~
r 01
PRICES:
16 pin Zip Dip II $5.50
6880P $ 2.50 24 pin Zip Dip II $7.50
CHARACTER GENERATORS , I,

~m~g£~~\~gW)
2513 Upper (5 Wit)
$ 6.75
$ 6.75
$ 9.75
- : ! '" 40 pin Zip Dip II $10.25

2513 Lower (5 volt) $10.95

PROMS
MCM6571 up scan
MCM6571A down scn
$10.95
$10.95 J'...A..:K:»::E vJ6
1702A
2708
2716 (5+12) TI
$ 8.00
$ 9.95
$60.00
Computer Products JADE 8K
Kits: 450n5 $125.95
2716 (5v) INTEL $60.00 4901 W. ROSECRANS AVENUE 250n5 $149.75
2758 (5v) $23.40 Department 'K Telephone: Assembled & Tested:
450n5 $139.75

•
DYNAMIC RAMS HAWTHORNE. CALIF ~0250 12131 679-3313
4160/4116 (250ns) $12.50
USA Telex: 250n5 $169.75
2104/4096 $ 4.00 Bare Board: $ 25.00
2107B-4 $ 3.95 18·1823
TM54027/4096 (300ns) $ 4.00 16K - Uses 2114's (lOW power)
STATIC RAMS 1-15 16-100
, Assembled & Tested:
21L02 (450ns) $ 1.50 $ 1.20 RAM 16 (250n5) $375.00
21 L02 (250ns) $ 1.75 $ 1.50 RAM 168 (450ns) $325.00
2101·1 $ 2.95 $ 2.60 Cash, checks, money orders, and credit cards accepted. Add
2111·1 $ 3.25 $ 3.00 16K with management
2112-1 $ 2.Q5 freight charge of $2.50 for orders under 10 Ibs. and $1.00 service
$ 2.65
FLOPPY DISK CONTROLLERS charge for orders under $10.00. Add 6% sales tax on all parts
1771801 $39.95 delivered in California. Discounts available at OEM quantities.
1791 $49.95
KEYBOARD CHIPS
AY5·2376 $13.75 WRITE FOR OUR FREE CATALOG
AY5-3600 $13.75 All prices subject to change without notice.
MM5740 $18.00

V Reader Service-see page 179 173

 Birmingham AL
Attention, Hobbyists and Businessmen
We've got it all. Business systems. personal
systems, software packages, custom pro- This Dealer Directory was created to give exposure to computer and electronics dealers and to help you find the sources for equipment, com-
gramming, peripherals and components. All ponents and services. These dealers are actively looking to supply your needs in the home and business computer market. Call the one nearest you!
supported by our expert service force. The
Computer Center, Inc., 433 Valley Avenue,
Birmingham AL 35209, 942-8567.
Hartford CT St. Paul MN York PA
Peoria AZ Complete microcomputer systems for busi- Ohio Scientific Authorized Dealer. Complete Personal and small-business systems. Com-
Discount prices: North Star, Pertec disk drives, ness, professional and industrial applications. business and personal computer systems. ponents and peripherals. Books, magazines,
Integrand mainframes, Godbout memories, Word processing and more. North Star, PET, Store hours: Man-Sat 9-5. Custom software information. Hobbyists welcome. 1/2 block
Tarbell disk controllers, TEl mainframes, Ver- Teletype, Verbatim supplies ... software design and programming. To take advantage from Business 83 at Iron Bridge. G.Y.c. Co., 51
batim diskettes, custom hardware/software, packages. Multi-Business Computer Systems, of our many years of computer experience Hamilton Ave., York PA 17404, 854-0481.
service, repairs & consulting. Thought Works, 28 Marlborough Street, Portland CT 04680, call, write or visit: Frisch Computer Systems,
10425 W. Seldon Ln., Peoria AZ 85345, 342·2747. tnc., 1415 Arcade St., 51. Paul MN 55106,
972-4065. 771-7569.
Memphis TN
Cornputerf ab of Memphis-Now open. Serv-
Chicago IL
ing the mid-South with a complete line of the
Los Angeles CA Staffed by computer professionals. largest St. Louis MO
most popular systems. Computerlab, 627
Featuring: PolyMorphic, North Star, Imsai, selection of books and magazines in the Experimenters' Paradise. Electronic and South Mendenha,1I Rd., Memphis TN 38117,
Cromemco, Extensys, Speechlab products Chicago area. Specialists in CP/M, Apple mechanical components. Computer People, 761-4743.
and Poly-88 Users Croup software exchange. Computer and Alpha microsystems. Data Audio People, Hams, Robot Builders, Experi-
All products 10-20% off list. We won't be Domain of Schaumburg, Plaza de las Flores, menters. Open six days a week. Gateway Elec-
undersold! A-A-A·A Discount Computer 1612 E. Algonquin Rd., Schaumburg IL 60195, tronics Corp., 8123-25 Page Blvd., St. Louis Houston TX
How's, 1477 Barrington, Suite 17, Los Angeles 397-8700. MO 63130, 427·6116. Bare boards, kits, small systems, multiuser
CA 90025, 477-8478. systems, custom hardware design, software
Naperville IL White Plains NY for business or hobby, nationwide consulting
Palo Alto CA available. Please call. Houston Computer
Discount Prices: Creed Teletype's, optical Processor Technology, North Star HORIZON,
Mart, 8029 Gulf Freeway, Houston TX 77017,
Systems available for immediate delivery: scanners, Solid State Music products, In- Apple II, Commodore PET and KIM; full line
649-4188.
word processing; multiprogramming, multi- tegrand mainframes, Vista floppy-disk sys- of books, components and peripherals;
user work in process; business; medical/dental tems, many other items, complete hardware classes in our Seminar Room. The Computer
billing and accounts receivable. Software and and software systems. Wilcox Enterprises, Corner, 200 Hamilton Avenue, White Plains Richland WA
hardware guaranteed. Byte of Palo Alto, 2233 25W178-39th sr., Naperville IL 60540, NY 10601, 949·3282. Apple, North Star, Ohio Scientific. All prod-
EI Camino Real, Palo Alto CA 94306, 327-8080. 420-8601. ucts listed in Byte Shopper, classes,literature,
Akron OH electronic parts, repair service. Custom de-
Santa Barbara CA Grand Rapids MI We've got it all. Business systems. Personal
sign/consulting in both hardware and soft-
ware. Ye Olde Computer Shoppe, inc., 1301
North Star software available for the North Full-line microcomputer store. Ohio Scien- systems. Software packages. Custom pro-
George Washington Way, Richland WA
Star Micro-disk system. All software packs tific- Equinox- PolyMorphic Systems- gramming. Terminals. Printers. Service and
99352, 946-3330.
come on diskette with manuals and will run in Digital Systems-Codbout- Dynabyte- books. Easy freeway access. 11 AM to 7 PM
a 24K system. Gene Christianson & Assoc., PO Thinker Toys-Meca-North Star. Micro Monday-Saturday. The Basic Computer Shop,
Box 267, Santa Barbara CA 93102, 682-5693. Computer World, 313 Michigan St., N.E., Fairlawn Plaza, 2671 West Market St., Akron Dealers: Be the first in your area to advertise
Grand Rapids MI 49503, 451-8972. OH 44313, 867-0808. here. Get the jump on your competition.
Denver CO
Experimenters' Paradise. Electronic and
mechanical components. Computer People,
Audio People, Hams, Robot Builders, Experi- Dealers: Listings are 515 per month in prepaid quarterly payments, or one yearly payment of 5150, also prepaid. Ads include 25 words describing
menters. Open six days a week. Gateway Elec- your products and services plus your company name, address and phone. (No area codes or merchandise prices, please.] Call Marcia at 603-924-3873
tronics Corp., 2839 W. 44th Ave., Denver CO
80211, 458-5444. or write Kilobaud MICROCOMPUTINC. Ad Department. Peterborough NH 03458.

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174
 TRS-SO
SERIAL 1/0
• RS-232 compati-
ble • Can be used with
or without the expan-
sion bus • On board
switch selectable baud
rates of 110. 1 50.
300. 600. 1200. 2400.
parity or no parity odd
or even. 5 to 8 data
bits. and 1 or 2 stop
bits. D.T.R. line. Board
only $19.95 Part No.
8010. with parts $59.95
Part No. 8010A. as-
sembled $79.95 Part
No. 801 DC. No con-
nectors provided. see
I nector $4.00 Part No.
nector Part No.
DB25P $6.00, with
9', B conductor
cable $1 0.95 Part
No.OB25P9.
3' ribbon cable
with ettached con-
nectors to fit TRS-
80 and our serial
board $19.95 Part
No.3CA84Q.
E.S. HEX ENCODED
KEYBOARD
This HEX keyboard
has 19 keys. 16 encod-
ed with 3 user defin-
able. The encoded TTL
outputs. 8-4-2-1 and
STROBE are debounced
and available in true
and complement form.
Four onboard LEOs
indicate the HEX code
generated for each
key depression. The
board requires a single
+5 volt supply. Board
only $15.00 Part No.
HEX-3. with parts
$49.95 Part No. HEX-
3A. 44 pin edge con-
E.S.
4K EPROM ;Wmc/;ne
This board is designed to operate with any
speed or power 1702A. Addressable in 4K
byte increments and can be configured to
occupy either 2K or 4K segments. It can be
populated one memory chip at a time. Bare
board $30. board with parts $200. assembled
$230. Part No. EPM-1
16K OR 32K EPROM
(wmci;ne.
Designed to operate with any speed or power
2708 or single voltage (+5V)2716. Address-
able in 4K increments and can occupy
multiples of 4K. It can be populated one
memory chip at a time. Has bank addressing
and Phantom Disable. The board comes with
an exclusive software program that can be
placed in a 2708 or 2716 that will. when used
in conjunction with a RAM memory board.
check out every line on the EPM-2. Bare
board $30. board with parts with 2708
$455. assembled $485. Board with parts
with 2716 $1.225. assembled $1.255. Part
No. EPM-2
SOSOA CPU (With EightLevel
Victor Interrupt Capabilityl /WTnCl;ne.
Uses the 8080A and the 8224 clock chip.
The crystal frequency used is 18 MHz and
the vector interrupt chip is the 8214. The
board will function normally without the
interrupt circuitry. When the interrupt
circuitry is built UP. the board will respond to
eight levels of interrupts. Designed to be a
plug-in replacement for the IMSAI CPU board
and will work in other computers with the
appropriate modifications made to the ribbon
cable connector pin out from the front panel.
The board will work in systems without a
front panel if the system has a PROM board
that simulates the functions of the front
panel. Bare board $30. with parts $185.
assembled $220. Part No. CPU-1
16K STATIC RAM
/wmC'/;nc.
Operates with any speed or power 2114. All
input and output lines are fully buffered.
Addressable in 4K byte increments. If the
system has a front panel. the board will allow
itself to be protected. If there is no front
panel. the board will not allow itself to be
protected. The board has Bank Address
capability. Phantom Disable. MWRITE. and
selectable wait states. Bare board $30.
board with parts $665. Part No. MEM2

S-100 BUS
ACTIVE TERMINATOR *
Board only $14.95 Part No. 900. with parts
$24.95 Part No. 900A
PIICEON

65K DYNAMIC RAM

Main memory for microcomputers. intelligent
9 AND 13 SLOTiwmC4ne terminals. business systems. medical sys- SK EPROM PIICEON
tems. and OEM systems .• High density
MOTHER BOARDS random access memory 48K bytes or 64K Saves programs on PROM permanently (until
bytes. Fully buffered. S-1 00 bus compat- erased via UV light) up to 8K bytes. Programs
All traces are reflow solder covered and both ible • Low power (dynamic memory) • Trans- may be directly run from the program saver
sides are solder masked. The connectors parent refresh. Digital delay line techniques such as fixed routines or assemblers .• S-
used on these boards are the IMSAITM type for reliable operation • Multiple boards 100 bus compatible. Room for 8K byte~ of
(,125" between pins .. 250" between rows). allowed using hardware or software controlled EPROM non-volatile memory (2708·s) .• On-
Spacing between connectors is .750". All bank select. "Phantom" signal for RAMI board PROM programming • Address
lines. except power and ground. have a ROM overlap. All boards are fully tested relocation of each 4K or memory to any 4K
passive RC network termination available. prior to shipment. Operating System test boundary within 64K • Power on jump and
There is a kluge area available that will accept and extensive bit pattern testing .• Works reset jump option for "turnkey" systems and
two 40 pin sockets and one 36 pin socket. directly in 8080A processors or Z-80 computers without a front panel. Program
The circuitry for supplying three separate environment at 2M Hz • Currently used by saver software available. Solder mask both
regulated voltages to the kluge area is industry • 1 year warranty. Only available sides • Full silkscreen for easy assembly.
contained on the board. Part No. QMB-12 assembled and tested with 48K $1.250 Part Program saver software in 1 2708 EPROM
$40 bare. $105 kit. $120 assembled. Part No. 48K. or with 65K $1.475 Part No. 65v $25. Bare board $35 including custom coil.
No. QMB-9 $35 bare. $90 kit. $105
board with parts but no EPROMS $139. with
assembled.
4 EPROMS $179. with 8 EPROMS $219.

T.o Order'
.,
Mention part number. description. and price. In USA. shipping paid for orders accompanied by check. money order. or Master Charge. BankAmericard. or VISA
• number, expiration date and signature. Shipping charges added to C.O.D. orders. California residents add 6.50/0 for tax. Outside USA add 10% for air mail
postage and handling. no C.OD.'s. Checks and money orders must be payable in US dollars. Parts kits include sockets for alllCs. components. and circuit
board. Documentation is included with all products. Prices are in US dollars. No open accounts. To eliminate tariff in Canada boxes are marked "Computer
• Parts." Dealer inquiries invited. 24 Hour Order Line: (40B) 226-4064 ~~ Circuits designed by John Bell

For free catalog including parts ,lists and schematics, send a self-addressed stamped envelope.

ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS Dept. KB, ao Box 21638, San .Jose, CA. USA 95151

V' Reader Service-see page 179 175

 KILOBAUP/MICROCOMPUTING BOOK NOOK

e HOBBY COMPUTERS ARE HERE!- to interconnect a complete system and in-

BK7322-lf you want to come up to speed terface it to all the usual peripherals. It
on how computers work ... hardware and covers hardware and software skills and
software ... this is an excellent book. It techniques, including the use and design
starts with the fundamentals and explains of model buses such as the IEEE 488 or
the circuits, the basics of programming, TO
S100. $9.95'
along with a couple of TVT construction eTTL COOKBOOK-BK1063-by Donald
projects, ASCII-Baudot, etc. This book has Lancaster. Explains what TTL is, how it
the highest recommendations as a teach- works, and how to use it. Discusses prac-
ing aid for newcomers. $4.95.' tical applications, such as a digital count-
eTHE NEW HOBBY COMPUTERS- er and display system, events counter,
BK7340- This book takes it from where electronic stopwatch, digital voltmeter,
"Hobby Computers Are Here!" leaves off, and a digital tachometer. $8.95.
with chapters on Large Scale Integration, ~~~~~ eCMOS COOKBOOK-BK1011-by Don
how to choose a microprocessor chip, an Lancaster. Details the application of
introduction to programming, low cost 110 CMOS,the low power logic family suitable
for a computer, computer arithmetic, for most applications presently dominat-
checking memory boards, a Baudot moni- ed by TTL. Required reading for every seri-
tor/editor system, an audible logic probe ous digital experimenter! $9.95.*
for finding those tough problems, a ham's eTVT COOKBOOK-BK1064-by Don
computer, a computer QSO machine ... Lancaster, describes the use of a stan-
and much, much more! $4.95* dard television receiver as a microproces-
elNTRODUCTION TO MICROPROCES- sor CRT terminal. Explains and describes
SORS-BK1032-by Charles Rockwell of character generation, cursor control and
MICROLOG is an ideal reference for the interface information in typical, easy-to-
individual desiring to understand the understand Lancaster style. $9.95.
hardware aspects of microprocessor sys- eTHE "COMPULATOR" BOOK-BUILD·
tems. Describes the hardware details of ING SUPER CALCULATORS & MINICOM-
computer devices in terms the beginner PUTER HARDWARE WITH CALCULATOR
can understand, instead of treating the CHIPS-BK1012-by R. P. Haviland, pro-
micro chip as a "black box." Specific vides ideas, design info and printed circuit
systems are not described and program- boards for calculator chip projects, mea-
ming is only briefly discussed. $17.50 US sure time, tie in with a Teletype to create a
and Canada, $20 elsewhere. * virtually infinite memory system, and
eBASIC NEW 2ND EDITION-BK1081- countless other functions. $7.95.'
by Bob Albrecht. Self-teaching guide to e BASIC COMPUTERGAMES-BK1074-
the 'computer language you will need to Okay, so once you get your computer and
know for use with your microcomputer. are running in BASIC, then what? Then
This is one of the easiest ways to learn you need some programs in BASIC, that's
computer programming. $4.95.* what. This book has 101 games for you,
eSCIENTIFIC RESEARCH INSTRU- from very simple to real buggers. You get
MENTS' BASIC SOFTWARE LIBRARY is a the games, a description of the games,
complete do-it-yourself kit. Written in the listing to put in your computer and a
everybody's BASIC immediately execut- sample run to show you how they work.
able in ANY computer with 4K, no other Fun. Anyone game will be worth more
peripherals needed. Volume I contains than the price of the book for the fun you
business and recreational programs and and your family will have with it. $7.50.*
is 300 pages. Volume II is 260 pages and e WHAT TO DO AFTER YOU HIT RETURN
contains math, engineering, statistics and -BK1071-PCC's first book of computer
plotting programs. Volume III contains games ... 48 different computer games
money managing, advanced business pro- you can play in BASIC ... programs, de-
grams such as billing, A/R, inventory, scriptions, many illustrations. Lunar Land-
payroll, etc. Volume IV contains general ing, Hammurabi, King, Civel 2, Qubic 5,
purpose programs like loans, rates, retire- Taxman, Star Trek, Crash, Market, etc.
ment, plus games: Poker, Enterprise (take $8.00.*
charge while Capt. Kirk is away), Football
and more! Volume V is filled with experi- e KILOBAUDCODINGSHEETSKilobaud's
menter's programs including games, pic- dozen or so programmers wouldn't try to
tures and misc. problems like "logic." Vol- work without these handy scratch pads
ume I-LB1002-& Volume II-LB1003- which help prevent the little errors that can
$24.95* each, Volume III-LB1004- cost hours and hours of programming
$39.95*, Volume IV-LB1005-& Volume time. Available for programming is
V-LB1006-$9.95* each, Volume VI- Assembly/Machine Language (PD1001)
LB1007-$49.95*, Volume VII-LB1008- which has columns for address, instruc-
$39.95.* tion (3 bytes), source code (label, op code,
operand), and comments; and for BASIC
eMICROPROCESSOR INTERFACING (PD1002) which .ls 72 columns wide. 50
TECHNIQUES-BK1037-by Austin sheets to a pad. $2.39.*
Lesea & Rodnay Zaks will teach you how

'Use the order card in the back of this magazine or itemize your order on a separate piece of paper and mail to:
Kilobaud/Microcomputing Book Department. Peterborough NH 03458. Be sure to include check or detailed credit card lnformation.
All orders add $1.00 shipping & handling.

FOR TOLL FREE ORDERING CALL 1-800-258-5473

KILOBAUD/MICROCOMPUTING' BOOK NOOK
e PROGRAMMING IN PASCAL-BK1140 language, here, finally, is a new book to
-by Peter Grogono. The computer pro- teach you BASIC. It teaches BASIC to be-
gramming language PASCAL was the first ginners using interesting programming
language to embody in a coherent way the ideas and applications that will be easily
understood by the home computer pro-
concepts of structured programming
grammer. BASIC PLUS users know that
which had been defined by Edsger Dijkstra
the two languages are very similar, so this
and C.A.R. Hoare. As such it is a landmark book can be used by them as well. This is
in the development of programming lan- an "active participation" workbook, de-
guages. PASCAL was developed by signed to be used with your home com-
Niklaus Wirth in Zurich; it is derived from puter so you can learn by doing! $6.00.*
the language ALGOL 60 but is more power- eYOUR HOME COMPUTER-BK1172-
ful and easier to use. PASCAL is now wide- by James White is an introduction to the
ly accepted as a useful language that can world of personal microcomputing. Writ-
be efficiently implemented, and as an ex- ten in clear and understandable language,
cellent teaching tool. $9.95. * this book tells you everything you want to
know about home computing and gives the
• MICROPROCESSOR LEXICON-ACRO· computer novice a painless introduction
NYMS AND DEFINITIONS-BK1137- to microcomputer technology and termi-
Compiled by the staff of SYBEX is a conve- nology, beginning with what computers
nient reference in pocket size format. Sec- are and how they work.
tions include acronyms and definitions, It provides information about home
part numbers and their definitions, S-100 computer kits, guidelines for selecting and
signals, RS232 signals, IEEE 499 signals, building your own microcomputer, how to
microcomputer and microprocessors, use your home computer and what you can
JETDS summary (military) and a code con- do with it, lists of computer stores, clubs,
version table. $2.95. * periodicals, and answers to many more of
elNSTANT BASIC-BK1131-by J.erald your questions about microcomputers and
R. Brown. For the personal computer en- the jargon surrounding the personal com-
thusiast or the user of DEC's BASIC PLUS puting scene today. $6.00. *

"Use the order card in the back of this magazine or itemize your order on a separate piece of paper and mail to:
Kilobaud/Microcompuling Book Department. Peterborough NH 03458. Be sure to include check or detailed credit card information.
All orders add $1.00 shipping & handling.

Now for the first time you can carry a line of programs which will allow microcomputers to do all those things the industry
has been promising. A flood of programs is being readied in the Kilobaud/Microcomputing lab by 16 people who work
night and day to provide the best software available anywhere. The aim of Instant Software is to cover EVERY phase of
microcomputing including games, business, home, teaching, diagnostics, utilities, etc.

There are over 40 programs available on 28 different cassettes with 10 more ready for release in next month's issue ...
you'll want to keep an eye out for new releases every month in the Instant Software Library.
TO ORDER INSTANT SOFTWARE
Refer to pages 106 & 107 in this issue for details of programs now available from Instant Software. A retail outlet listing is
provided if you wish to purchase Instant Software locally, or use the postage paid order form on the last page. Please be
sure to include catalog number and description. Make checks payable to Kilobaud/Microcomputing or use your credit
card.
kik>baud

MICROCOMPUTING
To order direct call toll free 1-800-258-5473 please have your credit card handy and mention Dept. K3 or use your order form on Reader
Service page at back of magazine.

FOR CUSTOMER SERVICE CALL (603] 924-6132

 1978 IgIII CBltlDERS Kilobaud, as thick as it is, is more like a floppy when it
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~ ,~I'"""'''''''' ,~~ ~'''''''''''' ••••.• '11·.rI~
,~ '!i"'''''''~''"1 ,,~, .' ""••••• .. """""~"II' ~IIII11"""".'''11-In~ .~I'''''''''''''''' 'II~ .~,""""""" "ill' .!I'''''"•••••••.1, .'''K'·''''''I~ ';I}~ KILOBAUD LIBRARY SHELF BOXES Peterborough, NH 03458
'II:'"
# ~-:. ,.,-It"::::~':J.
••. •• -'~·"I,'""I ,~~:=~.*
.•.,~I·b•~=:::::' ~~'h":~:~I.'" ~t'-...::::~.:..~;",'" ",::::=:;~.~'od,~h",::~::::~.~.""",'_
~IIII'~ ~,:::::~I::.~~h
....::::::=".'"' .•,~.h.••

INDEX TO ADVERTISERS
koiObaud

MICROCOMPUTING

A75 ACS Service. . . . 125 032 Data Vector Corp. . 73 L16 Lifeboat Associates 49 P46 Pragmatic Deslqns, Inc 21
A38 Advanced Computer Products161 028 Deltron(ks... . 55,154 M77 Madhatter Software 124 P21 Priority One Electronics .. 169. 171
A78 Aladdin Computer Corp CIII 037 Digital Dynamics. Inc.: .120 M49 Marinchip Systems.. . 105 Q3 Quest Electronics.. . 157
A74 American Data Home Comp 13 044 Digital Micro Systems.. ..3 M17 Marketline. Inc. .73 R24 Racet Computes. . . 152
A66 American Square Computers. 156 020 Digital Research Corporation. 160 M74 Micro. . 136 Radio Shack. . . .. 35·
A79 Austin Electronics 146 042 DSI Instruments.. . 10, 11 M30 Micro Computer Devices. 74,75 R12 Rainbow Computing. Inc 143
A71 Automated Simulations.. ..149 E32 Eclectic Corporation 102 M73 Micromail. .. 115 R8 Ramsey Electronics 143
B39 Beta Business Systems, Inc .. 156 E34 Ecosoft. .. 156 M54 Mtcro.Meqa . . ..... 136 R29 The Recreational Programmer148
B33 The Bottom Shelf. tnc.. . .23 E36 Electronic Specialists, Inc 55 M81 Micro ProductsUnltd.. .155 RNB Enterprises.. ..164
B43 Buss. . 149 Electronic Systems.. . 175 M67 Microsette cc.. .152 R7 Rondure Company 141
C116 CGRS Microtech 78 F1 Fair Radio Sales 88.152 M78 Microsoft.. . 89 S55 3 S Sales. . 144
C118 CHS~I= .. 1~ F13 Fantasy Games Software 55 M44 Micro Technology Unltd. . .56 S71 3 S Sales. . . 29
C109 Compusoft Publishing.. . .. 15 F10 525 Video. . . . 155 M70 Midwest Scientific. . . .. CIV S76 Steve Shaw. . . 155
C36 Computakler Consultants 148 F11 Flowdata.. ..156 M80 Mini Business Systems.. ..88 S73 Significant Software.. .149
C113 The Computer Bus. . 81 F8 Forethought Products. . . . 93 M6 Mini Micro Mart, Inc 158 S51 Small System Software 147
C64 Computer Corner of NJ 155 G4 Godbout Electronics 170 M32 Mullen Computer Products 137 S52 Southeastern Software 136
C33 Computer Enterprises. . . 111 G24 GPA Electronics.. . 21 National Radio Institute. .. .79 S61 Supersoft. 55
C117 The Computer Factory 150 H26 Hartwell's Office World. . .152 N12 NEECO. . 121 S6 SWTPC. . CII
C111 Computer Forum.. .156 H34 Hoch Co.. . ... 154 N15 Netronics R & D t.td.. . 153 T11 Tarbell Electronics 125. 151
C104 Computer Information Exchng155 H29 HUH Electronics.. . .150 N18 The Net Works. . . 155 T26 Telecommunications Services. 55
C87 Computer Interface Technology73 136 Infosystem Design 153 N7 Newman Computer Exchange162 T28 Thinker Toys.. . ..... 159
C103 Computer Packages. Unltd ... 120 124 Innovative Technology.. . .. 73 N16 Northeast Microware 73 141 Total Information Services.lnc154
C80 Computer Port.. .133 130 Input/Output Unlimited 99 N13 Nucleus. lnc.. . 154 147 Trans-Data Corporation 120
C100 The Computer Store. Inc. . . . 86 132 Instant Software. ..106.107 01 Ohio Scientific. . . 4. 5 146 Transition Enterprises 146
Computer Systems Des .. 145. 150 135 Integral Data Systems. Inc .. 56. 57 05 OK Machine & Tool. 51 T1 Trl-Tek, lnc.. . 163
C73 Computer Systems Store 154 19 Integrated Circuits Unlimited. 168 02 On-Line , .. 154 149 Typetronic Computer Store 88
C94 The Computerist. 48 133 ISDG. . 136 010 Optimal Technology. inc 154 U11 Ucatan Corp 156
C81 Computers One... ..156 Ithaca Audio.. . 39 011 Orcomp Data Systems 103 V8 Vector Electronic Co .•Inc 145
CB6 Computrex. . 156 J6 Jade Computer Products. 172, 173 08 Orthon Computers. . 136 V17 Victoria Micro Digital.. . 154
C114 Computronics, Inc 150 J1 Jameco Electronics. 165. 166, 167 06 Osborne & Associates. Inc .. 45. 67 V19 VR Data Corporation 110
C107 Connecticut microComputer. 143 J4 Johnson Computer. .113.124.129 09 Otto Electronics.. . .. 144 W13 Wasatch Semiconductor Prod148
C112 Consumer Computer Marketing87 145. 147.151 P9 PAIA.. . 148.151 W20 WEB Associates.. . 155
C108 The CPU shop.. . .. 136 J12 JPC Products .. .. 149 P38 Pan American Electronics ..... 56 W16 World Wide Electronics 143
D41 Dad's Reliable Software. .73 K14 Key Electronics ... .. 156 P7 Percom Data Company. Inc. 94. 95 X2 X & Y Enterprises 154
D43 Dr. Daley.. . 155 L20 Leedex Corp. 61 P39 Personal Software.. . 127 From Kilobaud ... Pages 83.174.176-178
D40 Datasearch.. . 151 L19 Level IV .. ............ 61 P43 Plainsman Micro Systems. 56, 147
"Reader Service inquiries not honored.
Please contact advertiser directly.

178
to o, Masterson Pnotoqraphv Desiqn and copy by Campbell Marsh Graphic Communications Copyrrght 1978 by Aladdin Automation

-- ------------------------------------ ---- ---------- - --- -~