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GENERAL INSTRUCTION
All the students are instructed to wear protective uniform, shoes & identity
card before entering into the laboratory.
Before starting the exercise, students should have a clear idea about the
principal of that exercise
All the students are advised to come with completed record and corrected
observation book of previous experiment.
Don't operate any instrument without getting concerned staff member's prior
permission.
The entire instrument is costly. Hence handle them carefully, to avoid fine for
any breakage.
Utmost care must be taken to avert any possible injury while on laboratory
work. In case, anything occurs immediately report to the staff members.
One student from each batch should put his/her signature during receiving the
instrument in instrument issue register.
Student’s Signature
CONTENTS
Marks Signature
Ex. No. Date Name of the Experiment (20) of staff
1. Study of Gear parameters
2.
Study of Kinematics of mechanisms
3. Determine moment of inertia of unknown member by
using the Turn table apparatus.
4. Determine the speed at which cam jump occur for
various spring loading condition.
5. Draw the displacement diagram experimentally for
various cam profiles and followers.
6.
Determine the critical(whirling) speed of the given rotor.
7. Determine the natural frequency of a cantilever beam by
applying Transverse vibration
8. Determine the Natural frequency of beam by deflection
method
9.
Determine the Gyroscope couple
10.
Determine sensitivity and effect of Watt Governor
11.
Determine sensitivity and effect of Porter Governor
12. Determine the natural frequency of spring mass system
and damping factor, Influence coefficient-Undamped
Free Vibration
13. Determine the natural frequency of spring mass system
and damping factor, Influence coefficient-Damped Free
vibration
14. Determine natural frequency of torsional vibration
theoretically experimentally in a Single rotor system.
15. Determine natural frequency of torsional vibration
theoretically experimentally in a two rotor system.
Date:
Aim:
To Study the various gear parameters
Idler Gear:
When a simple gear train has three meshed gears, the intermediate gear between the
driver gear and the driven gear is called an idler gear.An idler gear does not affect the gear ratio
(velocity ratio) between the driver gear and the driven gear.
Result:
Date:
Aim:
To Study the Kinematics of Mechanism
Four-Bar Linkage:
A four-bar linkage or simply a 4-bar or four-bar is the simplest movable linkage. It
consists of four rigid bodies (called bars or links), each attached to two others by single joints
or pivots to form a closed loop.Four-bars are simple mechanisms common in mechanical
engineering machine design and fall under the study of kinematics
If each joint has one rotational degree of freedom (i.e., it is a pivot), then the
mechanism is usually planar, and the 4-bar is determinate if the positions of any two bodies
are known (although there may be two solutions). One body typically does not move (called
the ground link, fixed link, or the frame), so the position of only one other body is needed to
find all positions. The two links connected to the ground link are called grounded links. The
remaining link, not directly connected to the ground link, is called the coupler link. In terms
of mechanical action, one of the grounded links is selected to be the input link, i.e., the link
to which an external force is applied to rotate it. The second grounded link is called the
follower link, since its motion is completely determined by the motion of the input
link.Planar four-bar linkages perform a wide variety of motions with a few simple parts.
They were also popular in the past due to the ease of calculations, prior to computers,
compared to more complicated mechanisms.
Grashof's law is applied to pinned linkages and states; The sum of the shortest and
longest link of a planar four-bar linkage cannot be greater than the sum of remaining two
links if there is to be continuous relative motion between the links. Below are the possible
types of pinned, four-bar linkages
Crank rocker:
It has the shortest link of the four bar mechanism configured adjacent to the frame.
If this shortest link is continuously rotated the output link will oscillate between limits.
Thus the shortest link is called the crank; the output link is called the rocker.
Double rocker:
The double rocker or rocker-rocker, it has the link opposite the shortest link of the four
bar mechanism configured as frame. In this configuration neither link connected to the frame
will be able to complete a full revolution. Thus, both input and output links are constrained to
oscillate between limits and called rocker. However, the coupler is able to complete a full
revolution.
Result:
Date :
.Aim:
To determine moment of inertia of unknown member by using the torsional apparatus.
Theory:
Apparatus Required:
1. Experimental setup
2. connecting rod
Specification:
Disk: diameter – 300 mm: thickness – 27 mm, mass 15 kg, I1 = 0.16875 kg. mm2
Formula used:
Where
I1 is mass moment of inertia of Disc
I2 is mass moment of inertia of object ( flywheel, connecting rod)
T1 is time taken for one oscillation of disc
Department of Mechanical Engineering Page 8
Dynamics Laboratory Manual
The following are the procedure adapted in the determination of moment of inertia of a member.
Give angular twist to the disc and measure period (t1) for one oscillation.
Find out the mass moment of inertia of the disc using formula I1 =qt12/4
Compare with theoretical value of the disc using the formula,Mass moment of inertia of
disc, =mr2/2
Take an object Place it on centre of marking and find time taken for one oscillation(t2).
Find out the mass moment of inertia of the disc and test object using formula given,
I2 = qt22/4-I1
Tabulation:
Time taken for one revolution in seconds
1.
2.
3.
Model Calculation:
Time taken for one revolution (t1)of disc is find out ( about five readings.)
Now mass moment of inertia of test mass is find out by following steps.
If I2 is the moment of inertia of member, (I1 can be taken as 0. 0.1624 kg. m2)
Result:
Thus torsional oscillation equipment is tested and also mass moment of inertia of
unknown object is found out.
Date :
Aim:
To determine the speed at which cam jump occur for various spring loading condition.
Experimental Setup:
Apparatus Required:
Experimental setup
Spring.
Formula Used:
where,
d is compression length of spring. = c + lift = c + ( 2 e)
c is initial compression, in mm
e is eccentricity of cam. in mm
Where
g = 9.81 N,
e = 0.006 m,
K =0.505 N/mm
m =0.292 Kg, are constant value.
Only is variable.
Measure the dimensions of the spring such as d, D, n, free length (d and D in mm).
Calculate the stiffness of the spring.
Calculate critical speed for with out spring.
Now start the motor without spring and find out the actual critical speed and compare
with theoretical value.
Then place spring and give initial compression to c = 0 mm. Find actual critical speed
and compare with theoretical value.
Do the above procedure for various initial compression to the spring (c = no of revolution
of bolt X pitch of bolt).
Tabulation:
1.
2.
3.
Model Calculation:
Result:
Date :
Aim:
To draw the displacement diagram experimentally for various cam profiles and followers.
Theory:
This consists of a bevel gear box with 1:1 gear ratio. On horizontal shaft, the cam is
mounted. The follower will have vertical movement. The vertical movement is traced on a
paper placed on the drum, mounted on vertical shaft. The obtained graph can be verified with
diagram obtained by graphical construction.
Apparatus Required:
Experimental setup
Cam profiles
Procedure:
The displacement diagrams are drawn for given followers and various cams.
DATE :
AIM:
This consists of a shaft y diameter‘d’ and central mass ‘m’. The shaft is supported on two
bearings and distance between bearings can be adjusted. The shaft is driven by a variable speed
motor with speed indicator. The whole arrangement is mounted on a bed.
SPECIFICATION:
Shaft diameter = 8 mm
Experimental setup
PROCEDURE:
Initially set the bearing block at last hole so that it will be maximum centre distance
between pedestals as mm.
Calculate lateral stiffness of shaft considering thus as both end fixed beam
Do this for centre distance variance of 25 mm, 50 mm…( pitch of the hole was 25 mm)
TABULATION:
S. No L ( length of shaft
NC (rpm) (calculated) NC (rpm) (observed)
between centre)
1.
2.
3.
RESULT:
Date :
Aim:
Experimental setup
EXPERIMENTAL SETUP
Formula:
Actual
natural
Length K Actual
frequency,
Lload (correction speed
n,act
in mm factor for N
length) in rpm =2N/60.
= Lload/L
Model Calculation:
Result:
Date :
Aim:
Experimental setup
EXPERIMENTAL SETUP
Formula Used:
frequency
Length Weight Weight Deflection Stiffness of the
Weight on the
S.No Lload added in added in of beam y of bar system
bar
in mm hanger 1 hanger 2 in mm (K) n =√K/M
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Model Calculation:
Result:
Thus the natural frequency are determined by given free beam setup.
Date :
Aim:
To determine the active and reactive gyroscopic couples and compare them.
EXPERIMENTAL SETUP : -
Apparatus Required:
Gyroscope
Tachometer
Variable voltage transformer
SPECIFICATIONS
: 0.1376 kg.cm.sec2
5) Distance of bolt of weight pan from disc center (L) : Gyro :- 14Cm
6) Motor : AC/DC, Fractional HP, Single Phase, 2800 rpm.
7) Weights - a) 0.27Kgs b) 0.485Kgs. c) 0.7Kgs.
Procedure:
TABULATIONS
1.
2.
3.
MODEL CALCULATIONS
P is to be calculated for short duration of time, as the balance of rotation of disc about the
horizontal axis YY is due to application of torque, and because of which P goes on reducing
gradually.
Results:
Date :
Aim:
EXPERIMENTAL SETUP
Formula Used:
Keep the knob of the dimmerstat in zero position before switching on the main supply.
Switch on the main supply and gradually go on increasing the speed of the motor. Due to
this the center sleeve rises from the lower stop aligning with the marking on the scale.
This is initial lift of the sleeve.
Note down the readings of the sleeve position and speed for this initial lift. Speed of the
motor is to be measured by hand tachometer, from the counter hole provided on the
spindle.
Then increase the speed in steps to give suitable sleeve movement and note down the
readings of sleeve displacement and the corresponding speed. All the readings are to be
entered in a tabular observation table.
This procedure is adopted for all the other three Governor mechanisms by properly
fitting the assembly to the spindle shaft.
After completing the experiment bring the knob of the dimmerstat to its original position
i.e. zero slowly and gradually. Then switch off the main supply.
Then the results may be plotted as.
The graph of speed v/s sleeve displacement for Watt, Porter & Proell Governor.
Plot the graph of speed v/s governor height for Watt Governor.
Plot the Governor characteristic after doing the necessary calculations.
Tabulation:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Result:
At different motor speed the sleeve lift are noted and corresponding governor speed and
sensitivity are calculated.
Date :
Aim:
Porter governor.
Tachometer.
Weight.
EXPERIMENTAL SETUP
Formula Used:
α = cos-1 (h / L) in deg
r = 0.05 + L sin α
Angular velocity, ω = (2πN / 60) in rad/s
Speed of Governor, N = √(895/h) rpm
Sensitivity= N / (N2-N1)
Force F = (w/g) ω2 r (kg.f)
Procedure:
Keep the knob of the dimmerstat in zero position before switching on the main supply.
Switch on the main supply and gradually go on increasing the speed of the motor. Due to
this the center sleeve rises from the lower stop aligning with the marking on the scale.
This is initial lift of the sleeve.
Note down the readings of the sleeve position and speed for this initial lift. Speed of the
motor is to be measured by hand tachometer, from the counter hole provided on the
spindle.
Then increase the speed in steps to give suitable sleeve movement and note down the
readings of sleeve displacement and the corresponding speed. All the readings are to be
entered in a tabular observation table.
This procedure is adopted for all the other three Governor mechanisms by properly
fitting the assembly to the spindle shaft.
After completing the experiment bring the knob of the dimmerstat to its original position
i.e. zero slowly and gradually. Then switch off the main supply.
Then the results may be plotted as.
The graph of speed v/s sleeve displacement for Watt, Porter & Proell Governor.
Plot the graph of speed v/s governor height for Watt Governor.
Plot the Governor characteristic after doing the necessary calculations.
Tabulation:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Following graphs to be plotted :
a) Force Vs Radius of rotation.
b) Speed Vs Sleeve Displacement.
Model Calculation:
Result:
At different motor speed the sleeve lift are noted and corresponding governor speed and
sensitivity are calculated.
Date :
Aim:
To determine the natural frequency of spring mass system and damping factor,
Influence coefficient.
Apparatus Required:
Experimental setup
Electronic timer
Spring mass 2nos
EXPERIMENTAL SETUP
Formula Used:
Mass attached , m in kg
Damping frequency, d
Time taken for one oscillation of mass, td
Damping factor,
Influence coefficient, c
Procedure:
Keep one spring & mass only
Keep proximity switch at equilibrium position of mass
Give 50 mm deflection to mass
Measure cycle time for vibration, td calculate d=2td
Calculate K=Gd4/8D3n
Find natural frequency of spring for mass ‘ m ’ ,n ==√K/M
Find Damping factor ==√1-(d/n)2
Do the above step for other springs also.
Tabulation:
Time
Weight
S.No
added
taken for
d c
oscillation
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Model Calculation:
Result:
Thus natural frequency of various springs and damping coefficient are found out
Date :
Aim:
To determine the natural frequency of spring mass system and damping factor,
Influence coefficient.
Apparatus Required:
Experimental setup
Electronic timer
Spring mass 2nos
EXPERIMENTAL SETUP
Formula Used:
Mass attached , m in kg
Damping frequency, d
Time taken for one oscillation of mass, td
Damping factor,
Influence coefficient, c
Procedure:
Keep one spring & mass only
Keep proximity switch at equilibrium position of mass
Place the damper in touching position
Give 50 mm deflection to mass
Measure cycle time for vibration, td calculate d=2td
Calculate K=Gd4/8D3n
Find natural frequency of spring for mass ‘ m ’ ,n ==√K/M
Find Damping factor ==√1-(d/n)2
Do the above step for other springs also.
Tabulation:
Time
Weight
S.No
added
taken for
d c
oscillation
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Model Calculation:
Result:
Thus natural frequency of various springs and damping coefficient are found out
Ex. No :14 DETERMINE NATURAL FREQUENCY OF TORSIONAL VIBRATION IN SINGLE ROTOR SYSTEM
Date :
Aim:
Vibration machine
Shaft
Chuck
Stop watch
Formula Used:
Procedure:
Fix the bracket at convenient position along the tower beam.
Grip one end of the shaft at bracket by the chuck.
Fix other end of shaft in the rotor.
Twist the motor rotor to some angle and then release.
Note down the time for no. of oscillations.
Repeat the procedure for different length of shaft.
Tabulation:
Length
No. of Time Tth Texp
S.No Of K
oscillation
Shaft
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Model Calculation:
Result:
The natural frequency of the torsional vibration in single rotor system is ----------------Hz
Ex. No :15 DETERMINE NATURAL FREQUENCY OF TORSIONAL VIBRATION IN TWO ROTOR SYSTEM
Date :
Aim:
Procedure:
Fix two disc of the shaft and fit the shaft in the bearing.
Deflect the disc in opposite direction by hand and then release.
Note down the time required for particular number of oscillations.
Fit cross arm to one end of the disc and again note down the time.
Repeat the procedure with different and equal masses attached to the ends of cross arm
and note down the time.
Tabulation:
θb Length of No. of Time Tth Texp
S.No K
Shaft oscillation
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Model Calculation:
Result:
The natural frequency of the torsional vibration in Two rotor system is ----------------Hz