5/10/2018 Dual Phase (DP) Steels | WorldAutoSteel

Dual Phase (DP) Steels

DP steels consist of a ferritic matrix containing a hard martensitic second phase in the
 form of islands.

 Increasing the volume fraction of hard second phases generally increases the strength.
DP (ferrite plus martensite) steels are produced by controlled cooling from the
 austenite phase (in hot-rolled products) or from the two-phase ferrite plus austenite
phase (for continuously annealed cold-rolled and hot-dip coated products) to transform
 some austenite to ferrite before a rapid cooling transforms the remaining austenite to
martensite. Due to the production process, small amount of other phases (Bainite and

Retained Austenite) may be present.

Depending on the composition and process route, steels requiring enhanced capability
to resist cracking on a stretched edge (as typically measured by hole expansion
capacity) can have a microstructure containing signi cant quantities of bainite.

Figure 2-2 shows a schematic microstructure of DP steel, which contains ferrite plus
islands of martensite. The soft ferrite phase is generally continuous, giving these steels
excellent ductility. When these steels deform, strain is concentrated in the lower-
strength ferrite phase surrounding the islands of martensite, creating the unique high
initial work-hardening rate (n-value) exhibited by these steels. Figure 2-3 is an actual
photomicrograph showing the ferrite and martensite constituents.  The work hardening
rate plus excellent elongation creates DP steels with much higher ultimate tensile
strengths than conventional steels of similar yield strength. Figure 2-4 compares the
engineering stress-strain curve for HSLA steel to a DP steel curve of similar yield
strength.

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
 Figure 2-2: Schematic shows islands of martensite  in a matrix of
 ferrite.


                           

Figure 2-3: Photomicrograph of DP steel.

Figure 2-4: The DP 350/600 with higher TS than the HSLA 350/450

The DP steel exhibits higher initial work hardening rate, higher ultimate tensile strength,
and higher TS/YS ratio than a similar yield strength HSLA. Additional engineering and
true stress-strain curves for DP steel grades are located in Figure 2-5 in the Advanced
High-Strength Steels Application Guidelines.

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DP and other AHSS also have a bake hardening e ect that is an important bene t
compared to conventional higher strength steels. The bake hardening e ect is the
increase in yield strength resulting from elevated temperature aging (created by the
curing temperature of paint bake ovens) after prestraining (generated by the work
hardening due to deformation during stamping or other manufacturing process). The
extent of the bake hardening e ect in AHSS depends on an adequate amount of
forming strain for the speci c chemistry and thermal history of the steel. Additional
bake hardening information is located in Section 3.B.1.i. of the Advanced High-Strength

Steels Application Guidelines.

 In DP steels, carbon enables the formation of martensite at practical cooling rates by

increasing the hardenability of the steel. Manganese, chromium, molybdenum,

vanadium, and nickel, added individually or in combination, also help increase
 hardenability. Carbon also strengthens the martensite as a ferrite solute strengthener,
as do silicon and phosphorus. These additions are carefully balanced, not only to
 produce unique mechanical properties, but also to maintain the generally good
resistance spot welding capability. However, when welding the higher strength grades

(DP 700/1000 and above) to themselves, the spot weldability may require adjustments
to the welding practice.  Current production grades of DP steels and example
automotive applications:

DP 210/440

Roof outer, door outer, body side outer, package tray, oor
DP 300/500
panel

Floor panel, hood outer, body side outer, cowl, fender, oor
DP 350/600
reinforcements

Body side inner, quarter panel inner, rear rails, rear shock
DP 500/800
reinforcements

Safety cage components (B-pillar, oor panel tunnel, engine

DP 600/980
cradle, front sub-frame package tray, shotgun, seat),

DP 700/1000 Roof rails

DP 750/980

DP 800/1180 B-pillar upper

DP 1150/1270

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