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Objectives Objectives
(a) explain the concept of the r.m.s. value of an alternating j) derive an expression for the current from V = V0 sin t
current, and calculate its value for the sinusoidal case only k) explain the phase difference between the current and voltage for
(b) derive an expression for the current from V = V0 sin t a pure capacitor
(c) explain the phase difference between the current and voltage l) define the reactance of a pure capacitor
for a pure resistor m) use the formula XC = 1/ C
(d) derive and use the formula for the power in an alternating n) derive and use the formula for the power in an alternating
current circuit which consists only of a pure resistor current circuit which consists only of a pure capacitor
(e) derive an expression for the current from V = V0 sin t o) define impedance
(f) explain the phase difference between the current and voltage p) use the formula
for a pure inductor
q) sketch the phasor diagrams of R-C and R-L circuits
(g) define the reactance of a pure inductor
(h) use the formula XL = L
(i) derive and use the formula for the power in an alternating
current circuit which consists only of a pure inductor
3 4
5 6
7 8
Equation of a sine wave Example
the angular frequency can be thought of as the Determine the equation of the following voltage
rate at which the angle of the sine wave changes signal.
From diagram:
at any time
Period is 50 ms = 0.05 s
= t Thus f = 1/T =1/0.05 = 20
therefore Hz
v = Vp sin t or v = Vp sin 2 ft Peak voltage is 10 V
Therefore
similarly
v V p sin 2 ft
i = Ip sin t or i = Ip sin 2 ft 10sin 2 20t
10sin126t
9 10
11 12
13 14
V
p
Peak factor 1.414
0.707 V
p
21 22
P(t ) pI p cos sin 2 t sin sin t cos t Phase depends on the values of L, C, R, and w
1/2 0 -1
0
t
Therefore...
P (t )
1
p I p cos 27
P(t ) rms I rms cos 28
2
Heating effect
i12 i 22 i 23 i 2n
r.m.s. value
n
For a pure sinusoidal wave,
(i3)2 (i8)2
Ir.m.s. = 0.707 Im (i4 )2 (i7)2
(i2)2 (i9)2
Vr.m.s. = 0.707 Vm t
33 34
where v
2 is the mean-square voltage
Irms 1 I p 0.707 I p
2
37 38
41 42
VR
I
V
r.m.s. value p
Form factor 1 .0
average value V
p
V I V
peak value p
Peak factor 1.0
r.m.s. value V
p
45 Phasor diagram 46
The current flows in the resistor is The resistance in a pure resistor is R Vrms Vo
I rms Io
The instantaneous power,
I I 0 sin
The voltage across the resistor VR at any instant is V2 The average power,
P IV I 2R
R 2
VR IR P I o sin t Vo sin t
Pave I rms R
VR I 0 R sin I 0 R V0 1 2
P I oVo sin 2 t Io R
VR V 0 sin V V : Supply voltage 2
Power (P) 1
Vo I o
The phase difference between V and I is P0 2
1
Po
0 2
49 50
At each instant the supply voltage V must be equal The phase difference between V and I is
to the back e.m.f B (voltage across the inductor)
but the back e.m.f always oppose the supply voltage V. 2
Hence, the magnitude of V and B , 0
V B IR 2
V B LI 0 cos or V B
In pure inductor,
V LI 0 sin the voltage V leads the current I by /2 radians or the
2
current I lags behind the voltage V by /2 radians.
V Vo sin The inductive reactance in a pure inductor is
2
Vrms Vo LI o
XL
where Vo LIo I rms Io Io
XL L 2 fL
53 54
57 58
Q CV0 sin( )
V 2
dQ
Phasor diagram The current flows in the ac circuit is I
59 dt 60
d In pure capacitor,
I CV0 sin
dt 2 the voltage V lags behind the current I by /2 radians
or the current I leads the voltage V by /2 radians.
d
I CV0 sin The capacitive reactance in a pure capacitor is
dt 2
Vrms Vo Vo
XC
I CV0 cos( ) and C V0 I0 I rms Io CVo
or 2
1 1
I I 0 sin XC
C 2 fC
The phase difference between V and I is
The capacitive reactance is defined as
2 1 1
XC
C 2 fC
2
61 62
Example
The instantaneous power, The average power,
An 8.00 F capacitor is connected to the
V2 Pave 0
P IV I R 2
Power (P) terminals of an AC generator with an rms voltage
R P0
P I o sin t Vo cos t
of 150 V and a frequency of 60.0 Hz. Find the
2
1
capacitive reactance rms current and the
P I oVo sin 2 t t peak current in the circuit.
2 0 1 T 3 2T
T T
P0 2 2 1 1
1 Xc 332
P Po sin 2 t Capacitive reactance,
2 2 C 2 fC
Rms current, Peak current
For the first half of the cycle where the power is
Vrms
negative, the power is returned to the circuit. For I rms 0.452 A I p 2 I rms
the second half cycle where the power is positive, XC 0.707 0.452 0.320 A
the capacitor is saving the power. 63 64
RC in series circuit
R C
VR
I
VR VC
VC : phase angle
I V
V V supply voltage
18.4 R-C and R-L circuits in series Phasor diagram
VR VR
Note I R C I
2 2 2 VC VC : phase angle
Vo VRo VC o V VR VC V
V supply voltage
Vo
2
Io R
2
Io X L
2 I
Phasor diagram V Phasor diagram
2 2
Vo Io R Io X L
2 2 The total p.d (supply voltage), V across R and C is
Vo Io R XC ...divide both side by 2
equal to the vector sum of VR and VC as shown in
Vrms I rms R
2
XC
2 the phasor diagram.
2 2 VR IR V2 V R2 VC2 V I R2
1
V I R XC 2 2
2
C2
VC IX C V2 IR IX C
2
1 1
V I R
2 V2 I2 R2 X C2 where X C
2
C2 67 68
R
VR Z
I
XC 1
VC Z XC
V 2 fC
Graph of Z against f
75 76
VL
L R C
V L VC L R C VL
VL VR VC V
VL VR VC V L VC
I I V
VR
VC I
V I
Phasor diagram VR
V VC
Phasor diagram
VL IX L V R IR V C IX C
77 78
XL
VL
L
VL
R C
VL VC XL XC Z
VL VR VC V V L VC
V
I I
VR
I R
VC VR XC
V VC
Phasor diagram
Impedance diagram
The total p.d (supply voltage), V across L, R and C Phasor diagram From the phasor diagrams,
is equal to the vector sum of VL ,VR and VC as The impedance in RLC
V leads I by
shown in the phasor diagram. circuit,
2 VL VC I XL XC
V 2 V R2 V L VC Vrms I R2 XL XC
2
tan tan
2 2 2
Z VR IR
V2 IR IX L IX C V I R2 XL XC I rms I
1
2 2
V2 I 2 R2 XL XC
2 Z R XL XC XL XC
tan tan
79 R R 80
RLC in series
RLC circuit
in series circuit Variation of XL and XC
When a circuit contains an inductor and In a series RLC circuit, the
capacitor in series, the reactance of each tend circuit can be capacitive or
inductive, depending on the
Reactance
to cancel. XC>XL XL>XC
frequency.
The total reactance is given by X tot X L X C
At the frequency where
The total impedance is given by Z tot R 2 X tot2 XC=XL, the circuit is at series
XC XL
The phase angle is given by tan 1
X tot resonance.
R XC=XL
Below the resonant
R L C
frequency, the circuit is
f
predominantly capacitive. Series resonance
VS
Above the resonant
frequency, the circuit is
81 predominantly inductive. 82
Example 1 Example 2
What is the total impedance and phase angle of What is the magnitude of the impedance for the
the series RLC circuit if R= 1.0 k , XL = 2.0 k , circuit? R L C
and XC = 5.0 k ? R L C V 470 330 H 2000
S
pF
VS 1.0 kW XL = XC = f = 100 kHz
2.0 kW 5.0 kW
87
This example is inductive. 88
Exercise
A series RLC circuit has a resistance of 25.0 , a
capacitance of 50.0 F, and an inductance of
0.300 H. If the circuit is driven by a 120 V, 60 Hz
source, calculate
a)The total impedance of the circuit
b)The rms current in the circuit
c)The phase angle between the voltage and the
current.
Summary
18.1 Alternating currents through a resistor
Power, Prms = Vrms Irms
R.m.s. value, Irms = 0.707I0, Vrms = 0.707V0
18.2 Alternating currents through an inductor
V leads I by /2 radians
I = I0sin t, V = V0cos t, P=1/2 I0Vosin(2 t)
18.3 Alternating currents through a capacitor
I leads V by /2 radians MORE ABOUT
I = I0cos t, V = V0sin t, P=1/2 I0Vosin(2 t)
18.4 R-C and R-L circuits in series
Impedance, 91 92
Output result
93 94
99 100
n=1:2=0.5
Vsec=n*Vpri=25
Vout = Vsec/2 0.7
PIV = Vsec-0.7=24.3 V
103 104
Bridge Full-wave Rectifier Bridge Full-wave Rectifier - Example
Uses an untapped transformer larger Vsec Assume 12 Vrms secondary voltage for the
Four diodes connected creating a bridge standard 120 Vrms across the primary
When positive voltage Find the turns ratio
D1 and D2 are forward biased Find Vp(sec)
When negative voltage Show the signal
120Vrms
120
Vrm
s
107 108
109 110
peak-to-peak
ripple voltage
111 112
Summary
113