成功大學工程科學系

Chapter 9

Counter/Timer programming in the

8051

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 outline 成功大學工程科學系

• 9.1 Programming 8051 timers

• 9.2 Counter programming

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9.1 Programming 8051 timers

• Basic registers of the timer
• Timer 0 registers
• Timer 1 registers
• TMOD (timer mode) register
• Mode 1 programming
• Steps to program in mode 1
• Finding values to be loaded into the timer
• Generating a large time delay
• Using windows calculator to find TH, TL
• Mode 0

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• Mode 2 programming
• Steps to program in mode 2
• Assemblers and negative values

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Basic registers of the timer 成功大學工程科學系

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 M1, M0 成功大學工程科學系

• Three modes: 0, 1, 2
• Mode 0 – 13-bit timer
• Mode 1 –16 bit timer
• Mode 2 – 8-bit timer
• Mode 1 and 2 are used most frequently

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 C/T (clock /timer) 成功大學工程科學系

• 選擇當clock或是timer
• C/T = 0
– timer
– Clock source – crystal frequency
– Frequency of the timer is always 1/12 of
crystal frequency
– Use XTAL = 11.0592 most frequently
• Reason: baud rate for serial communication of 8051
• C/T = 1
– (event) Counter
– Input from Tx input pin

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 Gate 成功大學工程科學系

• Why does 8051 has the ‘Gate’ in TMOD?

– The SETB TR0 (TR1), CLR TR0(TR0)
instructions are only valid when GATE=0.
• How to start/stop the timer?
– Software start/stop by TR (timer start) bits
TR0, TR1 (in TCON timer/counter register)
separately
• TR0=1, Set timer/counter 0(on), SETB TR0, starts
timer
• TR1=1, Set timer/counter 1(on)
• TR0=0, clear timer/counter 0(off) CLR TR0, stops
timer
• TR1=0, clear timer/counter 1(off)
– Hardware start/stop the timer
GATE
Spring'17•TWHou = 1 (discussed
8051 in chapter 11)
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Mode 1 programming
• 16-bit timer; (0000H~FFFFH)
• 1.select the counter one would use. Load the
initial value (time to be measured) to TL and TH
• 2. Start the timer (SETB TRx)
• 3. It starts to count up until it reaches FFFFH.
When it rolls over from FFFFH to 0000H, it sets a
high flag bit (TFx, timer flag). (keep monitoring
the TF, JNB TFx, target)
• When the TF is raised, one option would be to
stop the timer (CLR TRx)
• 4. After the timer reaches its limit and rolls over,
in order to repeat the process, the registers TH
and TL must be reloaded with the original value
and TF must be reset to 0.
NOTTWHou
• Spring'17 AUTORELOADED
8051
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Timer delay calculation for 成功大學工程科學系
XTAL=11.0592

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 An Reload example 成功大學工程科學系

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 如何算該放到timer之值? 成功大學工程科學系

• Assume XTAL = 11.0592 MHZ

• 1. Divide the desired time delay by 1.085
us
• 2. Perform 65536-n, where n is the
decimal value we got in step 1.
• 3. Convert the result of Step 2 to hex,
where yyxx is the initial hex value to be
loaded into the timer’s registers
• 4. Set TL=xx, TH=yy.
• Example 9-10,9-11

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 Large Time Delay 成功大學工程科學系

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 Mode 0 成功大學工程科學系

• Like mode 1 except it is a 13-bit timer

• 0000H~1FFFHin TH-TL.
• (over 1FFFH 0000H)

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 Mode 2 programming 成功大學工程科學系

• 8-bit timer (00H~FFH) in TH

• The TH loaded value is copied to TL by
8051 automatically.
• Start timer (SETB TRx)
• 8051 increments TL. When it rolls over
from FFH to 00H, it sets the TFx.
• TL is reloaded automatically with the
original value kept by the TH register.
• AUTORELOADED
• Very useful, such as baud rate setting

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正確 time delay

• 必須加入instruction execution overhead.

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Section 9-2 Counter Programming

• C/T bit in TMOD register
• TCON register
• The case of GATE =1 in TMOD

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 C/T bit in TMOD reg. 成功大學工程科學系

• If C/T = 0, timer gets pulse from crystal

• If C/T =1, counter gets its pulse from P3.4
or P3.5 (T0 – timer 0 input, T1- timer 1
input)
– Counter counts up

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• Q: 使用 JNB TFx, target 在loop中每個

iteration要浪費一個指令測試的時間(polling),
能不能再快一點?
•  use interrupt (in Chapter 11)

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 TCON register 成功大學工程科學系

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 Gate =1 in TMOD 成功大學工程科學系

• Gate = 0, software controlled

timer/counter.
• Gate =1, controlled by P3.2 and P3.3 for
timers 0 and 1, respectively.
• 用一個簡單switch 來externally控制
start/stop timer

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End of Chapter 9

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