QODswi 2 R2 cous Figure 1 ~ Circuit Diagram TYPICAL CHARACTERISTICS Power supply: 9 V from builtin bauteries (6 x 15 V) Current drain from battery: BmA Frequency range: from 28 — 155 MHz subdivided in five ranges: Tfrom 28 7 MHz I from 6 — 13 MHz III from 11.5 — 27 MHz IV from 26. — 64 MHz V from 60 — 155 MHz Transistors used: FET 2N3819, BC209B Diodes used: 2AAN9 In strictly rigorous terms, the instrument presented here should be correctly cal fed an «Absorption wavemeters, but the term egrid-dip» has now entered into the language used by electronic enthusiasts, The new instrument pre sented here in this kit differs from the versions which have appeared previo- usly in that it uses a FET oscillator Which gives ita much greater sensiti- vity and precision, The radio frequency voltage detector is a separate part of the circuit and its output is amplified in order to increase the sensitivity. One can use the instru ‘ment without the oscillator and as such the insirument operates ax a means astecrively measuring -eiecronete— fields, The scale calibration accuracy is of a high order. By using # printed circuit for the high frequency circuit with only ‘a small number of wire connections, by keeping the mechanical construction as rigid as possible and by using 5 pre- ealibrared coils for the separate fre: quency ranges, the variation between different instruments due. to. variations in construction has been reduced to a A switch placed at an appropriate point in the circuit allows the battery state to be checked at any time, wld give a prize for ‘rsatile and useful ‘available to ama siasis who use high frequenc ndoubtedly go 0 the egrid-ai essional» sense this in Seied in its precision only by. th ration, cannot ethaps compewe wis 2 ries of more fr Tess complicated ‘s2cvatory. measu rements. However, > = mplieity and fase of handling, ‘sith iis. vast field of measurement masz. it indis- pensable to all those misevurements which require not so high de sree of accuracy as a c2 practicality and speed. The 2a his instrument comes from when it was first construswa swi z1 Ro a 4 cous Figure 1 = | Current drain from battery: Frequency range: | Power supply: | TYPICAL CHARACTERISTICS 9V from builtin baweries (6 x 15 V) BmA from 28-155 MHz subdivided in = Ifrom 28 — 7 MHz Th from 6. — 13 Me I from 115 — 27 Mir IV from 26,64 MH Vifrom 60 — 155 MH the instrument operates as a means for : =} —asteccvely measuring sIectrormgne et Transistors used: FET 2N3819, BC209B Diodes used: 2AAN9 In strietly rigorous terms, the instrument presented here should be correctly cal- Jed an «Absorption wavemeters, but the term «grid-dip» has now entered into the language used by electronic enthusiasts. “The new instrument pre- sented here in this kit differs from the versions which have appeared provio- tsly in that i¢ uses a FET oscillator Which gives it a much greater sen vily and precision. The radio frequency voltage detector Js a separate part of the circuit and its output is amplified in order to increase the sensitivity. One ean use the instru ‘ment without the oscillator and ss such fields The scale calibration accuracy is of a high order. By using a printed circuit for the high Trequeney circuit with only fa small number of wire connections, by ‘keeping the mechanical construction as rigid as possible and by using 5 pre- calibrated coils for the separate ire- quency ranges, the variation between different instruments due to. variations jn construction has been reduced (0 « A switch placed at an appropriate point in the circuit allows the battery state to be checked at any time, fone could give a prize for the most versatile and useful instrument available to ama- teur enthusiasts who use high frequencies, it would undoubtedly go to the egrid-dips. In a «professionals sense this instrument, limited in its precision only by the scale calibration, cannot perhaps compete with a series of more or Tess complicated Iuboratory measu- rements, However, its simplicity and case of handling, togsther with ils vast fild of measurement makes it indis- penseble to all those measurements which require not so much « high do- agree of accuracy as a certain amount of practicality and speed. The name of this instrament comes from the time when it was first constructed using val- i Bi.<=} Sy” eae a S Ee Oa : So T0K-a Y : : 3 8 g S 2 -_ u Figure 2 - Printed cireuit tayout. ves. The osciflator, which is the heart of the instrument, must operate in class © which means, when using valves, there isa certain amount of grid current, This coment has a fixed value i the oscillator circuit loading the 0% Joier docs not take any power It -ho~ wever, one couples another closed. cir cult to this oscillator the result is the same as if one loads the oscillator ‘with a resistance determined by the phy sical characteristics of the other circuit and proportional also 10 the degree of Coupling Between the two circuits, The tlzcuit absorbs energy from the oscilla. tor end as a resuli produces a reduction in the feedback with a consequent Towering of the grid current. Since an oscillator circuit absorbs the maximum, energy when it is exactly tuned to the oscillator frequency, then as will be Shown later, it becomes possible 10 lise the insicument 10 measuze the 1. sonant frequency of parallel tuned ‘There will be, therefore, a reduction fon the grid current when the frequen- ty of the egrid-dip» oscillator is the si me as that of the circuit under exami nation, ‘The instrument can make. this measurement only on parallel tuned circuits, hut this does not provide any real limitation, because most oscillator irewits in radios are of thls type and because the resonance frequency of a seties circuit is exactly the same as that of @ parallel circuit formed from the same components. Later, 2 number of measurements and checks which one can carry out with the grid-dip will be given, but the Tist will obviously be in ‘complete because one can, with practice always find new spplications in these days it-would be tne vacuum Vubes for unreasonabie. portable instruments. The gtid-dip has thus graduated to the solid state ver- —stom-keeping only its name a3 a memory ‘of the age when valves were the only ils. The tran way to build up electronic « griddip of today is based on 1 Sisiot, but the characteristics of the sistor, whulst proving ideal for amplifiers, are not so suitable for the present pur pose. This is because the transistor has a very low input resistance and this amps pratically every circuit connec {ed 10 it, As a result the edip» of the ttansistor is much less than that obteined tusing # valve, Now, however, there is available the FET which combines the high input resistance of a valve together with the small size, low power sequire ments and the mechanical robustness associated with transistors. In this kit b junction FET js used. The way in Which this particular type of semicon- ductor device operates will not be des- cribed in this instruction leaflet, ond those wha are interested shold consult the appropriate text books A more detailed examination will now be made of the operation of tuned cir cuits. A tuned circuit is made up effec: Hvely of an Inductance and a capac tance in series or in parallel, There are some differences betwoen these two ar rangements but they are not important for the present application. Resonance will occur in the circuit when the capa- citive reactance is equal to the inductive reactance, Formulae showing how this eceurs can be found in @ number of specialised text books, The resonance rcurs for one and only one Trequency and at this frequsney. some. interesting elfeols happen. ‘The circuit behaves. as if Wt did not contain any reactive ele- ments and as a result the phase of the Input signal is equal to that of the output signal. Tm the ideal cass as described above the following will occur: The parallel resonance circuit has. & resistance which becomes theaterically infinite at resonance. The series resonance circuit has a te sistance which becomes theoretically These theorctical values are limited by the existence of various resistances present in the circuit. However, the re- Sislance of a parallel tuned circuit will he relatively high and that of series tuned cirouit will be relatively low at resonance. The factor which describes the effect of the resistance is the so called Q-factor, or figure of merit; wL — R The higher the Q-value the lower will bbe the resistance at resonance in # series tuned circuit and the higher the resis- ance of a parallel tuned circuit, The figure of merit also has an effect on the sesponse curve of the circuit obtained by plotting the frequency as the abscissa and the voltage across the circuit as the ordinate. Such a curve will show either ‘@ maximum or a minimum (according to whether the circuit is a parallel or = seties circuit), covtesponding to the 1Sfiger Suites {on/A potentiometer 2% Nur for Holding’ ptertiemetor Mex screws mre Na6 tute Figure 5 sonant frequency, The shape of the cur- ve away from resonance will have the well Known bell shape of @ pass band curve, The band-width is expressed as the interval between the two frequencies at which the response drops 10 a value equal 10 0.707 of the maximum val (this description is valid for paral circuits; for series circuits the terms must be reversed) and is very much narrower when the Q-value of the re- sonance circuit is higher. The voltage which one obtains across the circuit increases with increase of Q and for this reason is also called the voltage multiplication factor. One can see, the- refore, the importance of this factor in ‘radio frequency amplifier where it is, better 10 operate on the voltage rather Mounting the components on the printed circuit than the current, [Before describing the detailed opera tion of the UK 402 a summary of the various uses one ean make of it will be resented, The main scope of the grid ip is that of measuring the resonant frequency of a parallel LC circuit to which it is coupled. To carry out this measurement the circuit under test does not need 10 be switched on because the oscillator contained in the instrument provides all the signal required through the effect of mutual inductance. The instrament can also be used as wuned detector and in this case one can check the existance and make an appropriate measurement of the inten- sity of electromagnetic fields produced by other oscillators, Measurement of the resonant frequency of @ parallel circuit The measurement is carried out by first connecting an inductor of unknown value in parallel with a capacitor of unknown Value. If the resonant frequen- cy of this circuit, which is not connected 10 any signal source but is left comple. tely isolated, is within the measurement range of the grid-dip, then the resonance an be detected by Keeping the grid-dip coupled with the circuit to be measured and by tuning in until, at a certain point the meter needle suddenly jumps to a higher value. At this point one must take a certain number of precautions, If the instrument continues: to show the dip also when it is some distance from thetest circuit, then the dip is not caused by being tuned to the (est circuit, but is due to other causes, such as, for exam ple, strong radio frequency’ radiations produced by local radio or television fransmillers. In such a case one must continue with the test, changing bet ween the different coils provided with the instrument, Ata certain point a jump will appear which disappears when the instrument and the elrcult_ under fest are separated by some distance from each other At this point one can say. that this i the Lnue dip but the measurement is ‘not yet completed. In fact, the elfect of the circuit under test upon the oscilla. tor clzcult In the instrument can pro duce, by mutual induction, a change in the effective inductance and thus of the oscillator frequency, thus giving rise 10 an error in the measurement, Therefore, it is necessary to -move the apparatus further and further away Irom the cir cuit being examined, at the same time adjusting the tuning scale of the grid- dip until finally the dip of the instew ment becomes independent of further distance from the circuit under. test ‘The scale reading a1 thie point will give an exact value of the oscillation ire. quency of the circuit under examination If this cireuit is to be used as a top fr rejecior circuit, that is, if it is 19 be used as 6 seriestuned circuit to short oul an undesired frequency to earth, carefully disconnected from the coil and then one end of the capacitor must > ve wo ends of the circuit which are ‘ow free must be connected one to the high Frequency transmission Tine of the amplifier and the other to earth Sometimes, in certain types of sec ver, it happens that a very powerful and nearby transmitier manages to enter the intermediate freauieney channel despite all attempts designed into. the circuit to avoid such Sntermodulation, Ia. such. 2 case, the only remedy is to place a ap oF zejector circuit at the input of the receiver which will remove that par- ticular frequency. Once the exact ‘e- queney of the interfering station has been established using for example the sriédip Gn fact when the dip oscillator 13 tuned to the same frequency as the disturbing station this will become si Jenced by the predominant effect of the nearby oscillator), one can construct a trap citsuit #5 described above and place this in parallel with the input of the receiver. The ratio between the capacity fand the inductanee of the trap circuit Js selected by considering the width of the band occupied by the station which fs to be removed, For a tslevision sla fion which transmits on a relatively Tange band-width, one cst increase the capacitance and seduce the inductance thus increasing the bandwidth, “one ‘must increase the capacitance and re duce the inductance thus increasing the band-width of the trap circuit. One can, if necessary also add an attenuation rev sistance, For the opposite case, one should re- electrical connections. £100 9 expucitor ct : Educe the capacitance and increase the Inductance so that the Q of the trap circuit is increased, as can be seen from the following formula which gives the bandwidth of a simple tuned circuit: Band-width at 3 dB Resonant frequency a Note that the Q of the complete cir ccuit is mainly influenced by the charac: teristics of the inductor and that at high frequencies, within certain it itis easier to increase Q by increasing the inductance. As a result, one can see that for narrow band-widths it is more convenient 0 increase the inductance fand reduce the capacitance. This method will also increase the Q\ under load, because this will be provided by a re sistance of larger value. Method of measuring the inductance of ‘a coil using a known value capacity In general the capacitance value is stamped on. capacitors togsiher with Siher signs showing the solerance mis Sf the value and also its temperature ependance ete. Therefore, connecting 3 sown, vale capaitr in parallel with the Unknown ‘inductance, one can use the grdlip. to ineasure’ the resonant frequency forthe renltingcircit. One ton then use the formula for the re Sant frequency 1@ find the value of the indastance 1 an PC ‘One now has available an inductance coil with a value of inductance which is known within defined limits of tole- rance. This is very convenient because, in general, it is capacitors which are made in industrial production quantities with a well defined value of the capa: itance whereas inductors are nearly always made individually and theit va Jue is difficult to forecast exactly because Ie depends on « number of very diverse actors, Le Measuring the capacitance of a capacitor Having available an inductor with @ known value of inductance and made up in such a way that its electrical and mechanical characteristics are stable, fone can use it to find the unknown value fof the capacitance of a capacitor such 1s for example, a variable capacitor (for which the value of the minimum caps citance and the maximum capacitance is unknown). Using the same system as above one finds the resonant frequency fof the circuit and thus, from this, the capacitance using the following formula: c= ——— ae FL TEST GENERATOR Because of jts construction, the grid dip is an oscillator of very high preci- sion which radiates a certain amount of radio requency power from the coil of the tuned circuit. One can use this radiation to calibrate a receiver to a high degree of precision. This precision is also helped by the fact that the ins trument generates a very pure wave- form practically free of harmonies and works’ in the fundamental also at very high frequencies, contrary 10 most other types of commercial generators, the char in situ Measurement ‘a tuned circui With the help of the grid-dip one can evaluate the behaviour of a tuned circuit without having to disconnect it from the circuit in which it is connected. If one Knows the characteristics of the isola- {ed eizcuit, itis then possible to evaluate the effect of the parasitic elements such as the distributed inductance and the pa rasitic capacitance. Naturally, one cai only measure the overall value and it is not possible to find the origins point by point within the circuit, but it should. be evident that such a measurement is very useful, There have been many cases of a ‘superheterodyne converter not working properly because the exact value of the parasitic elements was un- io take thin mea urement it not necessary to have the apparatus under test in operation becuse the radio fre- quency power is provided by the gris dip tse, If the ‘circuit under investi. gation is situated in_a position which is difficult to reach this can be overcome by using a so called link coupler. This is made up of a closed circuit formed by one or two turns coupled to the cir gic under examination and the same ‘number coupled to the coil of the grid- dip. Such a system provides the means fof coupling the two without affecting the values being measured. One should take care, however, not to use too long @ connecting lead’ and to make sure that the connecting leads are twisted together. If the Q of the tuned circuit has been made artificially low as is the case of certain amplifiers used in television sets, difficulty may be experienced in using the griddip to read the resonant fre- queney. In such a case one can unsol- der the damping resistance temporarily to make the measurement, CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION The FET oscillator, a doubl: a de amplifier’ which drives the instru- ‘ment meter, The oscillator is made up of the FET Tri. The FET is an ideal component for making up an oscillator. “It has a high input impedance and its internal feedback is much than that of a transistor. The draingate characteristics can be compared to that of a pentode but without the effect of the screened grid which increases the isolation from the point of view of the eapacity betwe- fen the input and the output. In fact the ‘capacity between the drain and the gate canbe compared directly with thal between the anode and the grid of a triode. Naturally, one cannot speak of the gate current in a FET in the same way'as one speaks of the grid current in a triode. One in fact must use ano- ther method to examine the power ab: sorption of the oscillator circuit. The oscillator is of the variable ca pacity Colpitis type. The resonant ci uit is formed from a twin-gang varia. ble capacitor CV and from a number of interchangeable coils provided with the instrument. These coils are five in num keer and are plugged in to the appro- priate socket according to the frequency range desired, The two coils for the Towest frequency ranges also have a centre tap which provides more feed- back and makes it easier 10 initiate oscil- Jations ‘The resonant circuit is ac connected to the drain through capacitor C1. The ac feedback voltage to the gate is pro- vided through the capacitor C2, The de circuit is made up of the resistor R2 which limits the drain current of the FET and the choke Z1 which, together with the capacitor C5 prevents the high frequency signal from reaching the po- wer supply. The high value resistor RI provides the bias voltage to the gate fand determines the working point. ‘The ‘operation is based on the simple fact, that when the output is loaded, that is ‘when there is an absorption of power from the resonant. circuit, there will be a reduction in the amplitude of the radio frequency current in the drain circuit of the FET. There is in effect, therefore, a modulation of the high fre: quency current which is reproduced in the output of the detector formed by the combination of Di, D2, C4, Pl, which removes the ac component. One is in effect using the same system of ab- sorption modulation used in aerial cir. cuits many years ago for many small transmittors. The detector is ac_cou- pled by means of the capacitor C3. ‘The potentiometer PY is the detector circuit load and the sliding contact, feeds a fraction of the signal to the base fof the next amplification stage and thus controls the sensitivity of the instrument. ‘The transistor Tr2 amplifies the detec: ted signal. In the absence of a signal the bias is negative. The presence of a signal will counteract this bias increa- sing the current between the collector and the emitter. This current reduces the voltage at the collector by the resul- ting drop across the load resistance R4. The potentiometer P3 is used to reset the meter until the needle is on the seale of the instrument. When absorption occurs in the resonant circuit the posi- tive voltage from the detector is re duced and, as a result, the resistance of“uoypnde> aygntuna ayy Bugsunopy - ¢ auninya My ET aR ie Figure 6 - Photograph showing UK 402 near final assembly: transistor Tr2 will increase as will the voltage at the collector, This increese is shown on the meter whose needle will jump to a higher position on the, scale The effect of any tempersture changes ‘on this directly coupled amplifier have been teduced to a minimum by the use of @ silicon transistor and by 2 suffi lent amount of feedback provided by the resistor RS. ‘The potentiometer P2 is used to adjust the position of the meter needle to its correct point on the scale for the bat fery voltage check. The switch SW1 disconnects the power supply from the oscillator. When this awiteh is open, the instrument will behaye as a crystal de- tector because the signal picked up by the tuned circuit passes directly to the detector through the capacitors C1 and C3. The rest of the circuit functions a normal manner with an external gnal as with one from the oscillator of the instrument. The switch SW2 changes the meter from. its normal function to that of checking the state ff the battery MECHANICAL ARRANGEMENT The instrument is made up in a com pact form and is easily constructed. The power supply is provided by builtin batteries. The complete circuit is arrane ged in a small sizo robust metal case, The frequency scale is divided into 5 ands with correspond fo, the 5 inter changeable coils provided with each instrument (Gg. 8) All the controls are placed on the front panel of the instrument with the exception of the knob which controls the variable capacitor which is on the side of the instrument to make for easier operation during measurement. The me ter in the instrument is = high sensi Vily microsmmeter, The battery contai ner can be easily removed for changing batsries. ASSEMBLY ‘The first stage of the assembly is the mounting of components on the printed circuit, Figure 2 shows the printed Gireuit layout upon which has been su- erimposed the exact position of each ‘component. First a few words of advice to those less experienced at mounting compo- nents on a printed circuit board. The printed circuit board has one surface which contains the copper connecting tracks and the other side on which the components are mounted, The compo nents are mounted parallel and close 10 the surface of the printed circuit hoard except for some which sre mounted vertically. The lead wires should be ‘ent so that they can be inserted correc ‘ly into the holes in the printed circuit board checking each time to see that each component is heing put into its correct position ‘The wires are then soldered to the copper track using not too powerful a soldering iron and a rapid and decisive action 10 avoid overheating the compo- nent. Do not use too much solder but only enough to ensure a good contact Tf the joint is not perfect frst time, it Is better 10 interrupt the work end wait for the component to cool down before ‘repeating the atiempt. These precautions apply in particulay to the semiconductor components wacre too much heat com ducied slong the wires can result in a permanent change in the device cha- acteristics and possibly, in the ectual destruction of the device. Haying completed the soldering, the remaining wires sticking out from the capper track should be cut off with a palt of wite cutters 10 leaye about 2 = 5 mm of wire protruding above the cop- per surface, During soldering take great fare noi io leave any bridges of solder between adjacent copper tracks. Polarrised components such as diodes, sran- sistors, cic., require additional care to make suze that they are inserted in the circuit the right way round because any mistakes here can give rise to a mal- function in the apparatus and probably fo the complete destruction of the com ponent the moment the apparatus is Switched on. At each point In the ase sembly where these components are to be inserted, full instructions will be gi- ven to ensure that they are inseried correctly ‘One part of the assembly consists of a hgh frequency tuned circuit, The com ponents of this part of the circuit mast he handled with great care. The oscille tor has been precalibrated and there fore in order that the scsle docs not show the wrong reading care must. be Taken not 10 delorm the variable caps: itor or the coil, and also to keep any Wire connections'in this section as short ‘and as straight as possible. Also in the high requency oscillator circuit there is the junction FET amplifier. In order to solder this clement directly on to the printed circuit, one must take all the normal precautions when soldering the terminal’ wives 20. avoid eny damage to the gate junction {st Stage - Assembling the printed eireuit ] Mount the resistors Rl, R2, RS, RA, 5, R6 on the printed elteult ] Mount the ceramic dise capacitors G5, Ch, C5. These capaciiors must be ‘mounted in a vertial position and sho- ‘ld be pushed against the component de of the printed circuit before solder ing, but without using too mach pres gure such thet the leads on the capaci iors become broken or disconnected (J Mount the wo diodes D1 and D2 (ANS). These components ate pola vised. A ring stamped on the outer ease tuarks the positive terminal (1 Moant the transistor T22. This com: Ponent is polarised, Take care to make Sure the correct leads are inserted in the corresponding holes on the printed cireuit marked ¢, bye. In the figure the arrangement of the terminsls 33 shown sen From the side they ate Inseved Mount the choke 21. ‘The wire with Which this coll is wound is extremely fine and care must be taken not 1 Break it especially at the points where the connections #32 made. 1] Mount the two poteotiometers P2 and 5, These two potentiometers are_ of differeat values so make sure thst they ue placed in their correct. postions 2nd Stage - Mounting the fixed compo fnents on the printed circuit (0 The printed circuit side facing to- Wards the front panel is the one with the copper strips and from this side there should emerge the control levers, spindles and other means for control ling ot reading the performance of the instrument. Keeping this in mind mount the three 2way changeover switches (Q) on the printed circuit board (1) using the two screws (3). Q Mount the potentiometer Pi (4) The spindle should be pushed theoseh the appropriate hole with the three tees positioned so they can be connected into their respective holes in the peinied cir- cuit board (sec fig. 2). Fix the poten tiometer with the nut (3). Solder the three tage and cut away the unused wire in accordance with the general instruc tions given above. Mount the micoummeter (6) by Pushing the front face of the meter into the slot cut for it in the printed circuit board. The meter is held in place with the bracket (7) which is fixed to the board using the awo screws (8) and their respective nuts (9). Make sure that the tags on the instrument are po sitioned as shown in the figure, rd Stage - Wiring connections ‘The arrangement of the tags which are seferel to in this part are those Which appear as shown it figure 4. For the switth connections, where no ather insucton is given, use O7 mm die meter bare wite D Switch Swi Connect ihe lower Jefe tag with the pomnt marked X oe the petted circ Board. Connect the lower centre tog With ihe (oa tight tag of switch SWS Ising a length of bare wire. D Switch Sws Conaect the top left tag with the pont marked Y on the printed circuit Band. Connect the (Wo centre contaes Or the switch together snd connect the fed tea. (#) of the. polarised battery pluig (© this point Connect the bleck Iead (3) of the Polariked batery piag to the point mes ed «-—» on the printed cireuit In order io do this, about 3 sim of the inselation ‘should be removed from the exd of the wwite and the bared lead should be wie: iba together very sihtly st that it wl pass through the hole in the printed ef Ent board: After this the wire should be soldered (othe Board like any normal Teed D Switch swe Connect the upper left tag, to the point marked Fon the printed ecuit board. Connect the lower left tag with the point marked Hon the pristed ci cuit board 1D Using piece of red insulated wie, Fonnect the upper centre tng. with the positive terminal of the meter. The cor fect tag on the meter is the one from Which a ted lead enters into the meter ise 1 Using a length of black insulated Wire, connect the lower centre (ag with the negative terminal of the meter, Con- rect the upper right tg with the point marked N on the printed circuit board. Connect the lower right tag with the point marked G on the printed circuit board. 44th Stage - Mounting the variable capa itor and the socket for the coils (Gee fig. 5) Insert the four feet of the variable Ckpacitor (2) into their correct holes fon the printed circuit board (1) and solder them in place to the copper track. The spindle of the variable capacitor must he in the direction shown in the gure Q Thread the drum with the frequency Graduated scale (8) on to the spindle tf the variable capacitor and Gx it tem povarily in place using the grub screw @ 1D. Mount the end plate (5) which folds the spindle of the variable caps- ctor in place fixing it in position on the printed circuit board using the screws (6) and the nots (7). The yariable ox- pcitor spindle must enter the Role in the endplate 1D Mount the socket for the inter-chan- gable coils (9) on the supporting plate (@) making sure that the lags are ar ranged as shown in the figure. Fix the socker in place using the metal ring (10) and the two selftapping se ay Solder a fengih of about 25 mm of [mm diameter baze wire to the lower ontact of the socket and Jeave this po inting downwards. Fix the supporting plate (8) 10 the printed circuit, taking cere that the sol Gered Jead described above enters into the hole marked M on the printed cir- euls board (ee fig. 4). The plate is fixed in place using the two screws (12) and the two nuts (13). D1 Solder the bare wire described abo ye ta the point on the printed circuit hoord. With sefereace to fig. 4, connect the Temaining two tags om the socket with the tgs of the fixed plates of the va- Yable capacitor using short straight len- gihs of | mm diameter bare wire. Con ect the two capacitors Ct and C2 bet- jyeen the fixed plates of the variable capacitors and the points marked H and $ on the printed circuit board. Mount the FET Txt (2N3819) taking care to note the exact arrangement of the ler ‘minal tags Sth Stage - General Assembly (Fi 0 Check that the position of each com. ponent i comect and that each con nection has been correctly carried Out. ] Fix the 3 hexagonal spacers (2) on the base (11 of the instrument ease using the screws G) >»Hee ( i == the five frequency ranges. 6th Stage - Calibration OD Check that the main switch SWS is in the OFF position. The switch SW1 should be in the diode position and the switch SW2 in the position marked BATT. DD Connect the polarised plug to the batter. Switch SW3 10 the on position and adjust the tritimer P2 until the meter needle shows maximum for the voltage of the battery O Switch SW2 to the position DIP and adjust the trimmer P3 to zero the meter needle position. D Switch off the main switch. Tih Stage - Complete Assembly OF Mount the cimplered printed circuit Board (4) on the spacers (2) using the screws (6), The plate which holds the Socket for the coils must be fixed to the ease with the selt-tapping screws ) for greater rigidity. DF Insert the 6 x 15 V torch batteries into the battery holder (7) making suze that they are inserted the conect way round. Insert the bavtery holder into its position in the case, The battery case is held in position with @ spring clip O] Glue the traspareat scale cover (8) Which contains the reference line for the scale reading, on to the case cover 3) Fix the control knob (11) on to the Spindle of the variable eapavitor. Check the position of the graduated ‘rum and adjust i so chat, when the Variable capacitor is completely open, the reference Line coincides with the hhigh frequency end of the seale, To do this the serew (4) of fig. 5 should be temporarily. slackened. Glue the four selfadhesive pads 3) to the case (1) 1 Fix the case cover in place using the four selftapping screws (12). Q Mount the knob (10) on the spindle Of the potentiometer PI, INSTRUMENT CHECK First put switch SWI in the position OSC, and then switch on the grid-dip and adjust the instrument sensitivity 30 that the meter needle is roughly in the centre of the scale, Make up a tuned circuit containing an inductance coil and s suitable capacitor in parallel, plug ‘coll into the grid-dip and sweep slowly through the frequency scale. Lt no dip sctrs change the soil for another one chosen Irom the 3 provided with the instrument (fig, 8). Ata particular point, the meter needle will jump rapidily up the scale, Move the instrument away tw reduce the coupling to the tuned cir- cuit tintil the meter movement is. hare dly perceptible when the koob of the variable capacitor is moved. throwgh the tuned position, It is better that ins rument is held in a fixed position whilst ‘any measurement is taken in order that any small movement of the meter née die is not confuse with that produced by a movement of the instrument itselt. The precise procedure and the precast tion ‘which are necessary duting the measurement have already been given above together with some of the dif ferent possible ways in which the ins trument can be used If the instrument i coupled t an ace tive, icc, powered. oscillator circuit, the meter needle can’ move in the opposite direction towards the lower part of the scale, Use of the diode detector to measure active circuits is less precise and sensitive but it is the only method which does not produce an effect with parasitic signal upon the circuit under examination,ARRANGEMENT OF ‘THE CONNECTING LEADS ON THE SEMICONDUCTOR COMPONENTS 23819 s C2098 REARS | cree | Description 2NS819 transistor BC200R transistor ‘A119 diodes 1 MO resi 680 12 resistor 35 KO resistor 27 KO resistors 100 Ki? resistor i 100 pF tubular capacitors i 47 pF NPO dise capacitor 1 nF dise capacitor 10 nF dise capacitor e % + 90 pF variable capacitor 47 KO/A trimmer t 10 K0 linear potentiometer” 22K trimmer % RP. choke lider switches meter printed circuit board drum with graduated stale pointer knob knob (with reduction sleever for 4 mm), diameter spindle “' socket with metal ring coils red insulated wire black insulated wire 1 mm diameter bare wire 0.7 mm diameter bare wire MB nuts M26 nuts MS x 6 screws M3 x 4 serews M26 x 6 screws spacers L = 48 m 2.2.x 3 self lapping screws 29 x 65 self tapping screws screw for fixing drum on spindle M2 x 6 serews plate for holding spindle of variable capacitor plate for holding coil socket instrument bracket transparent window with reference line battery cont holder for battery container solder dispenser 90/5/402/20