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10.11 BIAXIALLY LOADED COLUMNS.

The analysis and design of columns under eccentric loading was discussed earlier in this
chapter, considering a uniaxial case. This means that the load was acting along the
, causing a combination of axial load and a moment about the equal to
or acting along the with an eccentricity , causing a combination of an
axial load and a moment .

If the load is acting anywhere such that its distance from the is and its
distance from the , is , then the column section will be subjected to a combination
of forces: an axial load and a moment about the = and a moment
about the .The column section in this case is said to be subjected to
biaxial bending. The analysis and design of
columns under this combination of forces is not
simple when the principles of statics are used.
The neutral axis is at an angle with respect to
both axes, and lengthy calculations are needed
to determine the location of the neutral axis,
strains, concrete compression area, and
internal forces and their point of application.
Therefore, it was necessary to develop
practical solutions to estimate the strength of
columns under axial load and biaxial bending.
The formulas developed relate the response of
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the column in biaxial bending to its uniaxial strength about each major axis. The biaxial bending
strength of an axially loaded column can be represented by a three-dimensional interaction
curve, as shown in figure. The surface is formed by a series of uniaxial interaction curves drawn
radially from the . The curve represents the interaction curve in uniaxial bending
about the , and the curve represents the curve in uniaxial bending about
the . The plane at constant axial load represents the contour of the bending
moment about any axis. Different shapes of columns may be used to resist axial loads and
biaxial bending. Circular, square, or rectangular column cross-sections may be used with equal
or unequal bending capacities in the and directions.

10.12 SQUARE AND RECTANGULAR COLUMNS UNDER BIAXIAL

BENDING. BRESLER RECIPROCAL METHOD.

Square or rectangular columns with unequal bending moments about their major axes
will require a different amount of reinforcement in each direction. An approximate method of
analysis of such sections was developed by Boris Bresler and is called the Bresler reciprocal
method. According to this method, the load capacity of the column under biaxial bending can
be determined by using the following expression (Bresler equation):

Where:

The uniaxial load strengths , and can be calculated according to the equations
and method given earlier in this chapter. After that, they are substituted into the above Bresler
equation to calculate . The Bresler equation is valid for all cases when is equal to or greater
than . When is less than , the axial force may be neglected and the section can be
designed as a member subjected to pure biaxial bending according to the following equations:
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Where:

The Bresler equation is not recommended when the section is subjected to axial tension
loads.

Example:
Determine the nominal compressive strength of the short tied column, which is subjected
to biaxial bending.
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Solution:

1- Calculate

2. For x direction (bending about y-axis):

- compute the ratio :

- compute the ratio :

- Draw line of on diagram A-9b (for ) and diagram A-9c (for ).

Diagram A-9b (for ).

Diagram A-9c (for ).

Use linear interpolation to compute the value for ( ).

Note that compression-controlled section (see interaction diagrams).

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3. For y direction (bending about x-axis):

- compute the ratio :

- compute the ratio :

- Draw line of on diagram A-9a (for ) and diagram A-9b (for ).

Diagram A-9a (for

Diagram A-9b (for ).

Use linear interpolation to compute the value for ( ).

Note that compression-controlled section (see interaction diagrams).

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3- Determine for the section dimensions: h=600 mm and b 400 mm and

( )

Note that can be defined directly from interaction diagrams when

From diagrams A-9 for any value of

5. Substituting in Bresler equation:

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Example
Design a rectangular tied column subjected to:
.
Take
Solution:
1. Select trial size along x-axis,

Assume h=650 mm.

2. Compute the ratio :

Assume

3. Use interaction diagrams trying :

Diagram A-9b (for ).

Diagram A-9c (for ).

Use linear interpolation to compute the value for

Take column dimensions:

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4. Use interaction diagram A-9 to determine and for the selected dimensions:

Diagram A-9b (for ).

Diagram A-9c (for ).

Use linear interpolation to compute the value for .

Diagram A-9a (for ).

Diagram A-9b (for ).

Use linear interpolation to compute the value for .

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5- Determine for the section dimensions: h=650 mm and b 400 mm and

( )

6-Substituting in Bresler equation:

7-Try new dimensions h=700 mm, b=450 mm and

8. Repeat the calculations using interaction diagram A-9 to determine and for the
selected dimensions: :

Diagram A-9b (for ).

Diagram A-9c (for ).

Use linear interpolation to compute the value for .

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Diagram A-9a (for ).

Diagram A-9b (for ).

Use linear interpolation to compute the value for \

9-Determine for the section dimensions: h=700 mm and b 450 mm and

( )

10-Substituting in Bresler equation:

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11- Select the reinforcement: