FREUNDLICH ADSORPTION ISOTHERM

I. OBJECTIVE
The objective of this lab is to determine the Freundlich adsorption isotherms
according to the process of oxalic acid adsorption on activated charcoal.
II. BASIC THEORIES
a. Adsorption
Adsorption or absorption of the gas layer formation on the surface of a solid or
liquid occasionally. In the adsorption process there are substances that are absorbed
on a surface of another substance called the adsorbate, while the surface is a
substance that can absorb another substance called adsorbent. Adsorption or
absorption different from the absorption or uptake, because the absorption process of
the absorbed substance penetrates into the absorbent substance. In chemical
absorption is the entry of gas into a solid or solution, or the entry of liquids into
solids. While in physics, absorption is the change of energy of electromagnetic
radiation, sound, particle beam, and others into other energy forms if passed at a
medium. When a photon is absorbed will be a transition to the objec excited
(Daintith, 1994).
Adsorption can occur due to electrostatic interaction forces or van der Waals
forces between molecules (physisorption / fisisorpsi) or by the chemical interaction
between molecules (chemisorption / kimisorpsi) (Fatimah, 2009). Physical
adsorption is the adsorption caused by Van der Waals forces that exist on the surface
adsorbens, wherein the adsorbent is usually low heat and place in layers on the
surface of the adsorbent is generally greater than one mole. By contrast, the
chemical adsorption, adsorption occurs due to the reaction between the absorbed
substance and the adsorbent, wherein the layer of molecules on the surface of the
adsorbent is only one layer and a high adsorption heat. (In the adsorption process
that occurs in kimisorpsi, particles attached to the surface by forming a chemical
bond (usually covalent bonds), and tend to look for a place that maximizes
coordination number with the substrate. events caused by the pull of the adsorption
of molecules on the surface adsorbens. where the adsorbent used in the experiment is
active carbon, while the substance is absorbed acetic acid (Keenan, 1999).
b. Factors Affecting the Adsorption
Adsorption is a phenomenon in which the molecules of the fluid (gas, vapor, or
liquid) to selectively undergo a process of mass transfer to the solid surface sinks.
Adsorption occurs because of the potential difference between the adsorbate
molecules with the active surface of the pores of the adsorbent. Styles that lead to
adsorbate molecules are difusional terjerap into the pores of the adsorbent, and
bound to a specific time. In the process of adsorption in solution, the amount of
adsorbed substance depends on several factors, namely:
- Type of adsorbent
- The type of adsorbed substance (adsorbate)
- The concentration of each substance
- The active surface area of adsorbent
- Temperature
- Pressure
At one adsorbens with materials and certain types, the amount of gas that can be
absorbed by the greater if the higher critical temperature, liquid or gas. If the surface
area of an adsorbent that is used more widely, the more gas that can be absorbed.
Hard surface area is determined by absorption is usually calculated per unit mass of
adsorbent. Absorption of the gas solids depending on the type of adsorbent, the type
of gas, the adsorbent surface area, temperature and gas pressure (Atkins, 1990).
Adsorption events occur when two phases are on a clean surface is added a third
component, the third component of this will greatly affect the surface properties. An
added component is a molecule adsorbed on the surface (and hence called the active
surface). The number of substances that are absorbed per weight adsorbens,
depending on the concentration of solutes. However, when adsorbens already
saturated the concentration is no longer influential. Adsorption and desorption
(release) of an equilibrium (Atkins, 1990).
c. Activated Carbon

Activated carbon, or often referred to as activated charcoal, is a type of carbon

has a very large surface area. This can be achieved by activating the carbon or
charcoal. Normally activation only aims to increase its surface area, but some
businesses are also associated with increased ability of activated carbon adsorption
itself (www.wikipedia.com).
Picture 1. Activated carbon

Activated carbon is an amorphous material having a large surface area that

was built by the internal pore structure through the process of carbonization and
activation. Activated carbon has a surface area of about 500 m2/gram m2/gram can
even reach 1500. Activated carbon has a different density. Activated carbon also has
a level of violence is different to a certain pressure or shear. Differences in density
and hardness of activated carbon depends on the raw materials and power on. Based
on its form, activated carbon can be divided into four categories, namely:

1. Activated carbon powder (powdered activated carbon) powder with a particle

size of less than 0.8 mm.

2. Granular activated carbon (granular activated carbon), having particles of

uneven size from 0.2 to 5.0 mm.

3. Activated carbon pellets (pellete activated carbon), cylindrical in shape with a

diameter of 0.8 to 5.0 mm. activated carbon is generally used for applications
in the gas phase because it has a low dust content, low pressure drop but have
a high mechanical strength.

4. Activated carbon coated with a polymer (polymer coated carbon), the pores of
the carbon that can be coated with a biopolymer that is possible to produce a
smooth surface with no cover and permeable pores, resulting in a carbon that
can be for hermoperfusi is a treatment technique which is pressed into the
blood of patients with adsorbent for removing toxic compounds from the
blood.
 Activated charcoal can be made of materials containing carbon and either
organic or inorganic, but usually comes on the market and a coconut shell, wood,
and coal. At present, activated charcoal has been used extensively in the chemical
industry, food or beverage and pharmaceutical industries.

THE PROCESS OF ACTIVATED CARBON MANUFACTOR

COAL ACTIVATED BOX

3 HOURS

Rolling machine

strainer

Powderred Granular
product product

Packer

Picture 2. Scheme of the activated-carbon manufactures

d. Freundlich adsorption isotherm

For adsorbents with specific surface area, the higher the greater the
concentration of adsorbate substance can be absorbed. Adsorption processes are in
equilibrium when the rate equal to the speed of adsorption desorbsi. When one
substance is increased or decreased there will be a new equilibrium. Desorbsi
adsorption is the opposite, namely the events re-release of the adsorbate from the
adsorbent surface. Adsorption isotherm is that adsorption occurs at constant
temperature.
 For a given adsorption system, the relationship between the number of
substances that teradsorsi per unit area or per unit weight of adsorbent to the
concentration of solute at a given temperature is called the adsorption isotherm.

There are two equations are often used to describe the adsorption process on
solid surfaces, the Langmuir equation is known as the Langmuir adsorption isotherm
and the Freundlich equation is known as the Freundlich adsorption isotherm.
Langmuir equation is valid for the adsorption of a single layer (monolayer) on the
surface of a homogeneous substance. Langmuir equation can be derived
theoretically by assuming the occurrence of an equilibrium between the adsorbed
molecules and the molecules are still free, can be written as follows.

C 1 1
  C
x a ( x ) maks ( x ) maks
m m m

where,C = concentration of solute molecules that are free. x = mole of solute

adsorbed by m grams of adsorbant. a = constant

x
   kapasitas monolayer
 m  maks

In the equation of Freundlich adsorption isotherms, expressed as:

x
= kC1/n
m

where, x = weight substances (solutes) are adsorbed (grams). m = weight of

adsorbent (g). C = concentration of the solution after adsorbed (adsorption
equilibrium is reached). k = Freundlich constants. n = the other constants.

x
These equations can be transformed into: log = log k + n log C
m

This equation reveals that when the adsorption process obeyed a Freundlich
isotherm, then the channel log x / m against log C would be a straight line. Based on
the straight line obtained in the channel, the price for constant n and k can be
determined.
III. MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENTS
Equipments Amounts Materials Amounts
Porcelain disk 1 pcs 0,3 M; 0,2 M;
Erlenmeyer flask 6 pcs 0,1 M; 0,05 M;
Oxalic acid solution
Volumetric Pipette 10 1 pcs 0,01 M; and
mL 0,005 M
Drop Pipette 1 pcs Activated coal 30 grams
Funnel 1 pcs NaOH standard 0,15 M
solution
Burette 50 mL 1 pcs phenolphthalein 5 mL
Watch glass 1 pcs Filter paper 10 peaces
Spatula 1 pcs

IV. PROCEDURE
No Prosedur Kerja Observational Result
1 Activated charcoal by heating to a
temperature of 105oC for ± 1 hour
2 A total of 5 grams each activated
charcoal put in a closed Erlenmeyer
flask
3 Oxalic acid solution prepared with
various concentrations namely 0.30
N; 0.20 N; 0.10 N; 0.05 N, 0.01 N;
0.005 N in 100 mL
4 Each solution poured into
Erlenmeyer flask has been added
activated charcoal, then close the
Erlenmeyer flask and keep ±2 hours
to make it equilibrium.
5 Record the temperature and keep to
make the temperature is constant or
the temperature is not too much
 changing. Each solution filtered by
filter paper.
6 Filtrate titrated by NaOH 0,1 N
solution with PP as an indicator.

Singaraja, 31st May 2013

Lecterur

Drs. I Nyoman Retug M.Si