Routing V10 en

“Static Routing”
Configuration
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Table of contents
Table of contents
Legal information ......................................................................................................... 2
1 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 4
1.1 Overview............................................................................................... 4
1.2 Mode of operation ................................................................................ 6
1.2.1 Concepts .............................................................................................. 6
1.2.2 The router ............................................................................................. 6
1.2.3 The routing table .................................................................................. 7
1.2.4 The IP routing ....................................................................................... 9
1.3 Components used .............................................................................. 11
2 Engineering ...................................................................................................... 12
2.1 Hardware structure ............................................................................. 12
2.2 Configuration ...................................................................................... 13
2.2.1 Preparation ......................................................................................... 15
2.2.2 Configuration of the PCs .................................................................... 18
2.2.3 SCALANCE XM408 Configuration ..................................................... 22
2.3 Operation ............................................................................................ 32
3 Useful information ........................................................................................... 33
3.1 Network basics ................................................................................... 33
3.1.1 Internet protocol ................................................................................. 33
3.1.2 IP address .......................................................................................... 33
3.1.3 Subnet mask ...................................................................................... 34

3.1.4 Network, devices and broadcast addresses ...................................... 35
3.1.5 Classless Inter Domain Routing Suffix ............................................... 35
3.2 Calculating a network ......................................................................... 36
3.2.1 Network addresses and number of devices ....................................... 36
3.2.2 Subnetting .......................................................................................... 37
3.3 The IP router ...................................................................................... 39
3.3.1 Function and tasks ............................................................................. 39
3.3.2 Routing table ...................................................................................... 41
4 Appendix .......................................................................................................... 45
4.1 Service and Support ........................................................................... 45
4.2 Links and Literature ............................................................................ 46
4.3 Change documentation ...................................................................... 46
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1 Introduction
1 Introduction
1.1 Overview
Requirement
A stable and securely functioning network is an important fundamental requirement
in a company or automation system.
In order to separate individual areas for security reasons or to stabilize the network,
the local network is to be segmented into many smaller networks and the individual
areas are to be clearly separated from each other.
However, cross-network communication must still be ensured for the participants, if
it is necessary. The data must therefore be routed beyond the network boundaries.
Measure
To increase the network's stability, a larger physical network is split into several
smaller network segments, each with its own broadcast domains.
For this, the network is physically segmented into several subnets at IP level (Layer
3 in the OSI reference model) with the help of Layer 3 network components.
Special settings in the devices and protocols at Layer 3 level enable data
exchange between the subnets.
Benefits
If you separate a large network into several smaller subnets, the following benefits
result for you:
 Different company divisions receive their own, smaller networks.
 The network load is reduced because, for example, broadcast requests remain
within a segment.
 In small networks it is possible to quickly perform network diagnostics in case
of network malfunction, which greatly accelerates troubleshooting.
 Layer 3 network traffic can be almost completely controlled.
 All the participants can communicate with each other despite different networks
and thus different broadcast domains.
Routing as a solution approach

To implement the above measure, a larger physical network is divided into several
subnets by installing IP routers in the network. The IP routers connect the subnets
with each other.
In order to enable communication between all participants “IP routing” is used.
This allows the participants to send the data packets addressed to another subnet
to the corresponding IP router. The IP router then specifies the path that the data
packet is to take to its destination address.
On the view of the end devices the IP router is also called the "Default Router" or
"Default Gateway".
The available paths (routes) can be determined to be static or dynamic during the
routing process:
 In static routing, the routes are assigned permanently.
 In dynamic routing, the route is selected based on current network status
parameters.
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1 Introduction
Dividing your network according to this technological concept gives you the
following advantages:
 You can implement it both in small and in very large networks.
 The idea of security is reinforced because you can control the data traffic on
Layer 3 between the subnets or connect or disconnect subnets at port level.
 You can use suitable filter rules in the IP routers to prevent data from
corresponding protocols or subscribers from reaching other subnets.
 You can increase the performance in your network. Subnets connected by an
IP router do not influence each other by a broadcast storm.
Applicative implementation
This Application example shows you the operating principle of Static Routing.
Note You can find an application example that shows you how dynamic routing works
on the same HTML page.
In order to explain the use of static routing step-by-step, two example

configurations have been selected in different expansion stages.
 To explain the function itself, a simple structure has been chosen:
Network A Network B
PC PC
 To explain static routing in a specific application a more complex structure has

been selected:
Network A Network B
PC PC
Network C
Network D
PC
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1 Introduction
1.2 Mode of operation

1.2.1 Concepts
All devices can communicate with each other within their own network. If data
exchange is to take place across network boundaries, special Layer 3 network
components are required to forward the data packet in the direction of the
destination subnet.
This process, i.e. the forwarding of the data packet, is called "routing". The Layer 3
network component that performs the task is called the "router".
1.2.2 The router
Description
The router is a Layer 3 network component and it connects subnets with each
other.
The router has an interface ("IP interface") of its own and at least one IP address
for each connected subnet.
Note The subnets connected to the IP router must be different. Each connected
subnet must have a unique network address.
The task of the router is to accept IP packets addressed to an external subnet and
forward them to their destination.
The following figure shows a router that connects two subnets to each other. The
router has its own IP interface and IP address for each adjacent subnet. This
allows it to send IP packets from one subnet to another subnet.
Figure 1-1
Network address: Network address:

192.168.0.0 192.168.1.0
192.168.0.1/24 192.168.1.1/24
SCALANCE XM408
Default router
To ensure that the terminal devices know where to send the data packets for cross-
network communication, the IP router must be configured as a "default router" or
"default gateway" in each end device.
Note For more information on the router and its tasks, please refer to Chapter 3.3
Unrestricted
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1.2.3 The routing table
Description
Every IP-capable device administrates a routing table. The routing table contains
information on known networks and how (route) these networks can be accessed.
The routing table is divided into several columns.
The most important columns in the routing table are:
 Destination network address: Identifies the subnet that is to be accessed.
 Gateway: IP address of the next router. All the IP packets intended for the
destination network are forwarded to this router.
Terminal routing table

The terminals usually have two entries in the routing table:
 An entry for their own network. This particular entry has no gateway or has the
IP Address “0.0.0.0” as gateway.
 A default route for all packets that are not addressed to the device’s own
subnet. In that case, "0.0.0.0/0" ("all remote networks”) is given as the network
address of the destination network and the IP address of the nearest router is
given as gateway.
Routing table of routers

The router must have an entry in its routing table for each subnet to which it is to
forward the IP packets.
The routers can learn the routes and fill their table in three different ways:
 Directly connected sub-nets: Each IP interface is automatically entered in the
table with the corresponding subnet.
Note:
The route of an IP interface will only be visible in the table if the corresponding
physical IP interface is active.
 Static routing: These routes are configured manually by an administrator.
 Dynamic routing: In this case, the routers automatically learn all accessible
networks through one or more configured routing protocols.
Note In this application example the routers learn the routes as follows:
 Automatically through their IP interfaces

 Manually by entry of static routes
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The following screenshot shows a routing table of the SCALANCE XM-400.

Figure 1-2
From what the routing table shows, the following statements can be made:
 Lines 1 to 3 are create automatically through the configured IP interfaces.
 Line 4 is a static route created by the administrator.
 Line 5 is the network address of the SCALANCE Agent IP address.
Note For more information on the routing table, please refer to Chapter 3.3.2.
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1.2.4 The IP routing
Description
When a terminal (sender) sends an IP data packet, a check is made to determine
whether the IP data packet is for its own subnet or not.
If the intended recipient is located in its own subnet the data packet is handed over
to the two lower layers of the OSI reference model. The lower layers register the IP
address from the data package and send the data package.
If the recipient is not in the same subnet, the sender cannot access the recipient
directly. The sender needs to use the detour via the IP router and forward the IP
data packet to the router. To do this, it passes the data package to the lower two
layers of the OSI reference model. The lower layers use the IP address of the
default router to determine the MAC address of the router and send the data
packet to the IP router.
The router uses its routing table to check whether it is possible to forward the data
packet to the other subnet. If it is possible, the router sends the data to the other
subnet. If it does not find a suitable entry in its routing table, the IP data packet is
discarded.
Note If IP routing is used in a network, all subnets must be unique and may only be
used at one location.
Sequence
The following figure shows you the function of "IP routing" using a simple structure
to illustrate.
Network address: 192.168.0.0 Network address: 192.168.1.0
192.168.0.1/24 192.168.1.1/24
3
1 5
4
2
PC 1 PC 2
192.168.0.100 192.168.1.100
255.255.255.0 SCALANCE XM408 255.255.255.0
Router: 192.168.0.1 Router: 192.168.1.1
Routing table PC 1 Routing table IP Router

Destination network Gateway Destination network Gateway
192.168.0.0/24 0.0.0.0 192.168.0.0/24 0.0.0.0
0.0.0.0/0 192.168.0.1 192.168.1.0/24 0.0.0.0
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Frei verwendbar
1 Introduction
The following table describes the "IP routing" procedure:

Table 1-1
Step Description
1. PC 1 wants to send an IP packet to the network 192.168.1.0 with PC 2 as
receiver. PC 1 has determined from the destination IP address and its subnet
mask that PC 2 is not in its subnet. PC 1 cannot send the IP package to PC 2
directly.
PC 1 checks in its routing table whether it is possible to send the IP packet to a
remote subnet and finds a suitable entry with the default route. The default route
is a route for all IP packets that are not addressed to the own subnet.
In order to send the IP packet to PC 2, PC 1 must therefore take the detour via
the IP router.
2. The IP address of the router is entered in its default route (here: 192.168.0.1).
PC 1 sends the IP data packet to its default router.
3. The destination IP address indicates to the router that the packet is not intended
for it. In order to forward the IP package to its destination, the router looks for an
appropriate entry in its routing table.
4. As the IP router has an IP interface for the PC 2 subnet, it finds a suitable entry
in the routing table.
The IP router sends the IP package to PC 2 via its second IP interface.
5. PC 2 gets the IP package that PC1 has sent to it.
Note In Chapter 3 you will find more detailed information on the following topics:
 General network basics

 Network calculations
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1.3 Components used

SCALANCE XM-400
The devices of the SCALANCE XM-400 series and the devices of the SCALANCE
XR-500 series can be used as routers for automation. They meet all the
requirements for IP routing.
The following routing functions are available on the devices:
 Static routing
 Dynamic routing. The following protocols are supported:
– OSPF / OSPFv3
– VRRP / VRRPv3
– RIP / RIPng
Note The devices of the SCALANCE XM-400 series and the devices of the
SCALANCE XR-500 series are offered in two variants:
 The Layer 3 function (routing) is already integrated in the device.

 The Layer 3 function (routing) can be activated by a KEY-PLUG.
The Layer 3 function is required for this application example.

When choosing your device, please note whether the routing function is already
included in the device or whether you need an additional KEY-PLUG with
license.
In this example, two SCALANCE XM408-4C (item number 6GK5408-4GQ00-

2AM2) are used.
PCs
Commercially available Windows PCs are used to test and examine the IP routing.
You can test the router functionality with a PING command from the Windows
command line.
In this example, three PCs with a Windows 7 operating system are used.
An additional engineering PC is used to configure the SCALANCE XM-400
devices.
Tools for setting the address

To assign a management IP address to SCALANCE devices, you can use various
tools, such as Primary Setup Tool, PRONETA, STEP 7.
The Primary Setup Tool and PRONETA are available for free download from
Industry Online Support. You will find the links for this in Chapter 4.2.
Alternative components
Devices of the SCALANCE SC serie and the SCALANCE S615 support static
routing with an additional firewall. The project planning of these devices is largely
analogous to the project planning presented here.
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2.1 Hardware structure
Configuration of static routing is explained for a specific application case.
The following figure shows you the hardware structure selected for this:
Figure 2-1
PC 2
PC 1
SCALANCE XM408
Engineering-
PC
PC 3
SCALANCE XM408
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2.2 Configuration
Physical network diagram
The following figure shows you the physical network diagram of the example.
You can read all essential physical properties from the figure.
These are the properties:
 The network components used
 The cabling of the network components to one another
 The port connections of the network components
Figure 2-2
XM408-hall1
P1.1 P1.2
PC 2
PC 1
P1.3
P1.3
Engineering- P1.2
PC
PC 3
XM408-hall2
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Logical network diagram

The following figure shows you the logical network diagram of the example.
You can read all the essential information about the Layer 3 protocol from the
figure.
These are the information items in question:
 The segmentation of the IP subnets
 The IP addresses of the network components
 The representation of the routers
Figure 2-3
PC 1 PC 2
XM408 hall1
.100 .150
192.168.0.0/25 192.168.0.128/25
.1 .129
.1
172.16.0.0/30
.2
192.168.1.0/24
.2
.100 XM408 hall2
Switch Management of IP address

XM408 hall1 192.168.55.1/29
XM408 hall2 192.168.55.2/29
PC 3
Note The sample network is subdivided into several IP subnets by “subnetting”. Each
subnet is unique and is only used at one location.
For more information on “subnetting”, please refer to Chapter 3.2.2.
Note The next chapters show you the necessary configuration steps for the PCs and
for the SCALANCE XM-400 devices.
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2.2.1 Preparation
Overview
Before you can configure the SCALANCE XM-400 devices as IP routers, various
preparations must be made.
You must prepare the following points in advance:
 Set up an Engineering PC
 Reset SCALANCE to factory setting (if necessary)
 Assign a management IP address
 Starting Web Based management
Setting up an engineering PC
The engineering PC is used to configure the SCALANCE devices using web-based
management.
Assign the following IP address to the engineering PC:
Figure 2-4
To connect to the SCALANCE, the engineering PC is connected to port 1.8 of the

respective SCALANCE.
Resetting SCALANCE
If you are not using brand-new SCALANCE devices, it is recommended to reset
both devices to factory settings.
That way you can be sure that no old configuration is stored in the SCALANCE.
For instructions on how to reset the SCALANCE please refer to the manual of the
device (see Chapter 4.2).
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Assigning management IP address

The first assignment of an IP address for SCALANCE cannot be done with Web
Based Management (WBM), because this configuration tool presupposes an IP
address.
There are several ways to assign an IP address to an unconfigured device:
 Primary Setup Tool
 PRONETA
 STEP 7
 DHCP
The Primary Setup Tool and PRONETA are available for immediate free download
from Industry Online Support. You will find the links for this in Chapter 4.2.
Assign to the two SCALANCE the following IP address using one of the tools
mentioned:
 For the SCALANCE “X408-hall1”: 192.168.55.1/29
 For the SCALANCE “X408-hall2”: 192.168.55.2/29
The following image shows you the configuration with the Primary Setup Tool:
Figure 2-5
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Starting Web Based Management

SCALANCE has an integrated HTTP server for Web Based Management (WBM).
To implement Web Based Management, the following conditions must be met:
 The device has an IP address.
 There is a connection between the SCALANCE and the Engineering PC. You
can use the ping command to check whether the SCALANCE is accessible.
Note Use the https protocol to establish a secure connection to SCALANCE.
Proceed as follows to open Web Based Management:

1. Enter the IP address of the SCALANCE in the address field of the Internet
browser, e.g. "https://192.168.55.1" for the SCALANCE "X408-hall1".
If a perfect connection to the device is established, the registration page is
displayed.
2. When you log in for the first time or after a "Reset to factory settings and
restart", enter the password of the factory-set user "admin":
Name and password: “admin”.
3. Then, click on the Log-in button or confirm your input with “Enter”.
4. When you log in for the first time or after a “Reset to factory settings and
restart” using the pre-set user, you will be prompted to change the password.
Change the password.
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5. To complete the process and activate the new password, click on the "Set
Values" button.
If you have successfully logged in, the start page appears.
2.2.2 Configuration of the PCs
Description
To test the IP routing between the networks, three PCs are used in this application
example.
You must enter a default router in all PCs. Only with this entry can the PC
communicate with devices that are not in its own subnet.
The IP packets intended for a remote subnet are forwarded by the PC to the
default router for further processing.
Note In Windows, the default router is referred to as the “standard gateway”.
Overview of the addresses

The following table provides you with an overview that shows with which IP
addresses and which standard gateways the PCs are configured with.
Table 2-1
PC IP address Subnet mask Gateway
PC 1 192.168.0.100 255.255.255.128 192.168.0.1
PC 2 192.168.0.150 255.255.255.128 192.168.0.129
PC 3 192.168.1.100 255.255.255.0 192.168.1.2
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Entering a default router

The following instructions show you how to enter a default router using PC 1 as an
example. Configure PC 2 and PC 3 according to the instructions for PC 1 and use
the addresses from Table 2-1.
You can enter the standard gateway in the properties of your network card.
Proceed as follows to open the properties of the network card:
1. Navigate to "Start > Control Panel > Network and Internet" and click on "View
network status and tasks".
2. The “Network and Sharing Center” opens. Click on “Change adapter settings”
which appears in the left-hand sector of the window.
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3. The “Network Connections” window opens. You will see all available network
adapters / network cards.
With the left mouse button, select the entry you are using from the list. Open
the context menu with the right mouse button and click on "Properties".
4. The window for the properties of the corresponding network adapter, network
card or connection opens.
Double-click on the entry "Internet Protocol Version 4 (TCP/IPv4)" or select this
entry with the left mouse button. Then click on the “Properties” button.
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5. The Properties window for Internet protocol version 4 opens. Configure the
properties as follows:
a. Set the option to "Use the following IP address:"
b. Enter the IP address that is intended for the PC.
c. Enter the subnet mask intended for the PC.
d. Enter the standard gateway.
6. When you have made all the settings, click on the "OK" button in this and the
next dialog box.
Note Repeat steps 1 to 6 for PC2 and PC3 as well.
Result
You have entered the IP address and the corresponding standard gateway in all
the PCs. The PCs need these settings to communicate with remote subnets.
Note If the PC has several network adapters, a standard gateway may be assigned on
one network adapter only. Deactivate any additional adapters for this example or
remove the standard gateway there.
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2.2.3 SCALANCE XM408 Configuration
Description
A SCALANCE XM408 is used as IP router in this application example.
If you are using the SCALANCE XM408 as an IP router, perform all the following
steps in both devices:
 Activate routing
 Create router ports
 Create subnets
 Enter static routes
With these configuration steps, the SCALANCE can work as an IP router and
connect subnets to each other.
Note You can also work with VLANs instead of router ports. You can find examples for
VLAN in the Industrial Online Support (see Chapter 4.2).
Overview of the addresses

The following table provides you with an overview that shows the IP addresses the
SCALANCE devices are configured with.
Table 2-2
SCALANCE Management of IP Interface1 IP Interface2 IP Interface3
IP addresses
X408-hall1 192.168.55.1/29 192.168.0.1/25 172.16.0.1/30 192.168.0.129/25
X408-hall2 192.168.55.2/29 192.168.1.2/24 172.16.0.2/30 -
Starting Web Based Management

The following sections show you how to configure SCALANCE using Web Based
Management.
Connect the engineering PC to SCALANCE and open Web Based Management.
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Activating routing
Proceed as follows to activate routing:
1. Open the "Layer 3 (IPv4)" menu and then the "Configuration" submenu.
This page provides an overview of the device's Layer 3 features for IPv4. You
can activate or deactivate the desired Layer 3 function here.
2. Activate the "Routing" option box and click on the "Set Values" button.
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Creating router ports

In its function as IP router, SCALANCE requires a separate IP interface (“router
port”) and IP address for each adjacent subnet. This is the only way the router can
send IP packets from one subnet to another subnet.
The following table shows you which SCALANCE ports are configured as “router
ports”.
Table 2-3
SCALANCE Router ports
X408-hall1 P1.1
P1.2
P1.3
X408-hall2 P1.2
P1.3
To configure the ports as “router ports” proceed as follows:

1. Open the “System” menu, and in it, the “Ports” submenu.
Switch to the “Configuration” tab.
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2. Select the port to be configured from the drop-down menu in the “Ports”
submenu.
3. Open the drop-down list “Port Type”.
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4. Select “Router Port” as port type.
5. To confirm your settings, click on the “Set Values” button.

6. Repeat steps 2 to 5 with all the other ports that are to operate as router ports.
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7. Once you have set all the “router ports” you need, switch to the “Overview” tab.
Here you can see and check the port configuration.
The following figure shows the port configuration of the SCALANCE “X408-
hall1”.
Note Configure the router ports in both SCALANCE devices.
Result
You have configured the IP interfaces to the adjacent subnets in all SCALANCE
devices.
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Creating subnets
In its function as IP router, SCALANCE requires a separate IP interface ("router
port") and IP address for each adjacent subnet. This is the only way it can send IP
packets from one subnet to another subnet.
You have already configured the router port in SCALANCE. In the next step, you
must assign an IP address from the adjacent subnet to the "router ports".
The following table shows the IP addresses with which the router ports are
configured.
Table 2-4
SCALANCE Router port IP address Network ID Subnet mask
X408-hall1 P1.1 192.168.0.1 192.168.0.0 255.255.255.128
P1.2 192.168.0.129 192.168.0.128 255.255.255.128
P1.3 172.16.0.1 172.16.0.0 255.255.255.252
X408-hall2 P1.2 192.168.1.2 192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0
P1.3 172.16.0.2 172.16.0.0 255.255.255.252
Proceed as follows to give an IP address to a “router port”:

1. Open the “Layer 3 (IPv4)” menu and then the “Subnets” submenu.
Switch to the “Configuration” tab.
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2. Select the port to be configured from the drop-down menu in the “Interface
(Name)” submenu.
3. Enter the IP address and corresponding subnet mask.

To confirm your settings, click on the “Set Values” button.
4. Repeat steps 2 and 3 for all the other router ports.
5. Once you have assigned an IP address to all the router ports, switch to the
“Overview” tab. In this tab you can see and check the IP configuration.
The following figure shows the port configuration of the SCALANCE “X408-
hall1”.
Note Configure the IP address for all the router ports in both SCALANCE devices.
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Result
You have configured the IP address for the router ports in all the SCALANCE
devices.
Creating static routes

The IP router must have an entry in its routing table for each subnet to which it is to
forward the IP packets. Each IP interface (router port) is automatically entered in
the table with the corresponding subnet.
Subnets not directly linked with SCALANCE must be manually configured.
The following table shows you an overview of all the subnets:
Table 2-5
SCALANCE Directly connected External sub-net
sub-net:
X408-hall1 192.168.0.0/25 192.168.1.0/24
192.168.0.128/24
172.16.0.0/30
X408-hall2 192.168.1.0/24 192.168.0.0/25
172.16.0.0/30 192.168.0.128/25
In order to forward IP data packets to a remote subnet, SCALANCE requires a

manual routing entry in its routing table. With this entry, SCALANCE can forward
the IP data packet to another router.
Note Subnets directly connected to the router do not require a manual entry in the
routing table. These subnets are automatically entered in the table.
The following table lists the routes to be configured:

Table 2-6
SCALANCE Destination Subnet mask Gateway
network
X408-hall1 192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0 172.16.0.2
X408-hall2 192.168.0.0 255.255.255.128 172.16.0.1
192.168.0.128 255.255.255.128 172.16.0.1
Note If two subnets are contiguous to one another and the gateway is identical, the
routing entries can also be put together (see “X408-hall2”).
Destination networks 192.168.0.0 and 192.168.0.128 are contiguous subnets

with gateway address 172.16.0.1.
These two entries can then be put together as one entry:
Destination network: 192.168.0.0
Subnet mask: 255.255.255.0
Gateway: 172.16.0.1
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In order to enter a static route in SCALANCE, proceed as follows:
1. Open the "Layer 3 (IPv4)" menu and then the “Static routes” submenu.
2. Enter the destination network and corresponding subnet mask. Determine the
IP address of the next router (gateway). This is the IP address to which
SCALANCE sends the IP data packets intended for the destination network.
In order to create the entry click on the “Create” button.
3. The newly-created route now appears in the table.
4. Repeat steps 2 and 3 for all the other, manually entered router entries.
Note Configure the required static routers in both SCALANCE devices.
Result
You have created static routes in all the SCALANCE devices. With this information
SCALANCE can forward the IP data packets to subnets not directly adjacent to
SCALANCE.
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2.3 Operation
You can test the router functionality with a PING command from the Windows
command line. With a PING test you can check whether other PCs in the subnet
are accessible.
Note You can check the router functionality from all PCs. In the following instructions
PC 2 is used as test PC.
Follow these steps to check router functionality:

1. Go to the main menu. In Windows 7 you will find a search mask directly under
the menu item "All programs". Enter “cmd.exe” in the search mask.
2. Confirm the file that is found and the command prompt will open.
3. Enter PING command and destination IP address in the command prompt,

then confirm the command with "Enter".
a. If you want to access PC 1, enter the command “ping 192.168.0.100”.
b. If you want to access PC 3, enter the command “ping 192.168.1.100”.
If you receive an answer from the destination IP address, this means the test
was successful.
Note For diagnostic purposes, a PING request can also be sent directly from the
router in the Web-based management of the SCALANCE components under
"System > Ping".
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3 Useful information
3.1 Network basics
3.1.1 Internet protocol
Description
The Internet protocol (for short: IP) is a widely-used network protocol and works on
the switching layer (layer 3 of the OSI reference model).
The task of the Internet Protocol is to transport data packages from a sender
across several subnets to a receiver. To do this, it packs the information to be
transmitted into IP data packets and regulates the transmission of the data packets
to their respective destinations. The IP packet is basically routable.
The IP data packet

An IP data packet consists of a header and the data to be transferred. The header
has a fixed part of 20 bytes, followed by an optional part of variable length.
All information necessary to send the data program to the recipient is stored in the
IP header, e.g. the IP address of the recipient.
A data program can theoretically have a maximum size of 64 Kbytes; in practice,
the size is 1500 bytes (this is due to the maximum frame size of the Ethernet
protocol).
3.1.2 IP address
What is an IP address
To unequivocally identify and address a device in a subnet, each device in the
subnet or the Internet has an IP address.
A distinction is drawn between Ipv4 and Ipv6 addresses:
An IP address is always given in combination with a subnet mask.
Structure of IP addresses with IPv4

An IPv4 IP address consists of four blocks of numbers. Each number block
occupies one byte (8 bits) and can take on a value within the range
0 to 255.
The number blocks are separated by dots. This makes reading the IP address and
the separation of the number blocks easier.
Example of an IPv4-IP address: 192.168.178.1 (decimal notation).
An IP address contains a network part and a host component. The network part
identifies the network, the host part serves to identify the device within this network.
The subnet mask helps to separate the network and host parts.
Local and external IP addresses

When assigning IP addresses, a distinction is made between private and public
(Internet) IP addresses.
Private IP addresses are used to set up local networks, e.g. a home network or a
company network, and are not routed on the Internet. This makes it possible for
any company or private individual to set up a local network and assign an IP
address to the devices.
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The following areas are reserved for private IP addresses and can only be used in
own networks or company networks:
 10.0.0.0 to 10.255.255.255
 172.16.0.0 to 172.31.255.255
 192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.255
Public IP addresses are used on the Internet. A public IP address is usually
assigned automatically by the Internet provider as soon as the device establishes a
connection to the Internet. However, it is also possible to obtain a static, public IP
address from the Internet provider.
3.1.3 Subnet mask
What is a subnet mask?

A subnet mask, also known as a netmask or network mask always appears in
connection with the IP address.
The subnet mask calculates the network address and the number of devices in a
subnet from the IP address.
An IP address without a subnet mask does not define the associated subnet
unequivocally.
Structure of the subnet mask

The subnet mask has a similar structure to that of the IP address. It consists of four
blocks of numbers separated by dots. Each number block occupies one byte (8
bits). Unlike the IP address, the numerical values cannot take any value between 0
and 255. The 32-bit subnet mask must consist of a concatenated bit sequence of
"1" bits and "0" bits.
The subnet mask consists of an uninterrupted series of ones (read from the left),
when read in binary format. The missing bits of the 32-bit subnet mask are filled
with "0" bits.
Example of a standard subnet mask:
 255.255.255.0 (decimal notation)
 11111111 11111111 11111111 00000000 (binary notation)
The subnet mask, too, consists of a network part and a host part.
Network and host component

To recognize the network and host part of the subnet mask, the subnet mask is
displayed in binary form. The “1” bit sequence (seen from the left) represents the
network component The rest, the “0” bit sequence, is the host component.
Figure 3-1
11111111 11111111 11111111 00000000

Host
Network component
component
The IP address and the subnet mask always occur in combination.
The network part of the subnet mask can be used to mask the network address
from the IP address.
The host part of the subnet mask determines how many addresses can be formed
in the subnet.
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3.1.4 Network, devices and broadcast addresses
Network address
If a larger network is segmented into several subnets, each subnet must be unique.
Each subnet is identified by a network address. The logical AND combination of an
IP address with the subnet mask results in the network address. The network
address always occupies the smallest device address in a network.
Note All devices that have the same network component belong to a subnet.
Device address
Each device in a subnet must be addressable via a unique device address. The
host part of the IP address determines the device address.
Broadcast address
All the devices of a network are addressed using the broadcast address. The
broadcast address is always the last address in a network.
Note The network address and broadcast address are not valid device addresses.
As a result, there are two addresses in each subnet that cannot be used for a
terminal device.
3.1.5 Classless Inter Domain Routing Suffix
The Classless Inter Domain Routing (“CIDR” for short) introduces a notation that
abbreviates the subnet mask.
With CIDR a so-called suffix is defined that is tagged on to the IP address. This
suffix consists of a “/” and a number.
Example: 192.168.0.1/24
The suffix specifies the number of 1-bits in the network mask. The number after the
“/” makes it possible to see how many bits are employed for the network
component. In this case, it is 24 bits.
Example:
 The conventional notation combines IP address and subnet mask:
IP address: 192.168.0.1
Subnet mask: 255.255.255.0
(The subnet mask has a network component of 24 bits).
 The CIDR notation only gives the IP address with the suffix:
IP address: 192.168.0.1/24
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3.2 Calculating a network

3.2.1 Network addresses and number of devices
The IP address and the subnet mask always occur in combination. With the subnet
mask, the network address and the number of devices in a subnet can be
calculated from the IP address.
Calculating the number of devices

The host part of the subnet mask determines the number of devices in a network.
Example:
255.255.255.0 (decimal notation)
11111111 11111111 11111111 00000000 (binary notation)
The “0” bit sequence sector is the host component.
The host component in this example has a length of 8 bits. Consequently a
maximum of 256 ip addresses in this subnet (host component of the IP address
between 0 and 255) are possible.
Since the first address in the subnet is always the network address and the last
address is always the broadcast address, a total of 254 addresses can be
assigned to devices.
Determining the network address

To determine the network address, follow these steps:
1. Express the IP address in binary form. Example:

11000000 10101000 0 1 (binary notation)
2. Express the subnet mask in binary form: Example:

11111111 11111111 11111111 00000000 (binary notation)
3. Combine the two bit sequences (IP address and subnet mask) in binary form
with the AND operator. The result is the combination of the network address.
11000000 10101000 00000000 00000001 (IP address)
11111111 11111111 11111111 00000000 (subnet mask)
---------------------------------------------------------
11000000 10101000 00000000 00000000 (result of the AND combination)
192 168 0 0
With this result the following statements can be made:

– The Network address is 192.168.0.0.
– The following are valid device addresses: 192.168.0.1 – 192.168.0.254.
– The Broadcast address is: 192.168.0.255.
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3.2.2 Subnetting
Procedure
If a large network is segmented into several subnets, this process is called
"subnetting".
To disconnect a network, you must increase the network portion of the subnet
mask and thus automatically reduce the host portion.
If you add a "1" to the network portion of the subnet mask, you halve the number of
devices. Two subnets are created. Each additional "1" in the network component
halves the networks in turn.
CIDR notation is ideal for subnetting. If you want to segment the network, simply
increment the number after the"/".
This increases the number of bits for the network portion by one bit and in turn
reduces the host portion by one bit.
Note If you are planning subnetting for your network, you should make sure that you
have sufficient reserves of IP addresses in the subnets for possible extensions.
Especially in larger networks, you should select the subnets as small as
possible, since the number of private IP address ranges is limited.
Example
The network with the network address 192.168.0.0/24 has a capacity of (256-2)
device addresses. The network is to be halved.
To halve the network, increase the network portion of the subnet mask by one bit.
This results in the following subnets:
 192.168.0.0/25 with (128-2) device addresses
 192.168.0.128/25 with (128-2) device addresses
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Calculation
The following figure illustrates the calculation that leads to this result:
Figure 3-2
Original network: 192.168.0.0/24

Host component:
8 Bit = 256 possible Addresses (incl. network and broadcast address)
Subnet mask: 255 255 255 0
11111111 11111111 11111111 00000000
Increase of network component

by one Bit
New Subnet mask: 11111111 11111111 11111111 10000000

255 255 255 128
Host component:
7 Bit = 128 possible addresses (incl. network and broadcast address) per
subnet
 Two subnets can be created (128 + 128 = 256)
Creating subnets
Subnet 1 occupies the first 128 addresses

Network address: 192.168.0.0/25
Broadcast address: 192.168.0.127/25
Device addresses: 192.168.0.1/25 – 192.168.0.126/25
Subnet 2 occupies the remaining 128 addresses

Network address: 192.168.0.128/25
Broadcast address: 192.168.0.255/25
Device addresses: 192.168.0.129/25 – 192.168.0.254/25
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3.3 The IP router

3.3.1 Function and tasks
What is a router?
A router is a network component on Layer 3 of the OSI reference model and
connects two subnets to each other.
The router must have an IP address in each network that it is to connect to others.
This is also referred to as an IP interface.
Note The subnets connected to the IP router must be different. Each connected
subnet must have a unique network address.
The following figure shows a router that connects two subnets to each other. The
router has its own IP interface for each adjacent subnet.
Figure 3-3
Network address: Network address:

192.168.0.0. 192.168.1.0.
192.168.0.1/24 192.168.1.1/24
Tasks of a router
When a terminal (sender) sends an IP data packet, the Internet Protocol checks
whether the IP data packet is for its own subnet or not.
If the intended recipient is located in its own subnet the data packet is handed over
to the two lower layers of the OSI reference model. The lower layers register the IP
address from the data package and send the data package.
If the recipient is not in the same subnet, the sender cannot access the recipient
directly. The sender needs to use the detour via the IP router and forward the IP
data packet to the router.
To do this, it passes the data package to the lower two layers of the OSI reference
model. The lower layers use the IP address of the default router to determine the
MAC address of the router and send the data packet to the IP router.
The IP router has an IP interface with one IP address for each of the two networks.
It uses its routing table to check whether it is possible to forward the data packet to
the other subnet. If this is possible, the router sends the data to the other network.
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The check as to whether the recipient is in your own or an external subnet is

carried out as follows:
1. A device wants to send an IP packet. The IP packet contains the recipient IP
address.
2. The Internet Protocol calculates the network address from the recipient IP
address and its own subnet mask.
3. The Internet Protocol calculates the network address from your own IP address
and subnet mask.
4. Both results are compared with each other. If the results are identical, the
receiver is in its own subnet.
If the results differ, a router is required to deliver the IP packet to the recipient.
Specifying default routers

In order for the terminals to know where to send the data packets in a network-
overreaching communication, in each terminal participant the IP router must be
configured as “Default Router” or “Default gateway”.
The following figure shows as an example the configuration dialog of the interface
for Windows 7:
Figure 3-4
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3.3.2 Routing table
General information
Every IP-capable device administrates a routing table. These tables contain
information on known networks and their accessibility (i.e.: the route).
Structure of the table

The routing table has six columns. The columns can be grouped together as
follows:
 Description of the destination
Column 1 (“Destination Network”) identifies the network that is to be
contacted
Column 2 (“Subnet mask”) contains the corresponding subnet mask
 Description of the path
Column 3 (“Gateway”) contains the address of the next router. All the IP
packets intended for the destination network are forwarded to this router.
Column 4 ("Interface") is the own interface through which the IP packet
must be sent. This can be either a VLAN or a router port.
 Description of the quality
Column 5 ("Metric") determines the cost of the route.
Column 6 ("Routing Protocol") shows from which routing protocol the entry
originates. The following contents are possible:
 Connected: Connected routes
 Static: Static routing:
 RIP, OSPF: Dynamic routing
 Other: Other routing
If several routes exist for the same destination, these two columns determine
which route is taken.
Routing table of terminals

The terminals usually have two entries in the routing table:
 An entry for their own network. Since the devices have direct access to the
network, no router is required. The entry in the table is empty or "0.0.0.0".
 A default route for all packets that are not addressed to the device’s own
subnet. In that case, the destination network is declared as "0.0.0.0/0" ("all
remote networks"). The IP address of the router is specified in the "Gateway"
column. IP packets addressed to a separate network are sent to this IP
address.
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Routing table of routers

The router must have an entry in the routing table for each subnet to which it is to
forward the IP packets.
The routers can learn the routes and fill their table in three different ways:
 Directly connected networks: Every router has an IP interface in every subnet
which it connects. Each IP interface is automatically entered in the table with
the corresponding subnet if the corresponding physical interface is active (link-
up).
“Connected” is displayed in the “Routing Protocol” column.
 Static routing: These routes are configured manually by an administrator. The
router can receive IP packets addressed to a remote destination subnet. A
remote network is a network where the router has no IP interface of its own.
This remote subnet must be entered manually in the table together with a
gateway.
“Static” is displayed in the “Routing Protocol” column.
 Dynamic routing: In this case, the routers automatically learn all accessible
networks through one or more configured routing protocols. The "Routing
Protocol" column shows the dynamic routing protocol used, e.g. "RIP", "OSPF".
Note A route that was automatically generated by the IP interface is deleted from the
routing table as soon as the IP interface is inactive (link-down).
If you work with VLANs instead of router ports, the router only deletes the
corresponding entry from its routing table when all ports of the associated VLAN
have a link-down.
Example of a routing table

The following figure shows an example of a routing table:
Figure 3-5
Network address: Network address: Network address:

192.168.0.0. 172.16.0.0. 192.168.1.0.
IP Router 1 IP Router 2
172.16.0.2/30
192.168.0.1/24 192.168.1.1/24
172.16.0.1/30
Routing table of IP Router 1

Destination Network Subnet mask Gateway Metrics
192.168.0.0 255.255.255.0 0.0.0.0 0 1

172.16.0.0 255.255.255.252 0.0.0.0 0 2
192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0 172.16.0.2 1 3
0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 172.16.0.2 1
4
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The entries in the routing table have the following meaning:

Table 3-1
No. Meaning Author
1. IP interface of the router for the 192.168.0.0 network. Automatically
A router is not required.
2. IP interface of the router for the 172.16.0.0 network. Automatically
A router is not required.
3. Entry for destination network 192.168.1.0. Static entry; configured
IP packets for this network must be sent via IP router 2 by the Administrator.
and its IP interface 172.16.0.2.
4. Default route; If no entry matches, the default route is Static entry; configured
used. Several different networks can be reached via this by the Administrator.
entry. To do this, "0.0.0.0/0" is entered as target
network.
Routing decision
When the IP router receives a data packet, it searches its routing table for a
suitable entry for the destination network. It can forward the data packet with the
information from the routing entry.
If the router finds several entries for this destination network, it then decides
following this sequence:
 A locally-accessible subnet is preferred to a manually entered route.
 If all the entries have been made manually, the router decides according to the
“best match”. The destination network with the longest subnet mask is
considered the best route.
 If all the entries have been made manually and with identical subnet mask, the
route with the smallest metric is always preferred.
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Switches and Routing table

If you use switches between the routers on your network, observe the following
note.
If an IP interface on a router has a link-down, e.g. because the connection to the
terminal device or the subsequent router no longer exists, no more IP packets can
be sent via the now inactive IP interface. Since the inactive IP interface is now no
longer available for IP routing, the router deletes the corresponding entry from its
routing table.
Note If you work with VLANs instead of router ports, the router only deletes the
corresponding entry from its routing table when all ports of the associated VLAN
have a link-down.
Figure 3-6
Network A Network B
Routing table of IP Router

Destination network Gateway
Network A 0.0.0.0
If you use a switch between the IP interface of the router and the terminal or the
subsequent router, the IP interface will not register a failure of the connection
partner. Despite failure of the terminal device or the subsequent router, the
connection between the IP interface and the switch will then still remain active (link
up). The entry in the routing table will not be deleted and will still be used for IP
routing.
In that case, if this entry is chosen for IP routing, the IP packets will be lost
("BlackHole").
Figure 3-7
Network A Network B
Unrestricted Routing table of IP Router

Destination network Gateway
Network A 0.0.0.0
Network B 0.0.0.0
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4 Appendix
4 Appendix
4.1 Service and Support
Industry Online Support
Do you have any questions or need assistance?
Siemens Industry Online Support offers round the clock access to our entire
service and support know-how and portfolio.
The Industry Online Support is the central address for information about our
products, solutions and services.
Product information, manuals, downloads, FAQs, application examples and videos
– all information is accessible with just a few mouse clicks:
https://support.industry.siemens.com
Technical Support
The Technical Support of Siemens Industry provides you fast and competent
support regarding all technical queries with numerous tailor-made offers
– ranging from basic support to individual support contracts. Please send queries
to Technical Support via Web form:
www.siemens.com/industry/supportrequest
SITRAIN – Training for Industry

We support you with our globally available training courses for industry with
practical experience, innovative learning methods and a concept that’s tailored to
the customer’s specific needs.
For more information on our offered trainings and courses, as well as their
locations and dates, refer to our web page:
www.siemens.com/sitrain
Service offer
Our range of services includes the following:
 Plant data services
 Spare parts services
 Repair services
 On-site and maintenance services
 Retrofitting and modernization services
 Service programs and contracts
You can find detailed information on our range of services in the service catalog
web page:
https://support.industry.siemens.com/cs/sc
Industry Online Support app

You will receive optimum support wherever you are with the "Siemens Industry
Online Support" app. The app is available for Apple iOS, Android and Windows
Phone:
Static_Routing
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4 Appendix
https://support.industry.siemens.com/cs/ww/en/sc/2067Links and
Literature
Table 4-1
No. Topic
\1\ Siemens Industry Online Support
https://support.industry.siemens.com
\2\ Link to the entry page for the application example
https://support.industry.siemens.com/cs/ww/en/view/109755344
\3\ PRONETA download
\4\ Primary Setup Tool
\5\ Industrial Ethernet Switches SCALANCE XM-400/XR-500 Web-based management
(WBM)
\6\ Segmenting a Network Using VLANs
4.3 Change documentation

Table 4-2
Version Date Change
V1.0 03/2018 First edition
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Routing V10 en

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“Static Routing”

3.1.3 Subnet mask ...................................................................................... 34

Routing as a solution approach

In order to explain the use of static routing step-by-step, two example

 To explain static routing in a specific application a more complex structure has

1.2 Mode of operation

1.2.2 The router

Network address: Network address:

1.2.3 The routing table

Terminal routing table

Routing table of routers

 Automatically through their IP interfaces

The following screenshot shows a routing table of the SCALANCE XM-400.

1.2.4 The IP routing

Network address: 192.168.0.0 Network address: 192.168.1.0

Routing table PC 1 Routing table IP Router

The following table describes the "IP routing" procedure:

 General network basics

1.3 Components used

 The Layer 3 function (routing) is already integrated in the device.

The Layer 3 function is required for this application example.

In this example, two SCALANCE XM408-4C (item number 6GK5408-4GQ00-

Tools for setting the address

Logical network diagram

Switch Management of IP address

To connect to the SCALANCE, the engineering PC is connected to port 1.8 of the

Assigning management IP address

Starting Web Based Management

Note Use the https protocol to establish a secure connection to SCALANCE.

Proceed as follows to open Web Based Management:

2.2.2 Configuration of the PCs

Note In Windows, the default router is referred to as the “standard gateway”.

Overview of the addresses

Entering a default router

Note Repeat steps 1 to 6 for PC2 and PC3 as well.

2.2.3 SCALANCE XM408 Configuration

Overview of the addresses

Starting Web Based Management

Creating router ports

To configure the ports as “router ports” proceed as follows:

3. Open the drop-down list “Port Type”.

4. Select “Router Port” as port type.

5. To confirm your settings, click on the “Set Values” button.

Note Configure the router ports in both SCALANCE devices.

Proceed as follows to give an IP address to a “router port”:

3. Enter the IP address and corresponding subnet mask.

4. Repeat steps 2 and 3 for all the other router ports.

Creating static routes

In order to forward IP data packets to a remote subnet, SCALANCE requires a

the IP data packet to another router.

The following table lists the routes to be configured:

Destination networks 192.168.0.0 and 192.168.0.128 are contiguous subnets

In order to enter a static route in SCALANCE, proceed as follows:

3. The newly-created route now appears in the table.

Note Configure the required static routers in both SCALANCE devices.

Follow these steps to check router functionality:

3. Enter PING command and destination IP address in the command prompt,

The IP data packet

Structure of IP addresses with IPv4

Local and external IP addresses

3.1.3 Subnet mask

What is a subnet mask?

Structure of the subnet mask