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• VR – Variable Reluctance
• Hall Effect
• Single (3 wires)
• Dual (4 wires)
• Passive
• Thru-mold
• Adjustable
• Fixed Gap
•Overmold
• Fixed Gap
•Active
• Adjustable
• Fixed Gap
• Fixed Gap
•AMR
• Fixed Gap
Passive
Active
Thru-mold
Current Loop
Hall Effect
AMR
Passive Sensors
VR (Variable Reluctance)
Mag Pickup
Pulse Generator
Timing Probe
General - Passive
supply.
• No moving parts
Shell
Lead
Wires
Molding
Material
Magnet
Pole
Piece
Coil
varied.
• The path loops through a coil of wire, which generates a voltage at the
magnetic flux.
• Relationship:
dt
Ne φ
e= voltage generated
φ= magnetic flux
dt
dφ
pole piece.
• There are many factors which affect the voltage level, wave
• Strength of magnet
• Shape of target
• Speed of target
• Permeability of target
• Load impedance
TARGET
X=0
X(-) X(+)
VR
SENSOR
(PASSIVE)
GEAR
TOOTH
X=0
-VOLTS
Zero crossing is
in the center of
the tooth!
Active Sensors
Hall Effect
• Single (3-wires)
• Dual (4-wires)
AMR
General - Active
• Current Loop
• In one direction, draws low currentover tooth & high over valley
• In reverse direction, draws high current over tooth & low over valley
density
• When a gear tooth passes in front of the sensor, the flux density from the
magnetic flux.
• The differential voltage is amplified, filter, and then various peak detection
schemes are used to determine a tooth edge. All of this is done with an
Vs+
Vo+ VoVsH
Hall Element
Vo
ZB
HV
Vsupply - 1V max
0 - 1V max
SIGNAL A
SIGNAL B
ANGLE DEPENDANT ON
TARGET PROFILE
TARGET
Signal edge
is at the
tooth edge
•2 –wires
ECM
SENSOR
Ion
OUTPUT
VOLTAGE
SIGNAL
LO
=I
OFF
OFF
HL
=I
OFF
-I
ON
• Thru-mold
• During manufacturing, nylon is injected throughthe housing to mold over the magnet and
• High Output
• Lower accuracy
•Low Output
• Higher accuracy
• Pigtail
• Fixed gap
•Overmold
• Injection molded nylon directly overthe magnet and coil; hence, “overmold”.
• Lower accuracy
• Higher accuracy
• Bolt-n-go
Applications - Passive
• Low Gain Output Speed Sensors
• Typical applications
• Crank
• Timing applications
• Typical applications
•CAM
•TOS
10
air gap
Peak to Peak
2
50
100
150
set speed
25C
• One output
•3-wires
• Quadrature output
•2-wires
Applications - Active
detection is required.
• Steering
• Speed / Timing
• LEC engines
• Tooth profile
• Transmissions – duty
cycle
BC
C =B TOOTH SPACING
APPLICATION DEPENDENT
• Passive
• Speed Range
•Air Gap
• 0.5mm min
• Application dependent
•Seal
• Overmold – 5 psi
• Direction
electrically apart
• Thru-mold
•Aluminum
• SST
•Overmold
•Nylon
• Speed Range
•0 –15 kHz
• Application dependent
•Air Gap
• 0.5mm min.
• Application dependent
• Seal
• 100-150 psi
•Direction
•2-wire
•Brass
• SST
•Nylon
at Cat
• 2-Part Encoder
• Magnetic Ring
• External field (Hy) applied perpendicular to the long axis causes the
magnetic field.
Hy
Ix
ΔR = (1 - COS2
θ)ΔRmax
AMR measures
magnetic angle
Ring Magnet
VALLEY
TOOTH
Rotor
NSN
NSS
Cross Sections
Ring magnet
emulates
traditional rotor
Magnetic poles
AMR Advantage
pole pair
angle to sensor
magnets
ΔR = (1 - COS2
θ)ΔRmax
Sensor
Magnet Rotation
0123456
performance than
hall effect