Spring 2012

Signals and Systems

Chapter SS-7
Sampling

Shou shui Wei

SDU-BME
Sep08 – Dec08

Figures and images used in these lecture notes are adopted from
“Signals & Systems” by Alan V. Oppenheim and Alan S. Willsky, 1997

Outline Shou shui Wei©2012

ƒ Representation of of a Continuous-Time Signal

by Its Samples: The Sampling Theorem
ƒ Reconstruction of of a Signal from Its Samples
Using Interpolation
ƒ The Effect of Under-sampling: Aliasing
ƒ Discrete-Time Processing of Continuous-Time
Signals
ƒ Sampling of Discrete-Time Signals
The Sampling Theorem Shou shui Wei©2012

ƒ Representation of CT Signals by its Samples

The Sampling Theorem Shou shui Wei©2012

ƒ Representation of CT Signals by its Samples

 Shou shui Wei©2012
The Sampling Theorem

ƒ Representation of CT Signals by its Samples

Shou shui Wei©2012

The Sampling Theorem

ƒ Impulse-Train Sampling:
The Sampling Theorem Shou shui Wei©2012

ƒ Impulse-Train Sampling:

Eq 4.70, p. 322

Ex 4.21, p. 323

Ex 4.8, pp. 299-300

The Sampling Theorem Shou shui Wei©2012

ƒ Impulse-Train Sampling: Ex 4.21, 4.22, pp. 323-4

 Shou shui Wei©2012
The Sampling Theorem

ƒ The Sampling Theorem:

Shou shui Wei©2012

The Sampling Theorem

ƒ Exact Recovery by an Ideal Lowpass Filter:

 Shou shui Wei©2012
The Sampling Theorem

ƒ Sampling with Zero-Order Hold:

Shou shui Wei©2012

The Sampling Theorem

Ex 4.4, p. 293
ƒ Sampling with Zero-Order Hold:

Eq 4.27, p. 301
 Shou shui Wei©2012
Outline

ƒ Representation of of a Continuous-Time Signal

by Its Samples: The Sampling Theorem
ƒ Reconstruction of of a Signal from Its Samples
Using Interpolation
ƒ The Effect of Under-sampling: Aliasing
ƒ Discrete-Time Processing of Continuous-Time
Signals
ƒ Sampling of Discrete-Time Signals

Shou shui Wei©2012

Reconstruction of a Signal from its Samples Using Interpolation

ƒ Exact Interpolation:

Ex 2.11, p. 110
 Shou shui Wei©2012
Reconstruction of a Signal from its Samples Using Interpolation

ƒ Exact Interpolation:

Shou shui Wei©2012

Reconstruction of a Signal from its Samples Using Interpolation

ƒ Ideal Interpolating Filter & The Zero-Order Hold:

 Shou shui Wei©2012
Reconstruction of a Signal from its Samples Using Interpolation

ƒ Sampling & Interpolation of Images:

Shou shui Wei©2012

Reconstruction of a Signal from its Samples Using Interpolation

ƒ Higher-Order Holds:
 Shou shui Wei©2012
Reconstruction of a Signal from its Samples Using Interpolation

Ex 4.4, p. 293
ƒ Higher-Order Holds:

= *

= X

Shou shui Wei©2012

Reconstruction of a Signal from its Samples Using Interpolation

ƒ First-Order Hold on Image Processing:

 Shou shui Wei©2012
Outline

ƒ Representation of of a Continuous-Time Signal

by Its Samples: The Sampling Theorem
ƒ Reconstruction of of a Signal from Its Samples
Using Interpolation
ƒ The Effect of Under-sampling: Aliasing
ƒ Discrete-Time Processing of Continuous-Time
Signals
ƒ Sampling of Discrete-Time Signals

Shou shui Wei©2012

Effect of Under-sampling: Aliasing

ƒ Overlapping in Frequency-Domain: Aliasing

 Shou shui Wei©2012
Effect of Under-sampling: Aliasing

ƒ Overlapping in Frequency-Domain: Aliasing

Shou shui Wei©2012

Effect of Under-sampling: Aliasing

ƒ Overlapping in Frequency-Domain: Aliasing

 Shou shui Wei©2012
Effect of Under-sampling: Aliasing

ƒ Overlapping in Frequency-Domain: Aliasing

Shou shui Wei©2012

Effect of Under-sampling: Aliasing

ƒ Overlapping in Frequency-Domain: Aliasing

 Shou shui Wei©2012
Effect of Under-sampling: Aliasing

ƒ Overlapping in Frequency-Domain: Aliasing

Shou shui Wei©2012

Effect of Under-sampling: Aliasing

ƒ Overlapping in Frequency-Domain: Aliasing

 Shou shui Wei©2012
Effect of Under-sampling: Aliasing

ƒ Strobe Effect:

Shou shui Wei©2012

Outline

ƒ Representation of of a Continuous-Time Signal

by Its Samples: The Sampling Theorem
ƒ Reconstruction of of a Signal from Its Samples
Using Interpolation
ƒ The Effect of Under-sampling: Aliasing
ƒ Discrete-Time Processing of Continuous-Time
Signals
ƒ Sampling of Discrete-Time Signals
 Shou shui Wei©2012
Discrete-Time Processing of Continuous-Time Signals

ƒ Discrete-Time Processing of CT Signals:

Shou shui Wei©2012

Discrete-Time Processing of Continuous-Time Signals

ƒ C/D or A-to-D (ADC) and D/C or D-to-A (DAC):

 Shou shui Wei©2012
Discrete-Time Processing of Continuous-Time Signals

ƒ C/D Conversion:

Shou shui Wei©2012

Discrete-Time Processing of Continuous-Time Signals

ƒ C/D Conversion:
 Shou shui Wei©2012
Discrete-Time Processing of Continuous-Time Signals

ƒ C/D Conversion:

Shou shui Wei©2012

Discrete-Time Processing of Continuous-Time Signals

ƒ C/D Conversion:

Table 4.2, p. 329 Eq 7.3, 7.6, p. 517

 Shou shui Wei©2012
Discrete-Time Processing of Continuous-Time Signals

ƒ D/C Conversion:

ƒ Overall System:

Shou shui Wei©2012

Discrete-Time Processing of Continuous-Time Signals

ƒ Frequency-Domain Illustration: 1
 Shou shui Wei©2012
Discrete-Time Processing of Continuous-Time Signals

ƒ Frequency-Domain Illustration:

Shou shui Wei©2012

Discrete-Time Processing of Continuous-Time Signals

ƒ CT & DT Frequency Responses:

 Shou shui Wei©2012
Discrete-Time Processing of Continuous-Time Signals

ƒ Digital Differentiator:
Ex 4.16, p. 317

Shou shui Wei©2012

Discrete-Time Processing of Continuous-Time Signals

ƒ Half-Sample Delay:
Ex 4.15, p. 317
 Shou shui Wei©2012
Outline

ƒ Representation of of a Continuous-Time Signal

by Its Samples: The Sampling Theorem
ƒ Reconstruction of of a Signal from Its Samples
Using Interpolation
ƒ The Effect of Undersampling: Aliasing
ƒ Discrete-Time Processing of Continuous-Time
Signals
ƒ Sampling of Discrete-Time Signals

Shou shui Wei©2012

Sampling of Discrete-Time Signals

ƒ Impulse-Train Sampling:
 Shou shui Wei©2012
Sampling of Discrete-Time Signals

ƒ Impulse-Train Sampling:

Shou shui Wei©2012

Sampling of Discrete-Time Signals

ƒ Exact Recovery Using Ideal Lowpass Filter:

 Shou shui Wei©2012
Sampling of Discrete-Time Signals

ƒ DT Decimation & Interpolation: Down-sampling

Eq 5.45, p. 378: Time expansion

Shou shui Wei©2012

Sampling of Discrete-Time Signals

ƒ Higher Equivalent Sampling Rate: Up-sampling

 Shou shui Wei©2012
Sampling of Discrete-Time Signals

ƒ Down-sampling
+ Up-sampling:

Shou shui Wei©2012

In Summary
 Shou shui Wei©2012
In Summary

ƒ Discrete-Time Processing of CT Signals