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University of Basrah for Oil and Gas engneering

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NAME: Ahmed Ayad Khalifa

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Date of exp: 2018/3/13
Date of delivered:2018/5/17
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Rep. NO : 1

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Abstract:-

Petroleum is a complex mixture of (sulfur,

nitrogen, oxygen, helium) the physical and
chemical
properties of crude oils vary considerably and
depend on the concentration of the various types of
hydrocarbons and minor constituents present. And
in the general there are there tests to measure
hydrocarbon reservoir samples (Primary, Routine
laboratory, Special laboratory PVT); Pouting
laboratory
test such as Compositional analysis of the system
,Constant-composition expansion ,Differential
liberation ,Separator tests , and Constant-volume
depletion.; Special laboratory PVT test such as
Slim-tube test. Then will discuss how to measure
the density if it was in direct way or by using cell
analysis or by using the device Densitometer.
we should also make sure to determine the bubble
point to take clear solution and procesures.
 Introduction:-
In this experiment methods will focused on how the sample that been
taken from a reservoir in a deep down layers is a valid sample or futile .

First of all, the sample will be taken to laboratory (from the inital
condition of reservoir to the lab)and it will press with a pressure higher in
shiming bottle more than that in reservoir to maintain that the sample one
single phase.

Density is a measure of mass per unit volume, and may be expressed in

grams per cubic centimeter, pounds per gallon, kilograms per meter
cubed or another set of engineering units. A density reading in one set of
units may be directly converted to another set by converting the mass
and/or the volume units. Relative density is the ratio of the mass of a
given volume of a substance to that of another equal volume of a
reference standard substance. For oil and gas applications, liquids are
referenced to water at a base temperature of 60ºF, 15ºC or 20ºC and to a
base pressure of atmospheric pressure if the liquid has a vapor pressure
less than atmospheric or its equilibrium vapor pressure if greater than
atmospheric. Relative density is synonymous with the historical term
specific gravity. It is important to note that although the relative density
of a liquid is numerically close to the density in grams per cubic
centimeter, it is not the same because the density of water is not exactly 1
gram per cubic centimeter. Composition and temperature have a
significant effect on density. To illustrate the effect of the composition of
a stream, water is about twice as dense as propane, and a mixture of
normal butane and gasoline is more dense than a nearly-pure stream of
isobutane. Temperature effects result from the volume increasing as the
temperature increases and volume decreasing as the temperature drops.
While the volume changes with changes in temperature, the mass does
not change. Since density is the ratio of mass to volume, the density
decreases as temperature increases. Additionally, the rate of expansion of
a hydrocarbon as a function of temperature can be about 10 times greater
than that of water and varies among the hydrocarbons. Pressure also
influences density, but to a lesser degree than composition or
temperature. However, the effect of pressure on density is more
pronounced in light hydrocarbons like ethane and high-ethane content
raw mixes, in supercritical fluids like ethylene and carbon dioxide and of
course in gases. For crude oil, water-based solutions and slurries,
the affect of pressure on density is often insignificant.
Moreover, Undersaturated oils are usually sampled with bottomhole
containers lowered into the wellbore on a wireline. The bottomhole
sample is taken while the well is flowing at a relatively low rate. The
flowing bottomhole pressure should always be higher than the estimated
bubblepoint pressure of the reservoir oil.
Bottomhole oil samples can also be taken when a well is shutin.The
flowing bottomhole pressure prior to shutin should be higher than the
bubblepoint pressure.
The typical procedure for bottomhole sampling includes:
• Install sample container in the production tubing
• Make pressure gradient measurements going into the hole
• Position sampler at the specified depth
• Produce the well at a low, stable rate (following conditioning)
• Sample during the flow test (dynamic sample) or after shuting in the
well (static sample)
Traditional bottomhole samplers are often transferred to a sample
container while still on the drilling rig. (Norsk Hydro tries to practice
transfer on land when possible.) The procedure for this transfer includes:
• Measure the opening pressure of the BH sampler
• Heat the BH sampler to about 80oC
• Mix the sample by agitation/rotation
• Transfer to sample container
The saturation pressure of the sample is measured in the sample container
at the prevailing temperature.
To ensure that representative samples have been obtained, at least two
(and
preferably three) BH samples should have the same bubblepoint pressure
at ambient temperature, within 3 to 4% . After that, the process of
transferring and testing fluid will beginning that received by piston
sample bottle. The bottle has a capacity of 700 cc and is available with
10,000 psi or 15,000 psi working pressure.

The process will be done in a closed system to maintain the accurate of

results such as: Volumetric conversion factor, viscosity and GOR.

The purpose of transferring the fluid to cell testing is to get resluts

about the conversion pressure(PG),Z and GOR.....so on what the
engineer need.

The cell consist a Heating Jacket is used in order to keep the sample its
initial monophasic state.
Density measurement is important to many fiscal transactions, both for
mass measurement techniques as well as
volumetric techniques. When density measurement is required on a
flowing stream, users have a number of options. An understanding of the
technologies available, the advantages and limitations of a specific
technology and its measurement uncertainty are key elements to a
successful installation. A density meter can then be selected and its
installation designed after satisfactorily balancing density measurement
uncertainty, risk tolerance at this meter station, the desire for operability
and maintainability, while minimizing installed costs and ongoing costs.
Proper operation and maintenance provide for performance within the
uncertainty expectations for the station. The techniques learned in the oil
and gas industry over the last 30 years and the knowledgedocumented in
industry standards are valuable to the industry. For installations focused
on interface detection, quality monitoring or pipeline leak detection, the
techniques and knowledge used in fiscal measurement provide
useful guidance. High pressure syringe pumps are digital microprocessor
controlled electro-mechanical piston pumps which precisely generate and
regulate pressure and provide flow control in a variety range for different
applications.

This device is used for applications related to the control of pressure or

flow rate for various fluids and gases in laboratory tests.

As stated above, high pressure pumps are used to provide continuous

flow rates over a wide range of pressures.

The pumped fluid can be delivered at constant pressures and rates.

Reliable, steady flow rates can be provided by high pressure pumps for
long term tests and are appropriate devices that can replace the more
traditional laboratory pressure pumps and volume change measuring
devices.
Discussion:-
In this experiment, the sample consider as a single phase with a pressure
higher than initial in the reservoir and the sample made of material
resistant to corrosion,

The analyzing process the pressure will be negative and that means there
is vacumming for bottle and after that; the pressure pulling up in gligon
higher than that in bottle and considered shake bottle more than once to
mix oil and gas.

Moreover, the bottle will opened such a small slot to avoid changing in
pressure.

*the size of that bottle is 600cc.

The pressure in cell should be balanced with the pressure in well then we
will pulling sample from cell ad it should be more than 20cc needed for
analyzing and testing in Lab.

After that; the cell will be locked. So when we reach the saturation
pressure we will see the gas will breaks up from oil by seeing a shadow
point on the device.

The first analyzing is density analysis by measuring the presure for both
(P&T) of reservoir so as it's so important charachterstic.

Always should keep the slit of valve stronger to avoid change in pressure
by transferring from bottle.

Densitometer a device installed on a mixing or pumping

system manifold to measure the density of fluids. The density of fluids
pumped into a well is frequently a key operating parameter, requiring
constant monitoring and control. This is especially true when
mixing slurries and transport fluids for solids, such as fracturing or
gravel-pack fluids.

Taking traditional syringe pumps to the next level, the 30D high pressure
syringe pump allows deep well coreanalysis. It gives you the ability to
reach pressures of 30,000 psi (2,068 bar) and handles exceptional low-
flow stability with ease. Ideal for high pressure experiments requiring
precision control, the 30D can be used in rock core analysis for
hydrocarbon recovery studies in deep well reservoirs, reactant feed in
chemical process development and proteomics research using nanobore
capillary-packed columns. All of the syringe pumps, including the new
30D high pressure pump, bring a host of benefits. Regardless of your
experiment, we have the syringe pump to meet your needs. Currently,
there are seven pump choices: 30D, 65DM, 100DM, 100Dx, 260D, 500D,
and 1000D.

Sources:-
Handbook of Groundwater Development, Roscoe Moss Company, Published by John
Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1990.
Groundwater and Wells, Second Edition, Published by Johnson Filtration Systems,
Inc. 1986.
Drilling Fluid Properties & Functions, John H. Berry, PG – Foundation Division
Manager – CETCO Drilling Products.

American Petroleum Institute, Manual of Petroleum Measurement Standards,

Chapter 14, Section 6, Continuous Density Measurement

Gas Processors Suppliers Association / Gas Processors Association, Engineering

Data Book.