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Petroleum Open Learning
Petroleum Open Learning
Gas Dehydration
(Part of the Petroleum Processing Technology Series)
Liquid Desiccants
Glycol Dehydration Plant
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Training Targets
The aim of this unit is to help you understand :
• Quantify the amount of water in saturated natural gas under given conditions. q
• List the problems associated with water in gas. q
• Define the conditions that contribute toward hydrate formation. q
• Describe the Joules/Thompson Effect. q
• Explain the Auto Refrigeration process. q
• Define Adsorption and Absorbtion. q
• Detail a simple two-tower desiccant dehydration process. q
• Describe a basic glycol dehydration plant. q
• List and explain operational variables in the glycol dehydration process. q
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Introduction
Natural gas can be referred to as Associated Gas or Non-associated Gas. The former is produced together
with liquids from an oil reservoir and is liberated from the liquids at the surface. The latter is produced
independently of an oil accumulation, from what is commonly called a gas reservoir.
Irrespective of whether the gas is associated or non-associated, it invariably contains water in the form of a vapour
or a liquid.
Surface equipment is used to remove the water from the gas. This process is called dehydration, which is the
subject of the present unit.
• Section 1, Water in Natural Gas, looks at the amount of water which can be held in gas and discusses the
problems that the water creates. In this section we will also look at options preventing hydrate
formation.
Section 1 will be followed by 3 further sections which deal with process systems used to remove water from gas.
• Section 2, Auto Refrigeration, describes how water is removed by reducing the gas temperature.
• In Section 3, Solid Desiccant Dehydration, you will look at theory of adsorption, and how it is
applied to water removal.
• Finally, in Section 4, Liquid Desiccant Dehydration, we will look at how liquid desiccants work and see
how glycol is used in a typical dehydration plant.
You should be aware that the water removal processes described in Sections 2,3 & 4, are applicable to both
associated and non-associated gas treatment facilities. The actual process chosen for a particular application
depends on a number of factors. These include, location of plant, gas characteristics and so on.
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Specific gravity is the more commonly used For the purposes of analysing water content, it is
measure of “density”. It is the ratio of a gas density safe to consider natural gas as having a fixed
to the density of air at the same conditions of composition. To further lighten our immediate task,
temperature and pressure. we will initially be looking at the amount of water
needed to render the gas saturated.
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As you can see, the different pressure curves are This means that, if the temperature of the gas in the
almost parallel, which makes it fairly easy to above example were lowered from 150 deg F to
estimate for intermediate pressures. 120 deg F at a constant pressure, 46 Ibs (94 - 48) of
water per mmscf would condense and appear as
free water.
Let’s use Figure 2 :
From the above, a useful fact emerges - one that
Take a reservoir pressure of 3 000 psi and a we will remember and use throughout this unit:
temperature of 150 deg F. Using the method
described earlier, you can see that gas under these • As the temperature drops, the water
conditions will have a saturated water content of vapour required to saturate a given
94 Ibs per mmscf of gas. volume of gas decreases
As I said earlier, up to the saturation point, the water Or, in other words:
in the gas will be in the form of vapour. For the
purposes of this unit, we can consider the water • When the temperature of water-saturated
vapour as being similar in behaviour to a gas. gas is lowered, water vapour condenses
to produce free water.
Now take the same reservoir pressure of 3 000 psi
as in the previous example, but a temperature of Now have a go at the following Test Yourself
120 deg F. Look at the graph in Figure 2 again. question. It should help you to understand what we
This time you will see that only 48lbs of water, in have covered up to now.
the form of water vapour, is required to saturate
every mmscf of gas at these conditions.
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Assume that gas from the reservoir indicated above (3 000 psi, 120 deg F) is produced up a well This is a very important fact regarding natural gas.
to the surface. At the surface the pressure has dropped to 1 500 psi and the temperature to Let me just repeat it :
100 deg F. Now answer the following:
Gas produced to the surface is, in most cases,
saturated with water vapour and is likely to be
a) What water content in lbs/mmscf is required to achieve saturation of the gas at the surface? transporting free water.
These are:
• corrosion
• pipeline efficiency
If free water is present, how many pounds will there be for every mmscf of gas?
• gas quality
• hydrate formation
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Corrosion Hydrogen sulphide has a similar action, causing Free water can occupy quite a lot of the pipeline volume.
metal loss and pitting when free water is available. This will reduce the amount of pipeline
Corrosion is the next problem on our list. In natural This particularly applies if carbon dioxide-related cross sectional area available for gas flow, resulting
gas systems, corrosion carbon steel occurs when corrosion is also present - they appear to in increased gas flow velocity. The severity of this
free water forms in the presence of carbon dioxide encourage each other! effect will depend on a number of factors:
(C02) or hydrogen sulphide (H2S). You will
remember that these two substances are impurities Protection against carbon dioxide and hydrogen • length of pipeline
which may be found in natural gas. sulphide corrosion attack is provided by:
• flow velocity
Carbon dioxide and water mix together to form • choice of corrosion-resistant materials (such
carbonic acid which then reacts with an exposed as stainless steel) • undulations in the line
steel surface. The reaction causes chemical
substances to form which are called corrosion • use of protective coatings • the volume of liquid
products.
• application of corrosion inhibitors (chemicals Figure 4a illustrates the effect.
(The most common corrosion product in everyday with special protective properties)
life is, of course, rust, which forms on iron or steel Build up of liquid may continue until the critical point
exposed to the air). at which liquid slugs are formed.
These options may be used singly or in
combination. The choice will be based on both This is shown in Figure 4b.
These corrosion products are removed by the technical and economic factors.
force of the flowing gas stream, exposing fresh
metal for further attack. This action results in metal Pipeline Efficiency
loss and, therefore, corrosion pitting. The rate of
metal loss, called the corrosion rate, depends on Natural gas is usually transported by pipelines, and
many factors, but principally on the amount of water in gas pipelines causes our next problem.
carbon dioxide and free water present. Corrosion
rate also increases dramatically with increase in The presence of free water in a gas pipeline can
temperature. give rise to the complication of two-phase flow. By
two-phase flow we mean that gas and liquid (say,
water) are flowing in the line together. (Gas is one
phase, and liquid is the other).
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Liquid levels can build up in a pipeline, particularly at low spots. This will continue until a critical point is
reached. At this point the available flow area is insufficient for the gas flow rate. This results in an
intermittent plug or slug flow which will break the continuity of gas supply at the pipeline destination.
Usually this is not considered a desirable situation. For example, if the gas is feeding a gas compressor,
this can be seriously damaged by water slugs.
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Test Yourself 2
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Test Yourself 4
a. We have looked at some problems caused by water in natural gas. Which of these will
affect our attempts at processing the gas.
b. By reference to Figure 7, indicate whether you think that gases at the following conditions
are in the hydrate formation regions (Yes) or not (No).
Yes No
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Hydrate Prevention
From what we have covered thus far, you will
remember that hydrate formation was mentioned as
probably being the most troublesome problem
Activity
associated with water in natural gas.
So, how can we prevent these hydrates from Jot down three things that you could do to a gas stream, in order to discourage hydrate formation.
forming?
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You have probably written down something along 1. Lowering the pressure. 3. Heating.
the following lines:
This is not always possible. The reservoir is at a It is certainly possible to discourage hydrate
1. Reduce the pressure certain pressure and we have no control over this. formation by heating the gas. However this is not
2. Remove the water always a practical solution.
3. Raise the temperature
2. Removal of water. Consider, for example, a long undersea gas
At this point we are going to cheat a little! - by pipeline. This will lose heat to the surrounding
application of lateral thinking. Hydrate formation is a water. It would not be possible to raise the initial
process which may be compared with ice formation This is, of course, what this unit is all about.
Dropping free water out of the gas whenever temperature of the gas to a point which guarantees
in water. It is possible to prevent ice formation by that the temperature at any point in the line, always
lowering the freezing point of water. This can be possible will reduce the likelihood of hydrate
formation. remained above the hydrate formation temperature.
done by adding a chemical to the water. (Think
about the effect of adding salt to icy roads). If heat is the answer, maximum use is made of heat
However, the pressure and temperature changes
involved in the dehydration process will, in conservation within the process by using heat
In a similar way, we can add a chemical to a gas exchangers. For example. the relatively high
stream to prevent hydrate formation. most cases, give rise to the condition for
hydrate formation before enough water can be temperature of gas at the wellhead may be used to
removed to inhibit such formation. warm up the cold, processed gas, as we shall see
This gives us a fourth method to add to our list: later.
4. Lower the hydrate formation temperature A real chicken and egg situation!
When a chemical is added to the gas to prevent We are, therefore, left with the last two - heating 4. Chemical inhibition.
hydrate formation, it is often known as chemical and chemical inhibition - as the most convenient
inhibition. methods of hydrate prevention. I want to concentrate on chemical injection as a
method used to prevent hydrate formation.
Let’s consider each of the four preventative The decision on the type of inhibition is invariably Ammonia, brines, glycol and methanol have all been
measures we have just listed. made on an economic basis. Usually, a used to lower the freezing point of water in gas.
combination of heating and chemical inhibition is the Methanol and glycol are the inhibitors most widely
result. used. These are fed into the gas by low volume
injection pumps. The injection point is usually just
upstream of the point where hydrate formation
conditions are expected.
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Test Yourself 5
a. It was mentioned in the text that. in gas processing, the maximum use is made of heat
conservation within the process. Why do you think that this is done?
b. Indicate whether you would use methanol or glycol for the following inhibition requirements: Methanol Glycol
i) For initially starting a new oil well which has a high gas content?
ii) For continuous injection into an offshore pipeline feeding an onshore gas plant?
iii) For long term storage offshore for use in gas well servicing jobs?
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Summary of Section 1
In this first section the origins of water in natural gas have been explained and you know that it can
take the form of vapour or liquid.
You should now be able to find out how much water is required to saturate a given gas, if you
know its temperature and pressure (by reference to the graphs). It is important to remember that
when the temperature of natural gas is lowered, water vapour condenses to produce free water.
We have discussed the problems created by the presence of water in gas, which are :
Finally, we looked at preventing the formation of hydrates in gas, in particular by chemical inhibition
with methanol or glycol. We will be applying our knowledge of hydrate prevention, both by heat
and chemical inhibition, later on in this unit.
You now have the necessary background knowledge for working through the following sections
and understanding the processes described.
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This chart is only by way of an example. It will not • Follow this curve to the left until it intersects
be accurate for all gases. However it serves to the vertical line at 1 000 psi.
illustrate the use of such charts.
• Move horizontally from this point to the left
In order to find a temperature drop associated with a hand vertical axis. Test Yourself 6
given pressure drop, just follow the steps I have
listed here for you. • Read off the temperature at this point. You
s hould find that it is 18 deg F. A gas is at 2400 psi and 80 deg F. From
• Find the point on the graph which Figure 9, work out what temperature rise
corresponds to the temperature and pressure The temperature drop therefore is would be needed in this gas so that, after
of the gas before expansion takes place. ( 90 - 18 ) = 72 deg F. expansion to 1 500 psi the final temperature
will be 75 deg F.
• Follow the curve to the left until it intersects Of course, the starting pressure and temperature
t he vertical line which corresponds to the will not always coincide exactly with one of these
pressure of the gas after expansion. cooling curves. In such a case, a curve parallel to
the nearest printed curve needs to be drawn or
• Read off from the left hand vertical axis of the imagined.
raph, the temperature at this point.
g
For example, gas at 2 800 psi and 130 deg F is
Let’s do that with some actual figures. expanded to 1 400 psi. With a little imagination, you
will see that the new temperature will be
86 deg F - a drop of 44 deg F.
Take the following example:
Now have a go at Test Yourself 6. In this example
A natural gas at 3 000 psi and 90 deg F is expanded you will have to visualise your own curve from the
to 1 000 psi. What will be the temperature drop? figures given and work from that.
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Test Yourself 7
Expanded to
Starting Starting Final Final Hydrates
pressure temperature pressure temperature expected
(psi) (deg F) (psi) (deg F) Yes/No
2800 90 1800
2000 86 1200
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The Joules/Thompson Effect forms the basis The effectiveness of this process depends on the
of a common method used to extract water initial pressure being high enough to allow an
from gas. This method is called low adequate pressure drop. Often dehydration can be
temperature separation. achieved with a pressure drop as little as 1 000 psi.
The downstream pressure is usually determined by
Low temperature separation makes use of the the pressure of the pipeline being used to export or
natural characteristics of gas expansion. This, deliver the gas.
together with efficient heat exchange within
the plant design, leads to a very cost effective By dropping the temperature, we may move into the
process. hydrate formation region. This potential problem is
dealt with in one of two ways:
This is illustrated below.
1. Inhibition
A low temperature separation process may be
described as follows : or
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Follow the path of the well fluids as they flow At this point we have all the conditions necessary for The hot glycol-can now be used again. It is first
through the plant. hydrate formation. It means that the glycol injection passed through heat exchanger HE-2, where it is
rate upstream of here needs to be carefully used to warm the incoming glycol/water mix from
The well stream first flows to a high pressure controlled. It must be sufficient to prevent hydrate the cold separator. The regenerated glycol itself is
knockout vessel that separates any free liquid. formation, in the heat exchanger, pipework or the cooled down here, prior to reinjection into the
The free liquids are removed from the vessel and separator. incoming well stream to act as a hydrate inhibitor
passed on to another part of the plant for disposal. again.
In the cold separator, glycol, water and condensate
Ethylene glycol (EG) is then injected into the are separated from the gas and the condensate is Why don’t you go through the process once again at
process gas stream immediately upstream of a heat recovered for further processing and sale. this point, and then have a go at Test Yourself 8.
exchanger HE-1. (You will remember from
Section 1 that EG is a chemical used to inhibit We want to be able to use the glycol again. In order
hydrate torrnation.) to do this, the water glycol mix is further processed
in a glycol regeneration system.
The gas, with glycol added, is then cooled in the We will be looking at this regeneration system in
heat exchanger. This exchanger is known as a gas/ much more detail when we come to Section 4 of this
gas exchanger. It means that cold sales gas is the unit.
cooling medium which cools the incoming gas
stream. (Sales gas is a term often used to describe Briefly, however:
gas treated to meet a laid down specification).
The glycol may have absorbed some hydrocarbons
A further temperature drop occurs as the gas as it mixes with the gas in the process. These must
expands during the pressure drop across the choke be removed. The glycol and water are routed from
valve. the separator, via another heat exchanger (HE-2)
where the mixture is heated up, to a flash tank. In
This cooling causes further condensate and water to this vessel, hydrocarbon vapours are removed from
condense from the gas stream as it enters the cold the warmed mixture.
separator.
In the final part of the process the water is removed
from the glycol. The glycol water mixture passes to
a regeneration package where the mix is heated and
the water is boiled off as steam.
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The steps are out of order. Without looking at the flow diagram (Figure 11), rearrange the steps
in their correct sequence.
1. injection of glycol
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One medium flows via the coils and the other in the outer body. Either medium can
be liquid or gas. Due to the temperature difference, the colder medium heats up, and
the hotter one cools down.
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Now we will consider the other process which uses Low Temperature Separation.
This Figure shows a simple flow diagram of a typical process of this type. It is called a Low Temperature Extraction Process (LTX)
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The basic differences between this process and the Cold gas, which has now had its water and liquid
previous one are the routing of the warm well hydrocarbons removed, is taken from the separator
stream, the separator design and the absence of and used as the cooling medium in the heat
glycol injection or regeneration. exchanger. (A by-pass line round the exchanger
incorporating a 3-way valve maintains the correct
Once again, follow the flow paths through the temperature in the process). The gas, now at the
process, using Figure 14. correct specification, can be sold.
This time, the warm incoming stream is first routed The low temperature separator is again a 3 phase
through coils in the bottom of the low temperature vessel, but of a different design. I have included a
separator. This starts to cool the gas, which is then simple drawing of one (Figure 15) so that you can
further cooled as it passes through a heat compare the two.
exchanger.
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Test Yourself 9
The following statements apply to the LTS process or the LTX process or both. Indicate, by
ticking the box, which one is applicable.
LTS LTX
BOTH
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Summary of Section 2
This section opened with a description of the Joules/Thompson Effect, where gas expansion
results In a temperature drop. You have seen how this characteristic of gas is used to good effect
in low temperature separation, by condensing liquids from the gas phase.
b. LTX, where hydrates are melted by passing the incoming, warm, gas stream through coils in
the bottom of the separator.
The LTX was seen to be more efficient as it utilised heat exchange within the process, thus
eliminating the need for expensive glycol inhibition or regeneration.
You now understand the principles of the first method of gas dehydration, using low temperature
separation which can be described as an Auto Refrigeration process.
We will now move on to look at a system which uses the principles of adsorption for gas
dehydration - the Solid Desiccant Dehydration process.
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In this section we will look at the first of two types of In such a plant the gas is dehydrated by passing it
process which utilise a substance called a through a bed of solid desiccant which removes the
desiccant to remove water from gas. The water vapour.
desiccant can either be a solid or a liquid. We will
start with a solid desiccant, which uses the principle This desiccant consists of solid granular materials
of adsorption to achieve this. having an extremely large surface area per unit
weight. This is because the granules have a
Adsorption multitude of microscopic pores and capillary
openings. Common desiccants used in the plant
Adsorption is a process in which a solid selectively are:
removes a particular component from a fluid (liquid
or gas) mixture and holds this component on its
surface. silica gel
sorbead
This solid is known as an adsorbent material. activated alumina
molecular sieves
In our case, the mixture consists of gas and water
vapour, and it is the water which is removed. After a time the desiccant will itself become
The adsorbent material, which removes the water, is saturated with water. This reduces its capacity for
called a solid desiccant. further adsorption and, in order to use it again, it
must be regenerated. In other words, we must get
An everyday example of the adsorption process is rid of the adsorbed water.
the use of sachets of silica gel, packed along with
sensitive photographic or electrical equipment. The This is usually achieved by heating with hot gas,
silica gel is a solid desiccant which prevents which vaporises the water from the desiccant. For
moisture from damaging this equipment. this reason, a dry bed dehydrator usually has at
least two beds of desiccant - one being used to dry
the gas, while the other is being regenerated.
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The diagram shows a two tower dehydration layout. Effective regeneration is the secret of this process.
Take a look at the diagram and follow the process The bed must be thoroughly regenerated or its
through. The solid lines represent the gas being capacity will be reduced. Effective regeneration
processed, and the broken lines the regeneration relies on quantity and temperature of the
cycle gas flow. One tower is on the adsorption cycle regeneration gas. The higher the temperature, the
while the other is being regenerated. less gas is required, but too high a temperature can
ruin the desiccant, and drastically reduce its
Gas being treated flows in at the top of the tower adsorptive properties.
and adsorption takes place from top to bottom.
Water saturation of the desiccant also, therefore, A typical cycle time is 8 hours of adsorption and
starts at the top of the tower. Lighter hydrocarbon 8 hours regeneration. Figure 17 gives a graphical
components are also adsorbed in the lower layers of representation of the regeneration cycle time and
the desiccant bed. As the lower layers temperature.
progressively become water saturated, the
hydrocarbon components are displaced. The
adsorption cycle must stop before the desiccant
bed is totally saturated.
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b. Why do you think that the regeneration gas is fed in at the bottom of the tower?
c. Why is the regeneration gas cooled after leaving the tower, before entering the separator?
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Summary of Section 3
You have been introduced to the removal of water vapour from gas using the mechanism of
adsorption.
You saw that adsorption is a process in which a solid desiccant selectively removes one
component from a fluid mixture. The solid desiccant has the capacity to attract and hold the
component on its surface.
We examined the workings of a dry bed dehydration unit, and concluded that such a unit relies
mainly on effective regeneration of the desiccant. Such plants can dry gas very thoroughly.
We are now going to look at a second process which utilises a desiccant, one in which a liquid,
rather than a solid, is used to dehydrate the gas - the Liquid Desiccant Dehydration process.
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This hygroscopic liquid is our liquid desiccant. • Dewpoint depression 40 - 140 deg F
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Figure 18 shows a simple flow diagram for a typical unit. Look at the figure and trace the flow paths with
the aid of the following brief description.
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The glycol, now containing water and called rich This simplified description will help you gain a broad
glycol, leaves the contactor tower at the bottom and understanding of the process. Let us now study it in
flows to the regeneration section of the plant. more detail and see how the equipment works.
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Before the gas enters the absorber section of the Finally, before leaving the contactor the gas passes The flash tank is simply a three phase separator
tower, it passes through a scrubber to separate any through a mist extractor. This device extracts any which is capable of separating glycol, gas and
free liquids. The scrubber may be a separate vessel droplets of liquid glycol which may have been picked hydrocarbon liquids from each other.
or, as is the case here, may form part of the tower up by the gas. It helps to reduce glycol losses.
itself. You can probably imagine that, as the glycol flows
The gas leaving the contactor should now be free through the contactor, it can pick up small amounts
It is essential that the contact between the gas and from water vapour and meet the required dewpoint of gas, and liquids which have condensed from the
the TEG is intimate. This is achieved by bubbling specification. gas. These are removed in the flash tank. Any gas
the gas through the TEG via bubble caps which is liberated is led away to be used as fuel or is
positioned on a series of trays within the absorber Glycol Flow disposed of by flaring. Liquid hydrocarbons are
section of the contactor. removed from the tank and are collected for sale or
Let’s now look at what happens to the glycol. otherwise disposed of. What remains is rich glycol
The contactor trays with the bubble caps, are shown which passes on to the next stage in the process.
in Figure 19(b). The TEG, cooled in the coils (at the top of the
tower), passes down through the tower from tray to Within the glycol a certain amount of solid material
The trays incorporate a weir which maintains a fixed tray, dehydrating the gas. This diluted (or rich) may accumulate. This can take the form of dirt,
level of glycol on each tray. As the gas flows up glycol solution collects at the bottom of the absorber scale, rust or tarry reaction substances. A filter is
through the centre of a bubble cap it is forced back section of the contactor tower. used to remove these. It is usually of the type which
down through the glycol and round the outside of the contains a cartridge which can be removed and
cap. This ensures that all the gas must flow through Before the glycol can be used to dehydrate more replaced while the plant is in operation.
liquid glycol as it passes each tray. gas, it must be regenerated.
I said earlier that the glycol must be heated in the
The flow path of the gas through a bubble cap is Before we go on to look at the regeneration process regeneration process. In order to save energy, the
shown in Figure 19(c). itself, we should consider three other pieces of glycol is pre-heated in a heat exchanger before it
equipment. These are: goes to the regenerator. The exchanger uses hot
After the top tray, the gas passes around glycol glycol from the regenerator itself as the heating
cooling coils. These act as heat exchangers to • flash tank medium.
reduce the temperature of the incoming lean glycol.
(The temperature of the lean TEG entering the top • filter Let’s move now to the actual process of glycol
of the tower should be as close as possible to the regeneration.
gas exit temperature. This helps to prevent the • heat exchanger
glycol from foaming, which might occur if there was
too great a temperature difference between lean Look again at Figure 18 and check the location of
glycol and gas). this equipment.
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You will see that the cool, rich glycol passes first of As long as the temperature at the top of the column
all through a coil in the top of the stripper column. ranges between 210 and 212 deg F, glycol losses
This is called a reflux coil. I will explain its function are minimised. This process is aided by the reflux
shortly. coil which I mentioned earlier. The cool glycol
passing through the coils assists any glycol vapour Test Yourself 11
After pre-heating in the heat exchanger, the glycol is to condense and fall back into the reboiler.
then fed to the stripper column near the top. It
descends through packing in the stripper and mixes Having passed down the stripper column, the glycol Following the flow path of glycol, place the
with a rising stream of water rich, hot vapours. enters the reboiler and is heated further. This jumbled list of equipment given below into a
These vapours are created by heating the glycol in creates the hot, water-rich vapours required for logical process order, starting with the
the reboiler to a high temperature. This temperature stripping. Reboiler;
should be above that of boiling water but below the
boiling point of the glycol itself. From the reboiler the glycol passes to a surge tank
which acts as a storage vessel. From there it is Reboiler
Within the stripper column, two things are pumped via the heat exchanger back to the
happening: contactor to continue the dehydration process. Contactor tower
• the cooler, rich glycol liquid causes the hot So, you should by now have a good idea of how a Heat exchanger
glycol vapour in the rising vapour stream to liquid desiccant dehydration process works. Trace
condense out as a liquid and fall back. the flow path of gas and glycol again and then Filter
attempt the following Test Yourself.
• the hot, water rich, vapour stream strips out Surge tank
the liquid water from the glycol stream as
vapour and carries it to the top of the column, Flash tank
from where the water vapour is vented to
atmosphere. Pump
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Glycol Concentration
Glycol concentration refers to the amount of pure
glycol in solution and is measured as a percentage
by weight:
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Take a look at Figure 22. In order to increase the Let’s work through an example to determine TEG
TEG concentration from 96% to 98%, the reboiler concentration and reboiler temperature for a
temperature would have to be increased from particular dehydration problem. For this example,
322 deg F to 380 deg F. let us assume that dehydrated gas must contain not
more than 5lbs of water per mmscf when delivered
There is a limit, however, to the temperature at at 1 000 psi and 100 deg F.
which we can operate the reboiler. TEG begins to
degrade at temperatures around 450 deg F, which Looking way back at Figure 2, which gives us the
clearly represents the upper limit. water content of natural gas at saturation, you can
see that the required dewpoint is 24 deg F.
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ii) What volume of free water is knocked out by the expansion (per mmscf)?
iii) What concentration of TEG is required to achieve the gas delivery specification?
iv) What reboiler temperature is necessary (at sea level) to achieve the TEG concentration?
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And finally:
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You saw that Triethylene Glycol (TEG) is most commonly used as a liquid desiccant to absorb
water from gas.
You followed the operation of a glycol dehydration plant, and you will have noted that this consists
of two main units:
Now that you have completed Section 4, have
another look at the process flow diagram and satisfy • the contactor, in which gas dehydration is accomplished
yourself that you understand how the plant
operates. • the glycol regeneration system, in which water is removed from the wet glycol so that it
c an be used again
Finally in this section, you looked at some of the process variables which must be maintained at a
constant value for efficient dehydration.
Now that you have completed the whole unit, you should have a basic understanding of the theory
and practice of gas dehydration.
Go back to the training targets on Page 2 of the unit, and check that you are able to meet those
targets.
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Check Yourself 7
Expanded to
Starting Starting Final Final Hydrates
pressure temperature pressure temperature expected
(psi) (deg F) (psi) (deg F) Yes/No
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Check Yourself 10
a. At first, hot gas warms up the tower and the contents. At 240 deg F water will begin to boil and
vaporise. The bed continues to heat up, but more slowly, as water is being driven out of the bed.
After the water, any heavier hydrocarbons will be driven off at a high temperature, and the bed
will become fully regenerated. The bed is cooled for a couple of hours by unheated gas flowing
through it.
b. The regeneration gas is flowed bottom to top due to the lower layers of the desiccant being less
wet. Flowing from top to bottom would result in time being wasted in saturating the drier lower
layers with the wet regeneration gas flow.
c. The regeneration gas is cooled before the separator in order to condense the water removed
from the regenerated tower, which can then be taken out at the scrubber.
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Check Yourself 13
i) Yes, as the expansion process takes the gas into the hydrate formation range (Figure 9).
ii) From Figure 2, water content at 3 000 psi and 120 deg F = 48 lbs per mmscf.
From Figure 2, water content at 1 000 psi and 53 deg F = 14 Ibs per mmscf.
iii) Figure 2, shows that for 4lbs water content a dewpoint of 19 deg F is required at 1 000 psi.
From Figure 21, a TEG concentration of 97.5% is necessary to achieve sales specification.
iv) From Figure 22, the reboiler temperature will need to be set at about 360 deg F.
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