O-Engineers

May 2018
Learning and Guiding

Fear and Hope!

Page-15
 Editor’s
Note:
This is our 1oth edition, and
we are enjoying this learning
adventure lot. I and my team
love to read the responses from
our readers, they highlighted the areas where still
improvement is required. One thing which is energetic
for me and my team is the Reader’s ownership of our
magazine, we received a lot of articles from engineers,
most of them require bit improvement and for that
purpose our researchers contacting them and help
them to make necessary amendment, but let me tell
you these articles always amazed us by their deep
thoughts and inside ideas, we are unable to publish
them now but once this article will be modified then
we will definitely publish them in next issues.
we also want to tell you about our new initiative of
free technical education promotion with AGILE
Education, AGILE helps us to host the free technical
webinar for professionals, our only aim by this
initiative and collaboration is to promote technical
educational activities in our engineering community.
 Breaker Failure Protection
Contents
and 2-3 modified Scheme
(Page-1) Feedback
JAMSHORO Current-Only (Page-0)
COAL POWER
GENERATION
Directional
PROJECT Overcurrent Relay
UNDER ASIAN
(Page-6)
DEVELOPMENT Fear and Hope!
BANK(PAGE-5)
(Page-15)
The Underprivileged Graduates of Mehran
University(Page-10)
 Feedbacks

*. We want career councilling section in the

magazine. (Engr. Ammar Abdul Hai)

*. please stop featuring and appraising university

dropouts in a magazine, people like them only
spreading disappointment in hardworking engineers
and students. (Engr. Sana Aftab)

*. Still lot of improvement is required. (Engr. Irfan

Ali)

*. I liked engineer diary section. ( Engr. Hammad)

*. Kindly increase number of articles, why it is

limited to 5 in a month, also add standard summaries
section in the magazine, you need to add robotics,
mechanics, industrial, petroleum and other
engineering sections in this magazine. (Engr. Hasan
ali Kafgeer)

0
Breaker Failure Protection
and 2-3 modified Scheme
Engr. Qazi Arsalan Hamid

Nowadays due to development of electrical network and network

enhancement, fault clearing closing timing becoming shorter and
shorter.
But before going in detail we need to know What is that fault clearing
closing timing or CCT, as per IEEE guide of Breaker failure protection
it is the longest time that fault condition may persist before system
stability is lost. In breaker failure protection, the remote or local
breaker is “signal to trip” when breaker on which breaker failure
protection employed fails to operate or isolate the fault.
So when breaker is failed to isolate or operate the fault in system, then breaker failure mechanism commence to isolate the fault,
means there must be certain time delay in this whole protection operation, after development of microprocessor this delay for
tripping breaker failure is in range of 0.1 to 0.2 s nowadays, before duration was in range of 0.5sec to 1 sec.
Now just think what happened when breaker failure protection itself doing malfunction. This will result in isolation of healthy loops
of the network, which is also not acceptable. So we need to do more care while setting breaker failure mechanism in the system. relay
engineer can judge that one of the reasons for this malfunction is the shorter delay for all sort of faults.

Now what we are discussing in this article, is mention below

• The breaker failure protection basic scheme

• Due to the expansion of power network, distance or better say the electrical distance between substations is reducing. Due to
this reduction, our CCT is becoming shorter and shorter, and our point is that if we are not using proper breaker failure protection
scheme, this short CCT may cause breaker failure protection malfunction, let suppose we apply describe below basic breaker failure
protection scheme in our system,
1
After expansion of power grids, the
distances between our substation will
reduce, then malfunction occurs due to
same basic breaker failure protection
basic scheme and our 500KV breaker
protection is compromised due to
malfunction, then what happened to our
system stability?
The sequence of operation in the above
mention Breaker failure protection basic
scheme.
*. Fault inception
*. Protection relay picked up and
simultaneously send a trip signal to the
breaker and to AND gate through BFI
input.
*. 50BF is a current detector of the breaker, upon receiving trip signal, 50BF detect current through the current transformer
*. If the current is detected, means 50BF is active then AND logic is completed, as already BFI is active due to trip signal and now
50BF is active due to current detection in the breaker, after all this, breaker failure mechanism is activated and local or remote
backup breaker will be tripped to isolate faulty section.

Let see one 500KV line case, In this article, we are using data from the 500kv line. Now let see what is fault clearing time in this
500kv line? now see below timeline figure

2
In this figure T0 to T6 is fault clearing time

• t1 is protection releasing time (relay sense fault, in case of bolted fault it must not be longer than 30ms)
• t2 is the time delay of a trip relay (Pick up)
• t3 is breaker inherent time of operation (contacts moving apart)
• t4 is arc extinction time
• t5 is current element returning time (it is the period from no current flows through breaker to BF protection detects no current)
• t6 is the time delay of BF protection

Breaker opening time

time from t3 to t4

Inherent opening time

The time between receiving trip signal to complete breaker’s contacts parting, the inherent opening time can be received from the
manufacturer and also we can test it.

Arc extinction time

Time from “parting of dynamic contact from static contact” to “total arc extinction”
We took below data of a same 500KV line from fault recorder,
Single phase fault duration-85ms and inherent opening time is 72 ms, after analyzing this data, we suggested Time delay for Breaker
Failure protection:

3
In our understudy 500KV line, following settings are suggested,

From above data, we propose minimum delay for 500kv breaker failure protection will be not less than 160 ms.
But remember as we discussed earlier, a short delay will cause a malfunction in breaker failure protection scheme. Here we are
mentioning one fault rate table of 500KV line.
Most of the time around 97% Fault duration is up to 70ms.
We suggested 160ms delay for the 500KV line for this scenario and received
data, but while we are designing scheme we need to tackle short and long
delay both with respect to the nature of the fault, so we will optimize our basic
breaker failure protection logic. For that purpose, we have a suggestion.
We will use 2-3 breaker failure protection scheme in which provision of both
short and long delay is available, these durations are with respect to the nature
of faults.
• BF-A, BF-B, and BF-C are current detectors across A, B and C phase, BFI is trip
signal from protection relay Logic is simple, when phase to phase faults occurs or A
and B are under fault, this means OR gate activated and at the
same moment BFI received trip signal, due to which AND gate
“B” activated, the associated timer-62-2 is with longer time delay,
if during this long time delay breaker will not operate, then
breaker failure protection will be activated.
• Similar case with single phase fault at phase A or B or C
• Now let suppose bolted fault occurs means 3phase fault, due to
which And gate “2 of 3” activated, at the moment activated AND
gate “A” because both inputs “BFI with trip signal from protection
relay “and “2 of 3” are available at AND gate “A”, associated timer
delay 62-1 with AND Gate “A” is set to be fast, if during this delay
breaker not trip, then breaker failure Protection is activated.

4
JAMSHORO COAL POWER GENERATION
PROJECT UNDER ASIAN DEVELOPMENT
BANK
Engr. Naveed ahmed Unar

In a brief conversation with Project Director, Coal Power Project

Jamshoro, I discussed the impending climate change/environmental
hazards as the Govt. of Pakistan continues to approve coal-fired power
plants under the umbrella of China Pakistan Economic Corridor
(CPEC). To this, his response was comprehensive as he went on to
suggest that majority of the coal-fired power plants to be energized and
operationalized from 2017 towards the end of 2021 are financed by the
Asian Development Bank (ADB). ADB is a staunch advocate of the
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCC)
and is a signatory of Paris Climate Agreement. That’s the reason why
all the coal-fired power plants under the umbrella of CPEC ranging
from Port Qasim Power Project to Engro Powergen Project to Coal
Power Project Jamshoro and Sahiwal Coal Power Project are designed as
pulverized coal super-critical units supported by clean coal technology.
Coal power projects will not only reduce dependence on expensive imported high furnace oil but also provide an alternate for depleting natural gas
reserves. The imported high furnace oil is too costly in comparison to domestic or imported coal and generates higher sulfur content. Potential coal
reserves in Pakistan may generate 100,000 MW of power for the next three centuries.
Coal Power Project Jamshoro consists of two units of 660 MW each with proposed plant efficiency of 43.4% for Sub-Bituminous Coal and 42.8% for
Blended Coal. Fuel Blending will be used with Imported Sub-Bituminous Coal up to 80% and Domestic Thar Lignite Coal up to 20%. 2×660 MW
Coal-fired power project at Jamshoro Power Company Limited was inaugurated by Mr. Werner E. Liepach – Country Director Asian Development
Bank on 28th February 2015. ADB will provide 5 years of operation and maintenance support. ADB is engaged in the Pakistan energy sector through
its multi-tranche financing facilities which fund energy efficiency, transmission, distribution and renewable energy. Existing Jamshoro thermal units
2, 3 and 4 are now running on natural gas while only one unit runs on liquid oil. JPCL is considering various options to remedy the emission of unit
1 including suspension of operation of existing units upon completion of new coal units.
5
 Current-Only Directional Overcurrent Relay

Engr. Qazi Arsalan Hamid

Power distribution system is classified as,

• Ring system (where back feed provision is available for feeders and loads) or

• Radial system (where back feed provision is not available)

• Loop system (where some or more feeders or loads can be back feed)

Nondirectional overcurrent relays are employed for protection in our distribution system where we need to detect overcurrent in
particular loop of line in presence of upstream and downstream power generation/ distribution, here we need to understand the
concept of upstream and downstream power sources.
Upstream will be the main source from where generated power is transmitted in the system, downstream will be the source from
where generated or transmitted power is distributed i.e. Grid station.
Now the question is why we required directional overcurrent relays
in our system, for that purpose we need to understand the concept
of forward and reverse fault current flow. Whenever there is one or
more point or loop of feeding power in the system, we
need to identify and isolate the loop from where fault travel in the
system or better we can say we need to identify the direction from which
fault current travel in a line. As we know, current
is vector quantity, means current must have phase value and magnitude,
our overcurrent directional relay aims to detect the
overcurrent and phase angle at which it is programmed to pick up
here, in mention figure we are observing two Zone,
“Don’t operate” and “operate”,
6
In operate Zone maximum torque angle is just like an instantaneous property of directional overcurrent relay in terms of angle,
angle is most important element in directional overcurrent relay in tracing and isolation of fault current, and angle is always between
two quantities, from these two quantities we identify one as a reference quantity, usually in directional overcurrent relays schemes,
voltage is reference quantity. Here reference voltages are bus voltages.
I read a paper by the title “Current-Only Directional Overcurrent Relay” by Abhishek Ukil, he gave the very good concept of
directional overcurrent detection by taking current as reference quantity instead of Voltage. Before going into detail we also need to
understand the reverse and forward fault direction concept.

In forward fault direction, fault current happened between relay and line. (Figure A)

In reverse fault direction, fault current happened between source and relay. (Figure A)
The relay must have a proper provision or
reference quantity setting to identify the
direction of flow. Directional relay relies
completely on a reference or polarizing
voltage to identify the flow of flow current
direction. For that purpose, we required three-
phase potential transformers (these Potential
transformers are connected with associated
bus) for reference voltages.
At R if a fault occurs and then reverse current is,

At F if a fault occurs then forward current is

7
8
now if we see the phasor diagram,

· Positive phase angle change means a fault

in reverse direction

· Negative Phase angle change means a fault

in forward direction

Reference: Current-Only Directional

Overcurrent Relay by Abhishek Ukil-IEEE
SENSORS JOURNAL, VOL. 11, NO. 6, JUNE
2011

Note: As per my knowledge and research the

idea presented in this research paper is not
yet implemented, ABB company is trying to
implement this idea in relay protection.

9
The Underprivileged Graduates of
Mehran University

Engr. Naveed ahmed Unar

10
Mehran University of Engineering and Technology clinched the 2nd position in public sector engineering universities of Pakistan
and 6th position in public and private sector with 58.88% relative score as per the Higher Education Commission University
Ranking 2015. The ranking criteria are based on the following parameters:

i. Quality Assurance

ii. Teaching Quality

iii. Research

iv. Finance and Facilities

v. Community Engagement

I wonder why HEC does not take into consideration tentative job success percentage while providing accreditation to universities.
Mehran University provides admissions to a batch of 100-150 students in each department annually. Has HEC and PEC ever taken
any notice of limiting such saturated number of entrants by imposing serious accountability check? Have they ever devised any
policy to restrict a large number of admissions that leads to mass unemployment and joblessness to a moderate and a balanced ratio?
Have they ever raised a question mark on the performance of the so-called industrial liaison office which has failed to bridge the gap
between academia and industry?

Let’s analyze what is the role of industrial liaison office and why it has been established. The strategic role of industrial liaison office
is based on emerging industrial and business developments and increasing influence of science and technology. In the recent past, a
new administrative entity referred to as the industrial liaison office has evolved as an important element in running the affairs of a
section of the university. There are three fundamental responsibilities of any university’s industrial liaison office:
i. Development of knowledge corridor about a university’s research potential

ii. Developing partnerships among:

a. Higher Education Institutes

b. Business
11
c. Industry

iii. Promoting culture for entrepreneurship

These functions highlight university’s reputation. 50 years ago, the situation was quite different where universities were required to
facilitate research and produce graduates but with growing industry and commercialization, it has become important for universities
to develop strong ties with local businesses and industry, promote innovation and commercialize project prototypes through
effective startups and license research outcomes.

This is the reason why institutes like NUST, PIEAS, GIK, LUMS and even NED have developed their incubation centers with an aim
to support startups (small enterprises/businesses) morally and financially. Now does Mehran University stand the test of time with
an under-construction Center of Entrepreneurship and Incubation? The performance of industrial liaison office is dissatisfactory
where it has failed to introduce special purpose graduate training programs to encourage young engineering graduates just as
lawyers and doctors are.

Let’s do a comparative analysis of the performance of Mehran University Industrial Liaison and Mehran University Alumni
Association as compared to the other higher education institutes in Pakistan. On paper, Mehran University is far ahead of NED
University as per the HEC annual ranking system is concerned. However, the ground realities are different when it comes to different
graduate recruitment drives. From Siemens to K-Electric, from FFC to General Electric, from Sapphire to Jubilee Corporation, from
Inspectest to SUPARCO, from Interloop to United Engineering Services, from Pakistan Cables to EMCO and the list goes on and
on, very few from the above-listed firms are interested in recruiting the graduates from Mehran University. Despite tremendous
potential and ability backed by sound engineering knowledge and academic record, Mehran University graduates are sidelined.
On the contrary, graduates of NED, NUST, GIK, LUMS, and IBA are preferred everywhere because of their strong institutional
representation having signed MOUs with the companies that I have mentioned. Now then here the question arises is that what is the
use of such bogus university ranking instrument where the employment success rate is poor and not taken into consideration. What
needs to be done by the industrial liaison office is to mainstream 6-12 month project-oriented graduate training programs for fresh
graduates with the suitable stipend so that they could at least have an opportunity to launch their careers in the market and prepare
themselves for challenging work prospects in the near future. On the contrary, what is being witnessed in the absence of basic
facilities while very few recruitment drives are in progress.

Let’s examine where do we stand when we think of creativity, innovation, and entrepreneurship. National University of Science
and Technology is the leading engineering university of Pakistan with 100.00% relative score as per HEC. NUST graduates are
12
acknowledged across the country and have maintained commendable record throughout. Several HR groups on LinkedIn oblige
the graduates from NUST and NED. These graduates get highly paid and get opportunities to serve in multi-national companies
and top-tier industrial organizations. For instance, Karachi Electric does not induct graduates from Mehran University for its power
generating station whereas graduates from NUST and NED are but natural a direct preference. Siemens advertises for the position
of Trainee Engineers after every 4-months but would not accept recommendations for graduating engineers other than the ones
belonging to NUST, NED, and GIK. Recently EMCO Industries Limited: the leading manufacturer of porcelain insulators advertised
for the positions of electrical, mechanical and chemical engineers, however, it clearly mentioned in the advertisement that the
preference shall be given to NED graduates.

Port Qasim Coal-Fired Power Plant advertised vacancies for the fresh graduates as Trainee Engineers with 6-month basic power
plant training in China in June 2016. The advertisement was posted on the official Mehran University website and later shared on
different social media platforms. When the advertisement was out, it did not indicate that the preference would be given to the
graduates of NUST and NED but when the recruitment test and interviews were conducted as a routine practice the graduates
from the universities of the interior were not even shortlisted for the test. Did Mehran University Industrial Liaison Office protest?
Did Mehran University Liaison Office make any contact with the concerned authority and lodge an inquiry into the matter of such
great importance where the careers of engineers are at stake? Did they inquire why its graduates were ignored and befooled having
advertised on the website and social media pages? The answer is No. They simply did not make any progress and the matter was
highly overlooked. Proctor and Gamble Pakistan advertised for the position of graduating intern in the month of October. Not a
single candidate was shortlisted from Mehran University and Proctor and Gamble issued the following reason for rejection:

“The candidate/applicant is not suitable for recruitment as the background does not match with the company standards”

I wonder what kind of background is required to fulfill the vacancy of a mere fresh graduating intern. This is the deplorable state of
the so-called Industrial Liaison and Alumni Association of our university. The miserable situation of our university is where annually
an alumni dinner is arranged and the Chairperson delivers the ever so primitive speech but to no avail as till today after 60 years of
the establishment of Mehran University the then Sindh University College, administration over the years has failed to formulate a
comprehensive policy on industry-academia relations where its effective implementation is ensured so that the jobs could be created
for graduates and fresh graduate training schemes are institutionalized.

In the end, I would like to include the views or opinions of some of the qualified engineering graduates of Mehran University to
reflect what is being discussed in this very article as follows:

13
Engr. Jawad Khan Unar, Assistant
Manager, K-Electric and Post-
-graduate Student at NED
University
Engr. Haris Ahmed
Qureshi, Lab. Engineer
and Postgraduate Student,
Mehran University
of Engineering and
Technology

Engr. Mahendar Kumar,

Assistant Manager,
Jamshoro Power
Company Limited

The solution lies in the problem itself. If we are unwilling to identify the fault that lies within, how on earth will we be able to locate,
identify and isolate it. I wish the university administration will highlight the issues discussed in this article and put efforts to address
the grievances of its graduates.
14
Fear and Hope!
Engr. Qazi Arsalan Hamid

15
We human in every culture have one thing in common, we fear lot! because we learned it very wisely and thought it is the key to
success in survival of the fittest race, but I thought and analyzed that nowadays we are living in the age of “survival of strangers, not
fittest”. these stranger may be innovators, tinkerers, youtube bloggers, webbies etc.

To be honest, I do not know how piles of self-help books, movies, and Uncle Anthony Robin can affect our thoughts and reduce
our fears. Yes, for time being we thought we can do any or something, but hail yeah! at the very next instant Our thoughts bulldoze
and recover our inbuilt mighty kingdom of self-denial and kick us back into reality, I think it is our education and as per my
understanding our education is divided into two types, one in school, one is out of school and education system taught us reality in
very fair manner, but they taught new meaning of reality, which is

“Reality is fear”
Fear of getting low marks, fear of losing, fear of rejection, fear of acceptance, fear of this, fear of that, (during my school days, I
even feared that the dog on my way back home wanted to bite me, unless one day I found him scared of me when I tried to cross
road without paying attention to him (I could identify gender even at age of 11), from that day I became a superman against all
dogs(excluding bulldogs)), I realized that actually it was all the game of fear, 1st I had more fear of dog biting me but now dog had
more fear of me biting him.
now my favorite subject of gossip “Education and fear of failure”
This fear of failure in education system alone causes us many lives (i.e. suicide across south Asia due to not getting admission in
engineering or medical colleges), One fear is to be always first among other either in class or in profession or in bathroom queue, I
do not want to share my school and university day stories (I remember a lot of ridiculous ones) but want to share one professional
nonsense story, in one interview when interviewer said to me that your IQ level is quite low(I did not know how ball swings in dusty
pitch, and what is the capital of maldives), that is why we cannot hire. I started laughing and interviewer thought that I was in failure
trauma(i thought that my fear level was zero due to vague style of my interviewer), I saw her and apologized for my indecency(Fear
level recovered), then I told her that I will work on my IQ, and thanked her for giving me a chance to improve.

Now let me tell you why I was laughing on my interviewer’s golden words, as a typical interviewer she didn’t even get the point why
this IQ system was invented, IQ test was developed by French educationist to identify the students who need more help in education.
The cause of IQ system is to identify the weak but potential students and polished them into the more productive assets of society,
because sometimes we human need more help to come out of shell, but once we come out we become the best part of society, We
in our institutes(Like my interviewer) adopted it and used it in reverse means and IQ became a tool of business development and
16
creativity destruction, it now fueled up the fear of failure and loss.

We lost in a lot of assigned Goals, because we think we try hard but ultimately it is our destiny, but then I saw some crazy, out of
world and mad peoples around me, why they choose to be in hard zone while comfort zone is available, I am amazed why Abdul
Sattar Edhi did not accept his destiny and did some good business while he was young like his Memon brothers ? Why he developed
world biggest charity organization in one of the poorest countries in the world?what he got in return?but most important question
is what empowered him, why he was not ready to accept the reality, the reality his brain might tell him, that he was not the man who
could do that much big work for humanity, why he stood on roads and begging to people for sadqa zakat, while day was hot and
night was senseless, why people paying him more than the tax they paid to government, why?

Some readers may argue that edhi is renown person and complete story is still incomplete, so I accepted my incompleteness on
Edhi subject and left edhi story as my country man left edhi in his life and started searching something else, then I met one of my
childhood friend M.adeel last year, he is in Pakistan last year, nowadays resides in England running his own restraunt business,
I knew him from childhood, I remembered when he even had no money to pay for his school and tuition fees(one time he took
admission in one tuition center for one subject, but on very second day asked his money back, he need to pay his younger brother
school fee), but he had dreams to be successful businessman, yes I remembered that, we all friend sometimes made fun of him
that bro you even not had penny to pay for cricket ball and you want to run a business, he smiled, laughed with us and kept his
dream secured in his kingdom of fear. After 10 years when he told me his current scenario as a middle-class English babu running
a restaurant, I asked him how you did this, he told me that he is still firm in his belief as he was in schooldays that Allah gave
every person a reason to live and grow, only issue is that we sometimes lost hope against fear of environment around us and be
unreasonable sometimes, adeel told he is not that type of man, he had nothing at that time but believed that oneday I will get
everything by doing hard work, that everything needs hope. I worked hard to intensify my hopes,i did work on petrol pumps , gave
tuitions for 8 hours in a day, walked long distances to pass small social ways, just to reached aim of living but he always kept my hope
high and fight my fear of failure, and continuously believe in what Allah destined for him, then he said “but remembered I never
took short cut in my life, I do what is correct and choose right path, and remembered on right path you always find less traffic” he
sighed “because right path is always hard to pass”

Last but not the lease , I highly recommend one book for my engineering community, please read William Kamkwamba’ book “the
boy who harnessed wind”, William developed something from nothing while no resources were available, he lighten the dark homes
of his society, he is not engineer but he did what many engineers can’t?

17
 Engineer of the
month
An Electrical Engineer by profession
with diversified experience over
30 years in various disciplines.
The success story originates from
University of Engineering &
Technology Lahore as President
Student’s Union in 1978-79, groomed
by National Engineering Services
of Pakistan (NESPAK) providing
a proud foundation to become an
acknowledged and acclaimed business
entrepreneur and technocrat in the .
society. Served WAPDA for about 13 year as Generation, Transmission,
Construction and Distribution Engineer.
Established Four Brothers Group Pakistan, All Akber Group / Pak
China, outscored the multinational pesticide competitors and emerged
as the leader in Agro business. The Four Brothers innovated all season’s
crops technologies to mechanized production and have improved crop
yield. Heading as the Chairman 48 Gentel, a telecom company providing
Long Distance & International Gateway (LDI).

Professional Experience:
Group Chairman – Four Brother Group Pakistan
2001-todate
Director Marketing - All Akber Group, Lahore, Pakistan
1993 – 2004
Generation, Transmission, Construction & Distribution Engineer –
WAPDA
1980 -1992
Electrical Engineering – NESPAK
1979 -1980
18
 Book for this month
The Second Edition of the bestselling Measurement,
Instrumentation, and Sensors Handbook brings together all
aspects of the design and implementation of measurement,
instrumentation, and sensors. Reflecting the current state of
the art, it describes the use of instruments and techniques for
performing practical measurements in engineering, physics,
chemistry, and the life sciences and discusses processing
systems, automatic data acquisition, reduction and analysis,
operation characteristics, accuracy, errors, calibrations, and the
incorporation of standards for control purposes.
Organized according to the measurement problem, the Spatial,
Mechanical, Thermal, and Radiation Measurement volume of the
Second Edition:
* Contains contributions from field experts, new chapters, and
updates to all 96 existing chapters
* Covers instrumentation and measurement concepts, spatial
and mechanical variables, displacement, acoustics, flow and spot
velocity, radiation, wireless sensors and instrumentation, and
control and human factors
A concise and useful reference for engineers, scientists, academic
faculty, students, designers, managers, and industry professionals
involved in instrumentation and measurement research and
development, Measurement, Instrumentation, and Sensors
Handbook, Second Edition: Spatial, Mechanical, Thermal,
and Radiation Measurement provides readers with a greater
understanding of advanced applications

19
Send us your articles and feedback at

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