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PEARLITOL ®
M A N N I TO L F O R
P H A R M A C E U T I C A L A P P L I C AT I O N S
q
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mannitol P E A R L I T O L m a n n i t o l
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
S U M M A R Y
• Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 2
• Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 3
- Molecular weight - Formula
- Conformities
• Physiological properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 5
- Sweetness
- Safety
- Metabolism and tolerance
- Dental aspects
• Physical and chemical properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 7
- Stability
- Solubility
- Hygroscopicity
- Osmolality
- Crystalline forms - Melting point
- Spectrometry
Infrared absorption Spectra
NMR Spectra
• Functional properties and applications .................... page 11
®
- PEARLITOL mannitol crystalline powders
- PEARLITOL® mannitol granular powders
• PEARLITOL® PF .................................................... page 19
®
• PEARLITOL Packaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 20
• PEARLITOL® International technical support .......... page 20
P A G E 1
Ro q u e t t e ➤ PEARLITOL mannitol
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I N T R O D U C T I O N
. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Roquette is one of the leading companies providing starch derivatives
and polyols and has developed a wide range of products and services
especially dedicated to the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries.
Based on this experience Roquette has been widening its range of
polyol excipients through technical innovations, combining quality
with performance. Roquette offers a wide range of polyols and amongst
them, PEARLITOL mannitol.
PEARLITOL is a brand name of a range of mannitol dedicated to the
manufacture of medicines. Mannitol presents the following features:
➢ Very low hygroscopicity: it does not promote hydrolysis
reaction.
➢ Very high chemical stability due to its polyol structure,
mannitol does not undergo reducing reaction or discoloration
reaction with amino groups (Chemical Inertness).
➢ Wide range of possible applications:
➢ For different forms:
- injectable (in solutions or freeze dried)
- oral (tablet, chewable tablet, fast dissolving tablet,
hard capsule, sachets).
➢ For different processes:
- wet or dry granulation
- direct compression
- freeze-drying.
P A G E 2
Ro q u e t t e ➤ PEARLITOL mannitol
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D E S C R I P T I O N
. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mannitol takes its
name from manna,
CHO CHO CH2 OH CH2 OH
a sweet exsudate from OH HO OH HO
P A G E 3
Ro q u e t t e ➤ PEARLITOL mannitol
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D E S C R I P T I O N
. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Molecular weight
Formula
Mannitol is a polyol with a molecular weight of 182.17 and its empirical formula is
C6H14O6. The chemical structure is the following:
CH2 OH
HO
HO
OH
OH
CH2 OH
Conformities
PEARLITOL mannitol comply with the mannitol monographs of the different
pharmacopeia including:
➢ European Pharmacopeia
➢ USP
➢ Japanese Pharmacopeia
P A G E 4
Ro q u e t t e ➤ PEARLITOL mannitol
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P H Y S I O L O G I C A L P R O P E R T I E S
. . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sweetness
The following diagram compares the
sweetness of mannitol with sucrose and
Mannitol occurs different polyols:
naturally as a slightly
Polyols’ sweetness
...................................................
...................................................
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1
0.4
the mouth.
0.2
Safety
The joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) has decided in its 30 th
report (1987) not to specify an acceptable daily intake for mannitol. This means that mannitol is
safe. This decision was based on a complete biotoxicological file.
In Europe, the Scientific Committee for Food (SCF) has followed JECFA’s decision in 1989
regarding the acceptable daily intake.
P A G E 5
Ro q u e t t e ➤ PEARLITOL mannitol
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P H Y S I O L O G I C A L P R O P E R T I E S
. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Metabolism
and tolerance
A minor part of the ingested mannitol is partially
absorbed and metabolised. It is passively
absorbed in the upper gastrointestinal tract (as
opposed to glucose which is actively absorbed).
Mannitol is then partially oxidised into D-fructose
by mannitol dehydrogenase and metabolised
through a non insulinic glycogenolytic pathway.
The major part of the ingested mannitol is not
absorbed and goes through to the colon where it
is fermented by the colonic microflora.
The mannitol which is absorbed is non
metabolised, and is directly excreted through
the kidney in the urine.
The ingestion of mannitol in large quantities can
lead to flatulence, laxative effects (osmotic type
due to water flowing into intestine lumen). These
effects depend on the individual physiologic state,
alimentary bolus and its composition.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Dental aspects
Mannitol is not fermented by the human buccal microflora. Thus, it is neither acidogenic nor
cariogenic and these properties grant it a particular status in tooth decay prevention.
P A G E 6
Ro q u e t t e ➤ PEARLITOL mannitol
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P H Y S I C A L A N D C H E M I C A L P R O P E R T I E S
. . . . . . . . . . . . .
Stability
Mannitol is remarkably stable:
- it does not react with diluted acids, buffer solutions or amino groups. No Maillard reaction
of the type: R-CHOH-CHO + R’-NH2 RCO-CH2-NHR’+ H2O
- it does not undergo discoloration reaction at temperatures below 220°C or 240°C
(depending on prevailing conditions).
. . . . . . . . . .
Solubility
Mannitol is soluble in different solvents Mannitol’s solubility in water
at 20°C (part/part)*:
➢
..................................
..................................
..................................
..................................
..................................
..................................
..................................
40
Water : 1 in 5.5
➢
35 37,5
Ethanol (95%) : 1 in 83
% of mannitol
30 31
➢
20
19
Glycerin : 1 in 18
➢
15 15
10 12.3
Propanol-2 : 1 in 100
➢
9.1
5
Alkalis : soluble 0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Hygroscopicity
Due to its chemical properties and its Sorption Isotherms
very high purity, Mannitol is non-
hygroscopic. Mannitol takes up water
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..........................................
..........................................
90
Percentage of water in the product
40°C
only above relative humidities of 80
20°C
97 % at 20°C and 40°C. 70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0 50 100
P A G E 7
Ro q u e t t e ➤ PEARLITOL mannitol
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P H Y S I C A L A N D C H E M I C A L P R O P E R T I E S
. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Osmolality
Mannitol can be used as therapeutic Mannitol Osmolality
agent in order to increase diuresis in
concentrated solutions (15 % and
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1200
600
400
200
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Crystalline forms
Melting point
Mannitol is crystallised as the ß form and complies with the identification tests of different
major Pharmacopoeias. Other crystalline forms (Ȋ and Ȏ) can be observed and
differentiated by infrared spectrometry or by X ray diffraction. The melting range is the
same for the 3 forms and lies between 165°C and 169°C.
P A G E 8
Ro q u e t t e ➤ PEARLITOL mannitol
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P H Y S I C A L A N D C H E M I C A L P R O P E R T I E S
. . . . . . . . . . . . .
Spectrometry
% transmission
spectrometry is an 60.0
identification method
capable of detecting the 40.0
crystalline polymorphism
20.0
of tested products.
0.0
The spectrum of Mannitol 4000.0 3500.0 3000.0 2500.0 2000.0 1750.0 1500.0 1250.0 1000.0 750.0 500.0
process.
% transmission
60.0
This form of mannitol can be
transformed into the ß form 40.0
100.0
80.0
% transmission
60.0
40.0
20.0
0.0
4000.0 3500.0 3000.0 2500.0 2000.0 1750.0 1500.0 1250.0 1000.0 750.0 500.0
Wave number/cm -1
P A G E 9
Ro q u e t t e ➤ PEARLITOL mannitol
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P H Y S I C A L A N D C H E M I C A L P R O P E R T I E S
. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
NMR Spectra
Mannitol gives the following 1H and 13C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectra:
4.9 4.8 4.7 4.6 4.5 4.4 4.3 4.2 4.1 4.0 3.9 3.8 3.7 3.6 3.5 3.4 3.3 3.2 3.1 79 78 77 76 75 78 79 80 4.1 4.0 3.9 3.8 3.7 3.6 3.5 3.4 3.3 3.2 3.1
Deplacement chimique (Ȏ) em ppm Deplacement chimique (Ȏ) em ppm
The symmetry of the mannitol molecule leads to a simple three singlets 13C NMR spectrum.
P A G E 10
Ro q u e t t e ➤ PEARLITOL mannitol
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F U N C T I O N A L P R O P E R T I E S A N D A P P L I C A T I O N S
. . . . . . . . . . . .
PEARLITOL®
mannitol
crystalline powders
3 grades of PEARLITOL
mannitol crystalline powders
are available:
➢ PEARLITOL 160 C,
➢ PEARLITOL 50 C,
➢ PEARLITOL 25 C.
of PEARLITOL mannitol
applications (granulation,
freeze-drying).
Characteristics
■ Particle size
P A G E 11
Ro q u e t t e ➤ PEARLITOL mannitol
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F U N C T I O N A L P R O P E R T I E S A N D A P P L I C A T I O N S
. . . . . . . . . . . . .
■ Rheology
PEARLITOL 160 C 50 C 25 C
Poured density (g/mL) 0.66 0.55 0.49
Tapped density (g/mL) 0.85 0.78 0.74
Ability to settle (mL) 25 46 60
Haussner ratio 1.29 1.42 1.51
Flowability (funnel; s) infinite infinite infinite
Angle of repose (°) 47 50 50
Applications
■ Dry forms
PEARLITOL mannitol crystalline powders are highly recommended for the manufacture
of dry forms (granules, pellets, tablets) obtained by granulation. The different particle
sizes, the non hygroscopicity, the absence of water and the stability give superior
performances and improved productivity (ease of drying).
■ Freeze-drying
P A G E 12
Ro q u e t t e ➤ PEARLITOL mannitol
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F U N C T I O N A L P R O P E R T I E S A N D A P P L I C A T I O N S
. . . . . . . . . . . . .
PEARLITOL®
mannitol
granular powders
PEARLITOL DC and SD
applications.
PEARLITOL 200 SD
PEARLITOL mannitol
granular powders are free
flowing and excellent diluent-
binders for direct compression
applications (fast dissolving
tablets, chewable tablets…).
■ Rheology
P A G E 13
Ro q u e t t e ➤ PEARLITOL mannitol
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F U N C T I O N A L P R O P E R T I E S A N D A P P L I C A T I O N S
. . . . . . . . . . . . .
PEARLITOL mannitol granular powders offer all the required properties of a DC excipient:
➢ Excellent free flowing,
➢ Good compactibility with low friability,
➢ No sensitivity to tabletting speed,
➢ No lubricant sensitivity,
➢ Good dilution potential.
■ Compression property
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140
PEARLITOL
that PEARLITOL mannitol granular 120 200 SD
Hardness (N)
............................
............................
............................
............................
............................
............................
120
80 86 84 82
80
60
40
20
20000 50000 70000 100000
P A G E 14
Ro q u e t t e ➤ PEARLITOL mannitol
15
S
mannitol
P A G E
N
400
25%
..................................................................
Formulations based on PEARLITOL mannitol are able to incorporate high proportions of
O
make any difference to the hardness of tablets even if the time taken to mix PEARLITOL
Mix: 30 min
350
0%
mannitol and magnesium stearate varies from 2 to 30 minutes. This property ensures a
Mix: 2 min
..................................................................
300
I
PEARLITOL
PEARLITOL mannitol is tested in compression with magnesium stearate. It does not
..........................................................................
T
PEARLITOL 400 DC
250
A
..........................................................................
..................................................................
200
➤
..........................................................................
I
200
Ro q u e t t e
..................................................................
L
150
150
P
..................................................................
100
P
..........................................................................
100
..................................................................
A
50
50
..........................................................................
..................................................................
D
0
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
N
S
E
. . . . . . . . . . . . .
I
Mix: 30 min
Mix: 2 min
300
T
.........................................................................
90
.............................................................
25%
R
■ Lubrication sensitivity
80
E
.............................................................
250
.........................................................................
PEARLITOL 200 SD
PEARLITOL 200 SD
P
■ Dilution potential
200
R
0%
.........................................................................
60
.............................................................
50
.............................................................
150
.........................................................................
L
40
A
.............................................................
100
N
.........................................................................
30
.............................................................
O
I
20
50
200
150
100
50
0
T
3
2,5
2
1,5
1
0,5
0
C
F U N C T I O N A L P R O P E R T I E S A N D A P P L I C A T I O N S
. . . . . . . . . . . . .
PEARLITOL DC and SD mannitol granular powder are used in all types of tablets:
➢ fast dissolving tablets,
➢ chewable tablets,
➢ effervescent tablets,
➢ standard tablets.
Applications
■ Fast dissolving/chewable tablets
➢ Hardness: 48 N
➢ Disintegration time: 40 s PEARLITOL 200 SD
45.5%
P A G E 16
Ro q u e t t e ➤ PEARLITOL mannitol
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F U N C T I O N A L P R O P E R T I E S A N D A P P L I C A T I O N S
. . . . . . . . . . . . .
■ Preparation Vitamin C effervescent tablets
➢ Hardness: 60 N
0.4% Orange flavour
1.8%
and simethicone,
➢ 5 mn with hydroxides, flavor and
sodium saccharinate, then sieving
on 500 µm,
➢ 5 mn with stearate.
Compression on a single press EXACTA 21 (5)
with 16 mm diameter flat bevelled punch
➢ Tablet mass: 895 mg
Magnesium hydroxide
22,2 %
P A G E 17
Ro q u e t t e ➤ PEARLITOL mannitol
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F U N C T I O N A L P R O P E R T I E S A N D A P P L I C A T I O N S
. . . . . . . . . . . . .
■ Preparation Antacid chewable tablets
Mixing steps in a TURBULA (1) mixer :
PEARLITOL 400 DC
5 minutes for aluminium hydroxide, 72.4 %
magnesium hydroxide.
Add the flavour and PEARLITOL 400 DC.
Add the magnesium stearate and mix
for 5 minutes.
Compression on a FROGERAIS (3) machine
with 13 mm diameter flat bevelled punch.
➢ Tablet mass: 800 mg Aluminium hydroxide
➢ Thickness: 4.30 mm
20.1 %
➢ Schleuniger Hardness : 75 N
Magnesium hydroxide
Mint flavour 5.0 %
1,0 % Magnesium stearate
1.5%
Other applications
P A G E 18
Ro q u e t t e ➤ PEARLITOL mannitol
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®
P E A R L I T O L P F
. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Roquette has been Characteristics
manufacturing raw materials ■ Physical and chemical
for the preparation of characteristics
Applications
P A G E 19
Ro q u e t t e ➤ PEARLITOL mannitol
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®
P E A R L I T O L P A C K A G I N G
. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
PEARLITOL mannitol packaging exists in
various sizes and presentations:
Strippable Bag Cardboard Box Drum
Paper + Polythene Polythene + Box Polythene + fibre drum
25 kg 25 kg 50 kg
PEARLITOL 160 C X X
PEARLITOL 50 C X X
PEARLITOL 25 C X
PEARLITOL PF X
PEARLITOL 300 DC X
PEARLITOL 400 DC X
PEARLITOL 500 DC X
I N T E R N A T I O N A L T E C H N I C A L S U P P O R T
. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The information contained in this document is to the best of our knowledge true and
accurate but all instructions, recommendations or suggestions are made without any
guarantee. Since the conditions of use are beyond our control, we disclaim any
liability for loss and/or damage suffered from use of these data or suggestions.
Furthermore, no liability is accepted if use of any product in accordance with these
data or suggestions infringes any patent.
No part of this document may be reproduced by any process without our prior
written permission.
P A G E 20
® Registered trademarks of Roquette Frères
Ro q u e t t e ➤ PEARLITOL mannitol © Roquette Frères S.A. - 06/2012
R O Q UE T T E W ORL D W I D E
www.roquette.com
EUROPE TURKEY
Roquette Tarım ve Gıda
FRANCE San. ve Tic. Ltd. Sti.
Roquette Frères Büyükdere Cad. Harman Sok.
Corporate Headquarters Duran I·ş merkezi No:4 K:3
1 rue de la Haute Loge 34394 Levent I·stanbul - Turkey
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Telephone: + 00 32 2 714 13 00 2211 Innovation Drive
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Telephone: + 34 96 178 98 00 2F, Kasuga Business Center Building
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Telephone: +7 (495) 775-75-87 Singapore 168730 - Singapore
Fax: +7 (495) 775-75-88 Telephone: + 65 6416 3377