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in foraging food.
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Supitchayanut Sittisuparoge
Chutiwan Pattanavongthai
Kanokporn Kaewnakian
Noppasorn Swangswai
Animal Behavior
Ms.Charlene A. Cunningham
2017). Animal behaviour can be altered successfully through classical condition. Also, the
classical conditioning is used throughout our live and useful for decreasing fearful responses
to stimuli. This training method was discovered by Ivan Pavlov. Ivan Pavlov was a Russian
Psychologist who studying about the digestive system and that lead to idea of classical
conditioning. In 1890s, Pavlov observed at salivation in dogs by when he gave rang a bell, he
also gave food to the dog. He tried this step and repeat it. After that he saw that the bell can
cause an increase salivation. (McLeod, 2007). From this experiment, he noticed that learning
occurred when the dog began to associated bell with food while no learning was required for
the dog to salivate at the smell or sight of food. There is the another conditioning which is
called “Operant conditioning”. This type of conditioning was discovered by the scientist
name Burrhus Frederic Skinner. B.F. Skinner, “he first studied rats in his experiments, seeing
how the rodents discovered and used to a level in the box, which dispensed food at varying
intervals.” (B.F. Skinner Biography, 2016). The operant conditioning is used for increasing or
decreasing behavior. There are 4 types of operant conditioning which are positive
increase behavior, positive punishment is to add and increase behavior, and negative
punishment is to remove and decrease behavior. The difference of these two major condition
associated between a behavior and a consequence. Following the 2 conditioning, there are
the four possible consequences something good can start or be presented (positive),
something good can end or be taken away (negative), something bad can be presented
The purpose of our experiment is to understand and observe that the smell of food
motivated the learning behavior of foraging animal by using maze. It is going to illustrate the
classical conditioning that will we apply for training the animals. This experiment will be
measured by the time were corrected and the mistake that they made. Therefore, if they
visited on the arm that does not have any food, we would count it as a mistake. On the other
hand if they can reach to the arm which has food, we would count it as correct. Furthermore,
this experiment would help others who interested in the relationship between smell of food
The literature review we discuss about smell of food and the question is “How does
the smell of food motivate the learning of foraging animal to solve maze?” There are 3 types
of variable that we had the same including memory, food and time and distance.
Memory
“How the cortisol affects to the memory in learning behavior of guinea pig?” From
the research Machatschke, Bauer, Glenk, Millesi and Wallner (2011) do the pre-experimental
CORT was significantly higher in cohabitated guinea pigs when compared to single. For their
increase of singles may be due to be more efficient handling of short-term stress exposure.
This research important to understand the topic and it can help us to design our
experiment. According to the research, cortisol affects the memory learning of guinea pigs.
The pre-study shows that cortisol in single guinea pig is higher than cohabitated guinea pig,
but the post study shows in opposite side. Thus, they concluded that the cortisol in single
Food
Food is one of the important material to do the experiment. Food also affects learning
behavior of animal. The research from Hirsch and Collier (1974) said that portion of food is
influence learning of guinea pig. In addition, Whishaw and Tomie (1988) told that the
hoarding behavior of rat depend on the size of food. Another researcher, Ilersich, Mazmanian,
and Roberts (1988) said if handle time is high from having to open a metal box then the rat
will only choose to forage in area with boxes having more food in this. If handle time is low
(food is on ground), then the rat will choose to forage in any area, including the areas with
Hirsch and Collier (1974) and Whishaw and Tomie (1989) found similar results that
size of food affects animal behavior of feeding. For example, portion of food or food pellet
size influences the hoarding behavior and its learning to forage. However, Ilersich,
Mazmanian, and Roberts (1988) was different from other studies because it was not related to
size of food as much but it was about the place of food. The animal will choose area that has
lots of food to forage when it took long time to handle the food.
In conclusion, the food variables are affect the learning behavior of animal including
Animal take time and distance for foraging. We can prove this from the researcher
that we search from the internet. Cassini, Lichtenstein and Ongay (1993) said that time travel
is depend on the amount of prey that the animal found and in 1991 he told that when guinea
pig goes longer distances from their home, they will decrease the risks by increasing scanning
Cassini, Lichtenstein and Ongay (1993), and Cassini (1991) found similar results that
time travel that animal spent is depend on amount of food that they found. For example,
guinea pig will scan area frequently on the way if it goes far from its home. It has to run back
to its home quickly after it found the food that it needed. However, Chapuis, Durup, and
Thinus-Blanc C. (1987) was different from other studies because it wasn’t relate to animal
foraging. The experiment is about the length of distance. Hamster that has already explore
will use shortcut and less time, but Hamsters that didn’t explore use the long trail and take
To sum up, the time travel of animal is depend on a number of food that they found
and they will have the greater scanning rate when they go for the longer distance.
Research Question
If the rat can smell the food from the maze then, rat will go into the correct maze
Conclusion
The topic that we choose for the experiment is “Did the smell of food affect foraging
of the rat?” As the article, there are many types of variable such as memory, food and time
travel and distance that affect the experiment. This research is important because it tell us the
information that we had to know before and give us the data that with type of maze that we
will choose for our own experiment. We should care about proposed study because this
experiment would be benefit to people who want to know about the smell and foraging
animal.
Research Experiment Design
Material
3.Cages
4.Water bottles
5.Food plates
6.Pellet or Vegetables
8.Cutter
9.Glue
10.Card boxes
11.Pencil
12.Ruler
13.Stopwatch
Maze design
eight arms radial maze is not too hard and not too easy for animals because if it is too hard,
the animal would be stress during the experiment. Even though if it is too easy, we would not
analyse the result of the experiment. In addition, this type of maze is the one type that can
observe the ability of learning of animals. On the other hand, the reason that we do not use
the simple maze because simple maze will be hard for us to determine that animals can forage
Furthermore, the material that we use to build the maze is future board and card
boxes. Future boards and card boxes are very safety for animals because it cannot harm them
in any way. In addition, the materials that we use is brown because it is the color that similar
The information about how smell affect the foraging of the rat. From the experiment
by Casarrubea. M, Roy V. and Sorbera F (2013) show that there are 126 different temporal
patterns were detected. These is to measure rat’s behavior. During the first minutes, it
occurring in central planform-open arm, while in the last minute, it is occurring mainly in
central platform-closed arm. This experiment illustrated the behavior of rats while they are in
the maze. There is also another experiment which measure memory of the hamster by Crsig
Hilton Jones, Rachel McGhee and Donald M. Wilkie. From this experiment, the hamster will
visit the baited arm in succession, placing all the sunflower seed that they found in cheek
pouches and while they are gathering food the hamster seldom revisits depleted arm. This
show that they can remember the food site. According to the experiment that we had search,
we choose to use the eight arms radial maze because it easy to figure that the guinea pig and
hamster affect with the small of food or not. The another type of maze that we can use is
regular maze but it will confuse to us that the animal follows the smell or they can remember
the maze.
In conclusion, from the maze which affect the foraging of the animal, we choose to do
the eight arms radial maze because we will know that the animal will follow the smell or they
Maze part
1. Plan about how to design a maze, which types of the maze we will use in order to
get the best result in our experiment based on our research information.
2. Prepare materials to build the maze such as cutter, future board, glue, card boxes,
3. After finishing build the maze, leave it to dry for 3 days. If it is not dry and we use it
in experiment, the result might have an error because of the smell of the glue and
Experimental part
1. After maze finish, we will give time to them to adapt with new environment for 2-3
2. After that, we will train hamster and guinea pig by counterconditioning to make
a. Firstly, we will place the food outside the cage where animal can see the food,
after that we will see the react of animal until it come out of the cage.
b. Secondly, after it come out, one member of group will hold it and it might
show the sign of fear such as shaking, biting, hiding, or startled. We will give
c. Thirdly, the holder will move closer to it and when animal start to shake or
close to human.
e. Lastly, the procedure above, from a to d, will be used again with another
animal.
3. We will give time for animals to run through the maze and get familiar, so they won’t
be scared when we start the real experiment. At first, we will put the animal in the
middle of the maze, also every arms will have a fabric door which cover food, so
4. In the morning of the day that we will do the experiment, the food will be taken out of
the cage and the trial will start in the afternoon. Thus, the animal will hungry at the
start of the experiment and they will be motivated to complete the maze. In each trial,
we will spread the food to many radial arms and put the animal in the middle of the
maze, then animal will start to run through the maze. Number of times that they did
correct and mistakes will be collected. If they visit the arm that does not have food, it
5. Make sure that every trial will have one member who count time since it begins until
6. Make sure that one person record the result of every trial and keep track of the animal
every day.
7. The time for each trial won’t be over 15 minutes and we will give time for them to
8. Repeat the trial again. Record the time and the data to analyze the ability of smell of
Plan about the experiment -We will think about what is our 1 days
topic for this experiment and how
we gonna make it work.
To teach animals to run the -Put animals in a maze and they 2 days
maze will run through a maze in order
to make them feel familiar with a
maze and not stress during the
experiment
Analyze result and data of -Collect the data among number 2 days
ability of learning of animals of times were correct and
mistakes that which types of
animal has ability to smell food
better.
For every experiment, the thing that very important is ethical/human consideration.
For our experiment, it will be safe for humane and animals because the material that we use
to build the maze is a future board and card boxes. Every sharp edges of the future board will
be cut off, which means nothing can harm animals or any people. Another consideration is
types of food for Guinea pig and Hamster, we will feed the animal with qualified food that
good to animal's health. Moreover, we will ensure that before the experiment animals are not
stress because if they stress, it is not good for animals and also the result of the experiment.
Data collection
For about the data collection, there is two types of animals which are Guinea pig and
hamster. We will observe how do Guinea pig and Hamster run a maze and we will record the
time that they need to finish the trial, the error that they make in a maze, and also their ability
to smell or memorize. Every trial of Guinea pig and hamster will be recorded and analyzed
after finished the experiment. This experiment, we will observe both the ability of memory
and smelling. We could also see the movement of animals during the experiment that they
can find the food because of the smell or their memory. After that, the result will be recorded
on table but then we will plot the result on the line graph in order to make it easy to
This experiment is to justify the effect of smell of food motivate learning of animal
foraging to solve maze, by using hamster and guinea pig to being tested. The eight arms
radial maze is used for do the experiment which is easy to consider the result of the animal’s
learning skill because every exits has the same shape. The number of times that they enter
Hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) use spatial memory in foraging for food to hoard. (2002)
Magni. S., Krekule. I., Bureš. J. (1979). Radial maze type as a determinant of the choice
behavior of rats.
Arcis. V. , Desor. D. (2003). Influence of environment structure and food availability on the
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